Green IT Revolution

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Dissertation On

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements of

Master Degree in Information Management

By

CHHAVI KAPOOR, ROLL NUMBER- 192

Under the Supervision of

MAX DCOSTA

Visiting Faculty - eBusiness at MET

GREEN IT REVOLUTION


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MET Institute of Management

Affiliated With

University of Mumbai,India

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Chhavi Kapoor _192 MET IOM Green IT Revolution


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MET Institute of Management

MMM/ MFM/ MHRDM/ MIM 3rd Year [Semester I] [Batch 2009 2012]

CERTIFICATE FROM GUIDE

This is to certify that the project entitled Green IT Revolution has beensuccessfully completed by Chhavi Kapoor under my guidance during theThird year i.e. 2010 - 2011 in partial fulfillment of his/her course, MasterDegree in Information Management under the University of Mumbaithrough the MET Institute of Management, General Arun Kumar VaidyaChowk, Bandra Reclamation, Bandra (W.), Mumbai 400 050.

Name of Project Guide: _____________________________

Address of Guide: __________________________________

__________________________________________________

__________________________________________________

Tel. No.: __________________________________________

Date: _______________________

Signature of Project Guide: ___________________________

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am very thankful to everyone who all supported me for I have completed myproject effectively moreover on time.

I am equally grateful to my mentor Mr. Max Dcosta. He gave me moralsupport and guided me in different matters regarding the topic .He had beenvery kind and patient while suggesting me the outlines of this project andcorrecting my doubts. I thank him for his overall supports.

Last but not the least, I would like to thank my parents who helped me a lot ingathering different information, and guiding me from time to time in makingthis project .despite of their busy schedules ,they gave me different ideas inmaking this project unique.

Chhavi Kapoor

Roll No.192

MIM

MET IOM Mumbai

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Mumbai Educational Trust Institute of Management

Third year Fifth Semester 2011-2012

Abstract

MET Roll No of Student : 192

Name of Student : Chhavi M Kapoor

Dissertation Title : Green IT Revolution

Name of Supervisor : Max Dcosta

Objective of this dissertation is to understand the overall concept of Green ITrevolution all from its need, implementation model.

Green IT is creating a buzz these days, with a wide gamut of vendors hardware suppliers, software developers, vertical integrators, serviceproviders and customers talking about the green activities and products intheir organization. As mention earlier, this dissertation seeks to articulatewhat it by Green IT, together with identifying the key business drivers and thegrowing business opportunities in Green IT. Green IT's benefits areinnumerable. It spells efficiency and cost savings for not only the ITorganizations but also various disciplines such as manufacturing, engineeringservices, transportation and more. It is also critical for regulatory compliancewith the growing number of environmental policies across diversegeographies.

(Signature of Supervisor) (Signature of Student)

Max Dcosta Chhavi Kapoor

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Table of Content

List of Symbols & Abbreviations.................................................................................7Introduction to Environmental Issues.........................................................................8

1.1 Todays Environmental Issues...............................................................................8

Need of GREEN......................................................................................................121.2 Why do we need GREEN?.................................................................................121.3 How do we Go Green.........................................................................................14

Green It.................................................................................................................181.4 Need for GREEN IT?...........................................................................................18

Data Centers..........................................................................................................22End-User Computing...............................................................................................32

1.5 Asset Selection Modifications Can Impact Organizational Energy Consumption........322. Mitigation of IT Environmental Problem.................................................................34

Initiative For Green IT ............................................................................................463.1 Wipro at the forefront of green IT revolution........................................................46

3.2 Googles Green Initiative....................................................................................513.3 Capgeminis Approach to Green IT......................................................................55Case Study Green IT Revolution..............................................................................68

3.4 WALT DISNEY Green Initiative............................................................................683.5 Case Study: Toyota Motor Corporation Australia...................................................75

Bibliography...........................................................................................................77

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List of Symbols & Abbreviations

IT - Information technology

B2BBusiness-to-Business

B2CBusiness-to-Consumer

CPU - Central processing unit

CDCompact Disc

DBDatabase

DAS - Directed attached Storage

EDIElectronic Data Interchange

ISCSI - internet Small computer system interconnect

JITJust-In-Time

LUN - Logical unit Number

LVM - Logical volume manager

NAS - Network attached Storage

SAN - Storage attached Storage

VM - Virtual Machine

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Introduction to Environmental Issues

1.1 Todays Environmental Issues

The impact of human activities on the environment and on climate change inparticular are issues of growing concern confronting life on Earth. At thesame time, information and communication technologies (ICTs) are beingrapidly deployed around the world. Although ICTs require energy resources,they also offer a number of opportunities to advance global environmentalresearch, planning and action. This includes monitoring and protecting theenvironment as well as mitigation of an adaptation to climate change.

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the world population is expanding at a

mind-boggling rate. The world reached 1 billion people in 1800; 2 billion by1922; and over 6 billion by 2000. It is estimated that the population will swellto over 9 billion by 2050. That means that if the worlds natural resourceswere evenly distributed, people in 2050 will only have 25% of the resourcesper capita that people in 1950 had.

The world has a fixed amount of natural resources - some of which arealready depleted. So as population growth greatly strains our finite resources,there are fewer resources available. If we intend to leave our children andgrandchildren with the same standard of living we have enjoyed, we mustpreserve the foundation of that standard of living. We save for college

educations, orthodontia, and weddings, but what about saving clean air,water, fuel sources and soil for future generations?

Some of the greatest threats to future resources come from things we throwaway every day. Household batteries and electronics often contain dangerouschemicals that may, if sent to a local landfill, leak through the bottom barrierand pollute the groundwater. This can contaminate everything from the soil inwhich our food grows, to the water which will eventually come out of aquifersand into our tap water. Many of these chemicals cannot be removed from thedrinking water supply, nor from the crops that are harvested from

contaminated fields. The risks to human health are tremendous.

With the various researches on global warming and climate change, there areseveral agencies that promote environmental awareness and taking care ofthe environment. A large part of the environmental awareness program is onhelping the public know more about the environmental problems and thealternatives to solving them. Here is a list of the most common environmentalproblems that the public should be aware of.

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1.1.1Garbage problem

This is very common in third world countries. The people do not have access

to information to proper waste disposal that they end up mismanaging theirgarbage. This is evidenced by heaps of garbage in inappropriate areas andwater systems. Some people also tend to burn their garbage leading to moreenvironmental problems.

The best way to solve this is to educate the people on garbage segregation.The people must also find ways on how to recycle their waste materials sothat there will be little need to create more landfills in the future.

1.1.2Air pollution

Industrialization is the perhaps the main culprit for the growing air pollution inmany countries. It is good that the more advanced countries are also nowfocusing on looking on more environment friendly methods of production inorder to minimize the effects of industrialization to the environment. Industrialsmoke from factories and the smoke from vehicles are now being reducedthrough the use of other sources of fuel and energy other than fossil fuels.

1.1.3Water pollution

The waters of the world are great sources of food and materials for man.However, if the natural habitats of fishes and other marine animals arecontaminated, marine resources become depleted, which could eventuallylead to food shortage.

People who live near the shores and other bodies of water should learn how toproperly dispose their solid and water wastes so that the natural ecosystemwill not be contaminated. Environment-friendly detergents, soaps and other

solutions should also be used in order to prevent marine life poisoning.

If there will just be enough trees and forests in the world, the effects ofclimate change and global warming will be greatly reduced. But since theforest areas are being reduced to expand the human habitats or to serve asquarry sites, more and more landslides tend to occur. The presence of trees

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also tends to reduce the temperature and to provide more food and protectionfor other animals.

1.1.4Climate ChangeGlobal warming has been concerning scientists for decades, but Al Gore legitimizedthe crisis with his controversial film An Inconvenient Truth. From the melting polarice caps to catastrophic weather and threatened ecosystems, not only is climatechange real, scientists agree that humans are influencing climate change with ourproduction of greenhouse gases (mainly stemming from carbon dioxide andmethane). What can you do? How bad is it? Why do so many people still thinkclimate change isnt real? Is it real? These are just some of the issues worthexploring. The good news is that despite the urgency of the crisis, there areexciting technological developments as well as meaningful lifestyle changes you canmake to help.

1.1.5Energy

Clean energy vs. dirty energy. Renewable energy. Energy independence.Petroleum. Biofuels. Coal. ANWR and offshore drilling. Even Paris Hilton hassomething to say about energy. Energy is second only to climate change insignificance, but the picture isnt as clear as one might think. China is heavilycriticized, but did you know the state of California is worse? Look for plenty ofmyth-busting and interesting news to come, as well as practical tips to reduce yourown energy dependence. Though no single energy source is going to be the

solution, positive developments toward a cleaner future are happening every singleday.

1.1.6Food

Biofuels have turned into a global controversy the idea that people may causingthe starvation of millions in order to fuel their SUVs is sickening. And yet thats notthe whole picture. For example, eating hamburgers has as much or more impact onthe global food picture as the use of biofuels. And then theres the whole issue of

food miles at first, local seemed logical, but the situation is more complex thanthat. Its all about resources and efficiency. There are big questions: can wesupport the world without turning to vegetarianism? We know that the planet cantafford the Western way of eating. It would take 5 earths to support that lifestyle!What about hunting is that good for the environment? Look for more articles soonexploring the complicated world of food. Fortunately, there are a multitude of tastydiets that incorporate greener values, so its not necessary to adhere to veganism,for example.

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1.1.7Land Management

From desertification to polar ice melting to erosion and deforestation, existing landmanagement choices are not serving the planet or its inhabitants very well. The

1990s saw some headway with forest management but the Bush administrationsvarious initiatives (most notoriously, Healthy Forests) have set back progress bydecades. There is very little land left that is undeveloped, either with structures orroads. And there is virtually no land left that is not subject to light or noisepollution. The modern green movement believes that in order to create asustainable future, people will need to return to the conservation spirit Americanswere once famous for. Thats a value system that includes meaning, adventure, andself-sufficiency no wonder so many people are getting inspired.

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Need of GREEN

1.2Why do we need GREEN?

1.2.1A Greener Life. A Better Life

Trees are the longest living organisms on the planet and one of the earth'sgreatest natural resources.

By cooling the air and ground around them, the shade from trees helps coolthe Earth's temperature.

It lowers air temperature by evaporating water in their leaves.

They are good noise barriers, making a city and neighborhood quieter.

It helps prevent city flooding by catching raindrops and offsetting runoffcaused by buildings and parking lots.

A tree-line buffer between fields and streams helps remove farming

pollutants before they reach the water.

The roots stabilize the soil and prevent erosion.

Improve water quality by slowing and filtering rain water as well asprotecting aquifers and watersheds.

Provide protection from downward fall of rain, sleet, and hail as well asreduce storm run-off and the possibility of flooding.

Provides food and shelter for wildlife.

Located along streets act as a glare and reflection control.

Enhance the aesthetics of our environment. Their grandeur, tenacity, andbeauty are probably the most enjoyable aspect of trees.

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1.2.2A Greener Earth. A Fresh Life

Trees renew our air supply by absorbing carbon dioxide and producing

oxygen.

A single tree produces approximately 260 pounds of oxygen per year. Thatmeans two mature trees can supply enough oxygen annually to support afamily of four!

Trees help reduce the "greenhouse effect" by absorbing carbon dioxide.

The amount of oxygen produced by an acre of trees per year equals theamount consumed by 18 people annually. One tree produces nearly 260pounds of oxygen each year.

One person causes about 10 tons of carbon dioxide to be emitted a year.One tree removes about 1 ton of carbon dioxide per year.

One tree can absorb as much carbon in a year as a car produces whiledriving 26,000 miles.

An average tree absorbs 4.5 kg of air pollutants every year.

Planting 30 trees per person will remove each that person's carbon debt forthe year.

1.2.3A Greener Earth. A Cost Efficient Way of Life

In 50 years one tree recycles more than $37,000 worth of water, provides$31,000 worth of erosion control, $62,000 worth of air pollution control, and

produces $37,000 worth of oxygen.

The shade and wind buffering provided by trees reduces annual heating andcooling costs by 2.1 billion dollars.

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Each average-sized tree provides an estimated $7 savings in annualenvironmental benefits, including energy conservation and reducedpollution.

Well placed trees help cut energy costs and consumption by decreasing air

conditioning costs 10-50% & reducing heating costs as much as 4-22%.

Shade trees can make buildings up to 20 degrees cooler in the summer.

The energy saved from recycling one glass bottle is enough to power a lightbulb for four hours.

Recycling one plastic bottle can save the same amount of energy needed topower a 60-watt light bulb for six hours.

1.3 How do we Go Green

Thinking green means being aware of our interconnectedness with the worldand reflecting on the unintended damage we cause nature in the daily courseof our lives. Thinking green leads to acting green - taking corrective action tomake environmental responsibility a reality.

We can advocate the 3 Rs of environmental protection. Reduce, Reuse andRecycle.

1.3.1Reduce

1.3.2Your Consumption

The first step to reducing your impact on the environment is reducing theamounts of resources you consume and use. Think twice before you buy oruse anything. Do you really need it? By reducing your consumption you willalso decrease the amount of waste you produce.

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1.3.3Your Waste

There are also many other ways to reduce your waste. The opportunities arenearly endless. Here are just a few ideas.

Think before you print or photocopy! Print and copy as little as possible.

Edit on screen, not on paper.

Use e-mail to minimize paper use.

Send and store documents like necessary papers and business proposalselectronically instead of on paper.

When you must print or copy, do it double-sided.

Circulate documents instead of making an individual copy for everyone.

Change the margins on your Word documents. The default margins on thedocuments you print are 1.25 inches on all sides. Simply changing themargins to 0.75 inches will reduce the amount of paper you use by almost 5percent.

1.3.4Your Energy Consumption

There are so many ways of optimizing your energy consumption

Turn off unused or unneeded lights.

Use natural lighting instead of electric lighting whenever possible.

If you have a desk lamp, make sure it uses fluorescent bulbs (instead of

incandescent bulbs).

Dress appropriate to the season

Select cold water for washing clothes

Keep windows and doors closed in heated and air-conditioned areas.

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Turn off computers when they are not in use.

Turn off printers, especially laser printers, unless printing.

Dont use power strips to turn on all computers and desk equipment atonce.

When purchasing computers and peripherals, buy low wattage equipment

Minimize use of screen savers and instead enable power managementfeatures

Purchase only energy-efficient products

Move your refrigerator. Leaving space between your refrigerator and thewall increases air circulation around the condenser coils, allowing the fridgeto operate more efficiently.

1.3.5Your Oil Consumption and Pollution

Drive Efficiently

If you must drive, buck the trend toward more wasteful vehicles and drive a

fuel efficient car, i.e. one which gets more miles per gallon, and dont drive itmore than you really need to!

Park your car in the shade

Gas evaporates from your fuel tank more quickly when you park in the sun.Parking in the shade lowers the temperature in your gas tank by up to 7degrees, significantly reducing fuel evaporation.

1.3.6Reuse

Plastic containers can become food storage, paper can become wrappingpaper. The ways in which to reuse things are unlimited. All you need is to becreative. If being creative is not your thing, here are some other ideas:

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Reuse envelopes by placing a new label over the old address.

Designate a box for scrap paper and use it for printing all drafts or unofficialdocuments.

Reuse plastic bags or better get a reusable canvas bags.

1.3.7Recycle

When buying any type of product, see if it is available with post consumerrecycled content.

Wrap presents in gift bags. Once you tear the wrapping paper off a holidaygift it ends up in the recycle bin, but gift bags can be used over and overagain.

Production of recycled paper uses only half the water and 3/4 of the energythan new paper

Every ton of recycled paper saves almost 400 gallons of oil, three cubicyards of landfill space and seventeen trees.

If you recycle soda cans, the energy used and air pollution created, is 95percent less than if the cans were produced from raw materials.

You could operate a TV set for an estimated three hours with the energysaved by recycling just one aluminum can

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Green It

1.4 Need for GREEN IT?

Information Technology (IT) without doubt has substantially improvedbusiness productivity and enhanced the overall quality of our lives.Consequently, there has been a proliferation in the number and size of ITfacilities, the equipment and people working in these facilities. This growth isplacing a tremendous burden on our environment both in the consumption ofnatural resources such as fuel, water and other raw materials as well as ingreenhouse gas emissions and the waste that is generated. This phenomenonis raising several red flags in the minds of corporate executives, governmentalorganizations, environmentalists and the broader public thus leading to green

IT initiatives.

Of all the factors contributing to the past two decades of economic andpolitical change around the world, one stands above the rest: Informationtechnology (IT).

Once considered a privilege of developed countries, IT now bridges the gapbetween the developed and developing world. Access to information itself hasbecome an equalizer and a mobilize in the effort to meet two urgentchallenges: climate change and our ability to create a sustainable globalenvironment.

IT is growing at an astonishing rate. According to an IDC white paper theamount of information created, captured, and replicated in 2007 totaled 281billion gigabytesmore than three million times the information contained inall the books ever written. And between 2006 and 2011, the amount of dataadded annually to the digital universe will increase 10 times.

In past years, Green IT seemed to be more of a wish list item somethingthat companies might look into sometime in the future or when it becameconvenient. This is no longer the case. Companies are now actively pursuing

Green IT solutions for a multitude of reasons.IT organizations increased attention to green IT has resulted from a numberof factors including:

Rising energy costs over the past five years

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Increased publicity regarding global warming and energy citizenship

Increased legislation surrounding energy efficiency, toxic materials, andgreenhouse gases (GHG) in the United States, European Union, and China

As the commitment to reduce environmental impact and power consumptionare becoming increasingly important objectives for organizations, architectureleaders are now proactively considering environmental resource constraintsalong with more traditional IT business goals.

Companies are no longer seeking Green IT merely to cut costs, either. Truereducing energy consumption (92 percent) and reducing cooling costs (91percent) were the most important reasons companies listed for implementingGreen IT. However, reducing polluting energy (87 percent) and a desire fromcorporate headquarters to qualify as green (86 percent) were nearly as

important

As IT organizations face increasing pressure to become green executives canimplement green practices in the following areas:

1.4.1Date Center

Data Center

The amount of electricity needed to power and cool the data center makes itone of the costliest aspects of the IT organization.

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1.4.2Facilities

Facilities issues, including expensive and inefficient cooling methods, can beimproved or eliminated to make the data center more environmentally

friendly.1.4.3Hardware

Virtual servers can replace energy-intense high-density servers, and newstorage tactics can reduce energy consumption and the need for hard diskdrives.

Eliminate energy leaks

Use innovative and more efficient cooling methods

Replace high-density servers with virtual servers

Use alternative storage tactics

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Reconfigure data center floor layouts

Explore alternative energy sources

1.4.4End-User Computing

Lack of awareness and attention on end-user computing practices can result inexcess energy consumption and harmful disposal practices for IT equipment.

1.4.5Selection

Use of laptops, LCD monitors, and thin clients can reduce high electricityconsumption and costs.

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1.4.6Usage

Simple asset usage practices, such as turning off PCs at nights and onweekends and using power-saving settings during the day, can reduce energy

consumption and GHG emissions associated with running IT equipment.

1.4.7Disposal & Recycling

Proper asset disposal practices can eliminate toxic waste from entering landfillsystems. Recycling old equipment, when possible, decreases waste and canoffer potential cost savings to organizations that reuse IT assets.

Alter purchasing practices for IT assets

Encourage adoption of energy-saving settings on computers

Practice proper disposal and recycling practices of IT assets

Data Centers

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Due to the vast quantities of electricity needed to power and cool the center,the data center is often one of the costliest portions of an IT organization. Theamount of electricity used by a typical data center rose 60% between 1999and 2005. It is not unusual for a large data center to draw a megawatt ofelectricity or more per month enough to power 1,000 houses for a month or

a total of between 1.5% and 3% of all the power generated in the UnitedStates annually. Rough estimates of annual power costs for all U.S. datacenters are as high as $3.3 billion. While energy bills traditionally haveaccounted for less than 10% of an overall IT budget, analysts predict theycould account for more than 50% in the next few years. The graph belowillustrates how the total cost of a data center drastically increases as moreand more servers are added to the data center.

In addition to the high IT organizational costs, data centers contribute greatlyto greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In the long term, the best answer to thepower and cooling issues is greater design focus at the component level,coupled with the ability to manage power at a high level. CIOs also need toplan on building future data centers in a modular way, so that powerconsumption can be scaled with growth. In the shorter term, organizationscan use their wallets to push vendors toward creating energy-efficientsystems that can operate within targeted power and heat limits. ITorganizations can undertake green data center initiatives directly in twoareas:

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Facilities = Cooling.

Hardware = Servers and Virtualization.

Within the last few years, the number of servers able to fit in one rack has

increased, along with the amount of electricity consumed by each server, asillustrated in the graphs below. In order to reduce energy consumption andassociated energy costs, IT executives can improve the cooling configurationin the data center by identifying and eliminating hot spots and energy leaks.

Every kilowatt (kW) burned by a server requires another 1 kW to 1.5 kW tocool and support it. The Uptime Institute claims that 90% of corporate datacenters have far more cooling capacity than they need. After examine datacenters by researchers found that an average of 2.6 times the amount ofcooling equipment are needed but still had hot spots covering 10% of theirtotal floor space. Even with the use of fans, temperatures of 100F were notok. Such high temperatures can dramatically reduce the life span of thehardware in the data center, and decrease its reliability. Each 18-degreeincrement above 70F reduces the total reliability of an average server by

50%. Bad climate control can also be a cause of such overheating. Adding tothe problem, many data centers suffer from energy leaks. More than half ofthat cold air in the centers escaped through unsealed cable holes andconduits; an additional 14% was misrouted because the perforated floorplates that were supposed to direct the airflow were pointing in the wrongdirection sometimes out of the data center entirely under a raised floor orover a suspended ceiling. The following list highlights seven of the mostcommon causes of data center energy leaks.

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Green Data Center Facilities Tactics

Combined Heat and

Power

Utilize Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technology toreduce emissions and electricity consumption

Cool Outside AirBring cool outside air in and turn the air conditioner offwhen the temperature outside the data center is coolerthan the temperature inside the data center

DC PowerLeverage DC power for a portion of the data centerinfrastructure. DC, or battery, power generates less heatthan traditional AC power.

Alternative Energy

Sources

Look for cleaner sources of power when possible, such asnuclear or hydroelectric power, to drive data centers.

Factor the source of electricity into decisions to site newdata centers. i.e, hydroelectric power generates feweremissions and costs less than power from fossil fuels.

Water Cooling

Explore water cooling and wider use of DC powerdistribution. As issues of power and cooling in the datacenter have come to the forefront vendors look toalternative ways to dispel heat in the data center. Thoughit can be initially more expensive to introduce into a datacenter than air cooling, water cooling has the potential ofbecoming more common as electricity bills grow. This ispart of a trend to get the cooling devices closer to theequipment that is generating the heat rather than relyingon air conditioners positioned on the walls of the datacenters to do all the cooling.

Data EquipmentFloor Layout

Optimize floor layouts using hot-aisle/cold-aisleconfigurations with suitable air conditioner locations.

Aim to segregate cool air and warm air.

Vented Floor Tiles

Use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in the datacenter to optimize data center cool air flow by tuningfloor tiles by varying locations and by regulating thepercent of vents that are open at any given time.

Optimize Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) unitlocations.

Close-Coupled

Cooling Architecture

Target specific areas where cooling is needed (such asindividual rows, racks, or servers) as opposed to largeopen spaces by installing close coupled cooling. This resultsin shorter air paths that require less fan power.

Increase the efficiency of the cool air distribution and hotair removal systems.

Install close-coupled heat removal to minimize and almosteliminate the mixing of cool and hot air, since the airflow iscompletely contained in the row or rack.

Energy-EfficientLighting

All energy-efficient timers or motion-activated lights toreduce heat generated by lighting, and thus reduce theamount of cooling necessary in the data center.

Blanking PanelsUtilize blanking panels on racks to improve airflowdynamics and decrease server inlet temperature whileincreasing the CRAC returns air temperature.

Coordinate air conditioner settings to avoid waste (e.g. onemay heat while another cools, and one may dehumidify


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Ducts and coils that are dirty or blocked

Thermostats and humidity meters installed where they cannot monitoreffectively

Sensors that do not work or that deliver erroneous data

Supply and return pipes that are reversed

Valves that are partially closed, unintentionally

Solenoid-operated valves that fail due to high system pressure

Pumping systems that cannot deliver the volume of cooling necessary

The table below lists and describes facilities tactics that IT organizations canuse to make their data centers more environmentally friendly.

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Green Data Center Facilities Tactics

Combined Heat

and Power

Utilize Combined Heat and Power (CHP) technology toreduce emissions and electricity consumption

Cool Outside AirBring cool outside air in and turn the air conditioner offwhen the temperature outside the data center is cooler thanthe temperature inside the data center

DC PowerLeverage DC power for a portion of the data centerinfrastructure. DC, or battery, power generates less heatthan traditional AC power.

Alternative Energy

Sources

Look for cleaner sources of power when possible, such asnuclear or hydroelectric power, to drive data centers.

Factor the source of electricity into decisions to site newdata centers. i.e, hydroelectric power generates feweremissions and costs less than power from fossil fuels.

Water Cooling

Explore water cooling and wider use of DC powerdistribution. As issues of power and cooling in the datacenter have come to the forefront vendors look toalternative ways to dispel heat in the data center. Though itcan be initially more expensive to introduce into a datacenter than air cooling, water cooling has the potential ofbecoming more common as electricity bills grow. This is partof a trend to get the cooling devices closer to the equipmentthat is generating the heat rather than relying on airconditioners positioned on the walls of the data centers todo all the cooling.

Data EquipmentFloor Layout

Optimize floor layouts using hot-aisle/cold-aisleconfigurations with suitable air conditioner locations.

Aim to segregate cool air and warm air.

Vented Floor Tiles

Use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in the data centerto optimize data center cool air flow by tuning floor tilesby varying locations and by regulating the percent of ventsthat are open at any given time.

Optimize Computer Room Air Conditioning (CRAC) unitlocations.

Close-CoupledCooling

Architecture

Target specific areas where cooling is needed (such asindividual rows, racks, or servers) as opposed to large openspaces by installing close coupled cooling. This results inshorter air paths that require less fan power.

Increase the efficiency of the cool air distribution and hot airremoval systems.

Install close-coupled heat removal to minimize and almosteliminate the mixing of cool and hot air, since the airflow iscompletely contained in the row or rack.

Energy-EfficientLighting

All energy-efficient timers or motion-activated lights toreduce heat generated by lighting, and thus reduce theamount of cooling necessary in the data center.

Blanking PanelsUtilize blanking panels on racks to improve airflow dynamicsand decrease server inlet temperature while increasing theCRAC returns air temperature.

Coordinate air conditioner settings to avoid waste (e.g. onemay heat while another cools, and one may dehumidify


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Data center hardware, particularly servers and storage drives, is responsiblefor a large portion of the total electricity used by the data center. As the needfor storage increases, particularly with such regulations as Sarbanes-Oxley,organizations are adding more and more servers and hard drives to their datacenters, which in turn consume more electricity. The total figure for data

center power consumption when you add storage devices, networkingcontrollers, uninterrupted power supplies and air conditioning is at leastdouble that used on servers alone. A breakdown of a typical server bill over itslifetime is below:

There is significant increase in the deployment of high-density servers, whichconsume more power than other technologies and emit heat, requiring moreelectricity for cooling systems. A rack of high-density server blades requirebetween 10 and 15 times more power than a traditional server. To reducepower consumption and carbon emissions associated with servers, ITexecutives can consolidate servers and undertake server virtualization

projects.

The same principles that govern server power savings should be applied tostorage as well. The raw storage growth is approaching a 60% compoundedannual growth rate. Historically, servers consumed more power than storage,although this trend has changed in recent years, due to two factors:

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Storage technology is limited by hard disk drives that have been evolving ata slower pace than server technology so the number of drives per server isgrowing.

Organizations are storing more information than ever before, due to

increased business continuity requirements, which call for the replication ofdata to protect against system, site, or regional failures and the growingtrend to leverage a great variety of information for business operations.Compliance regulations, such as Sarbanes-Oxley, are also drivingorganizations to retain all company information.

In order to make significant changes in data center power consumption andcarbon emissions, corresponding efforts are necessary for both servers andstorage.

The table below lists and describes hardware tactics that IT organizations canuse to make their data center more environmentally friendly. The table isdivided into server, storage, and other tactics.

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Green Data Center Hardware Tactics

Server Tactics

Virtualization Enable organizations to be environmentally friendly byincreasing the utilization rate and availability of servers andthus, energy efficiency.

Able to run the same number of tasks on fewer servers, usingless electricity and requiring less cooling, resulting in decreasedemissions and costs

DepreciationSchedules

Eliminate the common practice of three-year (or more)depreciation schedules for servers. Server technology is arapidly changing area and older servers are much less energyefficient than new servers

Storage Tactics

Tiering Utilize the largest capacity drive that your applicationsavailability and performance requirements will permit; amodern 500GB drive is more than twice as energy efficient as a250GB drive.43 The larger the drive, the more efficient it is, interms of watts per terabyte stored.

Move less critical or under-used data to a lower storage tier.

Consolidation Consolidate storage infrastructure by replacing under-utilized,direct attached drives with efficient or virtualized arrays

CapacityManagement

Conduct a backup audit to identify where information isstored, where redundancies are consuming excess storagecapacity, and opportunities for information consolidation.

Use incremental backups, snapshots, and other technologies todecrease the amount of data the organization is storing andprotecting.

Single-InstanceArchiving

Use advanced disk-based archiving platforms to pull inactivedata from e-mail environments, files, systems, and databases,and store it on low-cost and energy-efficient media.

Data De-Duplication

Eliminate redundant copies of stored data, enabling up to a300% reduction in data for backup and storage applications.

Open StorageInfrastructure

Ensure your organization has an open storage infrastructure toallow applications to share storage devices.

Make use of all existing space.

Spinning Disks Reduce the data on spinning disks and take it offline to tape,

optical disk, removable disk, or a Massive Array of Idle Disks(MAID).

Set up archiving rules to move everything off primary storagethat is old and infrequently accessed (e.g. older than 6 monthsand not accessed in the last 3 months).

TransparentAccess

Provide users, whenever possible, with transparent accessdirectly into the archive to avoid leaving stubs on primarystorage.

Other Tactics

Rightsizing of UPS Use new best-in-class UPS systems that have 70% less energy

loss than legacy UPS at typical loads. Average light loadefficiency is a key parameter.


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End-User Computing

While much of the attention surrounding green IT focuses on the data center,end-user computing practices also offer ample room for energy savings and

decreased GHG emissions at three levels:

Asset Selection: Refers to the selection of IT assets that are energy efficient,including laptops, LCD monitors for desktop computers, and thin clients.

Asset Usage: Refers to the idea that asset management practices canreduce the amount of electricity consumed by IT assets.

Asset Disposal and Recycling: Refers to environmentally friendly methods ofIT waste disposal and recycling. This is the issue garnering the most

attention in the end-user computing space.

1.5 Asset Selection Modifications Can Impact

Organizational Energy Consumption

Changing IT asset selection strategies can have a large impact on the energyconsumption of an entire organization and in turn, affect electricity costs andGHG emissions. IT organizations can utilize one or more of the following four

asset selection strategies:

Refurbish old IT equipment

Buy IT equipment with low power features

Purchase laptops and LCD screens

Use thin clients

Example of Reuse:

Whenever possible, Jon Beyer, cofounder and CIO of TerraCycle, a NewJersey-based manufacturer of plant food, advocates IT reusing or paying torefurbish older equipment rather than purchasing new workstations andlaptops.

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If buying new equipment is a necessity, two simple steps can ensure that anorganization is purchasing a green PC.

Determine if the product it wants to purchase offers low power features.

Look at the recycling or second life opportunities for the product.

When buying technology equipment, laptops are the energy-efficient choice.While desktop PCs use about 150 watts of power per hour (w/h) when on, andabout 8 w/h when idling (turned off but not unplugged), typical laptops useonly about 15 to 25 w/h. If desktops are required, LCD monitors use about50% less power than older CRT monitors. Operating 100 flat screen monitorsfor four years could be $7,500 cheaper than running 100 CRTs. Thin clientsoffer another option for IT organizations in the market for new hardware. Thinclients can use as little as 4 w/h as compared to PCs. While thin clients do not

have the functionality that PCs have, a PC requires 2 tons of raw materialsand 25 tons of CO2 during manufacturing. Post-manufacturing, PCs then use1 ton of CO2 each if they are run in an air-conditioned environment. Fororganizations that require PCs, green PCs are available that are designed toconserve energy. Green PCs shut off power to non-essential systems if noinput has been detected for a specified amount of time.

Simple Power Management Strategies Allow for Automatic

Energy Savings

Only about 10% of a PCs resources are used in a given day, and powermanagement strategies and software can put PCs and laptops in sleep modewhen inactive, saving energy automatically. According to Dell, a company with10,000 PCs could save up to $100,000 a year with simple power managementstrategies. In addition to energy use, ITs total contribution to GHG in theatmosphere is more than 2%. Emissions tied to the computer are comparableto the level of GHG being produced by all the worlds airplanes. By simplymandating that employees turn off PCs each night, and before leaving theoffice for the weekend, IT organizations can save thousands of watts of

power, reduce GHG emissions, and decrease electricity costs. Another optionfor IT organizations is to configure end-user systems to reduce the powerconsumption by default (i.e., the hard drive shuts down after a period ofinactivity or the monitor goes dark). Users can opt to override the systemswhen necessary.

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Proper Asset Disposal and Recycling Methods Reduce Global E-Waste

IT equipment waste, commonly called e-waste, is the fastest-growing wastestream in the United States, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection

Agency. An estimated 50 to 80 percent of e-waste collected in theUnitedStates is exported to other countries, including China, India, andPakistan. A typical CRT monitor contains three to nine pounds of lead, andprinted circuit boards contain beryllium, cadmium, flame retardants and othercompounds that can contaminate the air and groundwater and exposehumans to carcinogens and other toxins when equipment is shredded, burned,or sent to a landfill. Despite the risk of hefty fines and negative publicity fromimproper disposal methods, many IT organizations remain ignorant of thelegal and technical issues surrounding proper disposal of IT equipment.Equipment can quickly be traced back to its original owners through serialnumbers or asset tags, and regulatory agencies can charge organizationsclean-up costs and fines for equipment found in illegal dumping areas. Manycompanies, especially smaller ones, have failed to budget for disposal ordisposition. As analysts estimate that 925 million PCs will be replacedworldwide between 2006 and 2010, IT leaders should start bundling disposaland recycling solutions with the procurement costs of IT equipment.

2.Mitigation of IT Environmental Problem

Mitigating the environmental impact of IT

Mitigation refers to efforts to reduce emissions (or capture carbon) so as toreduce the extent of climate change. It would focus on technologies andpractices that reduce emissions and adaptation would focus on technologiesand practices that reduce the vulnerability of human populations toenvironmental change in general and to climate change.

While considering the implications of the growth on climate change the twokey questions:

How in the immediate to near-term can IT minimize its impact on the globalenvironment?

How can IT support cultural and process changes that help people andorganizations respond tactically, strategically, and systemically to create amore energy efficient world?

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As access to information over the Internet has become more global,ownership of the asset pool has become much less concentrated in developednations. Near-ubiquitous connectivity and access to information hasempowered people to contribute to the worlds knowledge base from everycorner of the world. Harnessing this global human capital represents our best

chance to address critical issues such as climate change.

But this ever-expanding digital universe is not a panacea: It has hadenvironmental consequences. It consumes large amounts of resources to buildout data centers and server farms, and its driving higher demands for energy.Yet many of these resources are being wasted. The average utilization rate forservers ranges from 5 percent to 15 percent and for non-networked storage,20 percent to 40 percent. That means many companies are paying the energycosts to run data centers at 100 percent capacity, but are only using 5 percentto 15 percent of that capacitya tremendous waste.

At the same time, as much as 70 percent of the information an organizationaccumulates may never or only rarely be accessed. Clearly, the IT industrymust minimize the environmental impact of rapid information growth byattaining higher levels of efficiency. There are many key technology initiativessupport this goal:

2.1.1E-waste Management

Electronic waste (or e-waste) encompasses the ever-growing range ofobsolete electronic devices such as computers, servers, cell phones, printers,

scanners and fax machines. With newer technologies replacing older devicesat a rapid speed, piling up of e-waste has assumed mind-bogglingproportions. The mere size of the rising e-waste pile is startling. Somethingwhich needs to be attended to immediately in the form of a solution workedaround reuse-and-recycle of the e-waste. While there are several steps thatneed to be taken towards this goal, a key step is the setting up of e-wastemanagement plants. It is a sort of a green solution to a potentialenvironmental hazard that e-waste can be.

Green computing is the practice of using computing resources efficiently. Thegoals are to reduce the use of hazardous materials, maximize energyefficiency during the product's lifetime, and promote recyclability orbiodegradability of defunct products and factory waste. Such practices includethe implementation of energy-efficient central processing units (CPUs),servers and peripherals as well as reduced resource consumption and properdisposal of electronic waste (e-waste).

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In 1992, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency launched Energy Star, avoluntary labeling program which is designed to promote and recognizeenergy-efficiency in monitors, climate control equipment, and othertechnologies. This resulted in the widespread adoption of sleep mode amongconsumer electronics. The term "green computing" was probably coined

shortly after the Energy Star program began

Fig: Energy Star Logo

Example of Wipro for E-waste Management

In India many IT organization have started an initiative to E-wastemanagement one such organization is Wipro ltd. The Environment

Management Team at Wipro has been leading the E-waste initiatives sinceAugust 2005 and they continue this venture of making our environment asafer and greener place. As a commitment towards IPR and EPR, Wipro hasvolunteered to take full responsibility - both physical and financial - towardsrecycling e-waste of all Wipro products.

Over the last few years they have defined and redefined the process,identified suitable recycling mechanisms, created service points across thecountry, identified technically competent recycling agencies and setup aprocess for recycling of E-waste. This is a service offered to all their customersthrough a single helpline number. Wipro also actively encourages usage of

environment friendly electronic products and promotes the usage of e-wasterecycling services through various marketing and communication programs

Customers can register on their website or choose to deliver the computers/parts through 18 direct Wipro collection centers and 300 Wipro authorizedcollection centers across the country. They can also call Wipro representatives

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in respective locations for pickup. We have identified partners who will help inthe recycling of e-waste.

Fig: E-waste plant

E-waste Recycling process

Customers who wish to have their e-waste recycled need to contact Wipro orany of its partners. Wipro undertakes to do the following to help in recycling.

Wipro will collect the discarded systems from customers on behalf of therecycling agency.

Provide the discarded computers to vendors certified by Pollution controlboard to recycle the parts.

Ensure collection and transport of systems from customer to final wasterecycling point. This support is limited to recycling of e-waste related toWipro products being retired by the customer.

Monitor the recycling of e-wastes by agency according to guidelines given bythe relevant pollution control boards.

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Wipro will submit Form 9 and other documents required by Pollution ControlBoard to ensure compliance to standards set by Pollution Control Board.

Wipro will collect documentary proof that these items have been recycled ina safe manner by the vendor as recommended by Pollution control board.

Customer contacts any one of 17 Wipro contact centers or delivers the e-waste to one of the 17 locations.

Wipro acknowledges the receipt of e-waste to customer.

Wipro ensures delivery of e-waste to disposal agencies certified by pollutioncontrol board.

Wipro monitors the disposal of e-waste by disposal agency (in eco friendlyway) and shares the proof of disposal with customer.

3.Virtualization

These days Virtualization is the buzzword which is being floated around all theindustries & making the organization to think about their IT infrastructure &making job of IT manager tougher so as to get the best use of the available

must have technology. Virtualization is not a one-size-fits-all proposition &IT managers need to consider all the angles before they figure out whichconfiguration works best for them.

Todays datacenters consume a lot of electricity. A recent report by theEnvironmental Protection Agency claims datacenters in the U.S. consume 4.5billion kWh annually, 1.5 percent of the countrys totals Perhaps moreimportantly, this figure has doubled from 2000 to 2006, and is likely to doubleagain in the next few years. This trend is affecting datacenters around theworld and is likely to continue, given how central computing is to ourbusinesses and lifestyles.

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There are many factors contributing to excessive energy consumption indatacenters. According to the EPA, servers consumed 80% of the total IT loadand 40% of total datacenter power consumption while the Site infrastructureincluding cooling of equipmentaccounts for another 50 percent of totaldatacenter power consumption.

Virtualization and consolidation are essential to energy conservation in thedata center, where IT managers have installed more and more systems to

enhance performance, redundancy, and availability, but without a focus onpower or cooling efficiency. Virtualization addresses these inefficiencies byseparating software from the underlying hardware, so that a single computercan run multiple operating systems and applications. In turn, better utilizationof servers and storage means deployment of fewer machinesthereby usingless electricity for power and cooling.

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Virtualization provides tremendous energy benefits and a lifeline todatacenters that are running low on capacity and high on power and coolingcosts. Leveraging innovations in virtualization technology & Infrastructureprovides increased IT flexibility, reliability and availability and freesdatacenters from the shortcomings of a static, physical IT infrastructure. Nowbusinesses can create virtualized, dynamic IT environments are cost andenergy efficient and support the green movement in a significant way.

What is Virtualization?

Virtualization is a technology by which a physical computer function as if thereare two or more computer or totally different computer altogether. It can bethought of as an abstraction layer that separates the physical hardware fromsingle operating system. It allows a single physical machine to run multiplevirtual machines with different operating system side-by-side. These virtualmachines can then be allowed to either interoperate or they can be totallyunaware of each other.

Each virtual machine operates with their own set of virtual hardware(Processor, Memory, Network Adapter, Hard Drive, etc.) and is then loadedwith its own operating system and applications. The virtual machinesoperating system (or guest operating system) sees a consistent or normalizedset of hardware regardless of the underlying physical hardware.

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Need for Virtualization

From a business perspective, there are many ways in which your organizationcan benefit from using virtualization.

Maximize resources

Perhaps the most common problem being solved with virtualization today -applications are running on their own dedicated servers, which results in lowserver utilization rates across the server environment. Server consolidation isused to help maximize the compute capacity on each physical server whichtherefore increases ROI on existing and future server expenditures.

Test and development optimization

Test and development servers can be rapidly provisioned by using pre-configured virtual machines. By leveraging virtualization, developmentscenarios can be standardized and quickly executed upon in a repeatablefashion. It also allows for increased collaboration, and ultimately helps withdelivering a product to market faster and with less bugs.

Quickly respond to business needs

Deployment processes are becoming more difficult to manage in a complexenvironment and IT is unable to adapt as quickly to changing businessrequirements. Moving to a virtual environment helps with procurement, setupand delivery, giving IT the efficiency needed for rapid deployment.

Reduce business continuity costs

Virtualization encapsulation (creating an entire system into a single file) andabstraction (removing away the underlying physical hardware) help to reducethe cost and complexity of business continuity by offering high availability anddisaster recovery solutions where a virtual machine can easily be replicatedand moved to any target server.

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Solve security concerns

In an environment where systems are required to be isolated from each otherthrough complex networking or firewalls, these systems can now reside on thesame physical server and yet remain in their own sandbox environment,

isolated from each other using simple virtualization configurations The impactof virtualization on energy consumption is so significant that utilities in NorthAmerica such as PG&E, Southern California Edison, SDG&E, BC Hydro andAustin Energy are paying customers for removing servers throughconsolidation. These programs compare the energy use of existing equipmentto that of remaining equipment in service after consolidation. Incentives arebased on the net reduction in kilowatt- hours from direct energy savings fromthe project (cooling costs are excluded), which can be as high as $300 USDper server and $4 million per physical site. Incentive programs are more cost-effective than creating new power plants, and better for the Environment.

Vendors for Virtualization

Top Five Virtualization Technology Vendors

VMware

VMware is the global leader in cloud infrastructure, delivers customer-provenvirtualization solutions that significantly reduce IT complexity. VMware

accelerates an organizations transition to cloud computing, while preservingexisting IT investments and enabling more efficient, agile service deliverywithout compromising control. Organizations rely on VMware, its partners andits industry-leading virtual infrastructure platform, VMware vSphere, toenergize their business through IT, while saving energyfinancial, human andthe Earths. With 2009 revenues of $2 billion, VMware has more than 190,000customers and 25,000 partners worldwide.

Headquarters:

VMware Inc.

3401 Hillview AvenuePalo Alto, CA 94304 USA

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Citrix

Citrix Systems is an American multinational corporation that provides serverand desktop virtualization, networking, software-as-a-service (SaaS) andcloud computing technologies for more than 230,000 organizations worldwide.

Citrix states that A world where anyone can work and play from anywhere.is its corporate vision.

Customers include the worlds largest Internet companies, 99 percent ofFortune Global 500 enterprises, and hundreds of thousands of smallbusinesses and consumers worldwide. Citrix partners with over 10,000companies worldwide in more than 100 countries. Founded in 1989, annualrevenue in 2008 was $1.6 billion.

Headquarters:

Citrix Systems, Inc.Ft. Lauderdale 851 West Cypress Creek Road

Fort Lauderdale, FL 33309, United States

Microsoft

Microsoft Corporation is a public multinational corporation headquartered inRedmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, andsupports a wide range of products and services predominantly related tocomputing through its various product divisions. Established on April 4, 1975to develop and sell BASIC interpreters for the Altair 8800, Microsoft rose todominate the home computer operating system (OS) market with MS-DOS inthe mid-1980s, followed by the Microsoft Windows line of OSs. The ensuingrise of stock in the company's 1986 initial public offering (IPO) made anestimated four billionaires and 12,000 millionaires from Microsoft employees.Microsoft would come to dominate other markets as well, notably the officesuite market with Microsoft Office.

Headquarters:

One Microsoft Way,

Redmond, Washington, United States

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Novell

Novell, Inc is a multinational software and services corporation headquarteredin Waltham, Massachusetts. The company specializes in enterprise operatingsystems, such as SUSE Linux Enterprise and Novell NetWare; identity,

security, and systems management solutions; and collaboration solutions,such as Novell GroupWise and Novell Pulse.

Novell was instrumental in making the Utah Valley a focus for technology andsoftware development. Novell technology contributed to the emergence oflocal area networks, which displaced the dominant mainframe computingmodel and changed computing worldwide. Today, a primary focus of thecompany is on developing open source software for enterprise clients.

Headquarters:

Waltham Massachusetts US

Oracle

Oracle Corporation is a multinational computer technology corporation thatspecializes in developing and marketing enterprise software products particularly database management systems. Headquartered in Redwood City,California, United States, Oracle employs more than 115,000 peopleworldwide as of 2009[update]. It has enlarged its share of the software

market through organic growth and through a number of high-profileacquisitions. By 2007 Oracle had the third-largest software revenue, afterMicrosoft and IBM.

The corporation has arguably become best-known due to association with itsflagship product, the Oracle Database, as well as its disruptive businesspractices in 2010. The company also builds tools for database developmentand systems of middle-tier software, enterprise resource planning software(ERP), customer relationship management software (CRM) and supply chainmanagement (SCM) software.

Headquarters:

Oracle Corporation

500 Oracle Parkway

Redwood Shores, CA 94065

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Virtualization Software of different vendors: Citrix, Microsoft & VMware

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Initiative For Green IT

3.1 Wipro at the forefront of green IT revolution

Introduces 100% recyclable toxin free Greenware PCs

About Wipro Infotech

Wipro Infotech, a division of the US$5 billion Wipro Limited, providesenterprise customers with high value Information Technology Products,Software Services, Solutions and Consulting Services in India and the MiddleEast. Headquartered at Bangalore, Wipro Infotech serves customers in Indiathrough a network of 22 offices and 170 service locations across the country.

It also has regional offices across the Middle East serving the region.

Specialties

System Integration, Managed Services, Total Outsourcing, Business TransformationServices, Security Governence, Data Warehousing and Biz Intelligence, DisasterRecovery Assistance Services, High performance computing, Cluster technologies,Open source

About Wipro Ltd

Wipro Limited provides comprehensive IT solutions and services, includingsystems integration, information systems outsourcing, IT enabled services,package implementation, software application development and maintenance,and research and development services to corporations globally. WiproLimited is the first PCMM Level 5 and SEI CMM Level 5 certified IT ServicesCompany globally. In the Indian market, Wipro is a leader in providing ITsolutions and services for the corporate segment in India offering system

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integration, network integration, software solutions and IT services. In theAsia Pacific and Middle East markets, Wipro provides IT solutions and servicesfor global corporations. Wipro also has profitable presence in niche marketsegments of consumer products and lighting. Wipro's ADSs are listed on theNew York Stock Exchange, and its equity shares are listed in India on the

Stock Exchange - Mumbai, and the National Stock Exchange.

Wipro is ranked 31 globally in 2011 in the list of IT service providers.[3] It is9th most valuable brand in India according to an annual survey conducted byBrand Finance and The Economic Times in 2010.[4] Wipro providesoutsourced research and development, infrastructure outsourcing, businessprocess outsourcing (BPO) and business consulting services. The companyoperates in three segments: IT Services, IT Products, Consumer Care andLighting.

Specialties

Global IT/ITES services provider delivering technology-driven business solutions.

About Wipro BPO

Wipro Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) is a leading provider of BPO servicesfocusing on the complex, voice and non-voice based segment of customer-careservices. The integrated solution approach provides enhanced value to thecustomers through process standardization, process simplification and processoptimization. Services are provided from delivery centers in the North America,

Central and Eastern Europe, India, China and Latin America

Wipro BPO employs over 22,000, of whom 3,150 are at its Hyderabadcampus. The planned new recruitments will be from among science andcommerce graduates and under-graduates.

The majority of Wipro BPOs business comes from the US, followed by Europe.The rest of the world contributes only marginally to its top line. The companyposted a turnover of $290 million in FY08.

Founded in 2002, Wipro BPO has operations in Delhi, Pune, Kolkata, Chennai,Mumbai, Hyderabad, Navi-Mumbai (Belapur) Greater Noida, Mysore and Kochiin India. It also has offices in Shanghai and Cebu in Asia and Curitiba in Braziland Wroclaw in Poland. It has 44 clients in segments such as banking &capital markets, insurance, travel & hospitality, hi-tech manufacturing,telecom and healthcare.

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Specialties

Outsourcing

First Indian company to remove deadly chemicals fromdesktops

Wipro GREENWARE

Bangalore, INDIA, January 28, 2010 Wipro Infotech, the India andMiddle East IT Business of Wipro Ltd and a leading provider of IT and businesstransformation services, today announced the launch of its new eco-friendlyWipro Green ware desktops, manufactured with materials completely free ofdeadly chemicals like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and brominates flame

retardants (BFRs) - for the first time in India.

Based on the Intel Core 2 Duo processor, Wipro Greenware range ofdesktops are free from carcinogenic materials1 such as PVC and BFRs. Thesedeadly toxins, once removed, ensure the recycling of electronic products issafer by reducing exposure of poisonous chemicals to the Workrdenvironment.Wipro considers the launch of PVC and BFR free products a majorbreakthrough in its clean production and recycling policy. It is a very difficult

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process with no known alternative solution and has taken Wipro more than 2years of time, effort and investment to come out with a completely toxin freeproduct the first in India and amongst very few in the world. As PVC andBFR are widely used in electronics products, it is very difficult to substitutethese chemicals in manufacturing processes, due to reasons that vary from

technical problems to lack of policy framework. Wipros R&D team andsuppliers have worked tirelessly to find safer alternatives to these chemicals.

The most basic technical requirement for alternative materials is that theymust perform their intended function, which include minimum design impact,meet or exceed product reliability requirements and meet or exceed currentflammability rating. Wipro has taken great care that all these aspects of thealternative material are verified and validated according to IPC norms(Institute for Interconnecting and Packaging Electronic Circuits).

Speaking on the occasion, Mr. Anurag Behar, Chief Executive of WiproInfrastructure Engineering Ecoeye, Social and Community Initiatives said,Wipro believes in creating an ecologically sustainable organization andbusiness. Wipro has always been meticulous in providing products which aresafe for environment and human health. Wipro Greenware is a majormilestone on our road to a sustainable future.

Commenting on the same, Mr. Anand Sankaran, Sr. Vice President & BusinessHead, India & ME business, Wipro said, Wipro Infotech has taken significantstrides and strong leadership in Green Computing, providing responsible andenvironment sensitive computing solutions to our customers. Wipro

Greenware range of desktops is a leading step by an organization of Indianorigin, that helps accelerate adoption of Green Computing by responsiblecorporate citizens. Our efforts in energy conservation, e-waste management,innovative products like Greenware and continuous awareness programs, re-affirm our leadership in green technology and innovation which has earned usIndias Number 1 Green Brand recognition from Greenpeace.

Speaking on this achievement Mr. R Ravichandran, Director Sales, IntelSouth Asia said, Intel is taking an aggressive stance toward environmentalsustainability, from the elimination of lead and a focus on greater energyefficiency of our products to fewer air emissions and more water and materialsrecycling. The Intel Core 2 Duo processor family is designed to provide energyefficient performance and the Wipro Greenware range of desktops based onthis processor will take green computing to the next level. We are proud to beassociated with Wipro in this endeavor.

Mr. Ashok Tripathy, General Manager & Head, Systems &Technology businesssaid The core mission of Wipro Green Computing is to work towards clean

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and sustainable IT products and solutions which help customers achieve highproductivity in energy, space and asset management. Wipro Greenware istestimony to our leadership and commitment in providing Green products freeof deadly chemicals which are easy to recycle. In spite of challenges, we weredetermined phase out PVC and BFRs from our products. It took innovative

thinking, R&D and investments and ecosystem participation to finallyintroduce a breakthrough product that ensures safer recycling. I am happythat

We have been able to accomplish this and give India its very first PVC & BFRfree product.

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3.2 Googles Green Initiative

About Google:

Googles mission is to organize the worlds information and make it universallyaccessible and useful.

Since Google founding in 1998, Google has grown by leaps and bounds. Fromoffering search in a single language we now offer dozens of products andservicesincluding various forms of advertising and web applications for allkinds of tasksin scores of languages. And starting from two computer

science students in a university dorm room, now Google have thousands ofemployees and offices around the world. A lot has changed since the firstGoogle search engine appeared. But some things havent changed: Googlesdedication to our users and our belief in the possibilities of the Internet itself.

It was first incorporated as a privately held company on September 4, 1998and its initial public offering followed on August 19, 2004. The companysstated mission from the outset was to organize the worlds information andmake it universally accessible and useful. In 2006, the company moved totheir current headquarters in Mountain View California.

Specialties:

Search, ads, mobile, android, online video

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Environmentally Conscious Technologic

Progress depends on radical innovation. In the past, many companies havefocused on developing next-generation consumer electronics, an extremelylucrative sector of technology. With a bit of passion and unconventional

thinking, Google has shifted their thinking away from the short-sightedconsumer electronics field, moving towards the development of greentechnology.

Though Google heavily emphasizedits growing mobile presence and newdesktop operating system during itsannual Google I/O developersconference last week, the companystill released information detailingthe progress of its environmentally-friendly initiatives. One of the mostinteresting announcements that thecompany made was the developmentof an application plug-in that wouldhelp automobiles determine whereyou are going, helping them become more efficient by analyzing trends.

This technology, called Prediction, maximizes fuel and power consumption, whicheffectively reduces carbon emissions. Collaborating with engineers at Ford, Googleis helping cars remember how we drive each and every day by utilizing cloud

computing and pattern-matching algorithms. Why would Google allocate itsvaluable resources to develop technology that would contribute to a sector of theeconomy that the company does not specialize in?

It is easy to say that the companywould do it solely to enter into anunexplored market. There have beenmany rumors in the past that Googlewould eventually enter the automobilemarket, and this would be an obviousstep in making that rumor reality.

What is far more likely is that theInternet monolith is contributing tomaking the planet a bit greener, bit bybit.

In recent years, Google has made its environmentally-conscious initiativeswell-known throughout the gadget universe. Whether it is simply cutting downon the emissions of data farms or having goats roam Googles campus to

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eliminate the need for fertilizer and lawn mowers, the company has alwaysstrived to cut down on greenhouse gases. In a way akin to IBM, Google iscontributing to the future green advancements of the world by implementingthem today.

Google would be nowhere without its data centers. Every search algorithm,cloud-based computer, and mobile device heavily relies on these massiveserver farms. Any given unit of energy that is poured into the typical datacenter is never used again. by managing to half their data center energy usethrough practical thinking, using the excess energy to power office complexes,Google has effectively cut down on its environmental impact. The Internetsearch giant even forces their employees to work in a toasty environment tosave energy.

Utilizing its renowned satellite services, Google is now providing information toindigenous tribes on deforestation, giving them the ability to track andprevent the atrocity from taking place. Wildlife activist groups can use GoogleEarth to map areas at risk of being destroyed by logging companies and palmoil producers. With severe drought plaguing the countryside, Frenchauthorities have used Googles mapping services to determine agriculturalregions that should face water restrictions.

After purchasing a wind farm in Iowa only a few years ago, Google announcedits agreement to buy electricity from a wind generation facility in Oklahoma,boosting the use of renewable power on the electric grid that will power one ofits new data centers. Under a twenty year agreement with the local service

provider, Googles long-term goal of running entirely on renewable energy isgrowing closer and closer.

Advocating carbon neutrality in every aspect of its internal affairs, Google isconstantly searching for ways to ensure that it never consumes excessive gas.Google has shuttles that run on biodiesel and encourages its employees toride into work on bikes, skateboards, and scooters.

Since 2007, Google has attempted to keep its operations carbon neutral.Theyve done it by reducing energy use, incorporating renewable energy, andoffsetting carbon emissions. By adopting unconventional techniques foreffectively lowering its environmental impact, the company has become amodel for implementing green technology in a fiscally efficient manner.

Unfortunately, no company is perfect in lowering carbon emissions. Googleworks hard to cut energy use and power up with renewable resourceswhenever possible, but the company is realistic in examining its operations.Instead of trying to purge carbon from its systems, Google invests in off-

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setting its carbon emissions by investing in green initiatives that would nothave the funding to survive otherwise.

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3.3 Capgeminis Approach to Green IT

Company background

Business

Capgemini is headquartered in Paris, France and is present in 40 countries. Itis, above all, a people companyaround 110,000 people worldwide.

Capgemini, one of the world's foremost providers of consulting, technologyand outsourcing services, enables its clients to transform and perform throughtechnologies. Capgemini provides its clients with insights and capabilities thatboost their freedom to achieve superior results through a unique way ofworking, the Collaborative Business ExperienceTM. The Group relies on its

global delivery model called Rightshore, which aims to get the right balanceof the best talent from multiple locations, working as one team to create anddeliver the optimum solution for clients.

The company has four main divisions:

Consulting Services, which includes both IT and management consulting.

Technology Services, which focuses on IT project services, i.e. infrastructureand application development and integration services

Outsourcing covers both IT and business process outsourcing (BPO)

Local Professional Services entails local IT services delivery, primarilythrough contract staff provision under the Sogeti business name

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Specialties:

Consulting, Technology, Outsourcing

Revenue splits by activity and region are shown in the charts below (taken from the

companys annual report).

Ownership and management

Capgemini is a public company. The majority of shareholders (54%) are non-French institutions, with a further 31% held by their French equivalents.Individuals, including the founder, Serge Kampf, own a further 13% with therest treasury stock.

Serge Kampf is the company Chairman and leads the 14-man Board ofDirectors. The management is led by Paul Hermelin, CEO, who leads a 14-person Executive Committee, under which sits a broader Group ManagementBoard and other Group Directors (primarily covering business lines andvertical sector activity).

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Approach to green IT

Internal Organization

Capgemini has a Group Ethics and Governance Board Committee which has

overall responsibility for ensuring that the companys seven core values(honesty, oldness, trust, freedom, team-spirit, modesty and fun) are upheld.

The Committee currently comprises five directors, including the Chairman andCEO. Reporting into this committee is the Groups General Secretary, who isthe executive owner of CSR (Corporate and Social Responsibility) andsustainability issues at an operational level. A team reports directly to theGroup General Secretary and in each office location there are CSR andsustainability leaders and/or teams.

The environment is one of six aspects to Capgeminis CSR activity, the others

being leadership, value and ethics, employees, clients, community, suppliers& business partners There is a common set of company guidelines in themanagers rulebook, known as the Blue Book, which guides all businesspractices. However, the group is federated, so country operations are fairlyautonomous in their policies and programmers, hence the generalenvironmental approach is being adapted at the country level. The UK is aleading operation in this respect, with The Netherlands close behind and othercountries having specific areas of focus.

In the UK a Sustainability Board was established in 2007 comprising of the

Chief Executives of the various UK divisions together with the UK FinanceDirector, HR Director, Company Secretary and overall Head of CorporateSustainability (James Robey). The UK sustainability programme focuses in thethree main areas: community, people and the environment.

Within the environmental dimension a fulltime Head of Environmental (JonHampson) has been in place since February 2008. (Details of activities aregiven in the next section).

The UK operation has set carbon reduction targets that are owned by the UKbusiness managers and several work streams have been instigated to address

the challenge:

An energy efficiency work stream for offices and for data centres.

A mobility work stream looking at how collaboration technology, videoconferencing and smarter working approaches can reduce business travel.

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A work stream around procurement and facilities management. Most UKsites are leased, so the company is identifying where the most cost-effectiveactions and priorities should be.

A Green HR work stream, which recently rolled out computer-based

training on environmental awareness to all 7,500 employees in the UK,which over 75% have completed already..

Rather than buying offsets, Capgemini UK has created a carbon fund toinvest in initiatives to reduce energy consumption. The value of the fund isbased on what it would cost the business voluntarily offset its carbon footprintfrom business travel. Energy is excluded from the calculation as the companyalready purchases energy from renewable sources where it can.

External Co-operation

Capgemini is a member of the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), apolicy platform and practical framework for companies committed tosustainability and responsible business practices. The company is also asupporter of the UNGCs Caring for Climate initiative, which has the aim ofpromoting business commitments on climate change in markets around theworld.

In Norway, the company participates in Green IT, the industry initiativestarted by the trade organization ICT Norway, as a cross-industry initiativeto reduce the environmental impact of IT and showcase how technologymay contribute to the fight against climate change.

In July 2009 Capgemini UK announced that it had joined a group ofinternational businesses in committing to cutting business travel flights byone-fifth over the next five years. It is part of WWFs One in FiveChallenge, wh

Documents

Green IT Revolution