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Health Science Module
Growth and DevelopmentThroughout the Lifespan
Childhood (2)
Adolescence (3)
Adulthood (3)
Senior Years (3)
Body Proportions During The Human Life Cycle
2 month (foetal)
4 month (foetal) newborn 2 years 6 years 12 years 18 years
Objectives: Health Issues Related to Growth and Development
At different stages of life, Be able to cope with and/or find help to deal with health
problems; Develop healthy lifestyles to alleviate health risks;
Develop positive attitude towards individual differences in physical build and appearance;
Develop concern for those suffering from health problems and show consideration for them;
Develop an attitude of responsible citizenship in taking care of one’s health throughout life as a contribution to alleviating demand for medical resources in dealing with health problems in the community.
Health Science Module
Theme: Growth and DevelopmentThroughout the Lifespan
Topic 1:Childhood—
the best start?
Childhood…
Period of life from ages 1 to 10 years
Stage of rapid growth and development
– Importance of visual health– Two common diseases
•allergy•asthma
Health Habits
Formed during childhood; cemented during teen years
Track into adulthood
Poor lifestyle habits bring problems now and later; good habits lead to longer, healthier life!
Two periods’/days’ topics
1
Visual Health and its maintenance: Common eye problems, early examination, treatment and eye exercises
2
Allergy – allergic reactions and symptoms and its related diseases
Asthma – common triggers and how to manage it.
This topic’s focus
• How visual health plays an important role in childhood
• Recognize and manage two common childhood diseases:– Allergy– Asthma
Learning Objectives• Describe an early eye examination and its
treatment; Perform eye exercises to promote visual health
• Define allergy and describe basic mechanism of allergic reaction
• List allergy related diseases• Define asthma and describe physiological
changes in asthma• List common triggers of asthma• Describe asthma treatment
Visual Health Objectives
At the end of Period 1, the students should be able to:
Describe an early eye examination and explain its importance in children
Perform the eye exercises to promote visual health
Light Rays
Short-sightness Eyeball
Retina
Focal point is in front of retina
Light Rays
Normal Eyeball
Focal point is on the retina
Retina
Structure of our eyes: Shortsightedness
Activity: Eye Massage
1 1
2 2
Note: These cannot prevent myopia, but they can relax the eyes and make students aware of eye health.
Sample Lesson PlanSequence Content Resources Time
Motiva-tion
Teacher and students perform eye exercises
Teacher notes and diagrams
10-15 min
Theme teaching
• Visual health & importance• Common eye problems• Importance of early eye examination• Eye care tips
Teacher notes 15-30 min
Consoli- dation
Discussion: What can we do to protect our vision?
Notes & student
experiences
5 min
Asthma/Allergies ObjectivesAt the end of Period 2, the students
should be able to:
Define allergy and describe the basic mechanism of allergic reaction
List various allergy-related diseases
Define asthma describe the physiological changes in asthma.
List common asthma triggers and describe the asthma treatment
Common sources of allergens
Pollen
Faeces of house-dust mites
Foods such as milk, eggs, fish, seafood
Domestic animals, insects, moulds, medicines, industrial chemicals
Activities—homework or in classHomework – Asthma research
Conduct research on the prevalence, age of onset and/or trigger (s) of any asthma and allergy among students- questionnaire provided for students to take home and complete- suggestions on research setting and method provided in teacher notes
In-class – eye massageInstruction sheet provided to teacherTeacher demonstrates process and students follow
Summary• Childhood section divided into two
parts: Visual Health Allergies/Asthma
• Scheme of work and lesson plans provide guide
• In-class activities and homework reinforces and expands on materials provided
Health Science Module
Growth and DevelopmentThroughout the Lifespan Theme
Topic: Adolescence
Your growth and development:
New hormones are steering you!
Adolescence…
Transitional period from around age 12 up to about 20 years
• Physiological development• Emotional and psychological development• Incorporation of adult roles to some extent
Biology Environment
Mind Map for Adolescence
AdolescentHormones
Menstruation
Acne
Growth
Gender, individualdifferences
Learning Objectives• Name some hormones affecting adolescent growth• Identify four phases of menstrual cycle and the
origin and how to deal with menstrual cramps• Draw male and female growth curves and list
some factors affecting teen or human growth• List origins of differences in height, weight
build, appearance, etc. and what healthy attitudes toward these are
• Describe origin of acne (pimples) and how to manage them
Three periods’/days’ topics
1 Adolescence, hormones and the menstrual cycle
2 Hormones and growth, factors affecting growth, and growth differences
3 Acne—another effect of hormones, how to manage it
This topic’s focus• Physiological growth during adolescence
• How hormones and other factors affect growth and development during adolescence
• Managing problems related to adolescent growth:– Menstrual cramps—review – Acne (pimples)– Individual difference in physical growth and
development
Three stages of adolescence
Stage
Age range Characteristics
Early ~11-14 years
Hormone-regulated rapid pubertal growth and changes
Middle ~14-17 years
Peer social relationships and heterosexual interests
Late ~17-20 years
Adult roles to some extent incorporated
Review of Menstrual Cycle
(Period 1)
• What causes menstrual cramps?
• How to manage these cramps?
Follicular phaseMenstrual
phase
Pre-menstrualOvulation
13Reorganizing and growthDAYS
15 16 28 42515
Hormone Levels throughout Menstrual Cycle
Blood progesterone level
Blood oestrogen level
Why do teens grow and their bodies change the way they do?
(Period 2)• Hormones regulate our growth.
• At puberty, new hormones start being released.
• These new hormones stimulate – Growth– Primary sex characteristics– Secondary sex characteristics
Different body parts’ growth
Brain
Age, y
Per
cen
tag
e to
tal
gro
wth
Total bodyReproductive
organs
0 4 10 1882 6 12 14 160
100
Body Proportions During The Human Life Cycle
2 month (foetal)
4 month (foetal) newborn 2 years 6 years 12 years 18 years
Major Glands producing Growth and Pubertal Hormones
Testis
Pituitary in hypothalamus
Ovary
Thyroid
Growth Hormone
Thyroxine
TestosteroneEstrogens
Androgens&
Estrogens
Do males and females grow at the same rates?
• The two genders differ in times and extent of intense growth
• Individuals differ because of different genes and environmental influences
• What other factors affect growth?
Hong Kong Growth Chart
for Girls
www.cuhk.edu.hk/proj/growthstd.index.htm
Adolescent growth spurt due to hormones
• time of rapid physical and personal growth & development
• high nutrient needs
• begins around age 10-11y in girls, 12-13y boys and lasts about 5 years
• Fat and muscle amounts change as we grow—girls put on more fat, boys more muscle
Hong Kong Males’ and Females’ Height Gain (cm/yr) during Prepubertal and Pubertal periods
(1993 survey data)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Males
Females
Hei
gh
t g
ain
cm
/yea
r
Age (Years)
Males’ Weight Growth in Hong Kong in 1963 and 1993
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
age in years
wei
gh
t, k
g 1963
1993
Acne (Pimples) (Period 3)
What are pimples or acne?
How can we deal with acne?
How does acne affect adolescent psychosocial development?
Cross section of skin showing sebaceous gland
Sebaceous gland
Epidermis
Dermis
Hair follicle
Increased sebum excretion rate leading to oily skin
Oily skin
Excessiveandrogensfrom blood
Sebaceous gland
Slightlyenlargedfollicle
Formation of a blackhead, an open pimple
Blackhead containing sebum and
bacteria
Sebaceous gland
Formation of an inflamed closed pimple
Inflamed follicle with pus
Closedpimple; do
notsqueeze;
will resolve in about
5 days.
Homework Three generations’ growth survey
Day 1: Each student collects data at home.
Day 2: Compile data from class into a bar chart of heights.
Grandparents’ heights
Parents’ heights
My height
Female ? ? ?
Male ? ? ?
Mean heights of 3HK Generations
145
150
155
160
165
170
175
Heightin
cm
Summary
• Adolescence section divided into three parts: Menstrual cycle, growth, and acne—all regulated by hormones in some way
• Scheme of work and lesson plans provide guide
• In-class activities and homework to reinforce and expand on materials provided in interesting ways
Health Science Module
Growth and DevelopmentThroughout the Lifespan Theme
Topic: Adulthood—
Getting ready for the rest of your life!
Three stages of adolescence
Stage
Age range Characteristics
Early ~11-14 years
Hormone-regulated rapid pubertal growth and changes
Middle ~14-17 years
Peer social relationships and heterosexual interests
Late ~17-20 years
Adult roles to some extent incorporated
Adulthood…About two-thirds of Hong Kong people are adults.
It will be most of your life, too!!
• Face changes in their life, e.g. getting jobs and earn money for living
• Take more responsibility• Biggest changes – get married and take care of
whole family
Need to protect their health to do all of these things—How??
Learning Objectives• Describe good and bad cholesterol
• Describe how high blood cholesterol leads to cardiovascular diseases
• Define obesity and assess it by body measurements
• List health risks associated with high blood cholesterol and obesity
• Describe various lifestyles changes that can reduce the health risks associated with high blood cholesterol and obesity
Learning Objectives
• Describe importance of pre-marital body check-up
• List check-up examinations
• Define family planning
• Describe advantages of family planning
• List various kinds of contraceptive methods
• Understand biological basis of various birth control methods
Three periods’/days’ topics
1
Common chronic diseases in adulthood (high blood cholesterol and obesity), lifestyle modification
2 Necessity of pre-marital body check-up and its examinations
3 Necessity and advantages of family planning, and birth control methods
This topic’s focus• How high blood cholesterol and obesity
affect health during adulthood
• What lifestyle changes can we make to reduce the attack of chronic diseases?
• Why is a pre-marital body check-up and family planning necessary?
• Better understanding of various contraceptive methods
Objectives of the TopicAt the end of Period 1, the students should be able to:
–Differentiate between types of cholesterol and describe the relationship between high blood cholesterol levels and cardiovascular diseases
–Define obesity and assess obesity levels.–List the health risks of obesity–Describe various lifestyles changes that
can reduce the health risks associated with high blood cholesterol and obesity
Why is too much dietary fat a problem?
• Contributes to obesity
• Contributes to high blood cholesterol
1 g car-bohydrate
4 kcal energy
1 g fat
9 kcal energy
1 g protein4 kcal energy
Let’s compare LDL and HDL cholesterol!
Charac-teristic
Bad—LDL Good—HDL
Food sources
Animal & milk fats, palm oil
Vegetable oils, e.g. corn, peanut
Func-tion
Take fats to the cells-’drops’
some in arteries
Take fats from cells to liver for
destruction
Effect Fat builds up in arteries
Arteries stay ‘clean’
Goal Keep low! Aim high!
At the end of Period 2, the students should be able to:
–Explain the importance of a pre- marital body check-up
–List the examinations
in pre-marital body check-up
Objectives of the Topic
At the end of Period 3, the students should be able to:
–Define family planning and discuss its advantages and methods
–Understand the biological basis of various birth control methods
Objectives of the Topic
Sample Lesson Plan
Sequence Content Resources Time
Motiva-tion
How can you tell if you are underweight, overweight, obese, or at a healthy weight?
Teacher notes
10 min
Theme teaching
What is obesity and why is it unhealthy?
Teacher notes
25-30 min
Consoli- dation
Discussion:
Is “Keep Fit” = “Keep Slim?
Notes 5 min
BMI exercise example
Annie, Bonnie and Connie watched the latest “Slim-up” commercial and worry that they may need to diet. Can you help them? Their heights and weights are listed. Use the BMI formula below and the information below to help them decide.
Height (m)
Weight (kg)
Annie 1.52 60
Bonnie 1.63 48.5
Connie 1.57 55
The BMI formula:
BMI (Kg/m2 ) = Weight (kg)
Height (m) x Height (m)
Suggested Activity—seek informationQuestion: “Is fasting a quick way to lose weight?”
Answer: Initially, Yes, but in the long term, No
Explanation: Fasting may result in initial weight loss but it depletes energy resources, causing weakness and lightheadedness, without any significant weight loss. A prolonged fast will cause loss of lean muscle tissue, including muscle loss from vital organs such as the heart. It can also cause dehydration as water is lost, and
Fasting also can lead to rebound weight gain when the fasting finishes. The best way to lose excess fat and maintain a healthy weight in the long term is to follow a balanced calorie-controlled diet and take regular aerobic exercise.
SummaryAdulthood topic divided into three parts:
1. Cholesterol and obesity
2. Premarital examinations
3. Family planning and birth control methods
Scheme of work and lesson plans provide guide
In-class activities and homework to reinforce and expand on materials provided
Health Science Module
Growth and DevelopmentThroughout the Lifespan Theme
Topic: Senior Years
Getting older and better!
Older adulthood…• Elderly = old, sick, frail?
• Elderly people who maintain healthy lifestyle are energetic
•Healthy or successful aging—maintenance of mental and physical function, avoidance of disease and enjoyment of life
Learning Objectives
• Describe menopause
• Describe osteoporosis
• Identify problems in urination for aged men
• Identify hearing problems for aged people
• List existing health care services provided for the seniors in Hong Kong
Three periods’/days’ topics
1
• Healthy Aging
• Symptoms associated with menopause, and strategies for osteoporosis prevention
2 Problems in urination and hearing
3 Elderly health care services in Hong Kong
This topic’s focus
• Physiological symptoms associated with menopause during senior years
• Formation of osteoporosis and how to prevent it
• Urination and hearing problems, and common treatments
• Introduction of elderly health care services in Hong Kong
Three pathways of aging process
• Aging, with disease and disability
• Usual aging, with absence of serious pathology but presence of some declines in function
• Successful (or healthy) aging, with no pathology and little or no functional loss
Unavoidable life event – Menopause
(Period 1)
• Definition?
• What are the symptoms?
Preventable health problem – Osteoporosis
(Period 1)
• Definition?
• What are the strategies to prevent it?
Lifelong Bone Density
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Females
Males
Age in years
Peak Bone Mass at age +30
Bonemass
Diet and Physical Activity—
A Dynamic Duo!
Urination and hearing problems
(Period 2)
Rectum
Enlarged prostate
Bladder
Urethra
Eardrum
Malleus
AOuter
ear
BMiddle ear
CInner ear
Cochlea
Semicircular canal
Incus
Auditory nerve
Ear canal
Causes? Treatments?
Review of health care services for elders in Hong Kong
(Period 3)
• Service provider?
• Service provided?
• Target group?
• Nature of service?
• Purpose of service?
Objectives for the three periods
At the end of Period 1, the students should be able to:
–Describe healthy aging, menopause–Describe osteoporosis and what can be done to prevent it.
At the end of Period 2, the students should be able to:
–Identify the problems in urination for aged men –Describe the hearing problems of some older adults and discuss options for relief
At the end of Period 3, the students should be able to:
–List some health care services provided for the seniors Hong Kong
Sample Lesson PlanSequence Content Resources Time
Motiva-tion
Where can seniors in Hong Kong obtain health care?
Teacher notes 5 min
Theme teaching
List some health care services provided for seniors in Hong Kong; have a gerontological nurse or social worker talk to the class
Teacher notes
25-30 min
Consoli- dation
Discussion: What can we do to aim for healthy aging?
Notes 5 min
In-class Activity• Ask students to name five well
known seniors.
• Discuss what might be the factors contributing to their good health.
• What are the best ways to adjust to the changes accompanying aging?
Homework Activity
Have each student interview a healthy senior adult:
• Find out his/her ‘secrets’ to staying healthy.
• Does he/she have any health problems?
• Write a report or discuss in class.
Advice from Hong Kong’s 108-year-old priest, Father Nicolaus
7 Don’ts• Smoke• Get angry• Be greedy• Get Drunk• Overeat• Stop
exercising• Stop
prayingSCMP
11 Jul 05
7 Do’s• Have faith
• Have love
• Be modest
• Good heart
• Treat parents
well
• Be happy
• Be consistent
Summary• Senior Years section divided into three periods:
• healthy aging• diseases of seniors• services for seniors
• Scheme of work and lesson plans provide guide
• In-class activities and homework to reinforce and expand on materials provided
Health Science Module
Theme: Growth and DevelopmentThroughout the Lifespan
Childhood
Adolescence
Adulthood
Senior Years
Consolidation of Theme I
Are there any health habits or preventive activities that are good to follow at all ages?
• For example, how is a moderate fat diet good for teens and for adults?
• How does exercise benefit a child, a teenager, an adult, and a senior?
Consolidation of Theme II
How can seniors meet the challenges of healthy aging?
Is this in their control, or not?
When should they take these actions?
Consolidation of Theme III
How do your health behaviors affect
–Yourself …now? …later?
–Your family?
–Your community?
