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The Nervous System: The Body's Control Center
9
Part OnePart One
Nervous system is
complex and important to body's control system
Nervous system monitors conditions and takes corrective action when necessary, to keep everything running smoothly
IntroductionIntroduction
Brain and spinal
cord are the central nervous
system (CNS) which controls
the total nervous system
Central Nervous Central Nervous
Everything outside brain
and spinal cord is part of
peripheral nervous
system (PNS)
Peripheral NervousPeripheral Nervous
Figure 9-1Organization of the nervous
system.
Peripheral (PNS) further branched
into somaticsomatic which controls
voluntary (skeletal)
muscles and autonomicautonomic which
control involuntary
muscles
CNS & PNSCNS & PNS
motorSensory-in box
IntroductionIntroduction
Autonomic nervous
system controls smooth muscle
and cardiac muscle, along with
several glands
Autonomic NervousAutonomic Nervous
Autonomic system is
divided into TWO PARTS parasympathetic
system that deals with normal body functioning normal body functioning
and maintenance of homeostasis homeostasis and…
Autonomic Nervous-Autonomic Nervous-Two PartsTwo Parts
Spinal cord is
hollow tube running inside
vertebral column from foramen from foramen
magnum to the magnum to the second lumbar second lumbar (L2) vertebrae
Spinal CordSpinal Cord
Spinal cord is
like a sophisticated
neural neural information information
superhighway
Spinal CordSpinal Cord
31 Pairs of Spinal 31 Pairs of Spinal
NervesNerves
NOTE: There are EIGHT EIGHT cervical spinal
nerves, even though there
are only SEVENSEVEN
vertebrae
Meninges are protective coveringprotective covering of both brain
and spinal cord Meninges help to set up layers that act as
cushioning and shock absorberscushioning and shock absorbers
MeningesMeninges
Three Layers of Three Layers of MeningesMeninges
Protect the CNS from injury
Protect the CNS from injury
There are three distinct layers of meninges:
Outer layer is thick, fibrous tissue called dura dura matermater
Middle layer is wispy, delicate layer resembling spider web called arachnoid materarachnoid mater, acting as shock absorber, and transporting dissolved gases and nutrients as well as chemical messengers and waste products
Third, innermost layer, fused to neural tissue, is pia materpia mater, containing blood vessels that serve brain and spinal cord
Three Layers of Three Layers of MeningesMeninges
Series of spaces associated with meninges
Between dura and vertebral column is space filled with fat and blood vessels called epidural space
Spaces Between Spaces Between MeningesMeninges
The anesthetic agents that are infused
through the small catheter block spinal nerve block spinal nerve roots roots in the epidural space and the sympathetic nerve fibers sympathetic nerve fibers adjacent to them
Spaces Between Spaces Between MeningesMeninges
Used for: pain associated with chest, abdominal, and lower
extremity surgery.
Used for: pain associated with chest, abdominal, and lower
extremity surgery.
Series of spaces associated with meninges
Between dura mater and arachnoid mater is subdural space subdural space filled with tiny bit of fluid
Spaces Between Spaces Between MeningesMeninges
Tiny veins between the surface of the brain and its outer covering (the
dura) stretch and tear, allowing blood to collect
Tiny veins between the surface of the brain and its outer covering (the
dura) stretch and tear, allowing blood to collect
Figure 9-8The meninges of the brain and
spinal cord.
• Dura Mater• Arachnoid mater• Pia Mater
• Dura Mater• Arachnoid mater• Pia Mater
Nerves are part of peripheral peripheral
nervous systemnervous system All nerves consist of bundles
of axon, blood vessels, and axon, blood vessels, and connective connective tissue
Spinal NervesSpinal Nerves
Nerves are connection between CNS and outside world
Nerves are connection between CNS and outside world
Nerves connected
to spinal cord are called spinal nerves, each named for spinal named for spinal cord segmentcord segment to which they are attached
Spinal NervesSpinal Nerves
Nerves run run between CNS between CNS and organs or and organs or
tissuestissues, carrying information into and out of CNS
Spinal NervesSpinal Nerves
Simplest form of motor output motor output you can make Generally protective, keeping you from harm
ReflexesReflexes
Involuntary and usually response gets bigger gets bigger
as stimulus gets bigger
ReflexesReflexes
Amazing thing about
reflexes is that they can often occur without brain being without brain being involvedinvolved, involving only spinal cord
ReflexesReflexes
ReflexesReflexes
*See page 221 for details
Brain acts as main processor and director of
nervous system
The Brain and Cranial The Brain and Cranial NervesNerves
These nerves go
to specific body areas, where
they receive info and send it
back to brain (sensory); brain
sends back instructions to move (motor)
12 Cranial Nerves12 Cranial Nerves
Table 9-5 Cranial Nerves and Functions
Oh, Oh, Oh, To Touch And Feel Vintage
Green Velvet, Simply Heaven
12 Cranial Nerves-A 12 Cranial Nerves-A MnemonicMnemonic
OlfactoryOpticOculomotorTrochlearTrigeminalAbducensFacialVestibulocochlearGlossopharyngealVagusSpinal AccessoryHypoglossal
Brain can be
divided into several
anatomical and functional
sections
The BrainThe Brain
Cerebrum is largest
part of brain Divided into right and
left hemispheres by longitudinal fissure longitudinal fissure Surface is not smooth, but broken by ridges ridges (gyri) and grooves (gyri) and grooves (sulci) (sulci) collectively known as convolutions
The BrainThe Brain
Convolutions
serve very important purpose by increasing increasing surface area surface area of brain, so you can pack more brain in smaller space
The BrainThe Brain
Lobes named for named for skull bones skull bones that cover them and occur in pairs, one in each hemisphere
The BrainThe Brain
Lobes of the BrainLobes of the Brain
Much of information
coming into brain is contralateral,contralateral, meaning the right side of body is controlled by left side of cerebral cortex and left side of body is controlled by right side of cerebral cortex
The Brain Info is The Brain Info is ContralateralContralateral
Figure 9-12External brain anatomy and
lobes.
Cerebellum is
posterior to cerebrum Involved in sensory
collection, motor coordination, and balance
CerebellumCerebellum
Brain stem is stalklike structure stalklike structure inferior to, and
partially covered by, cerebrum Divided into three sections
BrainstemBrainstem
Medulla oblongata: continuous with spinal
cord, responsible for impulses that control heartbeat, respirations, and blood vessel diameter
Brainstem-3 SectionsBrainstem-3 Sections
Pons: just superior to medulla oblongata
and the cerebellum with the upper portions of the brain
Brainstem-3 SectionsBrainstem-3 Sections
Midbrain: most superior portion of the
brain stem, controls visual and auditory systems and controls body movement
Brainstem-3 SectionsBrainstem-3 Sections
Brain stem receives sensory information and
contains control systems for vital processes such as blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing
Brainstem-3 SectionsBrainstem-3 Sections
Figure 9-14A. Embolus traveling to the brain and B. cross-section of
brain showing cerebrovascular accident (CVA).
Read pages 226 to 227Extra credit question on
test will cover “Brain Injury”
Read pages 226 to 227Extra credit question on
test will cover “Brain Injury”
Corpus callosum
Connection allows for cross-communication between right and left sides of brain
Many day-to-day activities, like walking or driving, require both sides of body, and therefore both sides of brain, to be well coordinated
Corpus CallosumCorpus Callosum
Take a BreakTake a Break
FIVE MINUTE BREAK
Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous SystemSystem
Peripheral Nervous System divided into TWO systems, SOMATIC which controls voluntary muscles and the AUTONOMIC nervous system which controls involuntary muscles is divided into:
Sympathetic branch which controls the “fight or flight” reaction; to expend energy.
Parasympathetic branch which is responsible for maintenance of everyday activities and brings you back down to normal from a sympathetic response.
CNS & PNSCNS & PNS
motorsensory
Peripheral NervousPeripheral Nervous
Peripheral Nervous SystemPeripheral Nervous System
Figure 9-21Nervous system flowchart
Somatic nervous
system provides sensory input for the nervous system to feel the world around you and after interpretation by the brain is sent with motor output to the voluntary skeletal muscles
Somatic Nervous Somatic Nervous SystemSystem
Autonomic system
controls involuntary physiological processes of smooth and cardiac muscles such as blood blood pressure, heart ratepressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, digestiondigestion, and sweatingsweating
Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous SystemSystem
PNS: Compare Somatic PNS: Compare Somatic VS. AutonomicVS. Autonomic
Somatic AutonomicConscious or voluntary regulation
Functions without conscious awareness (involuntary)
Fibers do not synapse after they leave the CNS (single neuron from CNS to effector organ) ONE NERVE FIBER
Fibers synapse again at a ganglion after they leave the CNS (TWO NERVE FIBERS).
Innervates skeletal muscle fibers, always excitatory
Innervates smooth muscle, cardiac and glands; either excitatory or inhibitory
Secretes neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) Ach
Secretes Ach (acetylcholine) and (norepinephrine) Ne
PNS: Compare Somatic PNS: Compare Somatic VS. AutonomicVS. Autonomic
Information from external environment
interpreted by brain stimulates
skeletal muscles
Information from external environment
interpreted by brain stimulates
skeletal muscles
Information from internal
environment interpreted by
brain stimulates cardiac or
smooth muscles
Information from internal
environment interpreted by
brain stimulates cardiac or
smooth muscles
PNS: Compare Somatic PNS: Compare Somatic VS. AutonomicVS. Autonomic
Make synapse in ganglion outside CNS called pre-synaptic junction, then second motor neuron, called postganglionic
neuron, connects to smooth muscle or gland
PNS: Compare Somatic PNS: Compare Somatic VS. AutonomicVS. Autonomic
Unlike somatic motor neurons, autonomic neurons do not connect directly to muscles
Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous SystemSystem
Autonomic nervous
system controls smooth muscle
and cardiac muscle, along with
several glands
Autonomic NervousAutonomic Nervous
Autonomic system is
divided into TWO PARTS parasympathetic
system that deals with normal body functioning normal body functioning
and maintenance of homeostasis homeostasis and…
Autonomic Nervous-Autonomic Nervous-Two PartsTwo Parts
While sympathetic
nervous system controls controls ““fight-or-fight-or-flightflight”” response
system
Autonomic Nervous-Autonomic Nervous-Two PartsTwo Parts
Actions of Sympathetic Actions of Sympathetic & Parasympathetic& Parasympathetic
Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Increases alertness, heart rate and dilates bronchial tubes to increase air flow to lungs
Constricts bronchial tubes to decrease air flow to lungs; stimulates secretion of salivary mucus
Stimulates sweat glands; causes “fight or flight” responseStimulates adrenal medulla(adrenals are above kidneys) to secrete epinephrineA.K.A “ADRENALIN”
Has a calming effect and causes the “resting and digesting” state; stimulates intestinal motility and secretion to promote digestion; has NO effect on sweat glands;
Inhibits intestinal motility; dilates blood vessels of skeletal muscles to increase blood flow
Stimulates the bladder wall to contract and the internal sphincter to relax to cause urination
Fight or Flight Fight or Flight
The term "fight or flight" describes a mechanism in the body that enables humans and animals to mobilize a lot of energy rapidly in order to cope with threats to survival.
Fight or Flight MovieFight or Flight Movie
http://cmhc.utexas.edu/stressrecess/Level_One/fof.html
Effect of Stress on Effect of Stress on Your BodyYour Body
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jVTw4dypBN8
Figure 9-24A comparison of the parasympathetic and
sympathetic nervous systems.
Review Page 242 in your
text
Review Page 242 in your
text
In Class WORKSHEETIn Class WORKSHEET
Worksheet in class includes Comparing Somatic and
Autonomic Nervous System and identifying two divisions of
Autonomic Nervous System, Sympathetic and ParasympatheticText page 240-242 and charts on slide 55 and 63
For Next ClassFor Next Class
• Review Power Point Presentation Part Two• Watch Videos linked from Canvas “How Neurons
Work” and “How Synapses Work” • Read pages 208 to 212• Take notes on these and bring to class• You will have an IN CLASS worksheet to
complete on “Neuron Structure and Function”• You will be able to use ONLY your notes, no
textbook