IB HOA – Unit 1, Day 6• Students will be able

to:– describe the extent to

which sectionalism caused the Civil War (i.e. key regional differences between the N & S – and how these differences contributed to the start of the American Civil War).

Discuss: North & South – differences?

Agenda:• CAS form?• Glory letter?• submit HW• receive graded debate rubrics…option to re-

submit.

• lecture/note-taking: SPICE differences between the N & S w/ handout

• begin Ken Burns’ The Civil War w/ handout

• HW (due next class):

Essential Question: To what extent did sectionalism contribute to the polarization of

antebellum America?• Answer: Sectionalism greatly contributed to the

polarization of antebellum America!• 1st: What is sectionalism? = loyalty to the

interests of one's own region (section) of the country, rather than to the country as a whole.

• SPICE Examples:– Political → desire for political power, reflected in U.S.

Congress, Supreme Court (e.g. Missouri Compromise, Comp. of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act, Dred Scott Case)

– Social → Uncle Tom’s Cabin (influence/significance of)– Geographic, Cultural, & Economic → see (today’s)

lecture notes on “regional differences between North & South…”

Today’s focus:…the regional

(geographic, social, cultural, & economic)

differences between the North & South

• the causes of these differences

• & how these differences produced two different regions…and armies

Background Information:Background Information:

• The North (wore blue!)The North (wore blue!)• Yankees, Yanks, UnionYankees, Yanks, Union• United States of United States of

America (U.S.A.)America (U.S.A.)

• The South (wore gray!)The South (wore gray!)• Rebels, Confederates, Rebels, Confederates,

RebsRebs• Confederate States of Confederate States of

America (C.S.A.)America (C.S.A.)

By the time the Civil War started in 1861, the North and South were very different regions. Why were the North and

the South such different regions - and to what extent did these

differences affect the course and outcome of the War?

(geography economy culture &

military capability)

NOTE:• If asked about sectionalism on the exam,

do not just describe the geographic differences between N and S.

• Rather, address these differences in 1-2 sentences, coupled with the economic differences – or address them quickly in the introduction.

• DO NOT SPEND an entire paragraph on the geographic differences…your voice will sound too narrative and not analytical.

1. S’s Climate:• (generally) warm & sunny w/

hot summers, mild winters, heavy rainfall → vast areas of fertile soil

• conducive to year-round AGR– thus, emergence of agrarian-based economy … fueled by slave labor…(thus, no incentive to diversify economy)

2. N’s Climate:• (generally) cold, snowy winters - not conducive to prolific agricultural output

• “Necessity is the mother of invention.”– So, N. forced to

diversify its economy….

3. S’s Rivers:• (generally) broad, slow-moving, navigable

• more goods & people transported by water (e.g. steamships) than roads

• people settled along rivers– culture: family-centered,

much hospitality extended to visitors

– not many schools (wealthy? private tutors…)•reinforced class

structure– plantations: self-sufficient

(mini towns); thus, minimal mobility

4. N’s Rivers: • (generally) often fast-moving, un-navigable–So, strong incentive to increase (land rather than river) transportation (e.g. more/better roads, RRs)

5. S’s Economy:

• heavily based on AGR– cash crops = crops that yield high

revenue•e.g. cotton, tobacco, rice, sugar, indigo

– invention of Cotton Gin (1793) fueled demand for slave labor

• 6. Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin allowed cotton to be produced quickly & cheaply. Instead of 4 lbs. of cotton being produced by hand, 50 lbs. could be produced in a day.

The Cotton Engine

Cotton could be refined quickly and cheaply….

7. N’s Economy:

• Economic DIVERSIFICATION (= not reliant on just one industry)– AGR: seasonal & subsistence– largely based on

manufacturing • by 1861, approx. 92% of

nation’s factories/production in North

• textiles, ships, iron, lumber, foreign trade, etc.

– manufacturing emerged, necessitating ↑ for labor = population ↑, fueled by E.

immigration»5 M in 1800; 31 M in 1860

→ concentrated populations in cities caused:

• demand for more schools• urban culture…new ideas, the

arts, flourished due to the cities’ vibrancy/exchange of ideas

8. Samuel Slater’s Mill

(1790):

• Samuel Slater built the 1st American (water-powered) factory on the Pawtucket River in RI.

• He memorized the plans in the UK and smuggled the ideas to Rhode Island from England.– Industrial

Espionage (illegal to remove factory prints or industrial ideas) from Great Britain

Indeed, before the War even began, the N (USA) had

more advantages than the S (CSA)….

N S

population(1860)

23 Million 9 Million

troops(1861-65)

2,000,000 served

800,000 served

manufacturing production

(1850)

82% only 18% of nation’s factories

miles of RR track (1850)

74% only 26% of nation’s RR

lines

finances (bank assets -

1860)

$346M $76M

9. Other Advantages of N:

• higher population–more soldiers, could sustain more casualties; ample workers for farms/ factories

• more manufacturing → more military supplies

• more resources– most iron ore deposits in N. (for steel)

• more RR lines–to move soldiers, supplies, food, etc.

10. Why did the N have a larger army?

1. already had an est. military (U.S. military)

- included uniforms, equipment, institutions, etc.

2. larger population = more soldiers - European immigrants served - also: enlisted AA soldiers (as of 1863)

But the S had some advantages, too….

11. Advantages of S:1. higher morale:

– during first two years of war, CSA won most battles!

– southerners defending their culture & overall way of life → politically (states’ rights), culturally (e.g. manners, honor), economically (slavery), etc.

– Defending their way of life…believed their honor was at stake!

2. Home-court advantage:– most of war fought in S

• more familiarity w/ terrain • so more at stake – more of a personal commitment…

3. southern men generally more militarily-skilled: bred to fight; handled fire arms; rode horses, etc.

4. Not all but MORE of the distinguished officers (e.g. Lee, Jackson, Longstreet, Armistead, et al) fought for CSA.

Conclusion:

two different climates → two differenteconomies → two different cultures, codes

of social behavior, two demographics, two military capabilities….

–All of this was relevant to the War, the manner in which it was waged, and its outcome.»Yes, the S lost, but it took the N four years to win, which was not an easy feat for them….

Ken Burns’ The Civil

War: Part 1: The Cause