MODERN ERA:MODERN ERA:1750 - 19141750 - 1914CHANGES IN THE CHANGES IN THE

NATURE AND NATURE AND FUNCTIONS OF STATE FUNCTIONS OF STATE

STRUCTURESSTRUCTURES

REVOLUTIONARY IDEASREVOLUTIONARY IDEAS RevolutionRevolution

A popular idea, means to an endA popular idea, means to an end A way to restructure societyA way to restructure society

Popular sovereigntyPopular sovereignty Relocating sovereignty in the people Relocating sovereignty in the people Traditional monarchsTraditional monarchs

Claimed a "divine right" to rule, unquestionableClaimed a "divine right" to rule, unquestionable Constitutional LimitationsConstitutional Limitations

Aristocracy, Enlightenment challenged kingAristocracy, Enlightenment challenged king Glorious Revolution of 1688Glorious Revolution of 1688

Made the monarch responsible to the people Made the monarch responsible to the people John Locke's theory of contractual governmentJohn Locke's theory of contractual government Authority comes from the consent of the governedAuthority comes from the consent of the governed

Freedom and equalityFreedom and equality Demands for freedom of worship Demands for freedom of worship Freedom of expression, assembly Freedom of expression, assembly Demands for political and legal equality Demands for political and legal equality

Condemned legal, social privileges of aristocrats Condemned legal, social privileges of aristocrats Equality not extended to allEquality not extended to all

Women, Peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of colorWomen, Peasants, laborers, slaves, or people of color Originally only extended to tax paying males with education Originally only extended to tax paying males with education

Ideals of Enlightenment were significant global influenceIdeals of Enlightenment were significant global influence

TYPES OF REVOLUTIONSTYPES OF REVOLUTIONS Aristocratic RevolutionAristocratic Revolution

Aristocracy fights to preserve privilegesAristocracy fights to preserve privileges Often against royal absolutismOften against royal absolutism Rarely for other classes rightsRarely for other classes rights Usually ends with constitution, limits on monarchyUsually ends with constitution, limits on monarchy

Bourgeois (liberal) RevolutionBourgeois (liberal) Revolution Middle class seeks rights equal to nobilityMiddle class seeks rights equal to nobility

Extension of franchise, ability to hold officeExtension of franchise, ability to hold office Issues of taxation often involvedIssues of taxation often involved Reforms limited and rarely radical, franchise limitedReforms limited and rarely radical, franchise limited

American (1776), French (1789), Meiji Restoration (1867)American (1776), French (1789), Meiji Restoration (1867) Latin American Revolutions (1820s) Latin American Revolutions (1820s)

Mass revolutionsMass revolutions Most of society effected and involvedMost of society effected and involved

Often goals are quite radical and methods often quite violentOften goals are quite radical and methods often quite violent Nationalist RevolutionsNationalist Revolutions

China (1911)China (1911) Haitian Revolution (1793)Haitian Revolution (1793)

Socialist RevolutionsSocialist Revolutions Worker-Oriented or Peasant-OrientedWorker-Oriented or Peasant-Oriented Russian Revolution (1905), Mexican Revolution (1910)Russian Revolution (1905), Mexican Revolution (1910)

REFORMREFORM Often system allowed change without radical means, Often system allowed change without radical means,

violenceviolence Reform was a theme of 1750 – 1914Reform was a theme of 1750 – 1914 Reform movementsReform movements

Increased, responsive democratic representation, Increased, responsive democratic representation, institutionsinstitutions

Expansion of male suffrage was the key issueExpansion of male suffrage was the key issue One of the hallmarks of a democratic societyOne of the hallmarks of a democratic society Very successful in US, Western Europe, British Very successful in US, Western Europe, British

settler colonies, Japansettler colonies, Japan Less so in Latin America, Russia, Eastern Europe, Less so in Latin America, Russia, Eastern Europe,

Africa, AsiaAfrica, Asia Abolition of slavery, serfdomAbolition of slavery, serfdom

Abolition movement was very successfulAbolition movement was very successful Other forms of coercive labor replaced themOther forms of coercive labor replaced them Racial, social equality did not followRacial, social equality did not follow

Women RightsWomen Rights One goal was full female franchiseOne goal was full female franchise Not achieved until after 1914 but progress Not achieved until after 1914 but progress

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONTHE AMERICAN REVOLUTION Tension between Britain, American colonies Tension between Britain, American colonies

Legacy of Seven Years' WarLegacy of Seven Years' War British debt, North American tax burdenBritish debt, North American tax burden Colonists increasingly independent minded Colonists increasingly independent minded

Colonial protest Colonial protest Over taxes, trade policies, Parliamentary rule Over taxes, trade policies, Parliamentary rule Colonial boycott of British goods Colonial boycott of British goods Attacks on British officials; Boston Tea Party, 1773Attacks on British officials; Boston Tea Party, 1773

Political protest over representation in ParliamentPolitical protest over representation in Parliament Continental Congress, 1774 Continental Congress, 1774 British troops, colonial militia skirmished at the village of British troops, colonial militia skirmished at the village of

Lexington, 1775Lexington, 1775 The Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776 The Declaration of Independence, 4 July 1776

Declaration inspired by Enlightenment, Locke's theory of Declaration inspired by Enlightenment, Locke's theory of governmentgovernment

The American Revolution, 1775-1781 The American Revolution, 1775-1781 Building an independent state: Constitutional Convention, Building an independent state: Constitutional Convention,

1787 1787

FRENCH REVOLUTION & NAPOLEONFRENCH REVOLUTION & NAPOLEON Summoning the Estates General Summoning the Estates General

Financial crisis: King Louis XVI forced to summon Estates General to raise new taxes Financial crisis: King Louis XVI forced to summon Estates General to raise new taxes First and Second Estates (nobles, clergy) tried to limit Third Estate (commoners)First and Second Estates (nobles, clergy) tried to limit Third Estate (commoners)

National Assembly National Assembly Formed by representatives of Third Estate, 17 June 1789 Formed by representatives of Third Estate, 17 June 1789 Demanded a written constitution and popular sovereignty Demanded a written constitution and popular sovereignty Angry mob seized the Bastille on 14 July, sparked insurrections in many cities Angry mob seized the Bastille on 14 July, sparked insurrections in many cities National Assembly wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen"National Assembly wrote the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen" The Assembly abolished the feudal system, altered the role of church The Assembly abolished the feudal system, altered the role of church France became a constitutional monarchy, 1791France became a constitutional monarchy, 1791

The Convention and the Reign of Terror The Convention and the Reign of Terror Replaced National Assembly under new constitution, 1791 Replaced National Assembly under new constitution, 1791 Convention abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic Convention abolished the monarchy and proclaimed France a republic King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette executed, 1793 King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette executed, 1793 Radical Jacobins dominated Convention in 1793-94 in "reign of terror" Radical Jacobins dominated Convention in 1793-94 in "reign of terror" During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were During the Reign of Terror, at least 300,000 suspects were arrested; 17,000 were

officially executed, and many died in prison or without trial.officially executed, and many died in prison or without trial. Revolutionary changes: in religion, dress, calendar, women's rights Revolutionary changes: in religion, dress, calendar, women's rights

The Directory, 1795-1799 The Directory, 1795-1799 A conservative reaction against the excesses of the Convention A conservative reaction against the excesses of the Convention Executed the Jacobin leader Robespierre, July 1794 Executed the Jacobin leader Robespierre, July 1794

Napoleonic France was Enlightened DespotismNapoleonic France was Enlightened Despotism Brought stability: blended monarchy, autocracy, democracy Brought stability: blended monarchy, autocracy, democracy Made peace with the Roman Catholic church and popeMade peace with the Roman Catholic church and pope Reformed French economic, banking system: mercantilism Reformed French economic, banking system: mercantilism Extended freedom of religion to Protestants and Jews Extended freedom of religion to Protestants and Jews Civil Code of 1804: political and legal equality for all adult menCivil Code of 1804: political and legal equality for all adult men Code Napoleon: becomes one of the world’s great legal traditions Code Napoleon: becomes one of the world’s great legal traditions Restricted individual freedom, especially speech and pressRestricted individual freedom, especially speech and press

Despotism:absolute monarchs pursued legal, social, and educational reforms

The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified.

THE POLITICAL SPECTRUMTHE POLITICAL SPECTRUM

HAITIAN REVOLUTIONHAITIAN REVOLUTION Saint-DomingueSaint-Domingue

Rich French colony on western Hispaniola Rich French colony on western Hispaniola Society dominated by small white planter class Society dominated by small white planter class 90 percent of population were slaves 90 percent of population were slaves Horrendous working conditions Horrendous working conditions Large communities of escaped slaves (maroons) Large communities of escaped slaves (maroons) Ideas of Enlightenment reached educated blacksIdeas of Enlightenment reached educated blacks Free blacks fought in American warFree blacks fought in American war

Slave revolt began in 1791 Slave revolt began in 1791 Factions of white settlers, Factions of white settlers, gens de couleurgens de couleur, slaves battled each , slaves battled each

other other French troops arrived in 1792; British, Spanish intervened in 1793French troops arrived in 1792; British, Spanish intervened in 1793 Slaves conquer whole island including Spanish partSlaves conquer whole island including Spanish part Whites driven into exile, executedWhites driven into exile, executed

Toussaint Louverture (1744-1803) Toussaint Louverture (1744-1803) Son of slaves, literate, son of EnlightenmentSon of slaves, literate, son of Enlightenment Skilled organizer, built strong, disciplined army Skilled organizer, built strong, disciplined army

Controlled most of Saint-Domingue by 1797Controlled most of Saint-Domingue by 1797 Created a constitution in 1801 Created a constitution in 1801

Arrested by French troops; died in jail, 1803Arrested by French troops; died in jail, 1803 Haiti Haiti

Yellow fever ravaged French troopsYellow fever ravaged French troops Declared independence in 1803; republic established in 1804Declared independence in 1803; republic established in 1804 Civil War followed until 1810; kingdom to 1820Civil War followed until 1810; kingdom to 1820 Dominican Republic independent in 1844Dominican Republic independent in 1844

INDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICAINDEPENDENCE IN LATIN AMERICA Mexican independence Mexican independence

Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1807 weakened royal control Napoleon's invasion of Spain in 1807 weakened royal control of colonies of colonies

1810: peasant revolt in Mexico led by Hidalgo, defeated by 1810: peasant revolt in Mexico led by Hidalgo, defeated by conservative creoles conservative creoles

1821: Mexico briefly a military dictatorship, then in 1822 a 1821: Mexico briefly a military dictatorship, then in 1822 a republic republic

Simon Bolivar 1822Simon Bolivar 1822 Led independence movement in South America Led independence movement in South America Inspired by George Washington, took arms against Spanish Inspired by George Washington, took arms against Spanish

rule in 1811 rule in 1811 Bolivar's effort of creating the Gran Colombia failed in 1830sBolivar's effort of creating the Gran Colombia failed in 1830s

Jose de San Martin 1825Jose de San Martin 1825 Led independence movements in Bolivia, Argentina, ChileLed independence movements in Bolivia, Argentina, Chile United efforts with BolivarUnited efforts with Bolivar

Brazilian independence Brazilian independence Portuguese royal court fled to Rio de Janeiro, 1807Portuguese royal court fled to Rio de Janeiro, 1807 Brazil declared a separate kingdom during exileBrazil declared a separate kingdom during exile The king's son, Pedro, agreed to Brazilian independence, 1821 The king's son, Pedro, agreed to Brazilian independence, 1821

Creole dominance in Latin America Creole dominance in Latin America Independence brought little social change in Latin America Independence brought little social change in Latin America Principal beneficiaries were creole elitesPrincipal beneficiaries were creole elites

Caribbean remained largely under European controlCaribbean remained largely under European control

THE NEW AMERICAN MAPTHE NEW AMERICAN MAP

LATIN AMERICALATIN AMERICA Old Problems confront new realitiesOld Problems confront new realities

Leaders came from Enlightenment: spoke of equality, freedomLeaders came from Enlightenment: spoke of equality, freedom No allowance freedom of religionNo allowance freedom of religion Slavery ended but not exploitation of poor, IndiansSlavery ended but not exploitation of poor, Indians Equality was too threatening to eliteEquality was too threatening to elite Democracy uncommon, rich men votedDemocracy uncommon, rich men voted Old color distinctions did not disappear rapidly, easily, or at allOld color distinctions did not disappear rapidly, easily, or at all

Political instability after independence Political instability after independence Creole leaders ruled but had little experience with self-government Creole leaders ruled but had little experience with self-government

White minority dominated politics While fighting amongst selvesWhite minority dominated politics While fighting amongst selves Peasant majority was without power Peasant majority was without power

Conflicts between farmers, ranchers, indigenous peoples common Conflicts between farmers, ranchers, indigenous peoples common Intense fighting in Argentina, Chile; modern weapons against native peoples Intense fighting in Argentina, Chile; modern weapons against native peoples Colonists had pacified most productive land by 1870sColonists had pacified most productive land by 1870s

Caudillos, Caudillism, Caudillos, Caudillism, Politics and the ChurchPolitics and the Church Military leaders who held power after revolutionary eraMilitary leaders who held power after revolutionary era

Used military to seize power, stay in control; interested only in power for Used military to seize power, stay in control; interested only in power for own sakeown sake

Opposed liberalizing effects; often made alliances with aristocratic elites, Opposed liberalizing effects; often made alliances with aristocratic elites, land ownersland owners

Ruled through the church and opposed an secularization, reform of society Ruled through the church and opposed an secularization, reform of society Mexico: war and reform from 1821-1911 Mexico: war and reform from 1821-1911

Shifted from monarchy to republic to Shifted from monarchy to republic to caudillocaudillo rule rule La Reforma: La Reforma: liberal movement in 1850s led by President Benito Juarez liberal movement in 1850s led by President Benito Juarez Granted universal male suffrage; limited power of priests and military Granted universal male suffrage; limited power of priests and military Reforms strongly opposed by landowning elitesReforms strongly opposed by landowning elites

NATIONALISMNATIONALISM Born in France (Joan of Arc), spread abroad during French RevolutionBorn in France (Joan of Arc), spread abroad during French Revolution Idea began as radical, adopted by liberals, used by conservativesIdea began as radical, adopted by liberals, used by conservatives

An idea which could unify society across social classesAn idea which could unify society across social classes Many aspects similar to religion, faithMany aspects similar to religion, faith Loyalty to state often replaces loyalty to church, monarchLoyalty to state often replaces loyalty to church, monarch Dominated 19Dominated 19thth century century

Cultural nationalismCultural nationalism An expression of national identity An expression of national identity Emphasized common historical experience Emphasized common historical experience Used folk culture, literature, musicUsed folk culture, literature, music Illustrated national spirit, distinctiveness Illustrated national spirit, distinctiveness

Political nationalism more intense in the nineteenth century Political nationalism more intense in the nineteenth century Demanded loyalty, solidarity from national group Demanded loyalty, solidarity from national group Minorities sought independence as national community Minorities sought independence as national community Young Italy formed by Giuseppe MazziniYoung Italy formed by Giuseppe Mazzini

World-wide spreadWorld-wide spread Contact with Europeans introduced others to idea of nationalismContact with Europeans introduced others to idea of nationalism Nationalism often brought with it western ideas, structuresNationalism often brought with it western ideas, structures Strongest in Middle East, India, JapanStrongest in Middle East, India, Japan

Zionism Zionism Jewish nationalism as a response to European anti-Semitism Jewish nationalism as a response to European anti-Semitism Movement founded by Theodor Herzl to create Jewish state in Palestine Movement founded by Theodor Herzl to create Jewish state in Palestine Jewish state of Israel finally created in 1948Jewish state of Israel finally created in 1948

EMERGENCE OF IDEOLOGIESEMERGENCE OF IDEOLOGIES ConservatismConservatism

Called the Ancien RegimeCalled the Ancien Regime Resisted change, opposed revolutions Resisted change, opposed revolutions Importance of continuity, tradition, aristocracy Importance of continuity, tradition, aristocracy Edmund Burke Edmund Burke

Viewed society as organism that changed slowly over time Viewed society as organism that changed slowly over time American Revolution: natural, logical outcome of history American Revolution: natural, logical outcome of history French Revolution: violent and irresponsibleFrench Revolution: violent and irresponsible

Congress of Vienna was a Conservative restorationCongress of Vienna was a Conservative restoration Restored Balance of Power; ruled through great powersRestored Balance of Power; ruled through great powers Monarchy was at heart of conservatismMonarchy was at heart of conservatism

LiberalismLiberalism Welcomed controlled change as an agent of progressWelcomed controlled change as an agent of progress Strongly middle class, support economic reform, education to help Strongly middle class, support economic reform, education to help

industrializationindustrialization Wanted to reform political structure, increase electorate slightly Wanted to reform political structure, increase electorate slightly Championed freedom, equality, democracy, written constitutionsChampioned freedom, equality, democracy, written constitutions Limits on state power, interference in individual freedoms Limits on state power, interference in individual freedoms John Stuart Mill championed individual freedom and minority rightsJohn Stuart Mill championed individual freedom and minority rights

Radicalism Radicalism Accepted liberal ideas but wanted universal voting rightsAccepted liberal ideas but wanted universal voting rights Many wanted outright democracy, social reforms in interests of lower classesMany wanted outright democracy, social reforms in interests of lower classes A few were socialists, attacked all private property, class statusA few were socialists, attacked all private property, class status Saw radical solutions (revolution) as only way to status quo Saw radical solutions (revolution) as only way to status quo Represented by French Revolution, democracy, early nationalismRepresented by French Revolution, democracy, early nationalism

Nationalism often both radical and liberal but largely anti-conservativeNationalism often both radical and liberal but largely anti-conservative

IMAGINED COMMUNITIESIMAGINED COMMUNITIES Concert of Europe 1815 - 1860Concert of Europe 1815 - 1860

Congress of Vienna, 1814-15 Congress of Vienna, 1814-15 Concert of European great powers called Holy Concert of European great powers called Holy

AllianceAlliance UK, Russia, Prussia, Austria, France working in UK, Russia, Prussia, Austria, France working in

“concert”“concert” Attempted to prevent revolutions, changeAttempted to prevent revolutions, change Intervened militarily to oppose changeIntervened militarily to oppose change Often forced to limit, control changes Often forced to limit, control changes

Imagined CommunitiesImagined Communities Groups begin to form based on a perceived sense Groups begin to form based on a perceived sense

of communityof community Each group defined by agreed upon set of values, Each group defined by agreed upon set of values,

goalsgoals

THE SOCIALIST CHALLENGETHE SOCIALIST CHALLENGE Socialism Socialism

Arose as an outgrowth of the Industrial RevolutionArose as an outgrowth of the Industrial Revolution Accelerated by the horrible conditions of the workers in the citiesAccelerated by the horrible conditions of the workers in the cities

Utopian socialistsUtopian socialists Charles Fourier, Robert Owen, and their followers Charles Fourier, Robert Owen, and their followers Established model communities based on principle of equality Established model communities based on principle of equality Stressed cooperative control of industry, education for all childrenStressed cooperative control of industry, education for all children

Marxian Socialists (Communists)Marxian Socialists (Communists) Marx (1818-1883), Engels (1820-1895), leading socialists Marx (1818-1883), Engels (1820-1895), leading socialists Scorned the utopian socialists as unrealistic, unproductive Scorned the utopian socialists as unrealistic, unproductive Critique of industrial capitalism Critique of industrial capitalism

Unrestrained competition led to ruthless exploitation of working class Unrestrained competition led to ruthless exploitation of working class State, courts, police: all tools of the capitalist ruling classState, courts, police: all tools of the capitalist ruling class

The Communist ManifestoThe Communist Manifesto, 1848 , 1848 Claimed excesses of capitalism would lead to a communist revolutionClaimed excesses of capitalism would lead to a communist revolution Revolution would wipe away capitalism and establish a socialist society Revolution would wipe away capitalism and establish a socialist society ““Dictatorship of the proletariat" would destroy capitalism Dictatorship of the proletariat" would destroy capitalism Socialism would follow; a fair, just, and egalitarian society Socialism would follow; a fair, just, and egalitarian society

Ideas dominated European, international socialism throughout 19Ideas dominated European, international socialism throughout 19 thth century century Revisionism: Democratic Socialism and Reform SocialismRevisionism: Democratic Socialism and Reform Socialism

Combined aspects of socialism with democracyCombined aspects of socialism with democracy Public ownership of means of production, regulation of industriesPublic ownership of means of production, regulation of industries Limits to private property, accumulation of wealthLimits to private property, accumulation of wealth Power achieved democratically through elections, trade unionsPower achieved democratically through elections, trade unions

Social reform came gradually, through legislative measures Social reform came gradually, through legislative measures Regulated hours and restricted work for women and children Regulated hours and restricted work for women and children Under Bismarck, Germany provided medical insurance and social securityUnder Bismarck, Germany provided medical insurance and social security

Trade unions formed to represent interests of industrial workers Trade unions formed to represent interests of industrial workers Faced stiff opposition from employers and governments Faced stiff opposition from employers and governments Forced employers to be more responsive to workers' needs; averted violenceForced employers to be more responsive to workers' needs; averted violence

Socialist parties began to compete in elections, seek expanded Socialist parties began to compete in elections, seek expanded electorateelectorate

UNIFICATION OF ITALY, GERMANYUNIFICATION OF ITALY, GERMANY Italy Italy

After Congress of ViennaAfter Congress of Vienna Italy divided into small states: all states except Sardinia, Papacy ruled by foreign Italy divided into small states: all states except Sardinia, Papacy ruled by foreign

dynastiesdynasties Austria was the preeminent power in Italy Austria was the preeminent power in Italy Mazzini, Nationalist, formed Young Italy inspired uprisings against foreign rule Mazzini, Nationalist, formed Young Italy inspired uprisings against foreign rule

1848 Nationalist revolution destroyed by Austrian troops1848 Nationalist revolution destroyed by Austrian troops Sardinia and Cavour Sardinia and Cavour

Italian Sardinia only ethnic Italian stateItalian Sardinia only ethnic Italian state Prime Minister of Sardinia becomes leader of nationalistsPrime Minister of Sardinia becomes leader of nationalists Expelled Austrian authorities in northern Italy, 1859 with French aide Expelled Austrian authorities in northern Italy, 1859 with French aide

Garibaldi Garibaldi Revolutionary nationalist, democratRevolutionary nationalist, democrat Staged revolutions, later seized control of Southern ItalyStaged revolutions, later seized control of Southern Italy

1860-1870: Italian states united under Sardinia1860-1870: Italian states united under Sardinia GermanyGermany

After Congress of Vienna Dominated by Austrian von MetternichAfter Congress of Vienna Dominated by Austrian von Metternich German Confederacy a collection of independent states dominated by AustriaGerman Confederacy a collection of independent states dominated by Austria Prussia the largest German state but limited in action by AustriaPrussia the largest German state but limited in action by Austria Metternich’s System: preserved conservatism, persecuted liberalism, hated Metternich’s System: preserved conservatism, persecuted liberalism, hated

nationalismnationalism 1848 Revolution 1848 Revolution

Destroyed by AustriaDestroyed by Austria Ended hope of liberalism, constitutionalism, national unificationEnded hope of liberalism, constitutionalism, national unification Left Prussia humiliated, looking for revengeLeft Prussia humiliated, looking for revenge

Prussian and Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Prussian and Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Created a united Germany through blood and ironCreated a united Germany through blood and iron Used conservatism, militarism married with nationalism Used conservatism, militarism married with nationalism Bismarck provoked three wars that swelled German prideBismarck provoked three wars that swelled German pride Defeated Austria, France to unify Germany under Prussia Defeated Austria, France to unify Germany under Prussia

1871, Prussian king proclaimed emperor of the Second Reich1871, Prussian king proclaimed emperor of the Second Reich

MAPS OF UNIFICATIONMAPS OF UNIFICATION

THE UNITED STATESTHE UNITED STATES Jacksonian DemocracyJacksonian Democracy

Expansion of electorate to include poorer, western AmericansExpansion of electorate to include poorer, western Americans By 1820s all adult white men could vote and hold officeBy 1820s all adult white men could vote and hold office Constant tension between states rights, federal powers Constant tension between states rights, federal powers

Rapid westward expansion after the revolution Rapid westward expansion after the revolution 1803, US purchased France's Louisiana Territory 1803, US purchased France's Louisiana Territory By 1840s, coast-to-coast expansion was claimed as “manifest destiny”By 1840s, coast-to-coast expansion was claimed as “manifest destiny” The Mexican-American War, 1845-1848The Mexican-American War, 1845-1848 Conflict with indigenous peoples followed Conflict with indigenous peoples followed

1830, Indian Removal Act forced eastern Indians to move west of 1830, Indian Removal Act forced eastern Indians to move west of Mississippi Mississippi

Thousands died on the "Trail of Tears" to Oklahoma Thousands died on the "Trail of Tears" to Oklahoma Stiff resistance to expansion: Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876, Sioux victory Stiff resistance to expansion: Battle of Little Big Horn, 1876, Sioux victory U.S. massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, ended Indian WarsU.S. massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890, ended Indian Wars

An Era of Compromise Avoided Conflict 1820-1854An Era of Compromise Avoided Conflict 1820-1854 North had the population, dominated House of RepresentativesNorth had the population, dominated House of Representatives South wanted to preserve slavery but would lose a vote in HouseSouth wanted to preserve slavery but would lose a vote in House Missouri Compromise in 1820 admitted one slave, one free stateMissouri Compromise in 1820 admitted one slave, one free state South able to block abolition of slavery in SenateSouth able to block abolition of slavery in Senate

Sectional conflictSectional conflict 1919thth century cotton cultivation in south was dependent on slave labor century cotton cultivation in south was dependent on slave labor Northern states did not want slavery expanded into new territories Northern states did not want slavery expanded into new territories Expansion, new states, fugitive slave law made compromise impossibleExpansion, new states, fugitive slave law made compromise impossible Abraham Lincoln elected president, 1860; publicly opposed to slavery Abraham Lincoln elected president, 1860; publicly opposed to slavery

The U.S. Civil War, 1861-1865 The U.S. Civil War, 1861-1865 With Lincoln's election, eleven southern states seceded from the Union With Lincoln's election, eleven southern states seceded from the Union In 1863, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made abolition goal of the war In 1863, Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation made abolition goal of the war The war ended slavery, enhanced authority of the federal governmentThe war ended slavery, enhanced authority of the federal government

USA IN MAPSUSA IN MAPS

CANADIAN DOMINIONCANADIAN DOMINION Independence came without warIndependence came without war

Autonomy and division characterized Canadian historyAutonomy and division characterized Canadian history Distance from England, isolation in north and interior led to Distance from England, isolation in north and interior led to

self-government, autonomyself-government, autonomy Always a contest between English speaking, French speaking Always a contest between English speaking, French speaking

groupsgroups Immigrants and Amerindians dominated in the interiorImmigrants and Amerindians dominated in the interior Eastern Canada (Quebec, Ontario, Maritime Provinces) dominate Eastern Canada (Quebec, Ontario, Maritime Provinces) dominate

Canada Canada French Quebec taken by Britain after the Seven Years' War French Quebec taken by Britain after the Seven Years' War

Quebec Act was a large cause of war with American coloniesQuebec Act was a large cause of war with American colonies British authorities made large concessions to French Canadians British authorities made large concessions to French Canadians

After 1781, many British loyalists fled United States to seek refuge After 1781, many British loyalists fled United States to seek refuge in Canadain Canada

The War of 1812 unified Canada against U.S. invaders The War of 1812 unified Canada against U.S. invaders Anti-U.S. sentiments due to US invasions, pillaging: Would get Anti-U.S. sentiments due to US invasions, pillaging: Would get

revenge years later by sending U.S. Justin Bieber and 2014 Olympic revenge years later by sending U.S. Justin Bieber and 2014 Olympic HockeyHockey

Created sense of unity among French and British Canadians Created sense of unity among French and British Canadians Dominion of Canada created in 1867 Dominion of Canada created in 1867

Federal constitutional monarchyFederal constitutional monarchy Government with a governor-general acting for British monarchGovernment with a governor-general acting for British monarch Canadian Parliament and Provincial governments share rule Canadian Parliament and Provincial governments share rule

Britain retained jurisdiction over foreign affairs until 1931Britain retained jurisdiction over foreign affairs until 1931 Prime Minister John Macdonald strengthens Canadian independencePrime Minister John Macdonald strengthens Canadian independence

Persuaded western and maritime provinces to join the Dominion, Persuaded western and maritime provinces to join the Dominion, 1860s 1860s

Transcontinental railroad completed, 1885Transcontinental railroad completed, 1885

CANADA IN IMAGESCANADA IN IMAGES

Stop do not Stop do not take notes on take notes on

remaining remaining Slides!!Slides!!

EURASIAN SOCIETIES AT A CROSSROADEURASIAN SOCIETIES AT A CROSSROAD Threatened SocietiesThreatened Societies

SW Asia: Ottoman Empire, Persia SW Asia: Ottoman Empire, Persia Eastern Europe: Russia, Austria-HungaryEastern Europe: Russia, Austria-Hungary East Asia: China, Korea, and JapanEast Asia: China, Korea, and Japan Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Thailand Southeast Asia: Vietnam, Thailand

Common problems Common problems Military weakness, vulnerability to foreign threats Military weakness, vulnerability to foreign threats Internal weakness especially from disaffected groups Internal weakness especially from disaffected groups Economic problems, financial difficultiesEconomic problems, financial difficulties Corruption and unresponsive elites Corruption and unresponsive elites Issues of westernization vs. modernizationIssues of westernization vs. modernization Western interests often dominate government, economyWestern interests often dominate government, economy

Reform efforts Reform efforts Attempts at political and educational reformAttempts at political and educational reform Attempts at industrialization Attempts at industrialization Often turned to western modelsOften turned to western models

Different results of reforms Different results of reforms Ottoman Empire, Austria, Russia, Iran, and ChinaOttoman Empire, Austria, Russia, Iran, and China

Reforms unsuccessfulReforms unsuccessful Societies on the verge of collapse Societies on the verge of collapse

JapanJapan Reform in Japan was more thoroughReform in Japan was more thorough Japan emerged as an industrial powerJapan emerged as an industrial power

Korea, Vietnam, ThailandKorea, Vietnam, Thailand Issues complicated by colonialism, imperialismIssues complicated by colonialism, imperialism Korea annexed by Japan; Indochina annexed by FranceKorea annexed by Japan; Indochina annexed by France Thailand maintains independence as a buffer between France, Great BritainThailand maintains independence as a buffer between France, Great Britain

EURASIA IN 1871EURASIA IN 1871

OTTOMAN DECLINEOTTOMAN DECLINE Military decline since the late seventeenth century Military decline since the late seventeenth century

Ottoman forces behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, training Ottoman forces behind European armies in strategy, tactics, weaponry, training Janissary corps politically corrupt, undisciplined, unable to fight Janissary corps politically corrupt, undisciplined, unable to fight Provincial governors gained power, private armiesProvincial governors gained power, private armies

Russia made war on Ottomans to divert domestic problemsRussia made war on Ottomans to divert domestic problems Austria, other European powers support local Christians independenceAustria, other European powers support local Christians independence

Lost Caucasus and central Asia to RussiaLost Caucasus and central Asia to Russia Western frontiers to AustriaWestern frontiers to Austria Balkan provinces to Greece and Serbia Balkan provinces to Greece and Serbia

Egypt gained autonomy after Napoleon's failed campaign in 1798 Egypt gained autonomy after Napoleon's failed campaign in 1798 Egyptian general Muhammad Ali built a powerful, modern army Egyptian general Muhammad Ali built a powerful, modern army Ali's army threatened Ottomans, made Egypt an autonomous provinceAli's army threatened Ottomans, made Egypt an autonomous province

France annexes Muslim Algeria in 1830 and Tunisia in 1882France annexes Muslim Algeria in 1830 and Tunisia in 1882 The StateThe State

Government was cumbersome, bureaucratized, medievalGovernment was cumbersome, bureaucratized, medieval State was multinational and not all MuslimState was multinational and not all Muslim Power resided often with the provincial governors, elitePower resided often with the provincial governors, elite Unwilling to adopt modern European methods or reform infrastructureUnwilling to adopt modern European methods or reform infrastructure Dominated by bureaucrats, landed elite unwilling to changeDominated by bureaucrats, landed elite unwilling to change Sultan does not wish to change; Islam unwilling to admit it has fallenSultan does not wish to change; Islam unwilling to admit it has fallen

Economic difficulties began in seventeenth century Economic difficulties began in seventeenth century Less trade through empire as Europeans shifted to the Atlantic Ocean basin Less trade through empire as Europeans shifted to the Atlantic Ocean basin Exported raw materials, imported European manufactured goods Exported raw materials, imported European manufactured goods Heavily depended on foreign loans, half of the revenues paid to loan interestHeavily depended on foreign loans, half of the revenues paid to loan interest Corruption, overtaxation of peasants further weakens Ottoman state Corruption, overtaxation of peasants further weakens Ottoman state Foreigners began to administer the debts of the Ottoman state by 1882Foreigners began to administer the debts of the Ottoman state by 1882

The "capitulations": European domination of Ottoman economy The "capitulations": European domination of Ottoman economy Extraterritoriality: Europeans exempt from Ottoman law within the empire Extraterritoriality: Europeans exempt from Ottoman law within the empire Could operate tax-free, levy their own duties in Ottoman ports Could operate tax-free, levy their own duties in Ottoman ports Deprived empire of desperately needed incomeDeprived empire of desperately needed income

Similar problems in most Muslim states including Persia, MoroccoSimilar problems in most Muslim states including Persia, Morocco

OTTOMAN REFORM, REORGANIZATIONOTTOMAN REFORM, REORGANIZATION Attempt to reform military Attempt to reform military

Led to violent Janissary revolt (1807-1808), suppression of Janissaries Led to violent Janissary revolt (1807-1808), suppression of Janissaries Reformer Mahmud II (1808-1839) became sultan after revolt Reformer Mahmud II (1808-1839) became sultan after revolt Janissaries resisted, Mahmud had them killed; reforms followedJanissaries resisted, Mahmud had them killed; reforms followed He built an European-style army, academies, schools, roads, and telegraphHe built an European-style army, academies, schools, roads, and telegraph

Legal, educational reforms Legal, educational reforms Called Tanzimat ("reorganization") era (1839-1876) Called Tanzimat ("reorganization") era (1839-1876) Ruling class sought sweeping restructuring to strengthen state Ruling class sought sweeping restructuring to strengthen state Broad legal reforms, modeled after Napoleon's civic code Broad legal reforms, modeled after Napoleon's civic code State reform of education (1846), free and compulsory primary education (1869) State reform of education (1846), free and compulsory primary education (1869) Undermined authority of the Undermined authority of the ulama,ulama, enhanced the state authority enhanced the state authority

Opposition to Tanzimat reforms Opposition to Tanzimat reforms Religious conservatives critical of attack on Islamic law and tradition Religious conservatives critical of attack on Islamic law and tradition Legal equality for minorities resented by some, even a few minority leaders Legal equality for minorities resented by some, even a few minority leaders Young Ottomans wanted more reform: freedom, autonomy, decentralization Young Ottomans wanted more reform: freedom, autonomy, decentralization High-level bureaucrats wanted more power, checks on the sultan's powerHigh-level bureaucrats wanted more power, checks on the sultan's power

Cycles of reform and repression Cycles of reform and repression 1876, coup staged by bureaucrats who demanded a constitutional government 1876, coup staged by bureaucrats who demanded a constitutional government New sultan Abd al-Hamid II (1876-1909) New sultan Abd al-Hamid II (1876-1909)

Proved an autocrat: suspended constitution, dissolved parliament, and punished liberals Proved an autocrat: suspended constitution, dissolved parliament, and punished liberals Reformed army and administration: became source of the new oppositionReformed army and administration: became source of the new opposition

The Young TurksThe Young Turks After 1889, an active body of opposition led by army, navy officersAfter 1889, an active body of opposition led by army, navy officers Called for universal suffrage, equality, freedom, secularization, women's rights Called for universal suffrage, equality, freedom, secularization, women's rights Forced Abd al-Hamid to restore constitution, dethroned him (1909) Forced Abd al-Hamid to restore constitution, dethroned him (1909) Nationalistic: favored Turkish dominance within empire, led to Arab resistanceNationalistic: favored Turkish dominance within empire, led to Arab resistance

The empire survived only because of distrust among European The empire survived only because of distrust among European powerspowers

MUSLIM RESISTANCEMUSLIM RESISTANCE ResistanceResistance

Muslim universitiesMuslim universities Frequently organized education around western modelFrequently organized education around western model Educated several generations of studentsEducated several generations of students

Muslim Army Officers in Service of EuropeansMuslim Army Officers in Service of Europeans Often educated in western style universities, learned western ideasOften educated in western style universities, learned western ideas Become source of anti-Western activities even while supporting reformBecome source of anti-Western activities even while supporting reform

Revolt in the SudanRevolt in the Sudan Egypt nominally ruled Sudan, attempted to enforce controlEgypt nominally ruled Sudan, attempted to enforce control

Egypt able to control Nile farmers; opposition comes from nomads, herdersEgypt able to control Nile farmers; opposition comes from nomads, herders Rule greatly resented as it was corrupt, overtaxed peasantsRule greatly resented as it was corrupt, overtaxed peasants British pressure Egyptians to eradicate slavery, upsetting Muslims (Koran allows)British pressure Egyptians to eradicate slavery, upsetting Muslims (Koran allows)

Muhammad Achmad “The Mahdi” (1870s)Muhammad Achmad “The Mahdi” (1870s) Direct descendant of the Prophet Muhammad; proclaims jihad against Egyptians, British mastersDirect descendant of the Prophet Muhammad; proclaims jihad against Egyptians, British masters Wahhabis Reformer: A very puritanical form of Islam, seeks to purify Islam Wahhabis Reformer: A very puritanical form of Islam, seeks to purify Islam Purge Islam of problems; reform, modernize but not at expense to Islam Purge Islam of problems; reform, modernize but not at expense to Islam Overran all of Sudan, threatens Egypt, killed British commander at KhartoumOverran all of Sudan, threatens Egypt, killed British commander at Khartoum

Khalifa Abdallahi and the Mahdist stateKhalifa Abdallahi and the Mahdist state The Mahdi dies; his successor builds an Islamic state under rule of KoranThe Mahdi dies; his successor builds an Islamic state under rule of Koran Threatens to overrun all of Middle East, drive out foreigners, westernizers; British interveneThreatens to overrun all of Middle East, drive out foreigners, westernizers; British intervene

Reality: Reformers DiscreditedReality: Reformers Discredited Religious revivalists who wanted a return to a pure Islam proved unsuccessfulReligious revivalists who wanted a return to a pure Islam proved unsuccessful Reformers willing to borrow some western ideas could not win over peopleReformers willing to borrow some western ideas could not win over people British (Europeans) will send in army to crush revolts, threats to EuropeansBritish (Europeans) will send in army to crush revolts, threats to Europeans

QING (MANCHU) CHINAQING (MANCHU) CHINA Qing China (1622 – 1911)Qing China (1622 – 1911)

Nomadic dynasty from ManchuriaNomadic dynasty from Manchuria To rule, maintained strict separation of Chinese, ManchuTo rule, maintained strict separation of Chinese, Manchu Chinese not allowed to settle in ManchuriaChinese not allowed to settle in Manchuria Manchurians not allowed to marry ChineseManchurians not allowed to marry Chinese

Retained much of Chinese political traditions, institutionsRetained much of Chinese political traditions, institutions Retained examination systemRetained examination system Ruled through Confucian scholarsRuled through Confucian scholars

Qing ArmyQing Army Manchurian nomadic army based on cavalryManchurian nomadic army based on cavalry Unwilling to use modern weaponsUnwilling to use modern weapons

Rot from Within begins in 18Rot from Within begins in 18thth century century Emperor isolated, ineffectiveEmperor isolated, ineffective

Surrounded by eunuchs, advisors who kept him isolatedSurrounded by eunuchs, advisors who kept him isolated Lived in Forbidden City at center of BeijingLived in Forbidden City at center of Beijing Extreme politics amongst bureaucrats, eunuchs, haremExtreme politics amongst bureaucrats, eunuchs, harem

Bureaucracy Bureaucracy Too large and cumbersome, corrupt and conservativeToo large and cumbersome, corrupt and conservative Examination system riddled with favoritism, elitism, cheatingExamination system riddled with favoritism, elitism, cheating Wealthy buy positions in bureaucracy Wealthy buy positions in bureaucracy Bureaucrats had no qualifications, trainingBureaucrats had no qualifications, training

Diversion of state funds to private familiesDiversion of state funds to private families Public works (dikes, water management) reduced, river siltedPublic works (dikes, water management) reduced, river silted Military in decline, fleet in trouble, armies unreliableMilitary in decline, fleet in trouble, armies unreliable

Peasants lot deteriorated Peasants lot deteriorated Food shortages, landlord demandsFood shortages, landlord demands Bandits on roads, beggars everywhereBandits on roads, beggars everywhere

Lack of innovation, reform or insight Lack of innovation, reform or insight

CHINA UNDER PRESSURECHINA UNDER PRESSURE The Taiping rebellion The Taiping rebellion

Internal turmoil in China in the later nineteenth century Internal turmoil in China in the later nineteenth century Population grew by 50 percent; land and food more slowly; poverty strained resources Population grew by 50 percent; land and food more slowly; poverty strained resources Other problems: official corruption, drug addiction Other problems: official corruption, drug addiction Four major rebellions in 1850s and 1860s; the most dangerous was the TaipingFour major rebellions in 1850s and 1860s; the most dangerous was the Taiping

The Taiping ("Great Peace") program proposed by Hong Xiuquan The Taiping ("Great Peace") program proposed by Hong Xiuquan Called for end of Qing dynasty; resented Manchu rule Called for end of Qing dynasty; resented Manchu rule Radical social change: no private property, footbinding, concubinage Radical social change: no private property, footbinding, concubinage Popular in southeast China; seized Nanjing (1853), moved on BeijingPopular in southeast China; seized Nanjing (1853), moved on Beijing

Taiping defeat by combined Qing and foreign troops Taiping defeat by combined Qing and foreign troops Gentry sided with government; regional armies had European weapons Gentry sided with government; regional armies had European weapons Taipings defeated in 1864; the war claimed twenty to thirty million livesTaipings defeated in 1864; the war claimed twenty to thirty million lives

Reform frustrated Reform frustrated The Self-Strengthening Movement (1860-1895) The Self-Strengthening Movement (1860-1895)

Blended Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology Blended Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology Built shipyards, railroads, weapon industries, steel foundries, academies Built shipyards, railroads, weapon industries, steel foundries, academies Not enough industry to make a significant change Not enough industry to make a significant change Powerful empress dowager Cixi opposed changesPowerful empress dowager Cixi opposed changes

The hundred-days reforms (1898) The hundred-days reforms (1898) Two Confucian scholars advised radical changes in imperial system Two Confucian scholars advised radical changes in imperial system Young emperor Guangxu inspired to launch wide-range reforms Young emperor Guangxu inspired to launch wide-range reforms Movement crushed by Cixi; emperor imprisoned; reformers killedMovement crushed by Cixi; emperor imprisoned; reformers killed

The Boxer rebellion The Boxer rebellion Real name: the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, 1899-1900 Real name: the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists, 1899-1900 Local militia attacked foreigners, foreign legations, Chinese Christians Local militia attacked foreigners, foreign legations, Chinese Christians Crushed by European and Japanese troopsCrushed by European and Japanese troops Chinese forced to sign humiliating treaties Chinese forced to sign humiliating treaties Collapse of Qing dynasty in 1912Collapse of Qing dynasty in 1912

JAPAN: SHOGUN TO EMPERORJAPAN: SHOGUN TO EMPEROR Crisis and reform in early nineteenth century Crisis and reform in early nineteenth century

Emperor isolated, secluded; shogun = military dictatorEmperor isolated, secluded; shogun = military dictator Centralized bureaucracy; alliances with feudal lordsCentralized bureaucracy; alliances with feudal lords Japan not unaware of what was going on in wider worldJapan not unaware of what was going on in wider world Dutch allowed to visit Japan at Nagasaki once a yearDutch allowed to visit Japan at Nagasaki once a year

CrisisCrisis Crop failure, high taxes on agriculture, rising rice prices Crop failure, high taxes on agriculture, rising rice prices All led to protests and rebellions All led to protests and rebellions

Reforms and ideas conflictReforms and ideas conflict Government: Neo-Confucian conservative reformsGovernment: Neo-Confucian conservative reforms Dutch Learning: Support western studies, reforms, working with west; anti-ChineseDutch Learning: Support western studies, reforms, working with west; anti-Chinese National Studies: praised Japanese traditions, emperor, Shinto led to ultranationalismNational Studies: praised Japanese traditions, emperor, Shinto led to ultranationalism

Foreign pressure on Japan Foreign pressure on Japan European wanted her to reverse long-standing closed door policy European wanted her to reverse long-standing closed door policy

Europeans wanted to trade, wanted safe ports for whaling fleetsEuropeans wanted to trade, wanted safe ports for whaling fleets 1844 requests by British, French, U.S. for the right of entry rebuffed 1844 requests by British, French, U.S. for the right of entry rebuffed

18531853 U.S. Commodore Perry sailed U.S. fleet to Tokyo Bay, demanded entryU.S. Commodore Perry sailed U.S. fleet to Tokyo Bay, demanded entry Japan forced to accept unequal treaties with U.S., other western countriesJapan forced to accept unequal treaties with U.S., other western countries

The end of Tokugawa rule The end of Tokugawa rule British, French, Russians demand, receive similar treaties to USBritish, French, Russians demand, receive similar treaties to US Widespread opposition to shogun rule, especially in provinces Widespread opposition to shogun rule, especially in provinces Dissidents rallied around emperor in Kyoto, attack foreignersDissidents rallied around emperor in Kyoto, attack foreigners Tosa-Satsuma Samurai Rebellion/Civil War breaks out in 1866Tosa-Satsuma Samurai Rebellion/Civil War breaks out in 1866

The Meiji restoration, 1868 The Meiji restoration, 1868 Dissident Samurai militia loyal to emperor defeats Shogun’s troops Dissident Samurai militia loyal to emperor defeats Shogun’s troops The boy emperor Mutsuhito, or Meiji, regained authority; Shogunate abolished The boy emperor Mutsuhito, or Meiji, regained authority; Shogunate abolished End of almost seven centuries of military rule in JapanEnd of almost seven centuries of military rule in Japan

JAPAN: MEIJI ERAJAPAN: MEIJI ERA Meiji government welcomed foreign expertise Meiji government welcomed foreign expertise

Fukuzawa Yukichi studied western constitutions and education Fukuzawa Yukichi studied western constitutions and education Ito Hirobumi helped build Japanese constitutional governmentIto Hirobumi helped build Japanese constitutional government

Social Revolution: 1873 - 1876Social Revolution: 1873 - 1876 Abolition of the feudal order essential to new government Abolition of the feudal order essential to new government Daimyo and samurai lost status, privileges; class abolishedDaimyo and samurai lost status, privileges; class abolished

Samurai issued bonds to pay for loss, but inflation led to impoverishmentSamurai issued bonds to pay for loss, but inflation led to impoverishment Samurai rebelled but the new national conscript army put rebellion downSamurai rebelled but the new national conscript army put rebellion down Some went into business, created western-style companies (Mitsubishi) Some went into business, created western-style companies (Mitsubishi)

Districts reorganized to break up old feudal domainsDistricts reorganized to break up old feudal domains Emperor created new nobility based on English style House of PeersEmperor created new nobility based on English style House of Peers

Revamping tax system Revamping tax system Converted grain taxes to a fixed money tax: more reliable income for state Converted grain taxes to a fixed money tax: more reliable income for state Assessed taxes on potential productivity of arable landAssessed taxes on potential productivity of arable land

Constitutional government, the emperor's "gift" to the people in 1889 Constitutional government, the emperor's "gift" to the people in 1889 Emperor remained supreme, limited the rights of the people Emperor remained supreme, limited the rights of the people Less than 5 percent of adult males could vote Less than 5 percent of adult males could vote Legislature, the Diet, was an opportunity for debate and dissent but limited Legislature, the Diet, was an opportunity for debate and dissent but limited

powerspowers Remodeling the economy and infrastructure Remodeling the economy and infrastructure

Transportation: railroads, telegraph, steamships Transportation: railroads, telegraph, steamships Education: universal primary and secondary; competitive universities Education: universal primary and secondary; competitive universities Industry: privately owned, government controlled arms industry Industry: privately owned, government controlled arms industry ZaibatsuZaibatsu: powerful financial combines merged banking, manufacturing, merchants: powerful financial combines merged banking, manufacturing, merchants

Costs of economic development borne by Japanese people Costs of economic development borne by Japanese people Land tax Land tax

Cost peasants 40 percent to 50 percent of crop yieldCost peasants 40 percent to 50 percent of crop yield Provided 90 percent of state revenue Provided 90 percent of state revenue

Peasant uprisings crushed; little done to alleviate suffering Peasant uprisings crushed; little done to alleviate suffering Labor movement also crushed; Meiji law treated unions and strikes as criminalLabor movement also crushed; Meiji law treated unions and strikes as criminal

Japan became an industrial power in a single generation Japan became an industrial power in a single generation Ended unequal treaties in 1899 Ended unequal treaties in 1899 Defeated China in 1895 and Russia in 1904Defeated China in 1895 and Russia in 1904

AFRICAAFRICA Africa 1750 – 1850Africa 1750 – 1850

North Africa nominally part of the Ottoman EmpireNorth Africa nominally part of the Ottoman Empire Sudan, Sahel Africa had most powerful, developed statesSudan, Sahel Africa had most powerful, developed states West Africa forest kingdoms part of the Atlantic slave tradeWest Africa forest kingdoms part of the Atlantic slave trade East Africa dominated by native kingdoms, Swahili trading states East Africa dominated by native kingdoms, Swahili trading states South Africa: population dispersal, state building of the NgoniSouth Africa: population dispersal, state building of the Ngoni Few European possessions in AfricaFew European possessions in Africa

Atlantic (not Islamic) slave trade ended in early 19Atlantic (not Islamic) slave trade ended in early 19thth century century Age of Exploration leads to ImperialismAge of Exploration leads to Imperialism

Europeans explore Africa, developed interest in AfricaEuropeans explore Africa, developed interest in Africa Permitted by technologyPermitted by technology

Transportation, weaponry made it easyTransportation, weaponry made it easy Medicines made it possibleMedicines made it possible

Africa was the center, objective of imperialismAfrica was the center, objective of imperialism Africa was partitioned between EuropeansAfrica was partitioned between Europeans Only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independentOnly Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent

Infrastructures and ChangesInfrastructures and Changes PoliticalPolitical

Colonial powers ignored indigenous peoples almost totallyColonial powers ignored indigenous peoples almost totally Set boundaries to states, destroying tribes, unitySet boundaries to states, destroying tribes, unity Ruled indirectly through local elites, who they could remove at willRuled indirectly through local elites, who they could remove at will Undermined traditional systems of ruleUndermined traditional systems of rule

Chiefs derived authority from godsChiefs derived authority from gods Missionaries challenge traditional religion Missionaries challenge traditional religion Chiefs lost prestige associated with land as people earned moneyChiefs lost prestige associated with land as people earned money Western educated locals challenge traditional waysWestern educated locals challenge traditional ways

EconomicEconomic Exploitation is the key word Exploitation is the key word

Minerals solely for benefit of mother countryMinerals solely for benefit of mother country Cash crops and agriculture dominated by European crops, interestsCash crops and agriculture dominated by European crops, interests Europeans take best, richest lands for cattle, farmingEuropeans take best, richest lands for cattle, farming

Building of railroads, infrastructure especially portsBuilding of railroads, infrastructure especially ports Breakdown of African barter system; replaced by monetary systemBreakdown of African barter system; replaced by monetary system Africans forced to work on European farms, in European factories by tax, levies, forceAfricans forced to work on European farms, in European factories by tax, levies, force Loss of African self-sufficiencyLoss of African self-sufficiency

MAPPING AFRICA, 1830MAPPING AFRICA, 1830

AFRICA 1914AFRICA 1914

RUSSIA: EMPIRE UNDER PRESSURERUSSIA: EMPIRE UNDER PRESSURE Post-1812Post-1812

Great concern with defense, liberal ideas as threat to old orderGreat concern with defense, liberal ideas as threat to old order Government introduced reforms to improve bureaucracyGovernment introduced reforms to improve bureaucracy Made an alliance with the conservative powers of Europe to maintain orderMade an alliance with the conservative powers of Europe to maintain order

December Uprising 1825December Uprising 1825 Death of Alexander I prompted some western-oriented officers to rebelDeath of Alexander I prompted some western-oriented officers to rebel Suppressed mercilessly by new tsarSuppressed mercilessly by new tsar

Nicholas INicholas I Orthodoxy, autocracy and nationalityOrthodoxy, autocracy and nationality State became very repressive, secret policeState became very repressive, secret police Policeman of Europe: used army to suppress revolutionsPoliceman of Europe: used army to suppress revolutions Suppressed rebellion in PolandSuppressed rebellion in Poland Policy of foreign wars to divert domestic problemsPolicy of foreign wars to divert domestic problems

Serfdom IssueSerfdom Issue Russia needed work force in order to industrialRussia needed work force in order to industrial

Serfdom not efficientSerfdom not efficient Lack of workers in cities an obstacle to economic developmentLack of workers in cities an obstacle to economic development

Gap between western, eastern Europe economic systemsGap between western, eastern Europe economic systems Emancipation of serfs by Alexander II begun in 1863 Emancipation of serfs by Alexander II begun in 1863

Due to loss in Crimean WarDue to loss in Crimean War Serfs gained right to own land, got most of the land from noblesSerfs gained right to own land, got most of the land from nobles Nobles kept best and gave worst to serfsNobles kept best and gave worst to serfs Serfs had no political rights; had to pay a redemption tax on land: kept them in permanent debtSerfs had no political rights; had to pay a redemption tax on land: kept them in permanent debt

Emancipation did not increase agricultural productionEmancipation did not increase agricultural production Tsar was careful to preserve aristocratic order; serfs received no political rightsTsar was careful to preserve aristocratic order; serfs received no political rights

Political and legal reforms followed Political and legal reforms followed 1864: creation of 1864: creation of zemstvoszemstvos

Local assemblies with representatives from all classesLocal assemblies with representatives from all classes Tended to only see local interests and not national concerns; legal reform more successful Tended to only see local interests and not national concerns; legal reform more successful A weak system: nobles dominated, tsar held veto power A weak system: nobles dominated, tsar held veto power

Small middle class grew; improved corps of army officers; middle class politicians, Small middle class grew; improved corps of army officers; middle class politicians, bureaucratsbureaucrats

Literacy increased; readership spread; some women enter intellectual community Literacy increased; readership spread; some women enter intellectual community

RUSSIAN REPRESSION & MARXISMRUSSIAN REPRESSION & MARXISM Cycles of protest and repression Cycles of protest and repression

Peasants Peasants Often landless, no political powerOften landless, no political power Frustrated by lack of meaningful reformFrustrated by lack of meaningful reform Peasant uprisings become more common than serf as frustration heightenedPeasant uprisings become more common than serf as frustration heightened Population increased as potato introduced, increasing pressures on society Population increased as potato introduced, increasing pressures on society

Social ProtestSocial Protest Antigovernment protest and revolutionary activity increased in 1870s Antigovernment protest and revolutionary activity increased in 1870s

Middle Class, some aristocrats advocated rights, political representationMiddle Class, some aristocrats advocated rights, political representation Radical Intelligentsia advocated socialism and anarchism, recruited in countryside Radical Intelligentsia advocated socialism and anarchism, recruited in countryside

Repression by tsarist authorities: secret police, censorship Repression by tsarist authorities: secret police, censorship Russification: sparked ethnic nationalism, attacks on Jews toleratedRussification: sparked ethnic nationalism, attacks on Jews tolerated

Terrorism emerges as a tool of opposition Terrorism emerges as a tool of opposition Radicals wanted solution to social issue from a Russian perspectiveRadicals wanted solution to social issue from a Russian perspective

Young intellectuals went directly to the peasantsYoung intellectuals went directly to the peasants Most opposed westernization, autocracy, capitalismMost opposed westernization, autocracy, capitalism Many became peasant anarchistsMany became peasant anarchists Alexander II, the reforming tsar, assassinated by a bomb in 1881 Alexander II, the reforming tsar, assassinated by a bomb in 1881

Nicholas II (1894-1917), more oppressive, conservative rulerNicholas II (1894-1917), more oppressive, conservative ruler Marxism and the Reality of RussiaMarxism and the Reality of Russia

Marx foresaw a revolution by workersMarx foresaw a revolution by workers Russia lacked lack worker base; society was largely peasantRussia lacked lack worker base; society was largely peasant Workers tended to be radical but misdirectedWorkers tended to be radical but misdirected Russia lacked a middle class running society prior to revolutionRussia lacked a middle class running society prior to revolution

The Bolsheviks (Russian Marxists) & Vladimir Ilyich LeninThe Bolsheviks (Russian Marxists) & Vladimir Ilyich Lenin From middle class bureaucratic family, was an intellectualFrom middle class bureaucratic family, was an intellectual Argued that proletariat was developing in advance of revolutionArgued that proletariat was developing in advance of revolution

Felt Russia could have a revolution without a middle class phaseFelt Russia could have a revolution without a middle class phase Organized an elite revolutionary party to lead workers, peasantsOrganized an elite revolutionary party to lead workers, peasants Organized the BolsheviksOrganized the Bolsheviks

Party was secretive as Russian secret police everywhereParty was secretive as Russian secret police everywhere Infiltrated unions, workers organizations, peasant groupsInfiltrated unions, workers organizations, peasant groups Agitated against government, organized secret cells to lead revolutionAgitated against government, organized secret cells to lead revolution

MARXISM:MARXISM:WorkersWorkers

will stage awill stage arevolution and revolution and

overthrowoverthrowcapitalism, statecapitalism, state

LENINISM:LENINISM:WillWill o only nly

succeed withsucceed withthe leadership of the leadership of

an elitean elitegroup ofgroup of

revolutionariesrevolutionaries

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905RUSSIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905 Russian Revolution of 1905Russian Revolution of 1905

Military defeat, humiliation in Russo-Japanese War was causeMilitary defeat, humiliation in Russo-Japanese War was cause Russia always diverted domestic tension by short, successful warsRussia always diverted domestic tension by short, successful wars In 1870s, 1880s had expanded against Ottoman EmpireIn 1870s, 1880s had expanded against Ottoman Empire

Massive protests followed news of defeatMassive protests followed news of defeat Workers mounted general strikes in St. Petersburg, MoscowWorkers mounted general strikes in St. Petersburg, Moscow Peasant insurrections in countryside against landlordsPeasant insurrections in countryside against landlords Police repressions ineffective, just upset peoplePolice repressions ineffective, just upset people

Bloody Sunday massacreBloody Sunday massacre Poor workers of St. Petersburg march to palace to ask tsar for helpPoor workers of St. Petersburg march to palace to ask tsar for help Unarmed workers shot down by government troops Unarmed workers shot down by government troops

Peasants seized landlords' property, killed landlordsPeasants seized landlords' property, killed landlords Workers formed soviets (worker councils) in cities, factoriesWorkers formed soviets (worker councils) in cities, factories

Workers tended towards non-Marxist socialists; Marxists marginalizedWorkers tended towards non-Marxist socialists; Marxists marginalized Sought to achieve ends without full scale revolution Sought to achieve ends without full scale revolution

A Fizzled RevolutionA Fizzled Revolution Tsar forced to accept elected legislature, the DumaTsar forced to accept elected legislature, the Duma

Many parties elected with conflicting interestsMany parties elected with conflicting interests Unable, unwilling to cooperateUnable, unwilling to cooperate Rendered ineffective by tsar, bureaucracyRendered ineffective by tsar, bureaucracy

Stolypin ReformsStolypin Reforms Reforms allowed peasants to buy land; end redemptive paymentsReforms allowed peasants to buy land; end redemptive payments Small group of very successful peasant landowners began to ariseSmall group of very successful peasant landowners began to arise Rights for workers gradually ignored, cancelledRights for workers gradually ignored, cancelled

Army failed to support revolutionArmy failed to support revolution For the FutureFor the Future

Nicholas II was weak, ill-advised, unwilling to end autocracyNicholas II was weak, ill-advised, unwilling to end autocracy Russian Marxists emboldened, reorganized, radicalizedRussian Marxists emboldened, reorganized, radicalized Peasants, workers radicalized, unlikely to cooperate in futurePeasants, workers radicalized, unlikely to cooperate in future

A MULTINATIONAL EMPIREA MULTINATIONAL EMPIRE Austria 1750 – 1814Austria 1750 – 1814

A collection of states ruled by the Hapsburg family who were also the Holy Roman A collection of states ruled by the Hapsburg family who were also the Holy Roman EmperorsEmperors

The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman nor an empireThe Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman nor an empire No common government, few common institutions (save Catholicism)No common government, few common institutions (save Catholicism)

Austria in 1815 – 1860 Austria in 1815 – 1860 One of the victors against Napoleon: extremely conservative and reactionaryOne of the victors against Napoleon: extremely conservative and reactionary The weakest, most threatened of Europe’s great powersThe weakest, most threatened of Europe’s great powers

Prime Minister Metternich dominated German Confederation, ItalyPrime Minister Metternich dominated German Confederation, Italy Used force, coercion to prevent German, Italian nationalismUsed force, coercion to prevent German, Italian nationalism Opposed nationalism, liberalism, democracyOpposed nationalism, liberalism, democracy

1848 Revolution nearly destroyed state1848 Revolution nearly destroyed state Russia intervened to suppress revolutionsRussia intervened to suppress revolutions Austria then intervened in Germany, Italy to suppress revolutionsAustria then intervened in Germany, Italy to suppress revolutions

Prussia fights to isolate Austria, unify Germany w/o AustriaPrussia fights to isolate Austria, unify Germany w/o Austria Austria in 1866 – 1870Austria in 1866 – 1870

Defeated in 1858 by French-Sardinian Alliance; 1866 by PrussiaDefeated in 1858 by French-Sardinian Alliance; 1866 by Prussia Driven from German Confederation, ItalyDriven from German Confederation, Italy Sees nationalism, German unification triumph under rival PrussiaSees nationalism, German unification triumph under rival Prussia Sees Italy united under Sardinia; Papal states erasedSees Italy united under Sardinia; Papal states erased

1867 Ausgleich with Hungarians1867 Ausgleich with Hungarians Hungarians formed resistive group; 2Hungarians formed resistive group; 2ndnd largest nationality in empire largest nationality in empire Agree to rule jointly with Hungarians; name changed to Austria-HungaryAgree to rule jointly with Hungarians; name changed to Austria-Hungary

Czechs, Slovaks, Slovenians, Serbo-Croats, Poles, Ruthenians, Rumanians disenfranchisedCzechs, Slovaks, Slovenians, Serbo-Croats, Poles, Ruthenians, Rumanians disenfranchised Magyars insist upon assimilation of its peoplesMagyars insist upon assimilation of its peoples

Austria 1870 – 1914Austria 1870 – 1914 Industrialization occurs in Czech area but remains largely agrarianIndustrialization occurs in Czech area but remains largely agrarian Many citizens immigrate due to hardships, repressive rule of MagyarsMany citizens immigrate due to hardships, repressive rule of Magyars State unable to reform as it is blocked by aristocrats, Germans, MagyarsState unable to reform as it is blocked by aristocrats, Germans, Magyars State threatened by Pan-Slavic nationalismState threatened by Pan-Slavic nationalism

Russia became a permanent enemy in Balkans along with SerbiaRussia became a permanent enemy in Balkans along with Serbia Forms an alliance with Germany to protect stateForms an alliance with Germany to protect state Opposes any form of national independence for Balkan Slavs, own SlavsOpposes any form of national independence for Balkan Slavs, own Slavs

MAP OF CONFUSIONMAP OF CONFUSION

NATIONALISM & IMPERIALISMNATIONALISM & IMPERIALISM Nationalism heavily involved in imperialismNationalism heavily involved in imperialism

Source of national pride, strength to acquire coloniesSource of national pride, strength to acquire colonies Non-Westerners soon learned to be nationalist Non-Westerners soon learned to be nationalist

Many studied in Western schools, learned western knowledge to get aheadMany studied in Western schools, learned western knowledge to get ahead Many defined their sense of nation as response to imperialismMany defined their sense of nation as response to imperialism

India India Two types of state-structures in IndiaTwo types of state-structures in India

Princely States: States ruled by Indian princes, assisted by British officialsPrincely States: States ruled by Indian princes, assisted by British officials British possessions: States ruled directly by BritishBritish possessions: States ruled directly by British

Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833), "father of modern India" Ram Mohan Roy (1772-1833), "father of modern India" Sought an Indian society based on European science and traditional Hinduism Sought an Indian society based on European science and traditional Hinduism Used press to mobilize educated Hindus and advance reformUsed press to mobilize educated Hindus and advance reform

The Indian National Congress, founded 1885 The Indian National Congress, founded 1885 Educated Indians met, with British approval, to discuss public affairs Educated Indians met, with British approval, to discuss public affairs Congress aired grievances about colonial rule, sought Indian self-rule Congress aired grievances about colonial rule, sought Indian self-rule

1906, All-India Muslim League 1906, All-India Muslim League Formed to advance interests of Indian MuslimsFormed to advance interests of Indian Muslims Limited reform, 1909; Limited reform, 1909; Wealthy Indians could elect representatives to local councils Wealthy Indians could elect representatives to local councils

Indian nationalism Indian nationalism A powerful movement, achieved independence in 1947 A powerful movement, achieved independence in 1947 India served as a model for anti-colonial campaigns in other landsIndia served as a model for anti-colonial campaigns in other lands

Other ExamplesOther Examples Sepoy Rebellion in India (1856)Sepoy Rebellion in India (1856) Meiji Restoration in JapanMeiji Restoration in Japan 1898 Boxer Rebellion in China1898 Boxer Rebellion in China Late 1800s Mahdist Rebellion and State in the SudanLate 1800s Mahdist Rebellion and State in the Sudan 1898 Boer War in South Africa1898 Boer War in South Africa 1905 Iranian, 1910 Mexican, 1911 Chinese Revolutions1905 Iranian, 1910 Mexican, 1911 Chinese Revolutions

NATIONALIST RIVALRIESNATIONALIST RIVALRIES Nationalism spread by the French Revolution and Napoleonic Nationalism spread by the French Revolution and Napoleonic

Wars Wars Self-determination: each ethnic group had a right to a sovereign state Self-determination: each ethnic group had a right to a sovereign state Concept was ignored or opposed by dynastic powers Concept was ignored or opposed by dynastic powers Considerable nationalistic tensions in Ottoman, Hapsburg, and Russian Considerable nationalistic tensions in Ottoman, Hapsburg, and Russian

empiresempires Slavic nationalism in the BalkansSlavic nationalism in the Balkans

Stressed kinship of all Slavic peoplesStressed kinship of all Slavic peoples Pan-Slavism was a movement to unite all Slavs under the Russian tsar Pan-Slavism was a movement to unite all Slavs under the Russian tsar Ottoman empire shrank as first Greece, then others, gained independence Ottoman empire shrank as first Greece, then others, gained independence Serbs of Austria-Hungary sought unification with independent Serbia Serbs of Austria-Hungary sought unification with independent Serbia Russians promoted Pan-Slavism in Austria-Hungarian empire Russians promoted Pan-Slavism in Austria-Hungarian empire Germany backed Austria-Hungary to fight ethnic nationalismGermany backed Austria-Hungary to fight ethnic nationalism

The naval race between Germany and Britain increased tensions The naval race between Germany and Britain increased tensions Germany's rapid industrialization threatened British economic predominance Germany's rapid industrialization threatened British economic predominance Both states built huge iron battleships, called dreadnoughtsBoth states built huge iron battleships, called dreadnoughts

Colonial disputes of the late nineteenth century Colonial disputes of the late nineteenth century Germany unified in 1871; came late to the colonial race Germany unified in 1871; came late to the colonial race German resentment and antagonism toward both France and Britain German resentment and antagonism toward both France and Britain France and Germany nearly fought over Morocco in 1905 France and Germany nearly fought over Morocco in 1905 Balkan wars (1912-13) further strained European diplomatic relationsBalkan wars (1912-13) further strained European diplomatic relations

Public opinion supported national rivalries Public opinion supported national rivalries Attitudes of aggressive patriotism among European citizens Attitudes of aggressive patriotism among European citizens Leaders under pressure to be aggressive, to take risksLeaders under pressure to be aggressive, to take risks

IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905-1911IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1905-1911 CausesCauses

Intellectuals feel that to save Iran they would have to limit Shah’s powerIntellectuals feel that to save Iran they would have to limit Shah’s power Encroachment by Russians, British on Iranian territory upset IraniansEncroachment by Russians, British on Iranian territory upset Iranians

Initiated by the Majilis or Iranian ParliamentInitiated by the Majilis or Iranian Parliament 1905: A year of demonstrations and strikes1905: A year of demonstrations and strikes Parliamentarians tended to be educated, merchants, clerics, youngParliamentarians tended to be educated, merchants, clerics, young Introduced the constitutional concept of government Introduced the constitutional concept of government

People were sovereign and their representatives were delegated to enact the lawsPeople were sovereign and their representatives were delegated to enact the laws Old Shah abdicates, new shah accepts constitutional limitationsOld Shah abdicates, new shah accepts constitutional limitations

19061906 Constitutionalists failed to protect victory against domestic, international threatsConstitutionalists failed to protect victory against domestic, international threats Trade Russian influence for British controlTrade Russian influence for British control Took at face value Mohammed Ali Shah's pledges to respect constitutionTook at face value Mohammed Ali Shah's pledges to respect constitution

1907-19081907-1908 UK, Russia prepare to divide Iran into “spheres of influence”UK, Russia prepare to divide Iran into “spheres of influence” Mohammed Ali Shah used opportunity to overthrow constitutionMohammed Ali Shah used opportunity to overthrow constitution Shah attempts to kill constitutionalists, forced to abdicate, flees Shah attempts to kill constitutionalists, forced to abdicate, flees

Spheres of influenceSpheres of influence Anglo-Russian convention signed on August 31, 1907Anglo-Russian convention signed on August 31, 1907 Divided Iran into three zonesDivided Iran into three zones

Russia took Northern partRussia took Northern part British zone paralleled the Persian Gulf, Indian empireBritish zone paralleled the Persian Gulf, Indian empire Neutral zone across center of country open to both interestsNeutral zone across center of country open to both interests

1910 1910 Russia invades Russia invades Helps old Shah reestablish his rule in IranHelps old Shah reestablish his rule in Iran

MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1911- 1920MEXICAN REVOLUTION 1911- 1920 The Revolution (1910-1920)The Revolution (1910-1920)

Middle class joins peasants, workers overthrow Diaz Middle class joins peasants, workers overthrow Diaz Class FactionsClass Factions

1910-1914: all rebels vs. Diaz and Huerta1910-1914: all rebels vs. Diaz and Huerta 1914-20: Carranza, Obregon vs. Zapata, Villa1914-20: Carranza, Obregon vs. Zapata, Villa

Regional Revolutions: North, South, YucatanRegional Revolutions: North, South, Yucatan Course of the RevolutionCourse of the Revolution

Liberal Middle Class LeadersLiberal Middle Class Leaders Francisco Madero rules at first Francisco Madero rules at first

Seeks middle class constitutional democracySeeks middle class constitutional democracy Opposes land reform; landless peasants attack large landownersOpposes land reform; landless peasants attack large landowners Peasant armies win pitched battles against government troopsPeasant armies win pitched battles against government troops

General Huerta, army side with landowners, kills Madero General Huerta, army side with landowners, kills Madero Venustiano Carranza Venustiano Carranza

Organizes coalition with Villa, Zapata, ObregonOrganizes coalition with Villa, Zapata, Obregon US troops sent by Wilson support Carranza, Huerta resignsUS troops sent by Wilson support Carranza, Huerta resigns

Peasant, Common RebelsPeasant, Common Rebels Pancho Villa led northern rebels, especially landless peasants Pancho Villa led northern rebels, especially landless peasants Emiliano Zapata initiates land reform in the Southern areas he controlsEmiliano Zapata initiates land reform in the Southern areas he controls

US Intervenes in 1914 (Veracruz) and 1916 (Chasing Pancho Villa)US Intervenes in 1914 (Veracruz) and 1916 (Chasing Pancho Villa) Civil War 1914 – 1917: Constitutionalists (Carranza) win, reestablish controlCivil War 1914 – 1917: Constitutionalists (Carranza) win, reestablish control

Women’s Roles: Soldaderas (camp followers), Soldiers, Political ActivistsWomen’s Roles: Soldaderas (camp followers), Soldiers, Political Activists New Constitution of 1917 brought sweeping reformNew Constitution of 1917 brought sweeping reform

Advanced nationalist, radical views Universal male suffrage (hostile to women) Power, property of Church restricted Free, secular, obligatory primary education Returned lands seized illegally; curbed foreign ownership 8 hour work day, Minimum wage, Strikes legal

CHINESE REVOLUTIONCHINESE REVOLUTION Reform FailsReform Fails

Chinese elites unwilling, unable to reformChinese elites unwilling, unable to reform Boxer Rebellion shows weakness of state, humiliating to ChineseBoxer Rebellion shows weakness of state, humiliating to Chinese

Chinese leadersChinese leaders Leaders educated abroad, especially Japan, USLeaders educated abroad, especially Japan, US Sun Yat-sen Sun Yat-sen

Founds United League in Tokyo using Chinese foreign fundsFounds United League in Tokyo using Chinese foreign funds Wins support of many military officers, foreign exilesWins support of many military officers, foreign exiles

Sun’s Three Principles of the PeopleSun’s Three Principles of the People Nationalism: Overthrow Manchus, end foreign hegemony Nationalism: Overthrow Manchus, end foreign hegemony Democracy: Popularly elected republican form of governmentDemocracy: Popularly elected republican form of government People's Livelihood: help people, regulate means of production, land People's Livelihood: help people, regulate means of production, land

1911 Revolution broke out in Hubei 1911 Revolution broke out in Hubei Local army rebellion followed by many armiesLocal army rebellion followed by many armies Joined by United League membersJoined by United League members 2/3 of provinces join rebels2/3 of provinces join rebels

19121912 Last Emperor abdicatesLast Emperor abdicates Sun Yat-sen inaugurated as first president Sun Yat-sen inaugurated as first president General Yuanshikai in Beijing takes controlGeneral Yuanshikai in Beijing takes control Sun resigns as president to unify the stateSun resigns as president to unify the state

ResultsResults Revolution did not establish a stable republicRevolution did not establish a stable republic China fell into warlords' rule China fell into warlords' rule Through unequal treaties, foreign states still controlled economy of ChinaThrough unequal treaties, foreign states still controlled economy of China Growth of Chinese nationalism, radicalismGrowth of Chinese nationalism, radicalism