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E J O N S I N T E R N A T I O N A L J O U R N A L O NM A T H E M A T I C S , E N G I N E E R I N G & N A T U R A L
S C I E N C E S
7th. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCEON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING,NATURAL & MEDICAL SCIENCES
PROCEEDINGS BOOK
JUNE 14-16, 2019 ROME/ ITALY
ISBN 978-605-7695-50-5
Edited by
Dr. Viranjay M. SRIVASTAVA
Zhuldyz SAKHI
7th. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, NATURAL & MEDICAL SCIENCES
June 14-16, 2019
ROME, ITALY
Institution Of Economic Development And Social Researches Publications® (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220)
TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 347 257 98 63
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Issued in August 15, 2019
All rights of this book belongs to IKSAD. Without permission can’t be duplicate or copied
Authors of chapters are responsible both ethically and jurisdically
Iksad Publications - 2019©
ISBN - 978-605-7695-50-5
PROCEEDINGS BOOK
CONFERENCE ID
EVENT TITLE
7th. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING,
NATURAL & MEDICAL SCIENCES
PARTICIPATION
Keynote & Invited
DATE - PLACE
June 14-16, 2019, ROME, ITALY
ORGANIZATION
EJONS JOURNAL
ORGANIZATION COMMITTEE
Mustafa Latif EMEK
Kaldygul ADILBEKOVA
Zhuldyz SAKHI
Elena MAGIO
LANGUAGES
English, Italian, Turkish, Russian
INTERNATIONAL PARTICIPANTS
Abha Dargar- Howard College, USA
Shashi K. DARGAR- University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Viranjay M. SRİVASTAVA- University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Кадыров Арсен АБДУБАИТОВИЧ
Назаракунов Өмүрбек ҮСӨНОВИЧ- Ош гуманитардык-педагогикалык институту,
Kyrgyzstan
Фарит Латыпов- Уфимский государственный авиационный технический
университет, Russia
Ph.d. Shahla ABDULLAEVA- Azerbaijan State Pedagogycal University, Azerbaijan
Dian Jamel SALİH- University of Duhok
İKSAD – INSTITUTE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT & SOCIAL RESEARCHES
SCCİ
SCINETIFIC COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Dr. A.S. KISTAUBAYEVA - Al – Farabi Kazak National University
Dr. Abdikalık KUNIMJAN - Kazak Pedagogy University
Dr. Almaz AHMEDOV - Bakü State University
Dr. Akmaral S. SYRGAKBAYEVA - Al – Farabi Kazak National University
Dr. Alaattin ESEN - Inönü University
Dr. Ali Ergin OKAN - Gaziantep University
Dr. Ali Fırat ÇABALAR - Gaziantep University
Dr. Atakan Tuğkan YAKUT - Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University
Dr. Anatoliy LOGINOV - Ukraine Shevchenko Lugan National University
Dr. A.S. KIDIRSAEV Makhambet U. - Batı Kazakhistan State University
Dr. Ayslu B. SARSEKENOVA - Orleu National Development Institute
Dr. Bahit KULBAEVA - S.Baybeshev Aktobe University
Dr. Bakit OSPANOVA - H.Ahmet Yasawi Kazakh Turk University
Dr. Bazarhan IMANGALIEVA - K.Zhubanov Aktobe State Bölge University
Dr. Bekzhan B. MEYRBAEV - Al – Farabi Kazak National University
Dr. Bigamila TORSIKBAEVA - Astana Medical University
Dr. B.K.ZAYADAN - Al – Farabi Kazak National University
Dr. Botagul TURGUNBAEVA - Kazak Pedagogy University
Dr. Caner KARAVİT - Mimar Sinan University
Dr. Cholpon TOKTOSUNOVA - Rasulbekov Kyrgiz Economy University
Dr. Deniz ATALAYER - Sabancı University
Dr. D.K.TÖLEGENOVA - Makhambet U. West Kazakistan University
Dr. Dilan Canan ÇELİKEL - Gaziantep University
Dr. Dinarakhan TURSUNALIVA - Rasulbekov Kyrgiz Economy University
Dr. Dursun KOSE - Mehmet Akif Ersoy University
Dr. Dzhakipbek Altaevich ALTAEV - Al – Farabi Kazak National University
Dr. Ekrem CAUSEVIC - Macedonia Vizyon University
Dr. Fatih DUMAN - Erciyes University
Dr. Feda REHIMOV - Bakü State University
SCCİ
SCINETIFIC COMMITTEE MEMBERS
Dr. George RUDIC - Montreal Pedagogy Institute
Dr. Hilale CAFEROVA - AMEA Institute
Dr. İbrahim ÖRÜN - Aksaray University
Dr. İsmail ALTINTOP - Kayseri State Hospital
Dr. MEIXIA Huou - Capital Normal University
Dr. Kalemkas KALIBAEVA - Kazak Pedagogy University
Dr. Karligash BAYTANASOVA - Al – Farabi Kazak National University
Dr. K.A.TLEUBERGENOVA - Kazak Pedagogy University
Dr. Kenjehan MEDEUBAEVA - Kazak Pedagogy University
Dr. Kenes JUSUPOV - M. Tinisbaev Kazakh Vehicle Academy
Dr. Keles Nurmasuli JAYLIBAY - Kazak Pedagogy University
Dr. Kulas MAMIROVA - Kazak Pedagogy University
Dr. Lille TANDIVALA Shota Rustavelli State University
Dr. Mahmut Alkan - Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University
Dr. Machabbat OSPANBAEVA - Taraz State Pedagogy University
Dr. Maha Hamdan ALANAZI - Riyad King Abdulaziz Technology Institute
Dr. Maria LEONTIK - Macedonia Ishtib Gotse Delchev University
Dr. Mavlyanov ABDIGAPPAR - Kyrgiz Elaralık University
Dr. Maira ESIMBOLOVA - Kazakhistan Narkhoz University
Dr. Maira MURZAHMEDOVA - Al – Farabi Kazak National University
Dr. Mehmet Ali AKSAN - İnönü University
Dr. Mehriban EMEK Adiyaman University
Dr. Murat GÜLBAY - Gaziantep University
Dr. Mustafa ŞAHİN - Selçuk University
Dr. Mustafa TALAS - Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University
Dr. Khan Nadezhda - E.A. Buketov Karaganda State University
Dr. Nazim IBRAHIM - Üsküp Cyril and Methodius University
Dr. N.N. KERMANOVA - Al – Farabi Kazak National University
CONFERENCE GALLERY
EJONS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING & NATURAL SCIENCES
ISSN 2602 - 4136
7th. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING, NATURAL & MEDICAL SCIENCES
June 14-16, 2019 ROME - ITALY
CONFERENCE VENUE: Radisson Blu Hotel Termini, Via Filippo Turati, 171, 00185 Roma RM
Participant Countries: Turkey, Azerbaijan, Irak, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, South Africa, USA
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consideration.
- If you think there are any shortcomings in the program, please email us at the latest by 23 APRIL 2019
- The names of the authors and titles of paper in the certificate will be printed as in the program.
EJONS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING & NATURAL SCIENCES
ISSN 2602 - 4136
15.06.2019
SATURDAY / 10:00
-1200
HALL Coliseum-2, SESSION-1 Head of Session: Prof. Dr. Mustafa TALAS & Dr. Muntazir MEHDI
Dr. Rıdvan POLAT
Ahmet CAF
Ali SİNAN
HAZARŞAH (SOLHAN/BİNGÖL) BÖLGESİ ARI FLORASI
ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRMELER
Deniz CANLI
Zeynep ÜRÜŞAN
Dr. Selami SELVİ
HAZARŞAH (SOLHAN/BİNGÖL) BÖLGESİNİN BAZI ÖNEMLİ BİTKİ
TAKSONLARININ POLEN ATLASI
Yusuf TEMEL
Adnan AYNA
Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ
Nevzat ESİM
Vedat AVCİ
Rıdvan POLAT
Deniz CANLI
Nesrin Ecem BAYRAM
İbrahim Yasin ERDOĞAN
Ramazan SOLMAZ
Mehmet ÇİFTCİ
BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BINGÖL/TURKEY HONEY
Ekrem Darendelioğlu
Aydın Şükrü Bengü
Adnan Ayna
Gürkan Aykutoğlu
Mehmet Çiftci
Sedanur Özbolat
MINERAL CONTENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF
BINGOL ROYAL JELLY
Ekrem Darendelioğlu INVESTIGATING ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND
ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES OF ROYAL JELLY
Adnan Ayna
Aydın Şükrü Bengü
Gürkan Aykutoğlu
Mehmet Çiftci
Sedanur Özbolat
Ekrem Darendelioğlu
ANTICANCER AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BINGÖL ROYAL
JELLY
Adnan Ayna INHIBITION STUDIES OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI GAPDH
Shashi K. Dargar
Abha Dargar
Viranjay M. Srivastava
EFFECT OF GATE-UNDERLAP LENGTHS IN HIGH-K DIELECTRIC
BASED SILICON-NANOWIRE GATE-ALL-AROUND TFET
Murat GÜLBAY FUZZY APPROACH TO DOUBLE SAMPLING ACCEPTANCE PLANS
Murat GÜLBAY FUZZY SETS & FUZZY NUMBERS FOR PRACTICAL ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS
EJONS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING & NATURAL SCIENCES
ISSN 2602 - 4136
15.06.2019
SATURDAY / 1230
-1430
HALL Coliseum-2
SESSION-2
Head of Session: Assoc. Rrof. Nevzat ESİM
Doç. Dr. Nevzat ESİM
Münire TURHAN
Dr. Ali KORKMAZ
JENTER METODU İLE BİNGÖL KOŞULLARINDA DAMIZLIK SAF
KAFKAS (Apis mellifera Caucasica) ve KAFKAS MELEZİ ANA ARI
ÜRETİMİ
Dr. Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT
Dr. Yeliz Demir
ALDOZ REDÜKTAZ ENZİMİNİN KOYUN KARACİĞERİNDEN
SAFLAŞTIRILMASI VE SCHİFF BAZI İÇEREN KALKON
TÜREVLERİNİN
ENZİM AKTİVİTESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Dr. Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT
Dr. Yeliz Demir
FTALONITRIL TÜREVI VE ONUN METAL KOMPLEKSLERININ
KARBONIK ANHIDRAZ VE
ASETİLKOLİNESTERAZ ENZİM AKTİVİTELERİ ÜZERİNE
ETKİLERİ
Remzi ÖZTEKİN SIMULATION OF FILLING PROCESS FOR THE GOLD METAL WITH
THE USE OF TRANSMITTED PLASTER MOLD MODEL JEWELERY
INDUSTRY
Özge ÖZTEKİN CENTRAL AUTOMORPHISMS OF SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT OF P-
GROUPS
Dr. İbrahim TÜRKERİ PROBLEMATICS OF WETLAND AND URBAN DESIGN: IZMIT BAY
WETLAND EXAMPLE
Dr. İbrahim TÜRKERİ
Dr. Ceyda ÖZGEN
THE STRUCTURAL SPATIAL AND LITHURIC ITEM ANALYSIS OF
THE MASJIDS OF OTTOMAN PERIOD IN THE IZMIT CITY SITE
Abha Dargar
Shashi K. Dargar
Viranjay M. Srivastava
INFLUENCE OF GATE-DIELECTRIC MATERIAL AND THICKNESS
VARIATION ON THE DEPLETION WIDTH OF MOSFET DEVICE
Dr. Akın YİGİN
Dr. Mehmet DEMİRCİ
Dr. Hikmet DİNÇ
PRESENCE OF ROTAVIRUSGROUPA AND HUMAN INFECTION
RELATED GENOTYPES IN THE WATER SUPPLIES USING WITH
REAL-TIME PCR METHOD
Abha Dargar
Shashi K. Dargar
Viranjay M. Srivastava
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE-GATE
AMORPHOUS-IGZO THIN FILM TRANSISTORS
15.06.2019
SATURDAY / 1700
-1900
HALL-Colesium-2, SESSION-1 Head of Session: Prof. Dr. Mustafa TALAS
Фарит Латыпов, кандидат технич.
наук, доцент
ПРОБЛЕМА СОХРАНЕНИЯ МИРА, ПАМЯТЬ О ПРЕДКАХ
И ИРОНИЧЕСКОЕ ОТНОШЕНИЕ К БЫТОВЫМ ВОПРОСАМ В
ПИСЬМЕННОМ НАСЛЕДИИ ИБЕРОВ, ДРЕВНЕЙШИХ ТЮРКОВ
ЗАПАДНОГО СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРЬЯ
Кадыров Арсен Абдубаитович,
окутуучу
ЖЭТИМ БАЛДАРДЫ СОЦИАЛДЫК ЖАКТАН КОРГОО:
ПРАКТИКАЛЫК АСПЕКТ
Ph.d. Abdullaeva Shahla ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ОКРАСКИ МИЦЕЛИЯ ГРИБОВ
УЧАСТВУЮЩИЕ В ФОРМИРОВАНИИ МИКОБИОТЫ В
ОЗЕЛЕНЕНИИ ГОРОДА БАКУ.
Dr. Asaad Al-Asady
Dian Jamel Salih
CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ANABOLIC STEROID
HORMONES ON BODYBUILDER ATHLETES
CONFERENCE ID i
PHOTOS ii
SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE iii
PROGRAM iv
ABSTRACTS & FULL PAPERS
Abha DARGAR, Shashi K. DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRIVASTAVA 1-4
INFLUENCE OF GATE-DIELECTRIC MATERIAL AND THICKNESS
VARIATION ON THE DEPLETION WIDTH OF MOSFET DEVICE
Shashi K. DARGAR, Abha DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRIVASTAVA 5-10
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE-GATE
AMORPHOUS-IGZO THIN FILM TRANSISTORS Akın YİGİN, Mehmet DEMİRCİ, Hikmet DİNÇ
11-17 REAL-TİME PCR YÖNTEMİ İLE SU KAYNAKLARINDA ROTAVİRÜS GRUP
A VE İNSAN ENFEKSİYONU İLE İLİŞKİLİ GENOTİPLERİNİN VARLIĞI
Shashi K. DARGAR, Abha DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRİVASTAVA 18-22
EFFECT OF GATE-UNDERLAP LENGTHS IN HIGH-K DIELECTRIC BASED
SILICON-NANOWIRE GATE-ALL-AROUND TFET
Кадыров Арсен АБДУБАИТОВИЧ 23-27
ЖЭТИМ БАЛДАРДЫ СОЦИАЛДЫК ЖАКТАН КОРГОО: ПРАКТИКАЛЫК
АСПЕКТ
Фарит ЛАТЫПОВ 28-35
ПРОБЛЕМА СОХРАНЕНИЯ МИРА, ПАМЯТЬ О ПРЕДКАХ
И ИРОНИЧЕСКОЕ ОТНОШЕНИЕ К БЫТОВЫМ ВОПРОСАМ
В ПИСЬМЕННОМ НАСЛЕДИИ ИБЕРОВ, ДРЕВНЕЙШИХ ТЮРКОВ
ЗАПАДНОГО СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРЬЯ
Shahla ABDULLAEVA 36-39
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ОКРАСКИ МИЦЕЛИЯ ГРИБОВ УЧАСТВУЮЩИЕ В
ФОРМИРОВАНИИ МИКОБИОТЫ В ОЗЕЛЕНЕНИИ ГОРОДА БАКУ
Sümeyya ARIKAN , Fatma LATIFOĞLU 40
AN OPTIMIZED NEARLY PERFECT RECONSTRUCTION COSINE
MODULATED FILTER BANK USING ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY
ALGORITHM
Adnan AYNA, Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ, Gürkan AYKUTOĞLU, Mehmet
ÇİFTCİ, Sedanur ÖZBOLAT, Ekrem DARENDELİOĞLU 41
ANTICANCER AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BINGÖL ROYAL JELLY
Yusuf TEMEL , Adnan AYNA, Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ, Nevzat ESİM,Vedat
AVCİ, Rıdvan POLAT, Deniz CANLI, Nesrin Ecem BAYRAM, İbrahim Yasin
ERDOĞAN, Ramazan SOLMAZ, Mehmet ÇİFTCİ
42-43
BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BINGÖL/TURKEY HONEY
Murat GÜLBAY 44
EJONS INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL ON MATHEMATICS, ENGINEERING & NATURAL SCIENCES
CO
NT
EN
TS
/ İ
ÇİN
DE
KİL
ER
V
ol
2 I
ssu
e:2
FUZZY APPROACH TO DOUBLE SAMPLING ACCEPTANCE PLANS
Murat GÜLBAY 45
FUZZY SETS & FUZZY NUMBERS FOR PRACTICAL ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS
Rıdvan POLAT, Nevzat ESİM, Ahmet CAF, Ali SİNAN 46-47
HAZARŞAH (SOLHAN/BİNGÖL) BÖLGESİ ARI FLORASI ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİ
ÜZERİNE DEĞERLENDİRMELER
Adnan AYNA 48
INHIBITION STUDIES OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI GAPDH
Ekrem DARENDELİOĞLU 49
INVESTIGATING ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER
ACTIVITIES OF ROYAL JELLY
Ekrem DARENDELİOĞLU, Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ, Adnan AYNA, Gürkan
AYKUTOĞLU, Mehmet ÇİFTCİ, Sedanur ÖZBOLAT 50-51
MINERAL CONTENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BINGOL ROYAL
JELLY
Deniz CANLI, Zeynep ÜRÜŞAN, Selami SELVİ 52-53
HAZARŞAH (SOLHAN/BİNGÖL) BÖLGESİNİN BAZI ÖNEMLİ BİTKİ
TAKSONLARININ POLEN ATLASI
Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT , Yeliz DEMİR 54
ALDOZ REDÜKTAZ ENZİMİNİN KOYUN KARACİĞERİNDEN
SAFLAŞTIRILMASI VE SCHİFF BAZI İÇEREN KALKON TÜREVLERİNİN
ENZİM AKTİVİTESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ Remzi ÖZTEKİN
55-56 KUYUMCULUK ENDÜSTRİSİ HASSAS DÖKÜM PROSESİNDE ALTIN
METALİNİN, ALÇI KALIBA ALINMIŞ MODELE DOLUM SİMÜLASYONU Özge ÖZTEKİN
57 CENTRAL AUTOMORPHISMS OF SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT OF P-GROUPS
Dian Jamel SALIH 58
CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ANABOLIC STEROID
HORMONES ON BODYBUILDER ATHLETES
Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT, Yeliz DEMİR 59-60
FTALONITRIL TÜREVI VE ONUN METAL KOMPLEKSLERININ KARBONIK
ANHIDRAZ VE ASETİLKOLİNESTERAZ ENZİM AKTİVİTELERİ ÜZERİNE
ETKİLERİ Nevzat ESİM& Münire TURHAN & Ali KORKMAZ
61-62 JENTER METODU İLE BİNGÖL KOŞULLARINDA DAMIZLIK SAF KAFKAS
(APİS MELLİFERA CAUCASİCA) VE KAFKAS MELEZİ ANA ARI ÜRETİMİ
İbrahim TÜRKERİ 63
PROBLEMATICS OF WETLAND AND URBAN DESIGN: IZMIT BAY
WETLAND EXAMPLE
İbrahim TÜRKERİ & Ceyda ÖZGEN 64
THE STRUCTURAL SPATIAL AND LITHURIC ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE
MASJIDS OF OTTOMAN PERIOD IN THE IZMIT CITY SITE
[email protected] Page 1 Congress Proceedıngs Book
7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
INFLUENCE OF GATE-DIELECTRIC MATERIAL AND THICKNESS
VARIATION ON THE DEPLETION WIDTH OF MOSFET DEVICE
Abha Dargar, Shashi K. DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRİVASTAVA
Department of Electronic Engineering, Howard College,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban - 4041, South Africa.
[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Summary:
In this research work, the authors present the analysis of variation in depletion-width (under
source, drain, and gate regions) due to different oxide materials and thickness to develop the
thickness modeling of Cylindrical Surrounding Double Gate (CSDG) MOSFET. The obtained
results are vital in realizing dependency of depletion width on oxide properties which could
further be used as a parameter for procuring optimal silicon thickness in a CSDG. The analysis
provides a significant guide for the device scaling of metal-oxide-semiconductor structures.
Keywords: Short-channel effect, Junction depletion width, CSDG MOSFET, Microelectronics,
VLSI.
Introduction:
In the era of highly compact electronics, elementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect
Transistors (MOSFETs) have been phenomenally downscaled of the device size by two orders of
magnitude in the last four decades [1]. Therefore, it becomes necessary to analyze the parameters
which can influence the device scaling and performance at reduced device size. Owing to the
scaling, shorter channel of the transistor results in an abrupt operation that affect the performance,
modeling, and reliability [2, 3].
[email protected] Page 2 Congress Proceedıngs Book
7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
Figure 1. A typical Short channel-MOSFET.
The CSDG structure has been one among such promising MOSFETs that can withstand even at
short channel up to an extent [4]. Though numerous analysis of CSDG exists, it becomes
imperative to analyze the channel to find the improvements from a typical MOS perspective.
Figure 1 shows the schematic that represents a short-channel MOSFET wherein the effective
channel length (Leff = L-2ΔL) substitutes the actual channel length [5].
Modeling and Analysis:
The junction depletion regions due to diffused source-drain and the width of the depletion region
are determined from the concentration of substrate doping, Fermi, and surface potentials, as
defined by the Dang’s model [6]. The regions include junction between the diffused source/drain
and the substrate, depletion under the channel, and region induced by lateral source and drain
diffusions. When the device is in operation, the drain and the gate bias initiates inversion and
results in bands bending to bring surface Fermi level closer to the conduction band [7, 8].
Once the channel is formed in the device, depletion width under the gate and the drain regions
are governed by ξ(ϕs −Vbs))1/2
and ξ(2ϕs−VDS−Vbs))1/2, respectively, where ξ=2εsi /qNsub and ϕs, εsi,
q, and Nsub are the surface potential, permittivity of silicon, electron charge, and the substrate
doping concentration, respectively [9-11]. From the two operating conditions of the device,
setting up of the inversion and gate voltage increase over the threshold, cause ϕs variation that
depends on the gate-oxide thickness and dielectric properties.
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.40
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
VDS
= 0.2 volt
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1016
1017
1018
Dep
leti
on
dep
th
ddG' , (n
m)
Gate-source voltage, VGS
(V)
Deple
tion w
idth
under
gate
, nm
Gate-Source voltage (VGS
), volt
tox
=2 nm
tox
= 4 nm
tox
= 6 nm
tox
= 8 nm
Figure 2. Gate-oxide thickness effect
on Depletion width.
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
200
220
240
260
280
300
320
340 tox
= 2 nm
Deple
tion w
idth
under
the d
rain
, nm
Gate-Source voltage (VGS
), volt
k=3.9 (SiO2)
k=7 (Si3N
4)
k=9 (Al2O
3)
k=22 (Ta2O
5)
k=25 (HfO2)
Figure 3. Oxide materials effects on
depletion width.
[email protected] Page 3 Congress Proceedıngs Book
7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
The variations in the depletion width under the gate region, at the applied gate bias, are represented
in Figure 2. In comparison, the obtained results at gate-oxide thickness 2 nm, 4 nm, 6 nm, and 8
nm, respectively, the lowest value of oxide thickness result in relatively larger depletion width.
Moreover, the lower thickness also results in high oxide capacitance, which in turn would lower
the threshold. Referring to the inset Figure 2, the depletion depth at increasing VGS is minimum in
comparison at large doping concentrations. Figure 2 shows the depletion region width at a fixed
thickness (tox = 2 nm) for oxide materials k = 3.9 for silica (SiO2), k = 7 for Silicon Nitrate (Si3N4),
k = 9 for Alumina (Al2O3) = Alumina, k = 22 for Tantalum Pentoxide (Ta2O5), and k =25 for
Hafnia (HfO2). Primarily, the depletion width under the drain is a significant constituent of
required silicon thickness. It is noteworthy that the oxide material with the highest value dielectric
constant (HfO2) results in the broader depletion width under the drain at increasing VGS, whereas
the depletion widths are obtained subsequently at low-k dielectric materials.
Conclusion and Future work:
In this research work, the effect on depletion width in the substrate has been analyzed using
numerical solution at the different gate-oxide dielectric constant and the thickness. This analysis
gives insight into the oxide materials effect on junction depths. The depletion width at increasing
εox (k) values of the oxide material declines at increasing gate potentials, following the short
channel. Furthermore, the depletion width under source and drain decreases with increasing
oxide thickness (tox) for the higher values of k. The CSDG MOSFET, though it has a cylindrical
structure, however, devised from a double gate planar MOSFET and therefore, the analyzed
notion is insightful to be incorporated in the analytical model for CSDG for scaling
improvements in future work.
References:
[1] A. Lopes, J. T. Machado, and A. Galhano, “Empirical laws and foreseeing the future of
technological progress, Entropy, vol. 18, no.6, p. 217, June 2016.
[2] Y. Tsividis, “Operational Modeling of the MOS Transistor,” 2nd ed. NY: McGraw Hill,
1999, pp. 268.
[3] V. M. Srivastava, “Scaling effect of cylindrical surrounding double-gate MOSFET: A
device beyond 22 nm technology,” Proceedings of 4th International Conference on
Advanced Computing and Communication Systems (ICACCS), Coimbatore, India, 6-8
January 2017, pp. 1-5.
[4] H. Sood, V. M. Srivastava, and G. Singh, “Performance analysis of undoped and Gaussian
doped cylindrical surrounding-gate MOSFET with it's small signal modelling,”
Microelectronics Journal, vol. 57, pp. 66-75, Nov. 2016.
[5] B. L. Anderson and Richard L. Anderson, “Fundamentals of Semiconductor Devices,”
McGraw-Hill, Inc., March 2004.
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[6] P. Antognetti and G. Massobrio, Semiconductor device modeling with SPICE, McGraw-
Hill, Inc., 1 Nov. 1990.
[7] S. M. Sze and N. Kwok, “Physics of Semiconductor Devices,” John wiley & Sons, 2008.
[8] A. S. Sedra and K. C. Smith, “Microelectronic circuits,” New York: Oxford University
Press; 2016.
[9] T. Ahmed and N. Hasan, “A new technique for finding sub-threshold current of
MOSFETs,” Proceedings of International Conference on Informatics, Electronics &
Vision (ICIEV), 18-20 May 2012, pp. 893-896.
[10] Z. Milaim, N. Caka, M. Limani, and Q. Kabashi, “Impact of MOSFET’s structure
parameters on its overall performance depending to the mode operation,” International
Journal of Circuits, Systems and Signal Processing, vol. 10, pp. 390-396, Oct. 2016.
K. S. Joseph, T. C. Lik, and N. S. Huat, “Characterization of SOI Film Thickness, Oxide
Thickness and Charges with CV Measurement,” Proceedings. of International Conference on
Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE), Aug. 2018, pp. 324-327.
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COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF SINGLE AND DOUBLE-GATE AMORPHOUS-IGZO
THIN FILM TRANSISTORS
Shashi K. DARGAR, Abha DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRİVASTAVA
Department of Electronic Engineering, Howard College,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban - 4041, South Africa.
Summary:
In recent years, specifically in the display electronics, thin film transistors have demonstrated
promising features including high ON-OFF Current ratio, better lifetime, and identical large-area
integration with the use of Amorphous-Indium Gallium Zinc Oxide (α-IGZO) channel. To increase
the gate-control α-IGZO Thin Film Transistor (TFT) in Double-Gate (DG) structure have also
been reported in the past. Though DG structure provides enhanced electrical characteristics,
However, the reason for performance improvement are ambiguous. In this work, authors have
presented a comparative analysis of Double-Gate (DG) and Singe-Gate (SG) structure based on
the author’s design and simulation of amorphous-IGZO Tri-Active Layer (TAL) channel TFT.
Keywords: Thin film transistor, Amorphous IGZO, Tri-active layer channel, Nanotechnology,
VLSI
Introduction:
A Thin Film Transistors (TFT) is structured by depositing thin films of a semiconductor layer,
insulating layer, and the metallic contacts over a substrate. The TFTs fall under a category of
special kind of field effect devices wherein the device current is modified based on similar
principles as a Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) transistors. However, the TFTs stand different
from MOSFETs, in terms of their substrate/body as an insulator, operates in accumulation, and the
undoped channel. Among several other categories, the α–IGZO or amorphous–Indium Gallium
Zinc Oxide TFTs provides characteristics such as transparency, irregular atom bonding, and
enhanced electrical behaviors including ION/IOFF ratio, transmittance, and the lifespan [1]. The α-
IGZO TFTs have found several applications such as switching in Organic Light Emitting Diode
(OLED), Ultra-High Definition (UHD), Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs), and optoelectrical
utilities in sensors, PV cells, and large area electronics [2-4]. The inherent properties of large band-
gap and irregular bonding in α-IGZO materials, making them suitable for transparent electronics
in the thrust of high field mobility. The intrinsic limitation of single-active layer channel resulting
in low film density. Furthermore, knowing the fact that the device performance does not only be
influenced from the materials but also to the structure of the active channel layer (i.e., single or
multi-stack), several double-layer arrangements of materials such as ITO, IZO, ZTO, and AIZO
[5, 6].
A multi-stack channel with three layers has been proposed by the authors in the past where they
have reported the gate control using two gates [7, 8]. A comparative analysis of the Tri-Active
Layer (TAL) channel device with two distinct gate control structure, i.e., Single-Gate (SG) and
Double Gate (DG), has been presented in this research work.
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Structure Description:
The schematic of the designed TFTs using SG and DG are shown in Figure 1. The proposed
structure is consisting of a 130 nm-thick SiO2 insulator and the Tri-Active Layer (TAL) channel.
The channel layer has a total thickness of 30 nm out of which α–InGaZnO is the 27 nm thick and
Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) in two different rationales of 3 nm and 1 nm, respectively. The length of
the channel in the device is 25 µm. The material and simulation parameters, adapted from [9], have
been considered in designing both the device structures.
Figure 1. Structure of the SG and DG TFT device.
Result and Analysis:
The single-gate and double-gate both type structure of IGZO TFT, as discussed in the previous
section, have been simulated using the electronic simulator. This section presents the electrical
results obtained from the simulation of the device.
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
Log D
rain
Cu
rren
t (A
)
(Dual Gate Bias) Gate Voltage (V)
Gate Voltage (V)
DG-IGZO TFT
-14
-12
-10
-8
-6
-4
VDS
=0.1 V
Figure 2. Drain characteristics (ID-VG) of SG and DG-TFTs.
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The transfer characteristics which relates drain current and the gate voltage of the device are
shown in Figure 2. In case of the double-gate TFT, the dense cluster of obtained points before the
threshold can be observed, which shows high OFF currents and intent comparative high
Subthreshold Swing (SS). Figure 3 displays the drain characteristics of both devices (SG and
DG).
0
2x10-5
4x10-5
5x10-5
7x10-5
9x10-5
1x10-4
1x10-4
1x10-4
2x10-4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Dra
in C
urr
ent
(A)
(c)(b)
1.5V
6V
3V
Drain Voltage (V)
VGS
= 9V
(a)
1.5V
6V
3V
Drain Voltage (V)
VGS
= 9V
1.5V
6V
3V
Drain Voltage (V)
VGS
= 9V
Figure 3. Comparison of drain characteristics TAL IGZO TFT (a) Single-Gate Bottom, (a)
Single-Gate Top, and (b) Double-Gate TFT.
The doping dissemination in a single gate IGZO TFT is shown in Figure 4 that emphasizes the
origin of drain current in an SG-IGZO TFT. The substantial concentration is accumulated at the
drain-interface. Figure 5 shows the electric field distribution in the Double Gate (DG) TAL
structure, which evident the accumulation of complete channel diminishing slightly as
approaching near the source to channel and drain to channel interfaces. The weakening
accumulation causes increased drain current.
Figure 4. SG-IGZO TFT Doping
Distribution
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Figure 5. Electric Field distribution in DG-
TAL IGZO TFT
From the I-V characteristics obtained Figure 2 and Figure 3, we have extracted the electrical
characteristics [10-12], as listed in Table 1. The double gate IGZO TAL TFT structure increases
field effect mobility and also high ION/IOFF (~107) could be attained. However, in comparison,
the SG structure has desirably low subthreshold (158 mV/decade).
Table1: Extracted parameters form the SG and DG IGZO TFT device.
Parameters SG-TAL
(Bottom-Gate)
SG-TAL
(Top-Gate)
DG-TAL (Dual-
Gate Bias)
VTH (V) -3.12 -1.27 -2.62
ION/IOFF ~102 ~104 ~107
μFE (cm2/V-s) 16.35 14.74 24.92
SS
(mV/decade) 158 190 218
Conclusion:
Analysis in this work describes the origin of improved performances in double-gate α-IGZO in
comparison to the single-gate structure. The SG TFTs suffer from mobility and SS degradations.
The SG TFTs field effect mobility (μFE ) ~14.70 cm2/V-s, which increases to 24.92 cm2/V-s in case
of double-gate TFTs at gate voltage (VG =10 V). The concentration of electrons in SG TFT
decreases gradually (~1.86 ×1018 cm-3) from top of the channel to the gate-insulator interface (~1.3
×1018 cm-3) For the identical case, DG TFT current density decreases from 7.5 μA/cm2 to 2.5
μA/cm2 causing accumulation in the a-IGZO bulk and results in the larger drain current. The DG
α-IGZO TFT are useful in the array circuits such as Flexible RFIDs, high definition Display,
wearable electronics [13-15] and can replace SG TFTs for obtaining high mobility. However, the
improvement in the subthreshold swing (SS) remains a challenge in DG and SG both the IGZO
TFT structures and would require further research attention and structural modifications.
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References:
[1] K. Nomura, H. Ohta, A. Takagi, T. Kamiya, M. Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Room-temperature
fabrication of transparent flexible thin-film transistors using amorphous oxide
semiconductors,” Nature, vol. 432, no. 7016, p. 488, November 2004.
[2] E. Fortunato, P. Barquinha, R. Martins, “Oxide semiconductor thin‐ film transistors: a review
of recent advances,” Advance. Materials, vol. 24, no. 22, pp. 2945-2986, June 2012.
[3] T. Kamiya, K. Nomura, H. Hosono, “Present status of amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O thin-film
transistors,” Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, vol. 11, no. 4, p. 44305, 2010.
[4] J. Sheng, K. L. Han, T. Hong, W. H. Choi, J. S. Park, “Review of recent progresses on flexible
oxide semiconductor thin film transistors based on atomic layer deposition processes,”
Journal of Semiconductors. vol. 39, no. 1, p.11008, January 2018.
[5] S. I. Kim, C. J. Kim, J. C. Park, I. Song, S. W. Kim, and H. Yin et al., “High performance
oxide thin film transistors with double active layers, Proceedings IEEE Electron Device
Meeting (IEDM), 15 December 2008, pp. 1-4.
[6] J. S. Park, W. J. Maeng, H. S. Kim, and J. S. Park, “Review of recent developments in
amorphous oxide semiconductor thin-film transistor devices,” Thin Solid Film, vol. 520, no.
6, pp. 1679-1693, 2012.
[7] S. K. Dargar and V. M. Srivastava, “Design and analysis of IGZO thin film transistor for
AMOLED pixel circuit using double-gate tri active layer channel,” Heliyon, vol. 5 no. 4, pp.
e01452, Apr. 2019.
[8] S. K. Dargar and V. M. Srivastava, “Double-gate tri-active layer channel amorphous-IGZO
thin film transistor for AMLCD pixel circuit,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research
Symposium (PIERS), Rome, Italy, 17-20 June 2019.
[9] K. A. Stewart, V. Gouliouk, J. M. McGlone, J. F. Wager, “Side-by-side comparison of single-
and dual-active layer oxide TFTs: Experiment and TCAD Simulation,” IEEE Transaction on
Electron Devices. 2017; vol. 64, no. 10, pp. 4131-4136, October 2017.
[10] G. Baek, K. Abe, A. Kuo, H. Kumomi, J. Kanicki, “Electrical properties and stability of dual-
gate coplanar homojunction DC sputtered amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin-film
transistors, and its application to AM-OLEDs,” IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices, vol.
58, no. 12, pp. 4344, December 2011.
[11] K. Abe, K. Takahashi, A. Sato, H. Kumomi, K. Nomura, T. Kamiya, J. Kanicki, and H.
Hosono, “Amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O dual-gate TFTs: Current–voltage characteristics and
electrical stress instabilities,” IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices, vol. 59, no. 7, pp. 1928-
1935, July 2012.
[12] S. Ono, K. Miwa, Y. Maekawa, and T. Tsujimura, “VT compensation circuit for AMOLED
displays composed of two TFTs and one capacitor,” IEEE Transaction on Electron Devices,
vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 462- 467, March 2007.
[13] B. W. Chen, K. Y. Eric, T. C. Chang, J. Kanicki, “Physical origin of the non-linearity in
amorphous In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistor current-voltage characteristics,” Solid-State
Electronics, vol. 147, pp. 51-57, September 2018.
[14] G. Baek and J. Kanicki, “Modeling of current-voltage characteristics for double‐ gate a‐IGZO TFTs and its application to AMLCDs,” Journal of the Society for Information Display,
vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 237-44, May 2012.
K. Ishida, T. Meister, R. Shabanpour, B. K. Boroujeni, C. Carta, G. Cantarella, and F. Ellinger,
“Radiofrequency electronics in a-IGZO TFT technology,” IEEE 23rd International Workshop
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on Active-Matrix Flat-panel Displays and Devices (AM-FPD), Kyoto, Japan, 6-8 July 2016, pp.
273-276
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REAL-TİME PCR YÖNTEMİ İLE SU KAYNAKLARINDA ROTAVİRÜS GRUP A
VE İNSAN ENFEKSİYONU İLE İLİŞKİLİ GENOTİPLERİNİN VARLIĞI
Dr.Öğr. Üyesi Akın YİGİN
Harran Veterinary Faculty, Department of Genetics Şanlıurfa, Turkey
Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Mehmet DEMİRCİ
Beykent University Medical Faculty, Department of MedicalMicrobiology, Istanbul, Turkey
Dr.Öğr.Üyesi Hikmet DİNÇ
Harran Veterinary Faculty, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department of Genetics Şanlıurfa
ÖZET
Rota virüs enfeksiyonları, <5 yaşın altındaki çocuklarda ciddi, gastroenteritlerin önde gelen
nedenidir. Rotavirus A için on yıldan fazla bir süredir yapılan aşılamalara rağmen, Rotavirus A
enfeksiyonları, çoğunlukla düşük gelirli ülkelerde olmak üzere, yıllık olarak >200.000 ölümle
sonuçlanmaktadır. Rotavirus A, yüksek enfektivitesi nedeniyle doğrudan bulaşan bir hastalık
olarak kabul edilir. Bu nedenle çevresel yollar büyük oranda göz ardı edilmiştir. Sular Rotavirüs
için salgın aracı olarak tanımlamaktadır. Bu bilgiler ışığında çalışmamızda, lokal su kuyuları,
tankları ve sulama ile içme için kullanılan derelerden alınan su numunelerinde özellikle
insanlarda enfeksiyonları ile ilişkili rotavirüs ve genotiplerinin G1, G2, G3 ve G4 varlığının
Real-time PCR ile tanımlamak ve bu verilerden moleküler epidemiyolojik çıkarımlar
sağlanmaktır.
Çalışma için içme ve kullanma sularından, Ocak 2017 – Ocak 2018 döneminde toplanan 72
adet su numunesi çalışmamıza dahil edildi. RNA izolasyonu ve cDNA sentezi sonrası
genesigRotovirus A kiti ile Rotovirüs varlığı ve Rotovirüs VP7 bölgesi spesifik primerler
kullanılarakta G1, G2, G3 ve G4 genotipleri LightCycler 480 sisteminde real-time PCR yöntemi
ile çalışıldı ve sonuçlar değerlendirildi.
Çalışmamıza dahil edilen 72 numunenin 17 (%23.3) RotovirüsA saptandı. Bu pozitif saptanan
17 Rotovirüs A numunesinde; 6(%35.29) G1 ve G3, 5(%29.42) G2 varlığı tespit edildi. G4 ise
saptanmadı.
Sonuç olarak, ülkemizde bu bölgede ilk defa içme ve kullanma sularından alınan sularla
yaptığımız çalışmamızla, moleküler epidemiyolojik olarak Rotovirüs ve insan enfeksiyonları
ile ilişkili 4 genotipvarlığını saptadık. Rotovirüs için salgınlarında suların göz önünde
bulundurulması ve gelişen moleküler tekniklerle, sular gibi önemli enfeksiyon kaynaklarından
epidemiyolojik veriler sağlanabileceği kanaatindeyiz.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Su, real-time PCR, Rotovirüs, Genotip
Presence Of RotavirusGroupA And Human Infection Related Genotypes In The Water
Supplies Using With Real-time PCR Method
Abstract
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Rotavirus cleaning, <5 years of age is serious in children, gastroenteritis is the leading. Despite
over a decade of vaccinations for Rotavirus A, Rotavirus A infections are far away, currently,
resulting in> 200,000 deaths annually. The roads passing through this road are largely
overlooked. Water is defined as an epidemic tool for rheumatic hernia. In the light of this
information, we aimed to investigate a molecular epidemiological page related to the
environment of the rotoviruses and genotypes G1, G2, G3 and G4 in the presence of the selected
water from the local wells and streams, in the presence of the polymerase (real-time PCR).
Sixty water samples collected from local wells and creeks for the study between January 2017
and January 2018 were included in our study. After RNA isolation and cDNA synthesis, the
presence of Rotovirus with genesig Rotovirus A kit and Rotovirus VP7 region-specific primers
were used for G1, G2, G3 and G4genotypes in the LightCycler 480 system and the results were
evaluated.
17 (23.3%) Rotoviruses were detected in 72 samples included in our study. In the positively
determined 17 Rotovirus A samples, 6 (35.29%) G1 and G3 and 5 (29.42%) G2 were detected.
G4 was not detected.
As a result, in our study, we firstly identified 4 genotypes related to rotovirus and human
infections by molecular epidemiological studies. Considering water for outbreaks for rotovirus,
and developing molecular techniques, we believe that epidemiological data will be provided
from important sources of infection such as water.
Keywords:Water, real-time PCR, rotovirus, genotype
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1.GİRİŞ
Dünyada her 10 bireyden 3 ü sağlıklı içme suyuna ulaşamamaktadır. Türkiye de durum daha
vahim olup evlerin %42,6 si temiz içme suyuna ulaşamaktadır. Dünya yüzeyinin 3/4 su olsada
içme suyu reservi %3 tür ve her yıl bu oran %1 artmaktadır. 2016 da Çevre ve Şehircilik
Bakanlığı tarafından yayınlanan raporda Türkiye'nin en önemli çevre sorununun su kirliliği
belirtilmiştir (TÇDR, 2016).
Şanlıurfa, Gaziantep, Adıyaman ve Kahramanmaraş il sınırlarında ki içme ve kullanma suyu
kaynakları ile nehir vb. su kaynakları, çevre iller başta olmak üzere çok geniş alanda içme,
kullanma ve sulama suyu olarak kullanılmaktadır (Kireçci, 2017). Ayrıca bu şehirlerde önemli
oranda tarım yapılmaktadır, tarım alanlarına içme ve kullanma suyu gereksinimi çoğunlukla
doğal su kuyularından karşılanmaktadır. Özellikle Eyyübiye bölgesinde çevresinde halkın
kullandığı parklar bu sularla sulanmakta ve ayrıca halka açık çeşmeler halk tarafından sıklıkla
kullanılmaktadır.
Gastroenterite yol açan başlıca virüsler: Başlıca Rotavirus A, Pestivirus, Calcivirus, Enterik
Adenovirus, Parvovirus, Coronavirus, Norwalkvirus,Bredavirus ve Astrovirus tür. Rota virüsler
Reovirüs ailesinden çift sarmal RNA içeren virüslerdir. “Rota” latincede “tekerlek” anlamına
gelmektedir. Rotavirüs de elektron mikroskobunda tekerlek gibi göründüğünden kendisine bu
ad verilmiştir (Crawford ve ark. 2017; CDC, 2016).
Viral gastroenteritler, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan bütün ülkelerde önemli bir sağlık sorunu
olmaya devam etmektedirler. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerde sadece rotavirüs enfeksiyonlarının
yılda 1 milyon insanın ölümüne neden olduğu bildirilmektedir.
Rotavirüsler A’dan G’ye kadar harflerle gösterilen gruplara ayrılmıştır. İnsanda yalnızca A, B
ve C grubu rotavirüsler gösterilmiştir. Gastroenterit salgınlarına en sık A grubu rotavirüsler
sebep olurlar. A grubunun 14 serotipi olup, insanlardaki hastalıkların çoğundan ilk dört serotip
sorumludur (Kraay, 2018; Santos, 2007).
Tüm dünyada, yüzey ve yeraltı su kaynaklarının evsel ve çevresel atıklar ile sel gibi taşkınlar
sonucu gerek biyolojik gerekse de kimyasal olarak kirlenmesi halk sağılığını tehdit sorunlar
arasında yer almaktadır.
Bu çalışmanın amacı; lokal su kuyuları, tankları ve sulama ile içme için kullanılan derelerden
alınan su numunelerinde özellikle insanlarda enfeksiyonları ile ilişkili rotavirüs ve
genotiplerinin G1, G2, G3 ve G4 varlığının Real-time PCR ile tanımlamak ve bu verilerden
moleküler epidemiyolojik çıkarımlar sağlanmaktır.
2.MATERYAL VE YÖNTEM
Su örnekleri Gaziantep, Mardin ve Şanlıurfa illeri ve ilçelerinden Ocak 2017 – Ocak 2018
tarihlerinde su kuyuları, tanklarından ve sulama ile içme amaçlı kullanılan küçük akarsulardan
alınan 72 adet içme suyu örneği araştırılmıştır.
Toplanan su numuneleri steril filitrelerden geçirilerek Vilagines ve ark. (1993)’de geliştirdiği
yöntem kullanılarak konsantre edildi ve bu konsantre örneklerin 200 μl’sinden High Pure Viral
nukleik asit kit (Roche Diagnostics GmBH, Mannheim – Almanya) ile üretici firma direktifleri
takip edilerek RNA izolasyonları gerçekleştirildi. RNA’lar -80oC’de işlem yapılıncaya kadar
saklandı (Vilaginès ve ark. 1993).
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RNA’lardan, First Strand cDNA sentez kiti kullanılarak cDNA elde edildi ve cDNA’lardan
rotavirüs grup A, Non structural protein 5 (NSP5) bölgesine spesifikGenesig Rotovirus A kiti
(Primerdesign Ltd, UK) üretici direktifleri doğrultusunda kullanılarak LightCycler 480 II
sisteminde Rotovirüs grup A varlığı saptandı.
Light Cycler 480 Sybr Green I Master kit (Roche Diagnostics GmBH, Mannheim, Germany)
spesfik VP7 Rotavirus grup A primerleri (Table 1) ile Light Cycler 480 II (Roche Diagnostics
GmBH, Mannheim, Germany) cihazında kullanıldı. Real-time PCR protokolü denaturasyon
95oC’de 10 dk, 35 döngü; 10s de 95oC, 30s de 52oC, 1 erime eğrisi; 5s de 95oC, 60s de 65oC,
de 97oC sürekli okuma ile çalışılmıştır.
Tablo 1:Rotovirüs genotiplerinin tespiti için kullanılan oligo nukleotid primerleri
G tip sprsfik proplar Pozisyon Ref.
G1-2 ATATAGTTGAGTAGAATRATTG 92-114
Santos et al,
2007
G1-3 ATRTAGTTGAGTAAAATAACTG 92-114
G1-4 CCATTATTCGRGTCACTGATT 119-139
G2-2 GTCCATYGTATTAGTTATAGTTT 119-141
G2-3 CTYACAAATGGTGAYATCAGA 172-194
G2-5 AATTCGTATATRCAGCGTCTA 136-156
G3-13 GAGCAACTGAAAASGADGCAAT 418-439
G3-15 ATGGTGACARNATAACTAYAAT 166-187
G3-16 TCATTTATTYCWGTNGCAGCTT 311-332
G4-1 TATCAARTAAAAATAGAACTGTG 59-90
G4-2 TAACTCACAAGAACGAACGATATCAA 85-111
G4-3 GTTTTYARAATRTAACTCACAAG 100-122
3.BULGULAR
Çevresel örneklerde de bulunan virüslerle ilgili bulaşılar, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde önemli
sağlık sorunlarına neden olmaktadır. Bu kaynak yetersiz ortamlarda içme suyu kaynaklarının
viral kontaminasyon sıklığı ve düzeni hakkında çok az şey bilinmektedir.
Rotavirüsler hayvanlarda da yaygındır ve farklı türlerden kaynaklanan doğal yolarla ortaya
çıkabilir ve insanlarda gastroenterik hastalıklara rol oynayabilir.Çalışmamıza dahil edilen 72
numunenin 17 (%23.3) RotovirüsA saptandı. Bu pozitif saptanan 17 Rotovirüs A numunesinde;
6(%35.29) G1 ve G3, 5(%29.42) G2 varlığı tespit edildi. G4 ise saptanmadı.
Sonuç olarak, ülkemizde ilk defa kuyu suları ve derelerden alınan sularla yaptığımız
çalışmamızla, moleküler epidemiyolojik olarak Rotovirüs ve insan enfeksiyonları ile ilişkili 4
genotipvarlığını saptadık.
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Grafik 1. Tüm örneklerin n=72 örneklerin Rotavirus A DAğılımları
Grafik 2. Su örneklerinde Rotovirus A Genotiplerin Dağılımı (G1,G2,G3,G4)
4. TARTIŞMA VE SONUÇ
Miura ve ark. 2018 de yaptıkları çalışmada Japonya da 15 farklı nehirden toplan örneklerde
Rotavirüs A, virusü mevsimlerde çözünmüş formda maksimum 5.5 ve 6.3 log10 kopya / L
konsantrasyonlarda ve numunelerin % 95 ve% 86'sında Realtime PCR ile tespit etmişlerdir
tespit edilmişlerdir.Moreiara ve ark. 2017’de yaptıkları çalışmada 2000 ve 2014 yılları arasında
içmesuyu kaynaklı salgınları incelendiklerinde en etkili patojenlerden birininde Rotavirus A
olduğunu belirtmişlerdir. Yousuf ve ark. 2017 de Pakistanın Karaçi nüfusuna içme suyu
sağlayan altı su filtrasyon tesisi ve evlerden içme suyu örnekleri toplanmıştır. Rotavirüs, su
filtrasyon tesislerinden toplanan su örneklerinin% 35'inde mevcuttur; ancak, evsel musluk suyu
örneklerinin yalnızca% 5 prevalansı tespit etmişlerdir. Bu çalışmalar bizim çalışmamızla
kıyaslandıgında paralel sonuçlar alınmıştır.
Gratacap-Cavallier ve ark. 2000 yılında Fransada yaptıkları çalışmada Rotaviral gastroenterit
muzdarip olan 56 çocuğun evlerindeki içme sularını RT-PCR ile analizini yapmışlardır, dört
örnekte rotavirüs genomunun varlığını göstermiştir. Bu suşlar, çocuk dışkısında çoğunluğu
insan suşlarında görülen, VP7 glikoproteininin nötrleştirilmesiyle saptanan 1-4 G serotiplerine
ait olduğunu tespit etmişlerdir. VP7 glikoprotein varlığı dizieme ile tespit edilmiştir. Bu 4
Rotavirus Aün domuz ve sığır kaynaklı olduğu ve insan kaynaklı rotavirüslerinden farklı
olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.
Verheyen ve ark. 2009 yılında Batı Afrikada bizim çalışmamızda ki gibi Real-time PCR
teknolojisini kullanarak 287 içme suyu kaynağından 541 örnek test etmişlerdir. Kaynakların
17
55
Rotavirus A Örnek Dağılımı
Rotavirus Pozitif
Rotavirus Negatif
6
5
6
Rotavirus A Genotip Dağılımı
G1
G2
G3
G4
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toplam% 12.9'unun adenovirüsler için pozitif, kaynakların % 2.1'nin rotavirüsler için en az bir
kez pozitiftif olduğunu tespit etmişlerdir. Ayrıca Genel olarak, 15 yüzey suyu örneğinden 3'nün
(% 20) ve 247 kuyunun 35'nin (% 14.2) ve ayrıca 25 su pompasının 2'side (% 8) adenovirüsler
veya rotavirüsler için pozitif olarak test edilmiştir. Tuvaletler varlığı su pompalarının veya
kuyucukların çevresinde 50 m'lik bir yarıçap içinde virüs tespiti için bir risk faktörü olarak
belirlenmiştir.
Bu çalışmalar incelendiğinde bizim çalışmamızda da toplanan örneklerde 72 numunenin 17
(%23.3) RotovirüsA tespit edilmiş olması ve moleküler epidemiyolojik olarak Rotovirüs ve
insan enfeksiyonları ile ilişkili 4 genotip varlığını saptadık. Bu çalışmalar ile benzer sonuçlar
elde edilmiştir.
Sonuç olarak Rotovirüs için salgınlarında suların göz önünde bulundurulması ve gelişen
moleküler tekniklerle, sular gibi önemli enfeksiyon kaynaklarından epidemiyolojik veriler
sağlanabileceği kanaatindeyiz. Viral kontaminasyon, içme suyunun kaynaklarının yakınında
bulunan kanalizasyon ve benzeri yapılardan kaynaklanabildiği, tarımsal alanların sulanmasında
bu derelerin kullanılması, sosyoekonomik refah düşük olması önemli derecede bölgede sorunun
çözülmesinde bir problem olduğu görülmekterdir. Bu sorunun çözülmesi içinde gerekli su
kaynakların kontrol altına alınması veya kurutulması önerilmektedir.
KAYNAKLAR
CDC 2016. Water-related Diseases and Contaminants in Public Water Systems. http://www.cdc.gov/
healthywater /drinking/public/water_diseases.html, (Erişim tarihi: 18.01.2016).
Crawford SE, Ramani S, Tate JE, et al. Rotavirus Ainfection. NatRevDisPrimers.
2017;3:17083. Published 2017 Nov 9. doi:10.1038/nrdp.2017.83.
Gratacap-Cavallier, B., Genoulaz, O., Brengel-Pesce, K., Soule, H., Innocenti-Francillard, P.,
Bost, M., ... & Seigneurin, J. M. (2000). Detection of human and animal Rotavirus A sequences
in drinking water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 66(6), 2690-2692.
https://csb.gov.tr/turkiye-cevre-durum-raporu-yayimlandi-bakanlik-faaliyetleri-11867, (TÇDR, 2016)
Kireçci, E., Uğuz, M. T., & Murat, A.(2017). Kahramanmaraş İlindeki İçme, Kullanma ve
Çevresel Suların Mikrobiyolojik Niteliğinin Membran Filtrasyon Sistemi İle
Belirlenmesi. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 20(1), 20-24.
Kraay ANM, Brouwer AF, Lin N, Collender PA, Remais JV, Eisenberg JNS. Modeling
environmentally mediated Rotavirus A transmission: The role of temperature and hydrologic
factors. Proc NatlAcad Sci U S A. 2018;115(12):E2782-E2790.
Miura, T., Gima, A., & Akiba, M. (2019). Detection of Norovirus and Rotavirus A Present in
Suspended and Dissolved Forms in Drinking Water Sources. Food and environmental
virology, 11(1), 9-19.
Moreira, N. A., & Bondelind, M. (2017). Safe drinking water and waterborne
outbreaks. Journal of water and health, 15(1), 83-96.
Santos N, Honma S, TimenetskyMdo C, et al. Development of a microtiter plate hybridization-
based PCR-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for identification of clinically relevant human
group A Rotavirus A G and P genotypes. J ClinMicrobiol. 2007;46(2):462-9.
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Vilaginès, Ph.,Sarrette, B., Husson, G. andVilaginès, R. (1993) Glasswoolvirusconcentration at
ambientwaterpHlevel. WaterSciTechnol 27, 299–306.
Yousuf, F. A., Siddiqui, R., & Khan, N. A. (2017). Presence of Rotavirus A and free-living
amoebae in the water supplies of Karachi, Pakistan. Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical
de São Paulo, 59.
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EFFECT OF GATE-UNDERLAP LENGTHS IN HIGH-K DIELECTRIC BASED
SILICON-NANOWIRE GATE-ALL-AROUND TFET
Shashi K. Dargar, Abha DARGAR, Viranjay M. SRIVASTAVA
Department of Electronic Engineering, Howard College,
University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban - 4041, South Africa.
Summary:
The Tunnel Field Effect Transistors (TFETs) are comprised of heavily doped Source/Drain (S/D)
regions, which results in the wider depletion region and extends towards the gate edges and makes
longer effective channel length (Leff). Using the concept of gate underlap, the increased effective
length (Leff) can help in reducing short channel effects. In this research work, Silicon Nano-wire
Gate-All-Around (SiNWGAA) TFET devices have been designed with gate to Source
(S)/Drain(D) two underlap-lengths to analyze the effect on the performance. The analysis
presented in this work provides detail insights on the performance variation due to gate-underlap
alignment.
Keywords: Gate all around (GAA), Tunnel FET, Underlap, Nanotechnology, VLSI.
Introduction:
In the past few decades, fascinating developments have been witnessed in the electronics across
the globe. It is due to the compactness of the Integrated Circuits in the devices that millions of
components are packaged into small electronic chips. Such increasing density craves for
downscaling the dimension of the component in the micron to nanometer scale which encounters
the Short Channel Effects (SCEs) that makes it difficult to maintain low power operations [1, 2].
The Tunnel Field-Effect Transistors (TFETs) that work on the concept of band-to-band tunneling
have been attractive for low-power Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) circuits [3-5].
(a)
(b)
Figure 1. SiNW GAA-TFET (a) device structure (b) schematic with underlap.
The proposed device structure and the schematic considering underlap lengths are shown in Figure
1. In the device geometry, Lg, tsi, and tox represent gate-length, channel thickness, and gate-oxide
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thickness, respectively. The heavily doped Source and Drain regions have a concentration of
doping of order 1E+14 to 1E+18 cm-3. Authors, in their previous work [6], have designed a
Silicon-Nanowire Gate-All-Around (SiNWGAA) TFET using HfO2 material as a gate insulator
without any underlap. The authors in this work have used two oxide materials (HfO2 and SiO2) in
the structures with underlap lengths Lun = 5 nm and 10 nm. The designs have Lg =100 nm and tox =
5 nm with other simulation parameters as defined in the authors previous design for the band to
band tunneling model [7-10].
Modeling and Analysis:
The SiNWGAA TFET device has been designed for three different structures. One in which the
gate is precisely aligned with the source-channel interface (no underlap) and other two with the
underlap lengths of 10 nm and 5 nm. The simulation results of the device are emphasized in this
section.
The characteristics from the simulated device are obtained at cumulative VGS steps 0.1 V, and
0.5 V. Figure 2 shows the effect of underlapping on the transconductance parameter. The
comparison graph shows that the transconductance is not significantly affected at initial drain
voltages in case of the larger underlap length (10 nm). However, in comparison to the length Lun =
5 nm, the parameter drops down next to the peak value, and that occurs even at further increasing
drain voltages. In an attempt to develop in-depth understanding of the underlap effect, Figure 3
displays energy band diagram of the gate-underlap devices at VGS = 0.5 V and VD = 1 V. The band
is considerably lowered with HfO2 in comparison to SiO2 device. Moreover, it results in a low
tunnel width for the device with underlap. Therefore, it is evident that utilizing high-k material
with substantial underlap results in improved behavior of the device.
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.00
1x10-4
2x10-4
3x10-4
4x10-4
5x10-4
6x10-4
10 nm Underlap
Tra
nsc
on
du
cta
nce (
S/
m)
Drain Voltage (V)
5 nm Underlap
Figure 2. Device transconductance at
different underlap lengths of the device.
Figure 3. Energy band diagram at
different underlap lengths.
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The comparative ID-VG characteristics of the device with two discrete underlap lengths of 5 nm
and 10 nm is demonstrated in Figure 4. The curves are shown for two different oxides (SiO2 and
HfO2) to comprehend the influence of the underlap. Keeping other parameters identical in both
the devices, the comparison reveals that the HfO2 (high-k) which shows superior device
performance at no underlap in comparison to SiO2 (low-k), does not follow the same in underlap
condition.
Figure 4. Transfer characteristics of the device at different underlap lengths.
The performance enhances with the increase of the underlap area. The subthreshold swing, which
relates current to the applied gate voltage underneath the threshold has been calculated, following
the extraction method of a MOSFET [11, 12].
Conclusion and Future work:
In this work, the authors present the design and analysis of Silicon Nano Wire Gate-All-Around
(SiNWGAA) Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (TFETs) with different underlap-lengths between gate
to Source (S)/Drain(D). The structure of the devices with no underlap and with underlap lengths
has been simulated. The performance analysis involves the effect of high-k gate oxide along with
underlapping lengths. Without underlap at applied VGS, the adjacent band lowering occurs under
the gate in the channel that extends towards the source and the gate edge. The increased band-
lowering tends to enlarge the tunnel width that degrades the current. A moderate (5 nm) gate-
underlap band lowering results in a comparatively lesser tunnel width or high-k values of the oxide
and, therefore, enhanced characteristics are obtained. The device performance considerably
deteriorates for the 10 nm underlap devices utilizing relevant low-k materials. The device results
in low subthreshold 0.813 V/decade at low underlap 5 nm and provide improved Drain induced
barrier lowering (DIBL) with the changes in gate-lap lengths.
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The outcomes of the analysis can serve as a significant guide for future design improvements of
TFET structures. The implication of the underlap distances in the circuit simulation of the device
can be considered as the future work [13-15].
References:
[1] M. Neisser and S. Wurm, “ITRS lithography roadmap: 2015 challenges,” Advanced Optical
Technologies, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 235-240, August 2015.
[2] V. M. Srivastava, K. S. Yadav, and G. Singh, “Design and performance analysis of cylindrical
surrounding double-gate MOSFET for RF switch,” Microelectronics Journal, vol. 42, no. 10,
pp. 1124-1135, October 2011.
[3] N. Singh, A. Agarwal, L. K. Bera, T. Y. Liow, R. Yang, S. C. Rustagi, C. H. Tung, R. Kumar,
G. Q. Lo, N. Balasubramanian, and D. L. Kwong, “High-performance fully depleted silicon
nanowire (diameter/spl les/5 nm) gate-all-around CMOS devices,” IEEE Electron Device
Letters, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. 383-386, May 2006.
[4] W. Y. Choi, B. G. Park, J. D. Lee, and T. J. K. Liu, “Tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs)
with subthreshold swing (SS) less than 60 mV/dec,” IEEE Electron Device Letters, vol. 28,
no. 8, pp. 743-745, August 2007.
[5] S. Bangsaruntip, G. M. Cohen, A. Majumdar, Y. Zhang, S. U. Engelmann, N. C. Fuller, L.
M. Gignac, S. Mittal, J. S. Newbury, M. Guillorn, and T. Barwicz, “High performance and
highly uniform gate-all-around silicon nanowire MOSFETs with wire size dependent
scaling,” Proceedings of IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM), Baltimore,
MD, 7-9 December 2009, pp. 1-4.
[6] S. K. Dargar and V. M. Srivastava, “Performance analysis of high-k dielectric based silicon
nanowire gate-all-around tunneling FET,” International Journal of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering and Telecommunications, May 2019.
[7] E. O. Kane, “Theory of tunneling,” Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 83-91, Jan.
1961.
[8] M. Luisier and G. Klimeck, “Simulation of nanowire tunneling transistors: From the Wentzel-
Kramers-Brillouin approximation to full-band phonon-assisted tunneling,” Journal of Applied
Physics, vol. 107, no. 8, p. 84507, April 2010.
[9] S. K. Dargar and V. M. Srivastava, “Performance analysis of high-k dielectric based double-
gate carbon nanotube MOSFET,” Progress in Electromagnetics Research Symposium
(PIERS), Rome, Italy, 17-20 June 2019.
[10] M. S. Bae and I. Yun, I., “Compact modeling of the subthreshold characteristics of
junctionless double-gate FETs including the source/drain extension regions”. Solid-State
Electronics, vol. 156, pp. 48-57, March 2019.
[11] Y. Tsividis, Operational Modeling of the MOS Transistor, 2nd ed. NY: McGraw Hill, 1999,
pp. 268.
[12] S. Datta, Quantum Transport: Atom to Transistor, New York: Cambridge University Press,
2005, ch. 2, pp. 33-42.
[13] J. Dura, S. Martinie, D. Munteanu, F. Triozon, S. Barraud, Y. M. Niquet, and J. L. Autran
“Analytical model of drain current in nanowire MOSFETs including quantum confinement,
band structure effects and quasi-ballistic transport: device to circuit performances analysis,”
Proceedings International Conference on Simulation of Semiconductor Processes and
Devices (ICSSPD), Osaka, 8-10 September 2011, pp. 43-46.
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[14] S. K. Dargar and V. M. Srivastava, “Design and analysis of IGZO thin film transistor for
AMOLED pixel circuit using double-gate tri active layer channel,” Heliyon, vol. 5 no. 4, pp.
e01452, April 2019.
Y. Khatami and K. Banerjee, “Steep subthreshold slope n- and p-type tunnel-FET devices for low-
power and energy-efficient digital circuits,” IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 56, no. 11, pp.
2752-2761, Nov. 2009.
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ЖЭТИМ БАЛДАРДЫ СОЦИАЛДЫК ЖАКТАН КОРГОО: ПРАКТИКАЛЫК
АСПЕКТ
Кадыров Арсен АБДУБАИТОВИЧ,
окутуучу
Назаракунов Өмүрбек ҮСӨНОВИЧ,
окутуучу
Ош гуманитардык-педагогикалык институту, колледж
СОЦИАЛЬНАЯ ЗАЩИТА ДЕТЕЙ-СИРОТ: ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ АСПЕКТ
Аннотация: Бул макалада жетим балдарды социалдык жактан коргоонун айрым
практикалык маселелери каралды.
Аннотация: В данной статье рассмотрены некоторые практические проблемы социальной
защиты детей-сирот.
Ачкыч сөздөр: Жетим балдар, камкор, келечек, тарбия, шарт, социалдык кызматкер,
жардам, камсыздоо, муктаж.
Ключевые слова: Дети-сироты, забота, будущее, воспитание, условия, социальный
работник, помощь, обеспечение, нужда.
Жетим балдарды социалдык жактан коргоо социалдык иштердин маселеси катары
радикалдык реформа шартында актуалдуу болуп саналат. Бул маселе теориялык жана
практикалык татаалдыгы менен айырмаланат. Дүйнөдөгү көпчүлүк өлкөлөрдө социалдык-
экономикалык жана саясий оор кырдаалдар өлкөдө жетим балдардын жана кароосуз калган
балдардын санынын өсүшүнө себеп болгон. Ата-энесинен ажыраган балдар эч качан
коомдон четте калбоосу керек. Биздин жашообуздун келечекте кандай болуусу жогоруда
аталган балдардын кандай болуп жетилүүсүнөн көз каранды. Ошол себептүү да аларды
тарбиялоо, анын жолдору жана жетим балдарды тарбиялоочу мекемелердин милдеттери
коомдогу негизги маселе катары каралуусу шарт. Айрым учурларда бул маселе кагаз
бетинде гана калып калууда. Натыйжада жетимдердин маселеси бара-бара көбөйүп,
актуалдуу проблема катары чыга келди. Жетимдик маселеси мамлекеттин жана
коомчулуктун негизги көйгөйү болуп саналат. Акыркы убакта өлкөдөгү стабилдүүлүктүн
жоктугу, экономикалык кризис да жетим балдардын санынын өсүүсүнө алып келди. Бул
көрүнүш демографиялык катастрофаларга да алып келээри шексиз. Эгерде социалдык-
экономикалык саясаттагы стабилдүүлүк туруктуу болбосо, ал жетимдердин, социалдык
жетимдердин жана кароосуз калган балдардын санынын өсүүсүнө жана алардын
жашоосунун дагы да татаалдануусуна себеп болот.
Социалдык жетим деген биологиялык ата-энелери бар, бирок алар кандайдыр-бир себептен
улам баланы тарбиялай албайт же балага кам көрө албайт дегенди билдирет. Бул балдардын
ата-энелери юридикалык жактан ата-энелик укуктан ажыратылган эмес, бирок факт
жүзүндө алар баланы тарбиялоодо милдеттерин аткара алышпайт. Ал эми жетим балдар
болуп ата-энесинин карамагысыз калган жана жакшы жашоо шартта тарбияланбаган балдар
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June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
эсептелет. Ушундай жетимдерди тарбиялоочу балдар үйлөрүндөгү изилдөө боюнча 40%
тарбиялануучу мекемеден чыккан соң кылмышкер, 40% наркоман, 10% өзүн-өзү өлтүрүүгө
барышат. Ал эми болжол менен 10% гана өздөрүнүн кийинки жашоосун алып кете алышат
[2,4-б.]. Ушундан улам балдарды жетим балдар үйүнө алып келбестиктин жолу каралып
жатат. Качан гана өтө мажбур болгондо атайын мекемелерге алып келүүгө мүмкүн. Андай
иш чара болбосо балдардын өмүрүнө, келечегине балта чапкындык менен барабар.
Ошондуктан коомчулукта бул боюнча түшүндүрүү иш чаралары айрыкча, үй-бүлөлөргө
карата жүргүзүлүүдө. Мына ушундай жетим балдардын жашоо-шартынын оордугунан
улам аларга мамлекет тарабынан кандай жардам, негизинен коомдо аларга кандай
колдоолор көрсөтүлүп жатат жана социалдык коргоолор жүргүзүлүүдө, бүгүнкү күндөгү
балдар үйлөрүнүн абалы, кандай шартта балдарды тарбиялап жатышат деген сыяктуу
маселелердин тегерегинде изилдөөлөр жүргүзүлүп жатат. Жетимдик боюнча маселелер
төмөнкүдөй изилдөөчүлөрдүн эмгегинде чагылдырылган: Догалевская А.И., Кравченко
А.И., Максимов Е.И., Мельников В.П., Холостова Е.И. ж.б. Мындан сырткары жетим жана
кароосуз калган балдардын маселелери бир канча укуктук документтерде көрсөтүлгөн[1,2-
б.]. Жылдан-жылга өлкөбүздө жатак тибиндеги мекемелерде жашаган ата-энелүү балдар
көбөйүүдө. ЮНИСЕФтин маалыматы боюнча Кыргызстанда жатак тибиндеги
мекемелердеги балдардын саны 20000 ден ашыкты түзөт, алардын 88%нин ата-энеси же
туугандары бар. Ошентип томолой же жарым-жартылай жетимдер эмес, атасы, энеси бар
балдар “интернат” деген мекемелерди байырлап калышууда. Азырынча анча байкалбаган
менен бул маселе ары тереңдеп, ары олуттуу мүнөз алып, коом көйгөйүнө айланып калды.
Социалдык өнүгүү министрлигинин маалыматына таянсак, Бишкектеги кароосуз
калышкан балдардын эки борборунда жана бир мекемесинде 182 бала мамлекеттин
камкордугунда тарбияланышууда. Аларды багууга жыл сайын бюджеттен 18.675.001 сом
бөлүнөт. Бүгүнкү күндө биздин өлкөдө социалдык кызматкерлер аз, жардамга муктаждар
көп. Ушундан улам ата-энелүү балдарды жатак тибиндеги мекемелерге жеткирбеш үчүн
эмне кылуу керек? деген суроо туулат. Көп жылдардан бери дал ушундай кароосуз, көчөдө
калышкан балдарга баш паанек берип, мүмкүн болушунча тарбия, билим берген
Бишкектеги балдарды коргоо борбору бар. Аталган борбордун директору Мира Итикеева
көп жылдык тажрыйбасына таянып, балдарды жатак тибиндеги мекемелерге алып барбаш
үчүн биринчи иретте үй-бүлө менен иш алып баруу зарылдыгын айтат. “Бул комплекстүү
чечиле турган маселеге кирет. Айыл жерлеринде социалдык кызматтар жок үчүн ушул
маселер башка түргө өтүп кетүүдө. 2014-жылга чейин каралган социалдык коргоо
стратегиясында жакшы иш-чаралар пландаштырылган болчу. Тилекке каршы каражат
жоктугунан аткарылбай жатат. Үй-бүлөгө жардам бергени келгенде социалдык
кызматкерлердин саны аз, ал эми жардамга муктаж болгондордун саны абдан эле көп. Буга
кошумча социалдык кызматкерлердин айлыгы төмөн болгондуктан, кадрлар токтобой, бат-
бат алмашуу болууда”, дейт ал. Мира Итикееванын ою боюнча балдарга ар тараптуу
сапаттуу кызмат көрсөтүү үчүн билимдүү адамдарды кызматка алыш керек. Же болбосо
аларды бейформалдуу окуудан, тренингдерден өткөрүү зарыл. “Бир үй-бүлө менен иштеп
жатканда жалаң эле райондук социалдык коргоо башкармалыктары эмес, башка
уюмдардын да өз ара аракеттенүүсү керек. Мисалы, баласына дегеле документ албаган үй-
бүлө болушу мүмкүн. Ошол себептен ал бала мектепке да барбай калган. Демек,
медициналык кызматтан да пайдалана алышпайт. Азыркы тапта көпчүлүк
ишмердүүлүктөрдүн “көңүлдөрү” жетимдик маселесине багытталган. Бул маселени түп
тамыры менен чечүүгө мүмкүн эмес. Согуштар, эпидемиялар, ачкачылык жана башка
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7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
себептер жетим балдардын санынын өсүүсүнө түрткү болот. Мындан ондогон жылдар
мурда үй-бүлөлүк шартына ылайык “жетим балдар” жана “ата-энесинен кароосуз калган
балдар” деп эки түргө ажыратышкан. А бүгүнкү күндө болсо өлүмдүн өсүүсүнүн
негизинде ар бир бешинчи бала балакатка жеткичекти жетим калууда. Бул жерде айта кетүү
зарыл болгон нерсе: ар бир ата-эне жана бала өзүнүн укуктары тууралуу маалыматы бар,
бирок алардын басымдуу бөлүгү иш жүзүндө аны аткарышпайт. Жетим балдардын,
балдардын жана ата-энесинин карамагысыз калган балдардын укугун коргоо милдеттемеси
опека органдарына жана жергиликтүү көзөмөлдөө органдарына милдеттендирилет.
Жетимдик социалдык кубулуш катары адам жашоосунун бардык учурунда болгон, ошону
менен катары бул кубулуш цивилизациянын ажырагыс элементи болуп саналат. XX
кылымдын ортосунда айрыкча социалдык жетимдик киши үрөйүн учурган деңгээлге дейре
жайылган. Бул көрсөткүч ошол убакта дүйнөнүн көп өлкөлөрүндө байкалган, бирок
ошолордун арасынан Россиядагы социалдык жетимдердин саны абсолюттук деңгээлге
жеткен(95%) [4, 6-б.]. Коомдогу жетимдердин санынын өсүшү биринчи иретте ошол
чөйрөгө, андан кийин мамлекетке өзүнүн кедергисин тийгизет. Бирок ошол жетимдиктин
келип чыгуусуна эмне себеп? Бул албетте, көпчүлүк учурда мамлекеттин социалдык
саясатынан көз каранды болот. Анын экономикалык жактан алсыздыгы, кризистик абалы -
жетимдиктин келип чыгуу себептеринин булагы. Бүгүнкү күндөгү социалдык
жетимдердин да, ата-энесинен ажыраган жетимдердин, жетим балдарды тарбиялоого
арналган мекемелердин көбөйүүсүн да ушунун натыйжасы катары кароого болот. Азыркы
учурда биздин өлкөдөгү кризистик абал жетим балдарды коргоо жана жалпы эле алар
менен иш алып барууну бир топ басаңдатып, жетим балдардын саны кайра өстү. Ушунун
негизинде жетим балдарды социалдык жактан коргоодо бир топ маселелер пайда болду.
Алсак, 2014-жылкы статистика боюнча төрөт үйлөрүндө 268 бала ташталган.
ЮНИСЕФтин колдоосу жана демилгеси боюнча саламаттыкты сактоо министрлиги жана
социалдык өнүгүү министрлиги кызматташып жүргүзгөн анализде төрөт үйүндө
балдардан баш тартуунун көптөгөн себептери айкын болгон. Буларга баласынын тубаса
оорулуу төрөлүп калышы, каалабаган кош бойлуулук, үй-бүлөлүк шарттын начарлыгы,
жумушсуздук, зордуктоого туш болуу ж.б. кошсок болот. “Үй-бүлөлүк ресурс” борборунун
“Ыкчам байланышынын” материалына таянсак, баладан баш тартуунун эң эле негизги
себеби эненин жалгыз бой болушу (52%), материалдык кыйынчылык (32%), баланын
атасынын же туугандарынын каршы болушу (12%), баланы каалабагандык (21%), баланын
ооруусу (16%), үйдүн жоктугу (11%). Ушул “Ыкчам байланыш” иштеген акыркы 5 жылдын
ичинде аталган борбордун кызматкерлери тарабынан 556 баладан баш тартуу ишке ашпай
калган, бул мамлекеттик бюджеттин 3.000.000 АКШ долларын үнөмдөп калууга
мүмкүндүк берди. Ал эми ЮНИСЕФтин төрөт үйлөрүндө баладан баш тартуунун
себептерине анализ жүргүүзүсүндө Ош шаарында балдар үйүнө балдарын
таштагандардын 83% жалгыз бой энелер экени аныкталган, Бишкекте материалдык
кыйынчылык тарткандардын 62%, Токмок шаарында материалдык кыйынчылыктан жана
баланын ооруусунан улам баш тарткандар 50% түзөрү көрсөтүлгөн [5, 23-б.]. Ошондой эле
эмгек миграциясына кеткендерден көрүнгөнгө баласын таштап кетүү көбөйдү. Өнүктүрүү
саясат институнун финалдык отчетуна көз жүгүртсөк, биздин өлкөбүз үчүн эмгек
миграциясы олуттуу маселе экени баса белгиленет. Мына ушундай себептерден улам да
өлкөдө балдар үйүнө ташталган балдардын саны кескин түрдө жогорулады. Натыйжада
ошондой ташталган балдардын санын азайтуу максатында КРнын балдар кодексинде жатак
тибиндеги мекемелерге балдардын түшүп калуусун алдын алуу, балдарды үй-бүлөдө
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7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
тарбиялоо артыкчылыктуу деп таанылып, балдардын кызыкчылыгына жооп берээри
тастыкталган. Балдарды жатак тибиндеги мекемелерге жайгаштыруу эң айла жокто гана
пайдаланылышы жана соттун чечими боюнча гана ишке ашырылышы керек. Ошондой эле
Балдар жөнүндө Кодекстин 29-беренесинде: “Жергиликтүү өз алдынча башкаруу
органдары тийиштүү аймакта жашаган турмуштук кыйын акыбалга туш болгон балдар
үчүн социалдык кызматка керектөөнү баалоонун натыйжасын жергиликтүү кеңешке
сунуш кылат; балдарды коргоо боюнча ыйгарым укуктуу аймактык бөлүмдөр менен
биргеликте турмуштук кыйын абалга туш болгон балдарды табууну, аларды баштапкы
каттоого алууну ишке ашырат” деп көрсөтүлөт. ЮНЕСКО уюмунун каржылоосу менен
“Менин үй-бүлөм” бейөкмөт уюму жүргүзгөн иликтөөлөрдүн негизинде балдардын 22% –
ата-энеси жоктугунан, 21% ата-энесинин материалдык жактан жетишсиздигинен, 9%
жалгыз бой эненин баласы болгонунан, 6% атасынан да, энесинен да ажырагандар, 5%
ата-энесинин ажырашуусунан, 4% таштанды балдар; ата-энелердин 2% өз балдарынан
баш тарткандар, 1% ата-энелик укуктан ажырагандар [3, 7-б.].
Корутундулап айта турган болсок, Кыргызстандагы жетим балдардын укугун коргоо жагы
начар, анын ичинде медициналык камсыздоодо да проблемалар коп. Мындай тыянак балдар
үйлөрүнө жүргүзүлгөн атайын мониторингдин натыйжасында чыгарылган. Айрыкча
таштанды жана жетим балдардын ден-соолугу начарлары багылган психонервологиялык
мекемелерде абал начар. Бул мекемелерде бакмачылардын маянасы аз болгондуктан
мугалимдер азайып, балдарды тиешелүү деңгээлде кароого мүмкүнчүлүктөр да жок.
Ошондуктан таштанды, өзүн-өзү эптей албаган балдар тамагын иче албай кор болгон
күндөрү да болот. Ал эми кээ бир жабык балдар үйлөрүндө таштанды жана жетим
балдардын зордук-зомбулукка кабылаары да мониторингдин жыйынтыгында аныкталган.
Өлкөбүздө акыркы жылдары так ушул маселеге байланыштуу көп эле чыр-чатактар
чыккан. Өткөн жылда Ош шаарындагы карылар жана кароосуз калган балдардын интернат
үйүндө айрыкча балдарды уруп-сабоо фактылары катталгандыгы боюнча чыр чыккан.
Бирок бул маселе тиешелүү деңгээлде каралган эмес [2,4-б.]. Жогорудагы айтылгандар
балдардын убактылуу кармалуучу билим берүү мекемелеринде кезиктирген көйгөйлөрү.
Ал эми 18ге чыккан соң бакма үйдөн эркиндикке чыккан өспүрүмдөрдүн аркы турмушу
мындан да кыйын. Алар биринчи кезекте сырткы чөйрөдөн жапа чегип, бараар жери жок
кыйналышат. Андан кийинки көйгөй- өспүрүмдөрдүн тиешелүү документтеринин
жоктугу. Мындан улам эркиндикке чыккан өспүрүмдөрдүн көпчүлүгү кылмыш иштерине
барууга мажбур болушат. Азыр таштанды балдардын балдар үйүнөн чыккандан кийинки
турмушу менен мамлекет тиешелүү түрдө алектенбей калгандыгы тууралуу коомчулукта
айтылып келет. Анткени мурун багаар-көрөөрү жок балдарга жумуш орундары
сунушталып, жатаканаларда шарттар түзүлүп берчү. Азыр баары жеке менчик
болгондуктан алардын көйгөйлөрүн көпчүлүк этибарга да албайт.
Азыркы учурда таштанды балдарды үчкө бөлүп кароого болот. Алар:
-ата-энеси өз каалоосу менен ташталган балдар;
-таштандыга ташталган балдар;
-жалгыз бой энелердин таштаган балдары.
Айрыкча таштандыга ташталган балдардын саны акыркы жылдары өтө көбөйгөн дешет
адистер. Алардын айрымдарын гана тирүү табууга мүмкүн. Ал эми өз каалоосу менен
таштаган балдардын саны андан арбын. Статистикага таянсак, 2010-жылы мындай
балдардын саны 10000 болсо, 2015-жылы жогоруда айтылгандай 27000 түзгөн. Мына
[email protected] Page 27 Congress Proceedıngs Book
7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
ушундай коргоого муктаж балдардын санынын өскөндүгүнө байланыштуу, социалдык
өнүгүү министрлигинин маалыматы боюнча Бишкекте ден-соолугу боюнча мүмкүнчүлүгү
чектелүү үй-бүлөлөрдөн, аз камсыз болгон үй-бүлөлөрдөн жана майып балдардан
“тобокелчи тобуна” кирген балдардын маалымат базасы түзүлгөн. 2013-жылдын 1-июлуна
алганда бул маалымат базасында каттоодо 15000 ден ашуун бала бар. Алардын 8000ден
ашыгы мектеп жашындагылар, калганы мектепке чейинки балдар. Ошондой эле 530
томолой жетим, 1417 жарым-жартылай жетимдер каттоодо турат [1,7-б.]. Мына ушул
маалыматтардын негизинде биздин өлкөдөгү жетим балдарды иш жүзүндө коргоо кандай
деңгээлде экендиги көрүнүп турат. Демек, мындай жетимдик маселесин чечүүдөн мурда
мамлекет өзүнүн социалдык саясатын жакшыртуусу абзел деген тыянакка келүүгө болот.
Анткени, үйдүн кайсы бир жеринен суу ага турган болсо анын башталышын тапмайынча
суу кайра-кайра ага берген сыяктуу, социалдык саясатты түптөмөйүн, жетимдиктин келип
чыгуусу басаңдабайт. Андан сырткары бул маселе бир гана мамлекеттик башкаруу
органдарынын иш-аракетинин негизинде чечиле калбайт. Аны менен кошо ар бир адам
адамдык сапатын сактап, кыргыз болгон соң кыргыздын менталитетине туура келчү
иштерди жасоо зарыл. Ушундай бардык коомчулук аракет кылганда гана коюлган
маселенин чечимин табууга мүмкүндүктөр дагы да кененирээк ачылат.
Адабияттар
1. Е. И. Холостова. Социальная работа семьей. Учебное пособие М.: 2006.С. 212.
2. М. Гордеева. "Дети, женщины, семья должны быть под государства "Социальная работа.
2002. №1. С. 8-12.
3. "Кыргыз Туусу" гез. 2013-ж. 6-сентябрь, №67.
4. Национальная стратегия устойчивого человеческого развития в Кыргызской Республике.
Б. 1998. С. 231.
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ПРОБЛЕМА СОХРАНЕНИЯ МИРА, ПАМЯТЬ О ПРЕДКАХ
И ИРОНИЧЕСКОЕ ОТНОШЕНИЕ К БЫТОВЫМ ВОПРОСАМ
В ПИСЬМЕННОМ НАСЛЕДИИ ИБЕРОВ, ДРЕВНЕЙШИХ
ТЮРКОВ ЗАПАДНОГО СРЕДИЗЕМНОМОРЬЯ
Фарит Латыпов, кандидат технич. наук, доцент
Уфимский государственный авиационный технический университет
Третья по значимости (после Древней Греции и Рима) полуостровная цивилизация
древнего мира Европы, Иберия, внесла большой вклад в его культуру. Поэтому обычаи,
традиции и письменное наследие этого юго-западного уголка Европы в далекие времена
привлекают пристальное внимание ученых [1, 15, 16, 20].
Однозначного мнения относительно происхождения полутора десятка иберийских
племен (турдетан, бастетан, контестан, эдетан, илергетов, илисиков, тулусов и др. [15, 16])
до сих пор не существует. Есть лишь совокупность гипотез, основанных на сведениях
древних авторов, на данных археологических раскопок и запечатленных в их, достаточно
обширном письменном наследии (на металлических пластинах (традиция Древнего
Ближнего Востока), на поверхностях бытовой посуды (ваз, тарелок, кратеров и т.д.), на
надгробных стелах и камнях).
По мнению большинства ученых, в постледниковый период (это показывают
исследования ДНК ранних жителей и домашних животных) [17] Европа заселилась
полукочевыми племенами Ближнего Востока и Малой Азии, неиндоевропейцами по языку.
Первые индоевропейцы (протогреки, протохетты) появились в Восточной Европе лишь во
второй половине II тыс. до н.э. [19], кельты же, перевалив Уральский хребет,
«нарисовались» в Европе лишь I тыс. до н.э. В этом время Стоунхендж на Британских
островах был уже построен, а в Испании уже 1,5 тыс. лет процветала протоиберийская Эль-
Аргарская культура. Балканы заселяли уже обладавшие линейной письменностью минойцы
и пеласги (греки на начальной стадии становления своей цивилизации почти 700 лет
пользовались их письменностью, все имена древнегреческих богов и мифология имеют
неиндоевропейское до греческое происхождение).
Рассматривая многоэтапный процесс миграций и оседания населения на Иберийском
полуострове, следует отметить важный этап заселения всей Европы – носителями культуры
колоколообразных кубков (ККК) (2800 – 1900 гг. до н.э.). По мнению ведущего
исследователя ККК Марии Гимбутас, носители этой кочевой, толерантной к лактозе
культуры, появились в Западной Европе из Восточной Европы, включая степи будущей
Украины [18].
«Катастрофа бронзового века» Восточного Средиземноморья, связанная с гигантским
извержением вулкана на острове Санторин (Тира) в Эгейском море (XVI в. до н.э.) смела с
лица земли самую развитую цивилизацию Европы того времени – Минойскую.
Стягиваемый в одном центре союз неиндоевропейских народов Восточного
Средиземноморья распался: кипро-минойцы, сиро-минойцы, пеласги Пелопоннеса-Эгеиды
и асы запада Малой Азии (включая протоэтрусков), устремились на запад, заселяя острова
и прибрежные территории Западного Средиземноморья. Часть из этих народов была
буквально разорвана на части, например, народ дарданов, одна часть из которых, перейдя
Дарданеллы создала своё государство западнее Македонии, другая часть ушла глубоко в
Азию, достигнув севера Китая (по мнению Фукидида). То же самое произошло с народами
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пеласгов (Италия – Палестина) [7], асов (Северный Кавказ – Скандинавия) – предков булгар
(по заявлениям самих булгар).
«Ветхий Завет» священного писания христиан Библии сообщает о многочисленных,
технологически развитых в металлургии и коневодстве, тюркских народах
тогарма/тагарма на территориях нынешнего Ливана и Сирии в начале II тыс. до н.э. У
этрусков и скифов Таг – Тагет имя древнего мудреца (космического посланника), давшего
«стартовые» знания в развитии их этносов.
В 1977 году мы разработали фоноэволюционную пратюркскую гипотезу,
предполагающую развитие тюркской языковой семьи от носителей Убейдской культуры
Древнего Ближнего Востока [4,7].
В 1980 году, в рамках указанной гипотезы, нами был разработан метод ПЭКФОС
(последовательное этимологическо-комбинаторное приближение с фонетической
обратной связью) для дешифровки древних неиндоевропейских текстов Средиземноморья.
В 1981 году нами был получен перевод 2/3 самого протяженного этрусского текста,
нанесенного на льняные бинты мумии молодой девушки аристократического
происхождения в IV в. до н.э. в Среднем Египте [6], в связи с выполнением главного
этрусского ритуала – человеческого жертвоприношения. Об этом мы доложили в 1982 году
в докладе на IX тюркологической конференции по диалектологии в БашГУ и на научной
конференции в 1983 году в Ленинграде в Эрмитаже [2]. В 1988 году, при физико-
химических исследованиях Загребской мумии этой этрусской девушки (этрусск. xiś cis,
принесенной в жертву богу Tin) в лабораториях Словении и Австрии были обнаружены 5
вещественных доказательств того, что наш перевод 1981 года соответствует
действительности. Об этом мы доложили на международном этрускологическом
коллоквиуме в Москве, в ГМИИ им. А.С. Пушкина в 1990 году [3]. Далее, были
осуществлены переводы крупнейших этрусских текстов на русский и итальянский языки
[4,7], и соответствующие материалы были переданы в Институт этрускологических
исследований во Флоренции (в 2013 г.).
В 2006 году наше внимание привлекла иберийская надпись из Ла-Серрета-де-Алькой на
юго-востоке Испании, выполненная на свинцовой пластине [5]. Лингвистический анализ
этой надписи обнаружил признаки генетического родства этого диалекта иберийского
языка с этрусским (установленные нами их самоназвание tarc) языком [5,8]. Углубляясь в
изучение иберийских текстов, к 2016 году мы получили переводы более десятка крупных
иберийских тестов на русский и испанский языки [8].
В начале 2018 года мы приступили к анализу ряда иберийских надписей на свинцовых
пластинах, найденных в городе Печ Махо [11, 12] (ныне Ауде на юге теперешней Франции).
На рис. 1 показана прорисовка иберийской надписи из Печ Махо (B.17.34), осуществленная
испанским исследователем И. Сольером [20].
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Рис. 1 Прорисовка иберийской надписи из Печ Махо (B.17.34), осуществленная испанским
исследователем И. Сольером [20].
На основе метода ПЭКФОС нами был осуществлен перевод этих надписей. Оказалось,
в них, как и в самой протяженной надписи на свинцовой пластине из Бильбао [8], речь идет
о способах пресечения скандальных разборок и последующих драк с поножовщиной,
устраиваемых подвыпившими молодчиками в иберийских городах.
На наш взгляд, администрация иберийских городков организовала производство таких
агитпластинок из свинца (древняя ближневосточная традиция) для пресечения в самом
зародыше хулиганских действий, сохранения мира и общественного спокойствия. При этом
упор делался на психолого-педагогические и мировоззренческо-просветительские
подходы, в частности:
а) горожанам давался список уничижительных саркастических эпитетов, которыми
предпочтительнее пользоваться для характеристики зарвавшихся сорвиголов при гашения
их негативного пыла;
б) указывались приемы – как задавить зловредные процессы с самого начала;
в) разъяснялась психологическая сущность «попадания на удочку» подстрекателей
кровавых разборок;
г) прилагалась фундаментальная мировоззренческая религиозно-философская база,
раскрывающая глубинную сущность информационно-духовной жизни человека, в
пространстве измерений которой негативные деяния острословов-зазнаек всегда выглядели
бы ничтожными и бессмысленно-хаотичными.
На региональном уровне, союз иберийских городов предпринимал и практические меры
по минимизированию вредного воздействия алкогольных напитков (arago «вина» и balurka
«медовухи») на общество – в местах производства питейной посуды (кувшинов, питейных
ваз) было организовано нанесение на их боковую поверхность надписей и поучительных
рисунков, предостерегающих от чрезмерного употребления алкогольных (l’aragol)
напитков. Например, на вазах, изготовленных в Лирии [8].
В качестве примера психолого-педагогического и мировоззренческого воздействия на
население через металлические агитпластинки, приводим наш перевод текста I (в принятой
на сегодняшний день классификации иберийских надписей В. 17. 34) из Печ Махо [11, 12]:
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«…оказавшихся насмешниками противными, следует задавить эти вздорные идеи,
исходящие от наплевавших на всё (здесь пластина отломлена) сорвиголов, пустивших
побоку свою совесть, микино-головых (beleśbaś), от ярости (aŕsbin) жаждущих кровавых
разборок (kan buloike) и ожидающих их увидеть (bakaś ketai). Следует резко пресечь
стремление к этим результатам (здесь пластина отломлена). Тот, кто занимается
раскачиванием (selki boŕa) ведет к опрокидыванию (общества) (śalkiteike), (те же), кто
покроются кровью, потом взмолятся. Если (смутьяны) хоть немного повысили бы свой
уровень, то узнали бы довольно скоро – окружающая красота (tatei) бывает только чистой
(arika) и деликатной, красота не бывает покрыта грязью, что наблюдается в большинстве
случаев (baites kike). Насмешникам («противно смеющимся») kuleśkeŕe, возвеличивающим
свои личности (atin), чини препятствие (abon). Этих личностей, особенно упражняющихся
в нелитературных выражениях, острословов праздных (toilakoni), подави (bastiŕ), заставь
сменить тему, по возможности (momino), (постарайся) им препятствовать (abonike)…».
При изучении древних иберийских текстов нам хотелось найти указания самих иберов
– к какому роду-племени они себя причисляли. И ответ на этот вопрос был получен. В
тексте свинцовой пластины из некрополя Эль-Сигарралехо (в могиле № 21 [5, 8]) нами была
идентифицирована фраза, в которой сами иберы (ibereiri «хлеборобы», сравни этрусск. ipe
«хлеб», казан.-тюрк. ipi «хлеб») указывают на то, что они являются потомками
исторических (tarihdil) пратюрков tarc Средиземноморья [4, 7]. На наш взгляд, в результате
исторических фоноэволюционных изменений [4,7], этот макроэтноним древних
неиндоевропейских народов Средиземноморья (минойцев, этрусков, сардов, ретов, иберов
и др.) должен был превратиться через какие-нибудь 400-600 лет в этноним türk, впервые
зафиксированный в орхоно-енисейских надписях Сибири.
Далее на рис. 2 мы приводим фоторепродукцию указанной свинцовой пластины из Эль-
Сигарралехо с полуспиральной иберийской надписью [8, 16]:
Рис. 2 Фоторепродукция и прорисовка текста свинцового диска из Эль-Сигарралехо [8,16].
Перенесенные иберами в течении долгих столетий (VII – I вв. до н. э.) многочисленные
военные вторжения и жизненные передряги способствовали выработке у них таких
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национальных черт характера, которые позволяли им быстро адаптировать в свой
внутренний мир реалии быстро меняющихся событий. Одним из таких приемов адаптации
было использование в разговоре юмора и выработка иронического отношения к вопросам
бытовой жизни. Об этом говорит и иберийская поговорка, обнаруженная нами в тексте
свинцовой пластины из Пико-де-лос-Ахоса (текст I B) [22]: Culeś bela – uŕ tesatiŕa «Со
смехом и высота (жизненных препятствий) – снижается».
Юмор и ирония сквозят во многих лакунах текстов в письменном наследии иберов, в
частности:
а) при составлении сложносоставных слов-эпитетов применяемых к деятелям
общественных и культурно-этических процессов: beleś-baś «набитые куриными потрохами
головы», stikers «острые как спицы (острословы)», akirti-baś «горлопаны» и др.;
б) в качестве контекстов, сопровождающих всевозможные полезные советы-
инструкции (например, в антиалкогольной рекламе в надписях на посуде (Bila – (tinibi) ŕden
niśu nin «Знай – (твоя) ротовая полость очень маленькая» (поэтому пей соизмеряя isep), в
медицинских инструкциях [8 , 13] и т.д.);
в) в качестве дополнительных предложений к основному содержанию текста (текст из
Печ Махо, а также см. далее текст из Паламоса);
г) в идеографических приложениям к рисункам (см. изображение скачущего с
окровавленным мечом всадника на вазе из Лирии, сцены управления разными животными,
батальные сцены на вазе из Эдеты);
д) в иберийских поговорках и афоризмах, которые по этой части очень похожи на
этрусские и минойские поговорки и афоризмы (родственных иберам по языку и
менталитету, по нашему мнению, народов) [4].
Иберийская надпись из Паламоса С.4.1 [12, 21, 22] привлекла наше внимание тем, что в
ней многократно повторялись два слова batir и batibi . Ниже приводим транслитерацию
семи строчек рассматриваемой надписи:
1.] biŕ : bilos bo neŕ batir : ibei tike batir : bilos baśka te[he]
2.] n : auŕbim batir : sortike batir : [he]ŕ batibi : bols kokate
3.] bilosbim batir : lakuaŕ kis batir : [he]ŕ batibi : bele : śboŕkate
4.] [he]ŕ batibi : abai kis batir : atin boneś batirs : bonko kate
5.] śkabai batibi : akirti baś batir : beleśbe : ti batir : kabai kate
6.] irika : kolbiŕ[ ] : be [ ]: bakon tekeŕ
7.] [he] bati[bi i]bei tike batir <:> ti [ (здесь знаки ] и [ означают стертые края).
Привлекая к анализу семантические значения некоторых иберийских слов,
выявленные нами при переводе других текстов (beleś «беляш», bilos «знания», baś
«головы», ibei «хлебá», kis «девочка» и др.), мы получили литературный перевод и
рассмотренного иберийского текста из Паламоса [12]:
«Это (bo) нèкие (один из вариантов) знания (bilos) о том что (neŕ) может утонуть
(batir) для голов (ba)ś(ka) te[ha] (технического склада):
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ibei tike batir «хлеба начиненные (пироги? только?) утонут»;
n auŕbim batir «что тяжелое, чаще всего утонет»;
bols kokate bilosbim batir «большинство (bols) инструментов (?) известно, чаще всего,
утонут»;
lakuaŕ kis batir «молочные (?), слезливые, молодые? девицы – утонут»;
abai kis batir «степенные (пожилые) женщины – утонут»;
atin boneś batirs «умные, добрые душой (интеллигенты?), как правило, утонут»;
bonko kate śkabai bati-bi «бочка, к тому же хорошо сколоченная и законопаченная, не
тонет»;
akirti baś batir «всякие горлопаны (крикливые (akirti) головы (baś) утонут»;
beleś -be ti batir kabai kate irika «вообще никому не известно, а ты (ti) сам утонешь ли,
если нахлебаешься (kabai) сильно (воды) случайно (irika)?»;
kol – biŕ be[l] – bakon tekeŕ ha bati-bi, ibei tike batir «некоторые (единицы продвинутые)
знают – прозорливые (?) (всякий мусор (?), плевотина (?), пробка (?), бекон-сало (?)) –
никогда не тонут, тонет лишь благородный (с достойной начинкой?) хлеб».
В рассмотренном тексте нам открылись назначения некоторых морфологических
маркеров иберийского языка, в частности:
–bim – аффикс выборочной множественности. Это какой-то синтез пратюркского (этрусского) аффикса относительных прилагательных демонстрации сопричастности к признаку (выборочный) –θin [4] и показателя множественности –m в восточно-семитских языках; –bi, –be – частица отрицания наиболее близкая к тому, что мы имеем в современном казахском языке: –pa, –ba, –be (это же относится и к слову bas «голова»); tike – противительный союз «только, лишь» (в этрусском языке он выглядит несколько иначе –θec) [4, с.107].
Таким образом, отмеченные выше многократно повторяющиеся глаголы batir и batibi в
нашем переводе получают значения «утонет», «не тонет».
Так как в рассмотренном иберийском «справочнике» о плавучести разных предметов и
отдельных категорий людей просматриваются явные антитезы молодые девицы – старухи,
мусор – благородный хлеб, тихие интеллигенты – шумные горлопаны, то это позволяет
говорить об общем ироническом характере настоящего краткого справочника, как сказано
в самом тексте С.4.1 «для голов технического склада».
Вывод: Изучение письменного наследия иберийской цивилизации на новой
этимологической базе, с привлечением тюркского языкового материала, может «изнутри»
открыть доступ к скрытому до сих пор миру Древней Европы эпохи неолита, бронзового и
железного веков [9].
Литература
1. Аррибас Антонио. Иберы. Великие оружейники железного века / Пер. с англ. Е.Б.
Межевитинова. М.: ЗАО Центрполиграф, 2004. 190 с.
2. Латыпов Ф.Р. Пратюркские черты этрусского языка в связи с ностратической теорией
// Кратк. тез. докл. науч. конф.: Древние культуры Евразии и античная цивилизация.
Л-д: Изд. Гос. Эрмитажа, 1983. С. 55-57.
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3. Латыпов Ф.Р. Загребская мумия – возможный свидетель апофеоза этрусского обряда
человеческого жертвоприношения // Тез. докл. Междунар. коллоквиума: Этруски в
из связи с народами Средиземноморья. Миф. Религия. Искусство. М.: ГМИИ им. А.С.
Пушкина, 1990. С. 42-44.
4. Латыпов Ф.Р. Исследование этрусского и минойского языков на основе
фоноэволюционной пратюркской гипотезы и комбинаторно-частотных методов.
Уфа: Китап, 1999. 276 с.
5. Латыпов Ф.Р. Некоторые этрусские параллели в языке иберийской надписи на
свинцовой пластине из Ла-Серрета-де-Алькой // Сб. матер. науч-практич. конф.,
посвящ. 80-летию академика М.З. Закиева. Стерлитамак: Стерлитамак гос. пед.
академия, 2008. С. 174-176.
6. Латыпов Ф.Р. Фрагменты текста Загребской мумии об обряде человеческого
жертвоприношения (IV в. до н.э., Египет): тайные замыслы этрусской элиты //
Проблемы востоковедения. 2014. №3. С. 87-91.
7. Латыпов Ф.Р. Общие сведения, основные группы слов и дословные переводы
крупнейших этрусских текстов на русский, английский и итальянские языки. Уфа:
Полиграфдизайн, 2014. 152 с.
8. Латыпов Ф.Р. Иберийские языки Древней Испании – результат ускоренного
фонетического развития некоторых пратюркских языков Западного
Средиземноморья. Уфа: Полиграфдизайн, 2016. 152 с.
9. Латыпов Ф.Р. На западных границах пратюркской ойкумены: Туманный Альбион от
каменного века до раннего Средневековья. Уфа: Полиграфдизайн, 2017. 100 с.
10. Латыпов Ф.Р. Психолого-педагогические и мировоззренческо-просветительские
подходы, использовавшиеся администрацией разоренных войной иберийских
городов (III – I вв. до н. э.) для сохранения мира и общественного спокойствия
//Матер. Всеросс. науч.-практич. конф. с междунар. участием, г. Грозный, 17 октября
2018 г., ФГБОУ ВО «Чеченск. ГПУ». Махачкала: АЛЕФ, 2018. С.226-231.
11. Латыпов Ф.Р. Некоторые саркастические эпитеты в этнопедагогических иберийских
трактатах в сопоставлении с материалами якутского и других тюркских языков // Сб.
матер. Всеросс. науч.-практич. конф., посвящ. 90-летию со дня рождения М.С.
Иванова-Багдарыын Сүлбэ: Имя. Язык. Этнос. 8 ноября 2018 г. Якутск, 2018. С. 124-
127.
12. Латыпов Ф.Р. Перечень противопоставлений о плавучести разных тел в иберийской
надписи С.4.1 на свинцовой пластине из Паламоса // Сб. Матер. Междунар. науч.-
практич. конф. «Культура, литература и гуманитарные науки народов Евразии:
прошлое настоящее, будущее», посвященной 90-летию академика АН РБ Г.Б.
Хусаинова и 80-летию член.-корр. АН РБ Р.Т. Бикбаева Уфа: Изд. БашГУ, 2018. С.
241-245.
13. Латыпов Ф.Р. Иберийская медицинская инструкция на свинцовой пластине из
Ансерюны для использования касторового масло (oroi kastor) и алкоголя при лечении
нервнопаралитических заболеваний //Сб. науч. статей Междунар. науч.-практич.
конф.: Мир Востока и Мир Запада: проблемы и перспективы, 25 апреля 2018 г. Уфа:
Изд-во УГНТУ, 2018. С. 290-293.
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14. Латыпов Ф.Р. Обычаи, традиции и лексика древних иберов, обнаруживаемые при
описании их национального праздника «Келти-Белеш» //Mater. of the VI Internat.
conf.: National cultures in social space and time. Prague, 1-2 March 2019. Prague: Vědecko
vedavatelscě Centrum «Sociosfera-CZ», 2019. P. 28-36.
15. Alexis Gorgues. Économie et société dans le nordest du domaine ibérique (I-er siec. Av. J.-
C.). Madrid: Conseio Superior de Investigationes Scientificas (CSIC), 2010. 494 p.
16. Benjamín Collado Hinarejos. Los íberos y su mundo. Madrid: Ediciones Akal, S. A., 2014.
269 p.
17. Burger J., Kirchner M., Bramanti B., Haak W. and Thomas MG. Absence of the lactase –
persistence – associated in early Neolithic Europeans // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2007.
№ 104. P. 3736 - 3741.
18. Gimbutas M. The civilization of goddess: The World of old Europe. San Francisco: IBC
ed., 1991. 250 p.
19. I primi Europei e i loro mistery: Grandi civiltà del Passato. Milano: Hobby &Work Italiana
Editrice, s.r.e, 1996. 168 p.
20. Javer Velaza Frios. Chronica Epigraphia ibérica XII (2014) //Acta Palaeohispanica 15
(2015). P. 161-176.
21. Latypov F.R. Iberlerin dili bize yakındır // Türkoloji Üzerine Araşırmalar. 2018. № 16. P. 16-
19.
Textos Ibericos del Museo de prehistoria de Valencia., Ser. de Trabajos varios, Num. 81.
Valencia: Ed. by Diputacion of PV, 1985. 131 p.
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ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ОКРАСКИ МИЦЕЛИЯ ГРИБОВ УЧАСТВУЮЩИЕ В
ФОРМИРОВАНИИ МИКОБИОТЫ В ОЗЕЛЕНЕНИИ ГОРОДА БАКУ
Ph.d. Shahla ABDULLAEVA
Azerbaijan State Pedagogycal University
РЕЗЮМЕ
В озеленении города Баку используется как местные так и привозные деревья. Распространение
грибов в микобиоте этих деревьев главную роль играет региональные и сезонные факторы. Среди
найденных нами грибами больше всего распространены грибы с чёрными мицелиями. В среднем
количестве было обнаружено грибы с серыми мицелиями а в малом количестве с белыми. Среди
грибов с тёмными мицелиями есть такие сорта как Aspergillus niger, Alternaria tenuis и так далее.
Образование тёмного мицелия связано с пигментацией, которая связана с функцией пигментов,
синтезируемых в качестве второго метаболита, в отношении нейтрализации воздействия
ультрафиолетовых лучей, присуствующие в лучах солнца.
Ключевые слова: мицелии, грибы, микобиота.
CHARACTERiSTiCS OF THE PAiNTiNG OF MiTSELiUM FUNGİES PARTiCiPATiNG iN THE
FORMATiON OF MYCOBiOTA iN THE GREENiNG OF THE BAKU CiTY.
ABSTRACT
In the landscaping of the city of Baku are used local and imported trees. The spread of fungi in the
mycobiota of these trees is dominated by regional and seasonal factors. Among the fungies we found, the
most common are fungies with black mitzels. On average, fungies were found with gray mitzels and a small
amount with whites. Among the fungies with dark mitzels, there are varieties such as Aspergillus niger,
Alternaria tenuis and so on. The formation of dark mycelium is associated with pigmentation, which is
associated with the function of pigments, synthesized as a second metabolite, in terms of neutralizing the
effects of ultraviolet rays inherent in the sun.
Key words: mitselium, fungies, mycobiota.
Введение
Следует отметить, что как региональные, так и сезонные факторы играют важную роль в
распространении грибов, и, поскольку они представляют особый интерес в той степени, в которой
эти проблемы влияют на микробиоту деревьев, используемых в озеленении Баку, следующие
уточненные вопросы. Было ясно, что распространение зарегистрированных грибов чувствительно к
изменениям как в региональных, так и в сезонных. Например, среди зарегистрированных грибов в
грибах преобладают мицелии темного цвета. Таблица содержит эту информацию:
Белый мицелий Мицелий серого цвета Темный мицелий
20,4 % 26,2 % 53,4 %
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Образование мицелия темного цвета связано с пигментацией, поскольку пигменты, синтезируемые
в качестве вторичных метаболитов, выполняют функцию нейтрализации воздействия
ультрафиолетовых лучей находящиеся солнечных лучах. Город Баку расположен на Апшеронском
полуострове, где Кавказ является одним из самых засушливых и солнечных дней в регионе. С
другой стороны, в некоторых исследованиях было подтверждено, что чрезмерное количество
темно-синих мицелий также связано с характеристикой городской среды. Это связано с
загрязнением городской среды, точнее с характером антропогенного и техногенного воздействия.
Например, в городских условиях вокруг дорог наблюдается увеличение количества грибов с темно-
синими мицелиями. На наш взгляд, этот вопрос характеризуется как проявление влияния
антропогенных факторов, но на самом деле большинство мицелия темного цвета более логично,
чтобы считаться результатом роли регионального фактора в распространении грибов на
Апшеронском полуострове. В целом следует отметить, что в ходе исследования, не только грибы с
мицелиями серого цвета (S.Hirzutum и S.gauspatum), почти все плодовые тела имеют разные оттенки
темных цветов. Из полученных данных стало ясно, что динамика грибов в течение года в целом
совпадает с ритмом ежегодного роста растений, но температурный фактор более очевиден.
Материалы и Методы
Исследования проводились в столице Азербайджанской Республики Баку. Город Баку расположен
не только на Апшеронском полуострове, но и в одном из самых засушливых регионов Кавказа и
Азербайджана, где климат сухой субтропический [31]. Баку - это место, где расположены крупные
города, и он всегда оказывает антропогенное воздействие на окружающую среду, поэтому особое
внимание следует уделять озеленению. Исследования проводились в основном в центральной части
Баку, то есть в зоне улиц и теплиц, расположенных в зоне антропогенной нагрузки. Отбор проб
проводился систематически и системно, и образцы анализировались в соответствии с известными
микологическими методами. Для выращивания грибов, находящихся на исследуемых растениях, он
использовался в качестве питательной среды для питьевых культур, таких как злаковый сок (ASA),
рис (DA), крахмалистый (NA) и картофель (KA), известковые среды Capek и Chopeck Doks.
Подготовка, стерилизация и работа с чашками Петри проводились по известным методикам [131,
148]. В лабораторных условиях, а также по результатам сельских наблюдений проводится
выявление грибковой инфекции или ее патологии.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Nö
v(ə
d)
və s
ay t
ərk
ibi(
x10
00
KƏ
V/q
)
Aylar
Söyüdün mikobiotasının say və növ tərkibnin aylar üzrə dəyişməsi
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Заключение
На заключительном этапе экспериментов проводились эксперименты по получению информации о
патогенных грибах, вызываемых патогенными грибами, степени их распространения и изучении
циклов развития болезней, связанных с формированием микобиоты деревьев, используемых в
озеленении города Баку. Основная причина этих исследований заключается в том, что степень
дезадаптации тех или иных заболеваний, вызываемых грибами, зависит от биологического
состояния возбудителя и растения, их взаимоотношений в определенной среде в зависимости от
природного климата, флоры и фауны района. В результате грибок, распространяющийся в районах
с различным климатом, способен вызывать инфекционные заболевания, а на зараженных деревьях
начинают появляться инфекции и засухи. Это называется эфитотия, когда на больших территориях
образуются опасные древесные массы и лесные массивы. Причина эфитотии влияют 3 фактора:
большое количество инфекции, устойчивость к болезням деревьев и благоприятные погодные
условия. Из результатов стало ясно, что наиболее распространенной болезнью является болезнь
бурой гнили и бактерий, которая также поражает различные виды грибов. Таблица предоставляет
более широкий спектр информации:
N Название болезни Возбудители Наблюдаемые
деревья
Скорость
распространения
1 Бурое гниение
стебля
İ.Hispidus Yapon saforası
Ağ akasiya
12.6-56.7
2 Коричневое
гниение корня
F.Pinicola Adi şam
Eldar şamı
7.8-12.8
3 Усечение белого
стебля
F.Fomentarius
G.Applanatum
Adi qovaq
Cənub söyüdü
1.2-3.9
4 Пятнистость A.Alternata
C.Microsora
Avropa zeytunu
Cökə
7.8-11.2
5 Некроз N.Cinnabarina
C.Quercina
Adi qovaq
Cökə
0.7-1.4
N.Cinnabarina F.Fomentarius İ.Hispidus
Некроз Усечение белого стебля Бурое гниение стебля
Литература
1. Мусейибов М.А. Физическая география Азербайджана. Баку, 1998, 400s.
2. Методы экспериментальной микологии/Под. ред. Билай В.И. Киев: Наукова
думка, 1982, 500с.
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Нетрусов А.И., Егорова М.А., Захарчук Л.М. и др. Практикум по микробиологии. -М.:
Издательский центр «Академия», 2005, 608с.
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AN OPTIMIZED NEARLY PERFECT RECONSTRUCTION COSINE MODULATED
FILTER BANK USING ARTIFICIAL BEE COLONY ALGORITHM
Sümeyya ARIKAN
Research Assistant, Depertmant of Biomedical Engineering at Düzce Universty
Fatma LATIFOĞLU
Assistant of Professor, Depertmant of Biomedical Engineering at Erciyes Universty
ABSTRACT
The effective use of filter banks, which are frequently used in biomedical signal processing in
recent years, depends on the fitness of performance criteria. Therefore, it is necessary to
optimize the parameters of the filter bank. In this study, design of window based M-channel
Nearly Perfect Reconstruction Cosine Modulated Filter Bank (CMFB) is presented. In
modulation-based filter bank a prototype filter is designed to provide perfect reconstruction and
response of the prototype filter is modulated to create a filter bank. In this method, artificial bee
colony algorithm is used to optimize the filter coefficients which are important in the design of
the prototype filter. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated by taking into
account peak reconstruction error (PRE). Finally, it is tested in the suitability of the filter on
sinusoidal signal which has four different frequencies and its performance is compared with the
studies in the literature.
Keywords: Artificial bee colony algorithm, biomedical signal processing, nearly perfect
cosine-modulated filter bank
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June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
ANTICANCER AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF BINGÖL ROYAL JELLY
Adnan AYNA
Bingöl University (Chemistry)
Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ
Bingöl University (Chemistry)
Gürkan AYKUTOĞLU
Bingöl University (Molecular Biology and Genetics)
Mehmet ÇİFTCİ
Bingöl University (Chemistry)
Sedanur ÖZBOLAT
Bingöl University (Chemistry)
Ekrem DARENDELİOĞLU
Bingöl University (Molecular Biology and Genetics)
ABSTRACT
Royal jelly is a bee product that contains many important compounds with biological activity
such as free amino acids, proteins, sugars, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins (Kocot et al.,
2018). In recent years, royal jelly has received particular attention as a result of studies revealing
its free radical scavenging capacity which makes it a good antioxidant (Guo et al., 2008). The
antioxidant properties of the bee products are due to the phenolic and flavonoid components
present in their contents. The physical properties and chemical composition of the bee products
vary with the genotype of the bees according to the flora species and climatic conditions and
this affects the anticancer, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the bee products (Kocot
et al., 2018). To our knowledge, antioxidant and anticancer activity of Bingöl Royal jelly has
not been investigated to date. The aim of this study was to study antioxidant and anticancer
activity of Bingöl royal jelly against neuroblastoma and colon cancer cells in vitro. The
preliminary results suggest that the bee product showed antioxidant activity by increasing the
levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation and anticancer activity by decreasing
cell viability at a concentration of 0.02 mg/ml in both cancer cell lines.
This study was financially supported by Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Strategy and
Budget Presidency (Former Development Ministry), coordinated by Council of Higher
Education and organized by The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bingol
University (Project Number: 2017K124000-BÜBAP-PİKOM-Arı.2018.001).
References:
Guo, H., Ekusa, A., Iwai, K., Yonekura, M., Takahata, Y., & Morimatsu, F. (2008). Royal jelly
peptides inhibit lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo. Journal of nutritional science and
vitaminology, 54(3), 191-195.
Kocot, J., Kiełczykowska, M., Luchowska-Kocot, D., Kurzepa, J., & Musik, I. (2018).
Antioxidant potential of propolis, bee pollen, and royal jelly: Possible medical application.
Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018.
[email protected] Page 42 Congress Proceedıngs Book
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BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BINGÖL/TURKEY HONEY
Yusuf TEMEL
Department of Solhan Health Services Vocational School, Bingöl, Turkey
Adnan AYNA
Department of Chemistry, Art and Science Faculty, Bingöl, Turkey
Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ
Department of Health Services Vocational School, Bingöl, Turkey
Nevzat ESİM
Department molecular biology and genetics, Art and Science Faculty, Bingöl, Turkey
Vedat AVCİ
Department of geography, Art and Science Faculty, Bingöl, Turkey
Rıdvan POLAT
Department of Herbal And Animal Production, Genç Vocational School, Bingöl, Turkey
Deniz CANLI
Nesrin Ecem BAYRAM
İbrahim Yasin ERDOĞAN
Department of occupational health and Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bingöl, Turkey
Ramazan SOLMAZ
Mehmet ÇİFTCİ
ÖZET
Baldaki enzimlerin varlığı, daha önce yapılan çalışmalarla belirlenmiştir. Baldaki en çok
bulunan enzimler α ve β amilazların bir karışımı olan diastaz, invertaz ve glukoz oksidazdır.
Katalazlar ve asit fosfataz enzimleri balın bilinen diğer enzimleri arasındadır. Invertaz, bal arısı
tarafından üretilen bir a-glukosidaz enzimidir ve nektarda sakkarozun hidrolizini
monosakaritlere katalize eder. Enzim ve protein içeriği, balı diğer kaynaklardan elde edilen
tatlandırıcılardan ayıran özelliklerindendir. Daha önce yapılan çalışmalar, arıların bal ürettiği
iklime ve ortamlara bağlı olarak toplam protein konsantrasyonu ve diastaz sayısında farklılıklar
olduğunu göstermiştir. Bingöl balı protein konsantrasyonu ve diastaz sayısı bugüne kadar
detaylı bir şekilde çalışılmamıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Bingöl ilinin farklı bölgelerinde
arıcılar tarafından üretilen Bingöl balının biyokimyasal parametrelerini analiz etmektir. Bu
amaçla, projenin dış paydaşı olan Bingöl ili arı yetiştiricileri birliği ile koordineli olarak
Bingöl'ün farklı bölgelerine (5 farklı bölge) yeterli sayıda petek (108) konulmuştur. Araştırma
kapsamında peteklerden alınan bal örneklerine ait biyokimyasal parametreler, detaylı bir
şekilde incelenerek ve analizleri yapılmıştır.
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Anahtar Kelimeler: Bingöl, Bal, Diastaz, Protein
Bu çalışma, Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (Eski Kalkınma Bakanlığı)
Başkanlığı tarafından finanse edilen, Yükseköğretim Kurulu tarafından koordine edilen ve
Bingöl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından
2017K124000-BÜBAP-PİKOM- Arı.2018.004 proje numarasıyla desteklenmiştir.
BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF BINGÖL/TURKEY HONEY
ABSTRACT
The presence of enzymes in the honey has been well documented by previous studies. The most
abundant enzymes in honey are diastase, a mixture of invertase, glucose oxidase and α and β
amylases. Catalases and acid phosphatase enzymes are among other enzymes of honey.
Invertase is an α-glucosidase enzyme produced by honeybee and catalyses the hydrolysis of
saccharose to monosaccharides in nectar. The enzyme and protein content is one of the
characteristics distinguishing the honey from the sweeteners obtained from other sources.
Previous study also demonstrated total protein concentration and diastase number changes
depending on the climate and environments the bees produce honey. The protein concentration
and diastase number of Bingöl honey has not been studied in detail to date. The aim of this
study was to analyse biochemical parameters of Bingöl honey produced by beekeepers. For this
purpose, a sufficient number of honeycombs (108) was placed in different parts Bingöl (5
different districts) in coordination with the Bingöl beekepers union, which is the project's
external stakeholder. The biochemical parameters of honey samples taken from the
honeycombs were analyzed and investigated in detail within scope of the research.
Key Words: Bingol, honey, diastase, protein
This study was financially supported by Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Strategy and Budget
Presidency (Former Development Ministry), coordinated by Council of Higher Education and organized
by The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bingol University (Project Number:
2017K124000-BÜBAP-PİKOM-Arı.2018.004)
[email protected] Page 44 Congress Proceedıngs Book
7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
FUZZY APPROACH TO DOUBLE SAMPLING ACCEPTANCE PLANS
Murat GÜLBAY
University of Gaziantep, Vocational School of Technical Sciences
ABSTRACT
Due to the cost, time, and error from the despondence due to large number in the population,
whole inspection may not always be carried. For these reasons, acceptance sampling which is
a statistical measure used in quality control that allows a company to measure the quality of a
batch of products, either incoming or outgoing, by selecting a specified number of products for
testing is applied. Acceptance sampling, which is a methodology that deals with procedures for
making a decision whether to accept or reject the lot based on inspection of samples according
to the attribute quality characteristic, is a major field of statistical quality control. Using a
suitable acceptance sampling plan mainly reduces the cost and time necessary for inspection. If
a variable which is used for the acceptance or rejection is certainly measurable, classical
sampling plans may easily be applicable for the decision. But if the decision variable includes
uncertainty or subjectively definable applying crisp acceptance sampling plans may affect the
results and results in an increase in the producer’s and consumer’s risk. These types of
parameters can be expressed by linguistic variables. The fuzzy set theory can be successfully
applied to cope with the vagueness in these type of linguistic expressions for acceptance
sampling. In this study, distribution of double acceptance sampling plans with fuzzy parameters
as well as acceptance probabilities are derived. Operation characteristics (OC) curves for the
fuzzy double sampling plans are studied. An illustrative example for fuzzy double sampling
acceptance plans is given. Finally, a framework is presented for the fuzzy multiple sampling
which is an extension of double sampling.
Keywords: Fuzzy acceptance sampling plans; Fuzzy double sampling plans, Fuzzy multiple
sampling plans.
[email protected] Page 45 Congress Proceedıngs Book
7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
FUZZY SETS & FUZZY NUMBERS FOR PRACTICAL ENGINEERING
APPLICATIONS
Murat GÜLBAY
University of Gaziantep, Vocational School of Technical Sciences
ABSTRACT
In many practical engineering applications the data is uncertain, vague or incomplete. When
dealing with the uncertainty, fuzzy sets are an inevitable tool for the design and modeling of
the practical engineering applications. Fuzzy set theory which was first introduced by Zadeh
enables one to work with uncertain and ambiguous situations, and therefore to solve ill-posed
problems or problems including incomplete information. There are several types of fuzzy sets
which are proposed and used succesfuly in the lietarure. Some of the are Classical Fuzzy Sets
(type1 and type 2), Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets, Fuzzy Rough Sets, Fuzzy Soft Sets, Hesitant Fuzzy
Sets, Neutrosophic Sets, Set-Valued Fuzzy Sets. Among several different types of fuzzy sets,
some of them aimed at solving the problem of constructing the membership degrees of the
elements to the fuzzy sets, and others focused on representing the uncertainty linked to the
considered problem in a different way. In this study, first, the definition and basic properties of
each of the types of the fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers are introduced, then fuzzy sets and fuzzy
numbers are reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Different types of
the fuzzy numbers used for the practical engineering applications are investigated. A
framework for the engineering applications of fuzzy sets, as well as fuzzy numbers, are
presented. An examplary problem is illustrated for the modeling of the practical engineering
problems under uncertainty using fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers. Finaly, concluding remarks
about how a problem under uncartainty can be handled by using fuzzy set theory.
Keywords: Types of fuzzy sets; Types of fuzzy numbers; Fuzzy engineering applications
[email protected] Page 46 Congress Proceedıngs Book
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June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
HAZARŞAH (SOLHAN/BİNGÖL) BÖLGESİ ARI FLORASI ÇEŞİTLİLİĞİ ÜZERİNE
DEĞERLENDİRMELER
Rıdvan POLAT
Bingöl Üniversitesi
Nevzat ESİM
Bingöl Üniversitesi
Ahmet CAF
Bingöl Üniversitesi
Ali SİNAN
Bingol Üniversitesi
ÖZET
Bu çalışma Hazarşah (Solhan/Bingöl) yöresinde Mayıs 2018 ve Mayıs 2019 tarihleri arasında
yapıldı. Çalışmanın amacı bölgedeki arı florası (nektarlı bitkiler) ve çiçeklenme periyodlarını
kayıt altına almaktır. Araştırmalar boyunca yörede gözlem amacı ile çok sayıda alan gezisi
yapılmıştır. Ayrıca Çalışma kapsamında yaklaşık 20 civarı arıcı ile görüşülmüştür.
Çalışma sonucunda Hazarşah/Solhan yöresinde 21 bitki familyasına ait 69 takson kayıt altına
alınmıştır. En çok nektarlı bitki içeren familyalar sırasıyla; Asteraceae 16, Lamiaceae 8, Fabaceae
7, Boraginaceae 6, Rosaceae 5 şeklindedir. Alanda yayılış gösteren en önemli nektarlı bitkiler ise
Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Echium italicum L., Trifolium diffusum Ehrh., Trifolium
pauiciflorum d’Urv., Salvia multicaulis Vahl. ve Centeurea solsititialis L. olarak belirlenmiştir.
Bölgede, bal arıları mayıs ayında nektar ve polen toplamaya başlar. Bitkilerde çiçeklenme Mayıs
ve Haziran aylarında en üst seviyeye çıkar. Genel olarak Hazarşah (Solhan) bölgesi, mevcut bal
arıcılık uygulamaları için arı florasının çeşitliliği bakımından zengindir, bu nedenle, alanlardaki
uygulamaların sürdürülebilirliği için bal arısı florası türlerinin korunması gerekmektedir.
Bu çalışma "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (Eski
Kalkınma Bakanlığı) tarafından finanse edilen ve Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu tarafından koordine
edilen Bölgesel Kalkınma Odaklı Misyon Farklılaşması ve İhtisaslaşması Programı kapsamında
Bingöl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından (Proje No:
2017K124000-BÜBAP- PİKOM-Bitki.2018.002) ” desteklenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Arı Florası, Bal Arısı, Hazarşah, Solhan.
THE EVALUATIONS ON THE DIVERSITY OF BEE FLORA IN HAZARŞAH
(SOLHAN / BİNGÖL) REGION
ABSTRACT
This study was performed between May 2018 and 2019 in the region of Hazarşah
(Solhan/Bingöl). The aim of the study is to record the bee flora (nectar plants) and flowering
periods in the region. During the surveys, a large number of field trips were made with the
purpose of observation. In addition, approximately 20 beekeepers were interviewed.
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As a result of the study, 69 bee plant taxa belonging to 21 plant families were recorded in
Hazarşah/Solhan region. The families that contain the most taxa were Asteraceae with 16 taxa,
Lamiaceae with 8 taxa, Fabaceae 7 taxa, Boraginaceae with 6 Taxa, Rosaceae with 5 taxa. The
most important bee flora species included Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop., Echium italicum L.,
Trifolium diffusum Ehrh., Trifolium pauiciflorum d’Urv., Salvia multicaulis Vahl. and Centeurea
solsititialis L. In the region, honey bees begin to collect nectar and pollen in May. Flowering in
plants reach to highest level in May and June. Generally, Hazarşah (Solhan) region is rich in
diversity of bee flora for the existing honey beekeeping practices, so conserving honey bee flora
species for the sustainability of the practices in the areas is needed.
“This study was financially supported by Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Strategy and
Budget Presidency (Former Development Ministry), coordinated by Council of Higher
Education and organized by The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bingol
University (Project Number: 2017K124000-BÜBAP- PİKOM-Bitki.2018.002)’’.
Keywords: Bee Flora, Honeybee, Hazarşah, Solhan.
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June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
INHIBITION STUDIES OF CAMPYLOBACTER JEJUNI GAPDH
Adnan AYNA
Bingöl University (Chemistry)
ABSTRACT
Campylobacter jejuni is reported to generate a genotoxin, that induce breaks in DNA double
strand, could cause cancer risk particularly in the gastro-intestinal tract (Brauner et al., 2010).
Therefore development of effective strategies to control campylobacter infection is needed. The
essential genes of bacteria are the most important targets for this purpose. Because the genome
of the enteric pathogen C. jejuni encodes only a single glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
dehydrogenase (Parkhill et al., 2000) and its essentiality is proven by Metris et al. (2011), it can
be considered as a drug target. The inhibition studies of catalytic activity of central glycolytic
enzyme GAPDH leads to understanding the blockage of the glycolytic pathway. The cysteine
residue of active-site of GAPDH is S-thiolated by hydrogen peroxide (Armstrong and
Buchanan, 1978). Iodoacetamide interaction with active site cysteine hinders the formation of
the GAPDH-NAD+ complex (Racker and Krimsky, 1952). After this interaction, the active site
cysteine will not be be available as a nucleophilic agent and therefore the enzymatic reaction
will not occur. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of iodoacetamide and
hydrogen peroxide on enzymatic activity of C. jejuni GAPDH. The results demonstrated that
these agents blocked activity of C. jejuni GAPDH in time and dose dependent manner. In
addition to these, effect of ATP on GAPDH activity was also studied revealing low
concentrations of ATP up to 0.5 mM did not effect the activiy of the enzyme while 5 mM ATP
inhibited 50% of the activity.
References:
Armstrong, D. A., & Buchanan, J. D. (1978). Reactions of O‐ 2, H2O2 and Other Oxidants With
Sulfhydryl Enzymes. Photochemistry and photobiology, 28(4‐ 5), 743-754.
Metris, A., Reuter, M., Gaskin, D. J., Baranyi, J., & van Vliet, A. H. (2011). In vivo and in
silico determination of essential genes of Campylobacter jejuni. BMC genomics, 12(1), 535.
Parkhill, J., B. W. Wren, Keaca Mungall, J. M. Ketley, C. Churcher, D. Basham, T.
Chillingworth et al. "The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni
reveals hypervariable sequences." Nature 403, no. 6770 (2000): 665.
Racker, E., & Krimsky, I. (1952). The mechanism of oxidation of aldehydes by glyceralde-
hyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. J Biol Chem, 198(2), 731-743.
Brauner, A., Brandt, L., Frisan, T., Thelestam, M., & Ekbom, A. (2010). Is there a risk of
cancer development after Campylobacter infection?. Scandinavian journal of
gastroenterology, 45(7-8), 893-897.
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June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
INVESTIGATING ANTIMICROBIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER
ACTIVITIES OF ROYAL JELLY
Ekrem DARENDELİOĞLU
Bingöl University (Molecular Biology and Genetics)
ABSTRACT
Royal jelly is important as food and energy source for human health. Royal jelly has anticancer,
antioxidant and antimicrobial effects through various mechanisms. These effects are caused by
protein, organic acids, minerals and vitamins content of royal jelly. Current studies indicate that
royal jelly has anticancer effects through various mechanisms (Premratanachai and Chanchao
2014). Research has shown that royal jelly has anticancer properties through interaction with
multiple cell signaling pathways, including induction of apoptosis and antiproliferative
pathways (Premratanachai and Chanchao 2014). Apoptosis can be defined as programmed cell
death because it is genetically regulated and is generally characterized by different
morphological features and energy-dependent biochemical mechanisms (Renehan et al. 2001;
Elmore 2007; Lüleyap 2008). The bee products have also been reported as antioxidant agents.
It is known that phenolic compounds obtained from royal jelly are important for antioxidant
activity. It is also reported that peptides from royal jelly have a protective effect against reactive
oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) in healthy cells (Sarfraz and
Othman, 2013). In addition to its antioxidant and anticancer activity it has antimicrobial activity
arose from its royalisin, apisimin, jellein, apalbumin peptides content. The aim of this study
was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of royal jelly against gram negative and gram
positive bacteria and antioxidant activity against breast and prostate cancer cells. According to
results it can be said that royal jelly inhibits growth of Enterobacter aerogenes, Klebsiella
pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus megaterium. It showed antioxidant and
anticancer activity by increasing ROS and LPO level and decreasing cell viability in both cancer
cells.
References:
Elmore, S. (2007). Apoptosis: a review of programmed cell death. Toxicologic pathology,
35(4), 495-516.
Lüleyap, H. Ü. (2008). Moleküler genetiğin esasları. Nobel Kitabevi. pp 293-316.
Premratanachai, P., & Chanchao, C. (2014). Review of the anticancer activities of bee products.
Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine, 4(5), 337-344.
Renehan, A. G., Booth, C., & Potten, C. S. (2001). What is apoptosis, and why is it important?
Education and debate. Bmj, 322(7301), 1536-1538.
Ahmed, S., & Othman, N. H. (2013). Honey as a potential natural anticancer agent: a review
of its mechanisms. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013. 1-7.
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June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
MINERAL CONTENT AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF BINGOL ROYAL
JELLY
Ekrem DARENDELİOĞLU
Bingöl University (Molecular Biology and Genetics)
Aydın Şükrü BENGÜ
Bingöl University (Chemistry)
Adnan AYNA
Bingöl University (Chemistry)
Gürkan AYKUTOĞLU
Bingöl University (Molecular Biology and Genetics)
Mehmet ÇİFTCİ
Bingöl University (Chemistry)
Sedanur ÖZBOLAT
Bingöl University (Chemistry)
ABSTRACT
Royal jelly is a bee product which is used as a basic nutrient and energy source, as well as
human health. Royal jelly content is rich in terms of water (66%), protein (12-15%), sugar (10-
16%), fatty acids (3-6%), free amino acids, minerals (0.7-1,2%; iron and calcium) and vitamins
(thiamine, niacin, riboflavin) (Nabas et al. 2014). Detailed literature search revealed there is no
study on the chemical content of the Bingol royal jelly and the potential and antimicrobial
properties of this content. Antimicrobial effect of the royal jelly is reported to cause by
royalisin, apisimin, jellein, apalbumin peptides and fatty acids such as 10-Hydroxy-2-Decanoic
acid (10-HDA) (Barnutiu et al., 2011). In addition to its antimicrobial effect, there are some
studies that describes there is no effect of royal jelly on some probiotics (Nabas et al. 2014).
Antibiotics that are naturally present in royal jelly (10-Hydroxy deconoic acid, Royalisin and
Jelleines) have been reported to have the effect of synthetic antibiotics such as penicillin /
streptomycin and have no side effects (Fujiwara et al. 1990; Fontana et al. 2004).The aim of
this study was to determine the chemical content of Bingol royal jelly and investigate its
potential antimicrobial activity against gram negative and gram positive bacteria and yeast. The
results demonstrated that Bingol royal jelly inhibits growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus
aureus, Salmonella typhimurium and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The chemical content studies
were carried out for mineral analysis revealing absence of lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) while
presence of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg) and sodium (Na) at high proportion.
This study was financially supported by Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Strategy and
Budget Presidency (Former Development Ministry), coordinated by Council of Higher
Education and organized by The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bingol
University (Project Number: 2017K124000-BÜBAP-PİKOM-Arı.2018.001).
References:
Bărnuţiu, L. I., Mărghitaş, L. A., Dezmirean, D. S., Mihai, C. M., & Bobiş, O. (2011). Chemical
composition and antimicrobial activity of Royal Jelly-REVIEW. Scientific Papers Animal
Science and Biotechnologies, 44(2), 67-72.
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Fontana, R., Mendes, M. A., De Souza, B. M., Konno, K., César, L. M. M., Malaspina, O., &
Palma, M. S. (2004). Jelleines: a family of antimicrobial peptides from the Royal Jelly of
honeybees (Apis mellifera). Peptides, 25(6), 919-928.
Fujiwara, S., Imai, J., Fujiwara, M., Yaeshima, T., Kawashima, T., & Kobayashi, K. (1990). A
potent antibacterial protein in royal jelly. Purification and determination of the primary
structure of royalisin. Journal of biological chemistry, 265(19), 11333-11337.
Nabas, Z., Haddadin, M. S., Haddadin, J., & Nazer, I. K. (2014). Chemical composition of royal
jelly and effects of synbiotic with two different locally isolated probiotic strains on antioxidant
activities. Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences, 64(3), 171-180.
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June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
HAZARŞAH (SOLHAN/BİNGÖL) BÖLGESİNİN BAZI ÖNEMLİ BİTKİ
TAKSONLARININ POLEN ATLASI
Öğr. Gör. Deniz CANLI
Bingöl Üniversitesi
Öğr. Gör. Zeynep ÜRÜŞAN
Bingöl Üniversitesi
Doç. Dr. Selami SELVİ
Balıkesir Üniversitesi
ÖZET
Bu çalışmanın amacı Hazarşah/Bingöl'den toplanan lokal arı florasına ait türlerin polen mikro
fotoğraflarını içeren resimli bir polen atlası oluşturmaktır.
Bu amaçla, Mayıs 2018 ve Mayıs 2019 tarihleri arasında araştırma alanından 21 familyaya ait
toplam 69 bitki taksonu toplanmıştır. Ayrıca arı florasına ait en önemli bitki taksonlarının
polenleri, morfolojik özelliklerini ortaya çıkarmak için ışık mikroskobu ile fotoğraflanmıştır.
Polen preperatlarının hazırlanmasında Wodehouse yöntemi, polen özelliklerinin
tanımlanmasında ise Punt vd. ve Paldat terminolojisi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada polenlerin şekli,
apertür tipleri, kolpus, por veya kolporus sayıları ve ayrıca yüzey süslenme özellikleri
(ornemantasyonları) incelenmiştir. Bu özellikler her takson için mikrofotoğraflarda
gösterilmektedir.
Bu resimli atlas, Hazarşah’ta yaşayan halk için önemli bir gelir kaynağı olan arıcılık ürünlerinin
melissopalinolojik analizleri için önemli bir referans olacaktır.
Bu çalışma "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (Eski
Kalkınma Bakanlığı) tarafından finanse edilen ve Yüksek Öğretim Kurumu tarafından koordine
edilen Bölgesel Kalkınma Odaklı Misyon Farklılaşması ve İhtisaslaşması Programı kapsamında
Bingöl Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından (Proje No:
2017K124000-BÜBAP- PİKOM-Bitki.2018.002) ” desteklenmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Bal Arısı, Polen Atlası, Polen Morfolojisi.
THE POLLEN ATLAS OF SOME IMPORTANT PLANT TAXA OF HAZARŞAH
(SOLHAN/BİNGÖL)TURKEY
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to establish an illustrated pollen atlas that includes the pollen
microphotographs of the local bee plant species collected from Hazarşah / Bingol, TURKEY.
To this end, between May 2018 and May 2019, a total of 69 bee plant species belonging to 21
families were collected. In addition, pollen of the most important bee plant taxa were
photographed by light microscope to reveal morphological features. Reference slides of the
pollen grains were prepared by Wodehouse method and the applied palynological terminology
was made according to Punt et al. and Paldat. The features of the pollen studied were apertures
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type, shape and numbers of colpus, porus or colporus, and surface characteristics
(ornamentation). These features are showed in the microphotographs for each taxon.
This illustrated atlas will be an important reference for melissopalynologic analysis of the
beekeeping products of Hazarsah where apiculture is an important source of income for local
people.
“This study was financially supported by Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Strategy and
Budget Presidency (Former Development Ministry), coordinated by Council of Higher
Education and organized by The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bingol
University (Project Number: 2017K124000-BÜBAP- PİKOM-Bitki.2018.002)’’.
Keywords: Honeybee, Pollen Atlas, Pollen Morphology
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ALDOZ REDÜKTAZ ENZİMİNİN KOYUN KARACİĞERİNDEN
SAFLAŞTIRILMASI VE SCHİFF BAZI İÇEREN KALKON TÜREVLERİNİN
ENZİM AKTİVİTESİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİNİN İNCELENMESİ
Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi
Yeliz Demir
Ardahan Üniversitesi
ÖZET
Çalışmada kullanılan kalkon bileşikleri, tıbbi ve organik kimyada sentetik bir yapı taşı olarak
önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu moleküller, birçok heterosiklik ve biyoaktif moleküllerin sentez
işleminde olağanüstü bir rol oynar. Bu bileşiklerin literatürde kanser tedavisinde enzim
inhibisyon işlemlerinde enzim inhibitörleri gibi birçok kullanıma sahip olduğu rapor edilmiştir.
Son yıllarda özellikle kalkon türevlerinin enzim inhibitörü olarak kullanılması dikkat çekicidir
Bu çalışmada; on adet Schiff bazı içeren kalkon türevlerinin koyun karaciğerinden saflaştırılan
aldoz redüktaz (AR) enzim aktivitesi üzerine inhibisyon etkileri incelendi. Çalışmada kullanılan
bu bileşikler, Gezegen ve arkadaşları tarafından sentezlenmiş olup, bu çalışma da kullanılması
için kendilerinden izin alınmıştır. AR enzimi çeşitli kromotografik metotlar kullanılarak koyun
karaciğerinden saflaştırıldı. Spektrofotometrik olarak enzim aktiviteleri incelendi ve her bir
bileşik için IC50 ve Ki değerleri hesaplandı. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre bu bileşiklerin 𝜇M
konsatrasyonlarda bile enzim aktivesini azattığı tespit edildi.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Aldoz redüktaz, Kalkon türevleri, inhibisyon
THE PURIFICATION OF ALDOSE REDUCTASE ENZYME FROM SHEEP LIVER
AND INVESTIGATION THE EFFECT OF CHALCONE DERIVATIVES
CONTAINING SCHIFF BASE ON ENZYME ACTIVITY
ABSTRACT:
The chalcone compounds used in the study have an important place as a synthetic building
block in medical and organic chemistry. These molecules play an outstanding role in the
synthesis process of many heterocyclic molecules and bioactive molecules. These compounds
have been reported to have many uses in the literature such as enzyme inhibitors in enzyme
inhibition processes in cancer treatment. It is noteworthy that, in recent years, the chalcone
derivatives have been used as enzyme inhibitors.
In this study; inhibition effects of ten chalcone derivatives containing Schiff base were
investigated on aldose reductase (AR) enzyme activity purified from sheep liver. These
compounds, which were used in the study, were synthesized by Gezegen and co-workers, and
their permission was obtained for use in this study. AR enzyme was purified from sheep liver
using several chromatographic methods. Spectrophotometrically, enzyme activities were
examined and IC50 and Ki values were calculated for each compound. According to the results,
these compounds were found to reduce enzyme activity even at 𝜇M concentrations.
Keywords: Aldose Reductase, Chalcone derivatives, inhibition
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KUYUMCULUK ENDÜSTRİSİ HASSAS DÖKÜM PROSESİNDE ALTIN
METALİNİN, ALÇI KALIBA ALINMIŞ MODELE DOLUM SİMÜLASYONU
Remzi ÖZTEKİN
ÖZET
Kuyumculuk endüstrisinde Takı yapım tekniklerinden biri olan hassas döküm prosesi büyük
önem arz etmektedir. Teknolojinin gelişmesi, rekabetin artması ile birlikte Mükemmelliğin ve
detayların önemli olduğu Kuyumculuk endüstrisinde makine kullanımı hızla artmıştır. Makine
kullanımının artmasıyla birlikte tarih boyunca kullanılmış mevcut üretim tekniklerinin en
önemlisi olan döküm tekniği firmaların daha çok yatırım yaptığı bir teknik olmuştur.
Hassas döküm, tasarlanan parçanın mum modelinin uygun tekniklerle yapıldıktan sonra
kontrolünün ardından mum modeli ana gövdeye bağlayacak uygun ebatlarda mum yolluk mum
havya kalemi ile eritilerek parçanın geometrisine göre yeterli sayıda monte edilir. Yolluğu
eklenen mum model istenilen miktarda yine aynı mumdan yapılmış ve daha kalın olan ana
gövdeye uygun dizim şekliyle dizilir. Oluşan bu şekle mum ağacı denilir. Mum ağacı tartılarak
döküm aşamasında kullanılacak metal (mum ağırlığı X dökülecek metalin özgül ağırlığı)
hesaplanır. Mum ağacı döküm makinasına uygun fanusa yerleştirilerek özel olarak hazırlanmış
uygun kıvamdaki alçı ve su karışımı mum ağacın üzerine dikkatlice dökülerek fanus doldurulur.
Fanus vakumlanarak içinde oluşabilecek hava kabarcıkları alınır ve temiz bir ortamda düz
zemin üzerinde alçının donması beklenir. Alçı yeteri kadar donduktan ve sertleştikten sonra
Fanus alt lastiği çıkartılarak ve fazla alçı temizlenerek alçı pişirmek için yapılmış özel fırınlara
yerleştirilir. Alçı kalıbın içindeki mumum eritilmesi ve yok olması için mum akış kanalı aşağıya
doğru bakacak şekilde 200 ºC de 2 saat bekletilerek alçının içindeki mumum eriyerek kalıbın
içini boşaltması beklenir. Gerekli alçı pişirme süreci uygulanarak pişirilen alçı döküme hazır
hale getirilir. Döküme hazır hale gelen alçı uygun döküm makinasına alınarak daha önce
hesaplanan uygun metal eritilerek alçı içinde oluşan boşluğa vakum veya santrifüj yöntemleri
ile dökülür. Aşamaların herhangi birinde yapılacak hata sonuca etki ederek dökümün hatalı
olmasına sebep olacaktır.
Hassas döküm, talaşlı imalat yöntemleriyle imalatı zor ve bazen imkânsız olan karmaşık şekilli
ürünlerin seri imalatının yanı sıra üstün yüzey kalitesiyle büyük avantaj sağlamaktadır. Döküm
esnasında meydana gelen eksik dolum, yüzeyde oksitlenme, hava kabarcıkları, büzülme ve
gözenekli yüzey gibi kusurlar dezavantaj olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu kusurlar üretim sürecini
sekteye uğrattığı gibi kuyumculuk sektöründe kabul görmemektedir. Bu hatalar daha öncesinde
deneme - yanılma yöntemleriyle çözülmeye çalışılmış, verimliliğe ve sürece olumsuz
yansımaları oluşmuştur. Oluşabilecek bu kusurları önceden tespit edebilme sektör acısından
son derece önemlidir. Son yıllarda geliştirilen CFD yazılımları bu problemlerin çözümünde
önemli katkı sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada tasarlanmış ürün üzerinde dolum simülasyonu
yapılarak katılaşma, hava kabarcıkları, çökme gibi hatalar tespit edilmiş ve optimizasyonu
sağlanmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Kuyumculuk, Döküm, Simülasyon, CFD
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SIMULATION OF FILLING PROCESS FOR THE GOLD METAL WITH THE USE
OF TRANSMITTED PLASTER MOLD MODEL JEWELERY INDUSTRY
ABSTRACT
One of the techniques in jewelry production in the industries is the precision investment casting
which has great importance. With the development of technology and the increase in
competition, the use of machinery in the jewelry industry, where excellence and details are
important, has increased rapidly. with the increment of machinery using in industries, the
casting technique, which is the most important production technique used throughout history,
has been a technique in which companies invest more.
İn precision investment casting, the wax model of the designed part after the control with the
use of appropriate techniques is connected to the main body with the appropriate wax size; the
runner wax is mounted by a sufficient number, melting via the aid of soldering iron pencil
according to the geometry of the part.
The added wax model is arranged in the desired amount of the same wax stick and the thicker
main body. This shape is called a wax tree. The wax tree is weighed and the metal to be used
in the casting stage (wax weight x) is determined by the specific weight of the metal. A special
mixture of gypsum and water is prepared with special consistency. This mixture is poured onto
the wax tree and filled with a fan. The fan may be vacuumed to remove any air bubbles and
allow the plaster to freeze on a flat surface in a clean environment. Once the plaster has been
frozen and hardened, the lantern is placed in special furnaces for removing the lower tire and
cleaning the plaster. İn order to melt the wax inside the gypsum mold, the wax flow channel is
facing downwards at 200 ºc for 2 hours. The gypsum annealing process is applied, then gypsum
will be ready to be poured into the appropriate casting machine and the previously calculated
appropriate metal melted in the gap formed in the plaster cast by vacuum or centrifuge methods.
Failure in any of the steps will affect the result and cause the defect to be faulty.
Precision casting has a great advantage of superior surface quality as well as serial production
of complex shaped products which are difficult and sometimes impossible to manufacture with
machining methods. İnadequate filling during the casting, oxidation on the surface, air bubbles,
shrinkage, and porous surface defects are classified as the disadvantages, which may occur.
These imperfections disrupt the production process and they are not accepted in the jewelry
production sectors. These errors have been tried to be solved by trial and error methods before,
and they have had negative effects on efficiency and process. İt is very important for the sector
to detect these defects before production. CFD software which is developed in recent years
makes a significant contribution to the solution of these problems. İn this study, simulations of
solidification, air bubbles, and collapses have been detected and optimization has been
performed.
Keywords: Jewelry, Casting, Simulation, CFD
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CENTRAL AUTOMORPHISMS OF SEMIDIRECT PRODUCT OF P-GROUPS
Özge ÖZTEKİN
Gaziantep University, Faculty of Science,
Department of Mathematics. Gaziantep, Türkiye
ABSTRACT
A finite cyclic group of order n will be denoted Zn. If the elements of group are integers we
denote Zn by ℤn and use additive notation. We know that any group of order p, where p is a
prime is isomorphic to the cyclic group ℤp. Generally, the term p-group is used for finite p-
groups.Let 𝑃 =ℤp²⋊φℤp be the semi-direct product of ℤp² and ℤp with respect to φ, where φ is
homomorphism from ℤp to automorphism group of ℤp² and p is odd prime number. The center
of a group 𝑃 , denoted by C(𝑃) is the subgroup of 𝑃 of largest order that commutes with every
element in 𝑃. By Aut(𝑃) we denote the group of all automorphisms of 𝑃. If an automorphism
θ∈ Aut(𝑃), g⁻¹θ(g) ∈ C(𝑃) for all g ∈ 𝑃 then it is called central automorphism. The set of all
central automorphisms of 𝑃, denoted by AutC(𝑃) and it is normal subgroup of Aut(𝑃).
In literature, there are some well-known results about central automorphisms of finite
groups [1,2,3]. First, Adney and Yen [1] studied the central automorphisms of p-groups and
they proved that if G is a purely non-abelian finite group, then there exists a bijection between
AutC(G) and Hom(G/G′, Z(G)). The form of automorphisms of 𝑃 was given by Stahl in [4] and
the central automorphisms of P for p=3 was given by Öztekin and Gürbüz in [5]. But the form
of central automorphisms of 𝑃 for any odd prime number p hasn’t given yet. In this study, we
determine the form of central automorphisms of 𝑃, for p is any odd prime number.
Keywords: Central automorphism, semi-direct product, p-group.
REFERENCES
[1] J. E. AdneyT.Yen, Automorphisms of p-groups, Illinois J. Math. 9(1965), 137-143.
[2] M. J. Curran and D. J . McCaughan, Central automorphisms of finite groups, Bull. Austral.
Math. Soc. 34(2), (1986), 191-198.
[3] A. R. Jamali and H. Mousavi, On the central automorphism group of finite p-groups,
Algebra Coolog. 9(1) (2002), 7-14.
[4] G. Saeden Stahl, J. Laine, G. Behm, On p-groups of low power order, Master Thesis, KTH,
(2010).
[5] Ö. Öztekin and Z. Gürbüz, Central Automorphism Groups For Semidirect Product of p-
Groups, EPSTEM, 2(2018).
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CYTOTOXIC AND GENOTOXIC EFFECTS OF ANABOLIC STEROID
HORMONES ON BODYBUILDER ATHLETES
Dian Jamel SALİH
Department of Biology/ College of Medicine/ University of Duhok
ABSTRACT
Background: Cytogenetic analysis suggested that anabolic androgenic steroids injection at
different doses used by bodybuilders for long term had mutagenic effects on somatic and
germinal genetic materials, cytotoxic effect on liver tissue and increased the sperm morphology
abnormalities
Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotoxicity of anabolic androgenic
steroids in Athletes by using micronucleus assay in buccal exfoliated mucosa cells.
Materials and Methods: The study groups included twenty male bodybuilders who use
anabolic steroid hormones and twenty age matched controls were recruited and evaluated for
genetic damage. Exfoliated Buccal cells were collected from both groups by using the sterile
brush. Slides fixed in ethanol and stained with Giemsa stain and 1000 cells were studied by
using a light microscope. Statistical analysis for data interpretation performed by Student’s t‑test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: As compared to control subjects, significant high level of micronuclei frequency was
found in in bodybuilders with anabolic steroid hormones consumption (5.2±13 and 1.12±83
respectively). Dose and duration of consumption also showed considerable effects (P≤0.05) on
micronuclei frequency, while effect of age was non-significant (P≥0.05). In this study, both
Control and workers with history of Tobacco smoking and alcohol were excluded.
Conclusion Anabolic steroid hormones consumption increased the frequency of micronuclei
frequency from buccal exfoliated mucosa cells in bodybuilders.
Conclusions: The results of our study concluded that Anabolic steroid hormones consumption
has a potential to increase micronuclei frequency in the buccal exfoliated mucosa cells in
bodybuilders. The study also suggested that protective strategies should be implemented by the
concerned authorities to minimize the uses of these hormones.
Keywords: genotoxicity, micronuclei, mucosa cells, bodybuilders, anabolic androgenic
steroids.
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FTALONITRIL TÜREVI VE ONUN METAL KOMPLEKSLERININ KARBONIK
ANHIDRAZ VE ASETİLKOLİNESTERAZ ENZİM AKTİVİTELERİ ÜZERİNE
ETKİLERİ
Ümit M. KOÇYİĞİT Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi
Yeliz DEMİR
Ardahan Üniversitesi
ÖZET
Makrosiklik bileşikler sınıfının önemli bir ailesi olan ftalosiyaninler ((Pcs), gaz sensörleri 1,
katalizörler2,3, güneş hücreleri 4, elektrokromik cihazlar 6, Langmuir Blodgett filmler 7, sıvı
kristaller 8, fotodinamik kanser tedavisinde antikanser ajanlar 9 ve enzim inhibisyon
işlemlerinde enzim inhibitörleri gibi birçok kullanıma sahiptir. Son yıllarda özellikle
ftalosiyaninlerin enzim inhibitörü olarak kullanılması dikkat çekicidir8.
Bu çalışmada; altı adet ftalonitril türevi ve onun metal komplekslerinin insan eritrositlerinden
saflaştırılan Karbonik anhidraz izoenzimleri (hCA I ve hCA II) ve asetilkolinesteraz (AChE)
aktivitesi üzerine inhibisyon etkileri incelendi. Çalışmada kullanılan bu bileşikler, Güzel ve
arkadaşları tarafından sentezlenmiş olup, bu çalışmada kullanılması için kendilerinden izin
alınmıştır. hCA I ve hCA II enzimleri Sepharose-4B-L-Tirozin-Sülfanilamid afinite
kromatografisi kullanılarak insan eritrositlerinden tek basamakta saflaştırıldı.
Asetilkolinesteraz enzimi ticari olarak satın alındı. Ftalonitril türevi ve onun metal
komplekslerinin IC50 değerleri hCA I enzimi için; 5.29-36.47 μM; hCA II enzimi için; 5.87-
18.24 μM ve AChE enzimi için; 19.80-231.00 μM aralığında bulundu. Ki değerleri hCA I
enzimi için; 2.99±0.17-54.46±11.29 μM hCA II enzimi için; 1.07±0.13-18.42±3.55 μM ve
AChE enzimi için; 10.44±0.96-181.09±21.13 μM aralığında bulunmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ftalonitril Türevi, Karbonik anhidraz, asetilkolinesteraz.
PHTHALONITRILE DERIVATIVE AND ITS METAL COMPLEXES
EFFECTS OF CARBONIC ANHYDRASE AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ON
ENZYME ACTIVITIES
ABSTRACT:
Phthalocyanines (Pcs) which are an essential family of macrocyclic compounds class have
many uses such as gas sensors 1, catalysts 2, solar cells3, electrochromic devices 4, Langmuir
Blodgett films 5, liquid crystals 6, anticancer agents in photodynamic cancer therapy 7 and
enzyme inhibitors 8 in enzyme inhibition processes. Especially the use of phthalocyanines as an
enzyme inhibitor has attracted attention in recent years9.
In this study; inhibition effects of six phthalonitrile derivatives and its metal complexes on
carbonic anhydrase isoenzymes (hCA I and hCA II) purified from human erythrocytes and
acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity were investigated. These compounds, which were used in
the study, were synthesized by Güzel and co-workers, and permission was obtained for use in
this study. hCA I and hCA II enzymes were purified from human erythrocytes in a single step
using Sepharose-4B-L-Tyrosine-Sulfanilamide affinity chromatography. Acetylcholinesterase
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enzyme was purchased commercially. IC50 values of six phthalonitrile derivatives and its metal
complexes were found in the range of 5.29-36.47 μM for hCA I enzyme; 5.87-18.24 μM for
hCA II enzyme; and 19.80-231.00 μM for AChE enzyme. Ki values were found in the range of
2.99±0.17-54.46±11.29 μM for hCA I enzyme; 1.07±0.13-18.42±3.55 μM for hCA II enzyme;
and 10.44 ± 0.96-181.09 ± 21.13 μM for AChE enzyme.
Kaynaklar (0psiyonel):
(1) Çimen, Y.; Ermiş, E.; Dumludağ, F.; Özkaya, A. R.; Salih, B.; Bekaroğlu, Ö. Synthesis,
Characterization, Electrochemistry and VOC Sensing Properties of Novel Ball-Type Dinuclear
Metallophthalocyanines. Sensors Actuators, B Chem. 2014, 202, 1137–1147.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2014.06.066.
(2) İşci, Ü.; Caner, C.; Zorlu, Y.; Gürek, A. G.; Dumoulin, F.; Ahsen, V. Sulfonamide-
Substituted Iron Phthalocyanine: Design, Solubility Range, Stability and Oxidation of Olefins.
Dalt. Trans. 2014, 43 (48), 17916–17919. https://doi.org/10.1039/C4DT02412E.
(3) Güzel, E. Dual-Purpose Zinc and Silicon Complexes of 1,2,3-Triazole Group
Substituted Phthalocyanine Photosensitizers: Synthesis and Evaluation of Photophysical,
Singlet Oxygen Generation, Electrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties. RSC Adv. 2019, 9
(19), 10854–10864. https://doi.org/10.1039/C8RA10665G.
(4) Arıcan, D.; Erdoğmuş, A.; Koca, A. Electrochromism of the Langmuir-Blodgett Films
Based on Monophthalocyanines Carrying Redox Active Metal Centers. Thin Solid Films 2014,
550, 669–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2013.10.177.
(5) Shilpa Harish, T.; Viswanath, P. Annealing Assisted Structural and Surface
Morphological Changes in Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Nickel Octabutoxy Phthalocyanine.
Thin Solid Films 2016, 598, 170–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2015.11.065.
(6) Basova, T. V.; Parkhomenko, R. G.; Polyakov, M.; Gürek, A. G.; Atilla, D.; Yuksel, F.;
Ryabchikova, E. I.; Kadem, B. Y.; Hassan, A. K. Effect of Dispersion of Gold Nanoparticles
on the Properties and Alignment of Liquid Crystalline Copper Phthalocyanine Films. Dye.
Pigment. 2016, 125, 266–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2015.10.005.
(7) Sen, P.; Managa, M.; Nyokong, T. New Type of Metal-Free and Zinc(II), In(III), Ga(III)
Phthalocyanines Carrying Biologically Active Substituents: Synthesis and
Photophysicochemical Properties and Photodynamic Therapy Activity. Inorganica Chim. Acta
2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ICA.2019.03.010.
(8) Güzel, E.; Koçyiğit, Ü. M.; Arslan, B. S.; Ataş, M.; Taslimi, P.; Gökalp, F.; Nebioğlu,
M.; Şişman, İ.; Gulçin, İ. Aminopyrazole-Substituted Metallophthalocyanines: Preparation,
Aggregation Behavior, and Investigation of Metabolic Enzymes Inhibition Properties. Arch.
Pharm. (Weinheim). 2019, 352 (2), e1800292. https://doi.org/10.1002/ardp.201800292.
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June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
JENTER METODU İLE BİNGÖL KOŞULLARINDA DAMIZLIK SAF KAFKAS (Apis
mellifera Caucasica) ve KAFKAS MELEZİ ANA ARI ÜRETİMİ
Doç. Dr. Nevzat ESİM
Bingöl Üniversitesi
Öğr. Gör. Münire TURHAN
Bingöl Üniversitesi
Dr. Ali KORKMAZ
Samsun Tarım Orman İl Müdürlüğü
ÖZET
Bu çalışmada Bingöl ilinde bulunan üreticilere Jenter metodu teknikleri kullanılarak ana arı
yetiştiriciliği eğitimi verilmiştir. Bingöl Arı Yetiştiricileri Birliği ile işbirliği yapılarak belirlenen
25 üreticiye 40 saat teorik 40 saatte uygulamalı eğitim verilmiştir.
Bingöl ili ve çevresinde geven, yonca, üçgül, kekik gibi derin korollalı bitkilerdeki nektarı almak
için uzun dil yapıları gelişmiş arı ırkının kullanılmasının daha uygun olacağı düşünülmektedir.
Bunun için bu çalışmada Kafkas ana arılarının olduğu kolonilerle çalışma yapılmıştır. Kafkas
arısı morfolojik olarak en uzun dilli arı olup, esmer renklidir hatta siyah arılar olarak bilinir.
Soğuk bölgelere dayanıklı, hastalıklara karşı dirençli, yavru yetiştirmesi iyi ve uysal arılardandır.
Çalışma sonucunda 25 üreticiye jenter yöntemi ile Kafkas melezi ana arı üretim tekniği ve
yöntemleri teorik ve uygulamalı şekilde eğitimler verilmiştir. Eğitim sonucunda bir
değerlendirme sınavı yapılmıştır. Başarılı olan üreticiler Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığına
yönlendirilmiş ve bu üreticilerinden 22 kişinin bakanlık onaylı sertifika almaları sağlanmıştır.
Sertifika alan üreticiler hem kendi ihtiyaç duydukları ana arıları üretebilecek hem de ürettikleri
ana arıları satabileceklerdir. Yapılan bu çalışma sonucunda yeni bir teknik ile ana arı
yetiştiriciliği öğrenilmiş aynı zamanda da üreticilerin ana arı maliyeti azaltılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ana arı, Jenter, Kafkas ana arı, Bingöl.
BREEDING of STUD PURE CAUCASIAN (Apis mellifera Caucasica) and CAUCASIAN
HYBRID QUEN BEE with JENTER METHOD IN BİNGÖL
ABSTRACT
In this study, queen bee breeding training was given to the producers in Bingöl province by
using Jenter method techniques. In cooperation with the Bingöl Beekeepers Association, 25
producers were given 40 hours of theoretical and 40 hours of practical training.
It is thought that it would be more appropriate to use long-tongue bee race in order to get nectar
in deep-corolled plants such as Astargalus sp., Thymus sp., Medicago sp., Trifolium sp., in
Bingöl and the around provinve.In this study were studied with colonies Caucasian queen bee.
The Caucasian bees are morphologically the longest lingual bee and they are dark brown and
even known as black bees. This bees are resistant to cold areas and diseases. The other hand
this bees are good fry rearing and docile bees.
As a result of the study, theoretical and practical ways of producing queen bee production
techniques were given with the jenter method to 25 beekeepers. As a result of the training, an
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7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
evaluation exam was conducted. Successful beekeepers were directed to the Ministry of
Agriculture and Forestry and 22 of these beekeepers were granted ministry approved
certificates. The certified beekepers will be able to produce the queen bee they need and sell
them. As a result of this study, queen bee breeding was learned with a new technique and the
queen bee cost of the beekeepers were decreased.
Keywords: Quen bee, Jenter, Caucasian quen bee, Bingöl.
“This study was financially supported by Presidency of The Republic of Turkey Strategy and
Budget Presidency (Former Development Ministry), coordinated by Council of Higher
Education and organized by The Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Bingol
University (Project Number: 2017K124000-BÜBAP-PİKOM-Arı.2018.002)’’
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7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
PROBLEMATICS OF WETLAND AND URBAN DESIGN:
IZMIT BAY WETLAND EXAMPLE
Asst. Prof. İbrahim TÜRKERİ Gebze Technical University
ABSTRACT
In addition to being a vital resource for the survival of living beings and ecosystems, water is a
fundamental need for sustainable development of countries. One of the world's most valuable
natural water resources is the wetlands. Wetlands in general terms; They are defined as lands that
are seasonally flowed between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, where the water layer is close
to the surface, which is invaded by shallow water for some or all of the year. Not only because
they host various species, but also because of the different ground conditions they offer, they
offer a different life span than the cities we live in.
Urbanization, which is defined as the situation and process of concentration of the population in
cities and expansion of urban areas based on the development of non-agricultural activities,
especially industry, proposes a living space different from the wetlands. In order to expand the
urban areas, project decisions are made on urban design scale. The urban design moves developed
in the urban context and the borders of the city with wetlands, even overflowing into the wetland
and taking them into the wetlands create a problematic in terms of both artificial and natural
environment.
In this context, Izmit and Izmit Bay Wetland are an example that should be examined in terms of
the effects of this problem. Within the scope of the study, the wetland in the coastal area of the
city of Izmit and the bay wall and its relation with the city are examined. The way in which the
city views this area is examined through the urban design projects developed in this area and the
processes and discourses of these projects are analyzed.
Keywords: Wetlands, Urban Design, Izmit Bay Wetland.
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7th INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICS-ENGINEERING-SCIENCE AND HEALTH SCIENCES CONGRESS
June 14-16, 2019
Rome, Italy
THE STRUCTURAL SPATIAL AND LITHURIC ITEM ANALYSIS OF THE
MASJIDS OF OTTOMAN PERIOD IN THE IZMIT CITY SITE
Asst. Prof. İbrahim TÜRKERİ
Gebze Technical University
Asst. Prof. Ceyda ÖZGEN Gebze Technical University
ABSTRACT
From the ancient times in the Muslim World, there are many masjids that utilizing as a place of
Islamic worship and maintaining their functional qualities, in social memory and in the physical
environment. In Islamic countries, the masjid is used to mean the place where five time prayers,
Friday and Eid prayers are made. Today's in Turkey, masjid is made in the sense where only the
five time prayers place in. Mosques are called as worship places where can be made Friday
prayers and five times prayers.
Today in Turkey, it is easily seen that bad imitations of Ottoman mosques have been maintained. The physical surroundings of the cities are equipped with these imitation mosques. Although the
image of the mosque in the memory of the Ottoman Empire was read through the minaret
(because the dome was also seen in other public buildings such as the other baths and
caravanserais), this situation is changing with the obsession of the dome nowadays. Islamic place
of worship in Turkey's architectural environment, reveals the “mosque” with the existing
ontological element in itself. And the question of the place of worship is discussed out of the
mosque. However, when the places of worship of the Ottoman period were examined, it is seen
that the masjids built on a different scale, unlike the mosque, have an important typology
reflecting the texture of the settlement pattern. This building scale developed within the historical
adventure of Islamic places of worship is an important reference source to shed light on
contemporary mosque designs.
In this context, the masjids located in the site of the city of Izmit are separated from the masjids
in other areas of the city due to their historical layers. The study sights to archive these small
masjids to analyze their structural, spatial and literary elements with architectural framework.
Thus, it is aimed to meet an important need related to the subject in the field of architecture and
to be articulated with a scientific study in our cultural heritage.
Keywords: Masjid, Ottoman’s Masjids, Izmit