Public Opinion on Corruption in Public Service Recruitment

Summary

Introduction ……………………………………………………………….... …1

Key Findings………………………………………………………………....….4

Recommandations ………………………………………………….... … …. .….5

1. Youth’s participation in the RCPSs…………………………………………...6

1.1. Youth’s opinion concerning the acts of corruption in the RCPSs …..……....7

2. Youth’s perception and awareness ……………………………………..……..9

2.1. Main consequences of no-transparent practices……..…....……..................15

3. Personal experiences with small-scaled acts of corruption in RCPSs…..........18

4. Youth’s opinions and recommendations……………………………………...22

4.1. Perception of the solutions to the problem of corruption in the RCPSs….....23

4.2. The interviewee’s level of commitment to future advocacy campaigns…....24

CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………….....30

ANNEX1: Méthodology………………………………………………………...31

ANNEX2 : The Questionnaire…………………………………………………..34

Youth and corruption in the public services recruitment competitions

1

INTRODUCTION

The Tunisian Revolution, erupting in December, 17th, 2011 by Mohammed Bouazizi, a

young street vendor from Sidi Bouzid, was from the very start a revolution against an

authoritarian state’s oppression. This was a symbolic reflection of an act of the same nature:

setting oneself on fire as a reaction against an injustice of this so called state, represented in a

municipal police officer.

The people, especially those who held university degrees, were the main victims of this

system: favoritism and bribery were very common, especially when it comes to getting a

position as an administrative officer through recruitment competitions, whose final results

were, often, criticized or even doubted. It is in this context that we are conducting our survey.

This subject was chosen because of its tremendous importance, especially after a Revolution

led essentially by young people demanding the right to employment and stamping out

corruption.

In fact, a major part of Tunisian youth aim to pass these recruitment competitions and get a

job based on their professional capacity and competence.

Despite these young people’s hope to see this scourge disappear from the civil service

recruitment competitions after the Revolution, reality shows otherwise. In fact, violations

continued, and even increased, which led to the creation of mistrust between applicants and

the officers who are in charge of the competitions: These officers were accused, many times,

of basing their choices on the political allegiance of the applicants and of favoring those who

are close to the ruling political party.

Corruption in recruitment competitions was tackled by some organizations of the civil society

as well as by some political parties through real-life cases. Yet they were considered by those

who were in charge exceptions that are, in general, the result of technical mistakes.

The Public Service Employment Act, adopted by the National Constituent Assembly in July

of 2012, temporarily organizes the integration of public services. Article 3 of this Act states in

particular:

The external examinations based on applicants’ resumes, mentioned in paragraph 1 of this Act,

occur as follows:


2

1- At least 70% of the positions to be allocated as follow:

Step 1: Applicants are categorized according to their age and their graduation year.

Step 2: Applicants having a particular total score, set by decision, are asked to take

oral or practical tests or to take multiple choices questions.

2- At least 30% of the positions to be allocated through oral or practical tests or multiple

choices questions for the other applicants.

Exceptions to the external recruitment competitions based on the applicants’ resumes and to

the tests were granted to particular categories to recruit them directly:

First, recruitment that in favor of the martyr’s families and the people injured during the

revolution. It allows only one member of each martyr’s or one family member of a person

injured during the Revolution.

Second, recruitment in favor of those benefitting of the general amnesty.

Third, recruitment made every year in favor of the handicapped.

The 2012 version of this Act is considered better than the one of the previous year, especially

because of adding the criterion of passing the oral tests. Despite this, doubts and lack of

confidence remains mainly among the young unemployed people. This leads to the need for

more clarity and transparency in recruitment processes.

Through this project, and based on the findings, primarily, on a statistical study, our

organization aims to assess the young people’s knowledge of the concept of transparency in

the recruitment for the public services. It also aims at assessing their opinions concerning the

applied criteria and the degree of their adaptability to the status quo. We will also try to get

their proposals. Finally, according to this survey’s findings, a campaign supporting these

proposals will be organized in order to reform the system of recruitment in the public services

and to improve the transparency of this operation.

In this situation, it is every Tunisian’s duty to allocate some of their time and money to help

the country diagnose this kind of corruption issues, so that appropriate measures to remedy

them can be taken.


3

As for us, as a civil society organization that works in the field of transparency and fighting

corruption, we carried out an opinion poll in order to gather the perceptions and views of

young people concerning corruption in the public services recruitment competitions. This idea

is so important that, since the revolution different points of view have been given by experts

regarding the level of corruption in the public services recruitment competitions. However,

few of those have reflected the perspectives of youth who are most affected by corruption in

this area. Thus, the findings of this survey provide an additional angle and completes the

views of different experts by taking into account the views and opinions of youth in Tunisia.

Among the different things tackled in this survey, we list:

The extent of young people’s understanding of the meaning of “corruption in the

public services recruitment competitions ”

The youth’s perception vis-à-vis the degree of corruption in the public services

recruitment competitions, the temporary government’s performance in its fight against

corruption…

The degree of the youth’s satisfaction concerning the way the public services

recruitment competitions work.

The risks noticed by young Tunisians concerning their chances to get hired in the

future national public services.

The youth’s view regarding the responsibilities in life and the distribution of

corruption

The youth’s behavior towards the cases of corruption in the public services

recruitment competitions and the extent of their dedication to fight it.

The recommendations and solutions proposed by young people to eradicate corruption

in the public services recruitment competitions.

In this document, our goal is to objectively analyze the findings of the survey. At the end of

the results of each question, we recommend some solutions related to the treated issue. The

study ends up by presenting a number of recommendations that would help guide decision-

makers in their choices.


4

Key Findings:

The main conclusions of the Integrity Survey of Youth:

Youth in Tunisia estimate the state of corruption to be serious.

74% of the interviewees believe that the state of corruption in Tunisia is alarming,

while 20% think that corruption is widespread.

Corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services is widespread

and generalized.

On a scale from 0 to 10 (where “0” indicates that corruption is very important and

widespread while “10” indicates that corruption is nonexistent),

2.1 is the average grade given by the young people surveyed to assess the degree

of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services.

The level of corruption in RCPS has increased after the revolution.

80% of the interviewees indicate that corruption in RCPSs has worsened after the

revolution.

The experience of small-scale corruption in the recruitment competitions is

relatively low.

12% of the young interviewees reported having personally experienced a case of

corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services.

Public contests’ selection procedures are discriminatory:

According to the surveyed youth, there is discrimination in recruitment

competitions that is based on age, gender, ethnic or social origins, political

opinions, family and relationships.

Impunity is the main cause of corruption in recruitment competitions for the

public services:

70% of the interviewees believe that "the absence of control and dissuasive laws"

is the main cause of corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services.

The youth’s level of commitment in reporting of corruption is relatively high:

About 60% of the interviewees say that they are willing to denounce a case of

corruption.


5

Recommendations:

The establishment of an anti-corruption strategy. This new strategy must start with

a diagnosis of corruption to facilitate the implementation of an anti-corruption

policy.

An independent public body that is responsible for contributing to the fight

against corruption.

In order to fight corruption in RCPS, more severe and effective sanctions shall be

applied.

The adoption of concrete measures to make governance systems more transparent,

accountable and effective, promote the government’s integrity and fight impunity

in the high levels of government.

In their fight against corruption, civil society components must constitute a real

obstacle and conduct the tasks related to information provision, raising awareness,

reporting and accountability. For this purpose, a public relations and awareness

raising campaign might help to fight corruption in public service recruitment

competitions and thereby change youth perceptions of corruption in the country.

The relevant regulations must be clear and comprehensive. They must also show a

great concern for transparency that officers must enforce, in order to avoid more

regional, "ethnic" or linguistic affinities or any other types of favoritism.

Simplifying procedures and selection criteria, and introducing a more transparent

selection process (publication of results, scores, selection criteria, etc.).

The numbers and results, obtained through this survey, make the need to simplify

the procedures for reporting and strengthening legal mechanisms to protect

informers, more compelling than ever.


6

1. Youth’s participation in the RCPSs:

The first part of the survey is about the youth’s participation in the recruitment competitions

for public services and their opinion regarding the acts of corruption in these competitions.

In fact, only 42% of the people interviewed had previously participated in one of the

recruitment competitions for public services.

Figure 1: Participation rate of the youth in recruitment competitions for the public services.

On the basis of interviewees answers (Table 1), we can explain The relatively low

participations’ rate by the diversification of applicants (pupils, students, unemployed people,

those who already have a job, those who don’t trust the recruitment procedures and those who

are not interested in the public services sector and prefer to work in the private sector, instead.)

Table1: Reasons why youth didn't participate in RCPs

Why have you never participate in RCPs

do not meet the participation conditions 11%

Studies / young graduate 22%

lack of confidence 5%

Without a degree 15%

lack of opportunities 15%

had a job 8%

not interested 11%

other reasons 3%

DK/REF 10%

More than half of the interviewees, who have never participated in any recruitment

competitions (59%), declared that they are ready to participate in the future recruitment

competitions for public services.

42%

58%

Did you participate in an RCPS?

Yes

No


7

Figure 2: Intention of participation in the next recruitment competitions for the public services

The participation rate can be considered moderately acceptable, as a part of those who have

never participated in these competitions, already have a job or do not fulfill the necessary

requirements to participate in a recruitment competition. On the other hand, one can explain

the decision of 36% of the young interviewees to boycott the future competitions by the little

faith they have in being recruited and their mistrust of the selection procedures.

1.1 Youth’s opinion concerning the acts of corruption in the RCPSs

People’s attitude towards corruption practices determines the degree of their tolerance and

their behavior towards corruption in general. The following paragraph reveals in which extent

the young interviewees accept certain acts of corruption and how they behave towards risks of

corruption.

The interviewees were asked to determine the degree of acceptance of two practices that favor

corruption.

As shown in figure 3, on average 9% of surveyed people find that bribing to pass in a

recruitment competition for the public services or favoring a high recruitment officer’s

relative and unfairly passing them the competition, two acceptable acts.

58,9%

36,1%

5,2%

Would you participate in the future RCPS?

Yes

No

Not Sure


8

Figure 3: The youth’s attitude towards corruption practices

These results allow us to assert that none of these two corruption practices that are mentioned

in the questions are relatively accepted by the interviewed population. Therefore, these results

show that the majority of young people consider the corruption practices in recruitment

competitions for the public services as being utterly inacceptable, as confirmed by more than

90% of the interviewees. Nonetheless, an important proportion (about 10%) considers it

acceptable.

As for the socio-demographic analysis, the interviewed youth, who belong to low- and

middle-income households, are more tolerant of bribery and favoritism than those belonging

to high-income households.

By combining these results with the households’ monthly incomes, we deduce that the young

people interviewed who belong to low- and modest-income families, are most inclined to

bribe than those who belong to high-income families.

Table 1: The youth’s attitude towards corruption practices in the RCPSs by monthly income

What’s your household’s monthly income?

Less than

200 TND

Between

201 and

500 TND

Between

501 and

1000 TND

Between

1001 and

1500 TND

Between

1501 and

2500 TND

More than

2501 TND

DK/REF

An applicant

bribing an officer

to pass an RCPS?

Acceptable 10% 28% 20% 10% 8% 2% 22%

Unacceptable 13% 29% 27% 8% 5% 4% 14%

Total 13% 29% 27% 8% 5% 4% 14%

10%

90%

A high officer favoring a relative and illegally passing them in an RCPS?

Acceptable

Unacceptable

9%

91%

An applicant bribing an officer to pass an RCPS?

Acceptable

Unacceptable


9

In fact:

38% of those who consider bribing an officer to pass a recruitment competition for the public

services acceptable belong to households whose monthly income does not exceed 500 dinars.

Figure 4: The youth’s attitude towards bribery in the RCPSs by monthly income

45% of those who consider that favoring a high recruitment officer’s relative and illegally

make them pass the competition two acceptable acts belong to households, whose monthly

income does not exceed 500 dinars.

Figure 5: The youth’s attitude towards favoritism in the RCPSs by monthly income

2. Youth’s perception and awareness:

In this second part of the survey, the young interviewees were asked to express their opinion

and perception regarding the extent of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the

public services. As shown in the figure 6, only 34% of surveyed people know the laws

38%

20%

10% 10%

22%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Less than 500dinars

Between 501and 1000 dinars

Between 1001and 1500

More than 1501dinars

DK/REF

54%

27%

11% 8% 9%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

Less than 500dinars

Between 501and 1000

dinars

Between1001 and

1500

More than1501 dinars

DK/REF


10

regulating these recruitment competitions. This result mirrors the lack of communication

between the different recruitment officers in the public ministers and administrations, and the

young applicants.

Figure 6: Level of the youth’s awareness of the laws regulating the RCPSs

On the other hand, on average 74% of surveyed people think that the state of corruption in

Tunisia is serious, while 21% believe that corruption is very widespread.

Figure 7: The level of corruption noted in Tunisia

Only 0.3% of the interviewees consider the state of corruption in Tunisia uncommon.

Having knowledge of this information is important in order to place corruption among other

serious problems, according to the perception of young people surveyed, our country is facing.

The previous question was followed by a second one about the problem of corruption in

recruitment competitions for the public services. We asked the young interviewees to assess

the degree of corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services, by placing it on a

scale ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 is "corruption is inexistent" and 10 is a "widespread of

corruption".

34%

66%

Do you have an idea about the laws regulating RCPs?

Yes

No

21% 74%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

rarely spread

Spread

Well-spread

serious


11

43% of the interviewees assigned a score between 9 and 10, while 35% have chosen to place

the degree of corruption between 7 and 8. 20% of the interviewees assigned it a mark

between 4 and 6, whereas only 2% of them thought that corruption is quasi inexistent in

recruitment competitions for the public services.

Figure 8: Estimation of the degree of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services

2.1 is the average rating assigned by the young people surveyed to assess the degree of

corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services, on a scale from 0 (perceived to

be serious and widespread) to 10 (perceived as inexistent).

As shown in the figure 9, the interviewees, generally, believe that the government is not

fighting corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. Only 21% do not

think so.

Figure 9: The interviewees’ opinion regarding the government’s level of commitment in the fight against corruption in the RCPSs

2%

20%

35%

43%

[1 3]

[4 6]

[7 8]

[9 10]

69%

21%

10%

Do you think that the government is fighting corruption in RCPS ?

No

Yes

DK/REF


12

Tunisian youth’s perception of the government’s efforts to fight corruption is in no way any

better. In fact, 43% of them believe that the government encourages corruption in recruitment

competitions for the public services.

Figure 10: The interviewees’ opinion regarding the government’s indictment by encouraging corruption in RCPSs

In fact, Tunisian youth have a negative perception of the entire political class. The results of

the Global Corruption Barometer1 confirm this interpretation. True, according to the GCB

2013, Tunisians believe that political parties and public officers are affected by corruption

with the respective rates of 66% and 49%.

When asked whether it is likely that the government will solve the problem of corruption in

recruitment competitions for public service, the majority of the interviewees 63% answered

that it would be impossible or very unlikely to succeed. 34% though that it is possible or very

likely that the government will succeed.

The following diagram illustrates the results obtained:

1 http://www.transparency.org/gcb2013/country?country=tunisia

39%

43%

18%

Do you think that the government is encouraging corruption in RCPS ?

No

Yes

D.K


13

Figure 11: The chances of current government to resolve the problems related to corruption in the RCPSs

It turned out that the majority of the young interviewees are not satisfied at all with the way

the recruitment competitions for the public services work. In fact, only barely 11% of ten

interviewees are satisfied.

Figure 12: The level of the youth’s satisfaction with how the RCPSs are conducted

4438 is the number of those benefiting from the general legislative amnesty and were hired in

the public services. This decision is the application of the Decree-law N°1, dated on 2011 and

related to the general amnesty and the dispositions of the Decree N°3256, related to the

procedures of professional reinstatement and the regularization of the administrative situation

of the public officers benefiting from the general amnesty2.

This law was recurrently talked about in the media and was heavily criticized. Some people

think that it reinstates a kind of favoritism, while others think it is a form of gratitude and that

it is natural to reward these people, who were imprisoned and tortured during the era of

dictatorship.

2 In a communiqué issued by the head of the government in May, the 16th, 2013, new measures were taken, pursuant to the Decree N°1 dated on 2011, aimed at the beneficiary of the general amnesty, victims of political or union affairs. These measures are as follows: Art. 2 – All those concerned by the amnesty, according to this Decree-law have the right to reinstatement at work and to demand reparation.

2%

30%

33%

27%

7% D.K/REF

Impossible

not very likely

rather probable

Very probable

8% 11% 51% 30%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

D.K/REF

satisfied

dissatisfied

very dissatisfied


14

Therefore we asked the question to the most affected youth by this Law.

To the question “Do you think that the reinstatement of the beneficiary of the general amnesty

in the public services decreases the chances of young people to be hired?” 67% of the

interviewees affirmed that it does. They, indeed, think that their chances to be hired in the

public services were affected by this law. On the other hand, only 24% of the interviewees do

not see link between the government’s decision and their chances to get a job in the public

services.

Figure 13: The youth’s opinion regarding the recruitment of the beneficiaries of the general amnesty in the public services

The analysis reveals that the youth, who think that there is a discrimination based on religion,

generally mention more that the integration of the beneficiaries of the general amnesty in the

public services reduced their chances to be recruited. In fact, 84% of those who adopt the

hypothesis asserting that there is a discrimination based on religion think that the integration

of the beneficiaries of the general amnesty in the public services diminished the youth’s

chances to be recruited.

67%

24%

10%

Do you think that the reinstatement of the beneficiary of the general amnesty in the public services decreases the chances

of young people to be hired?

Yes

No

D.K/REF


15

Figure 14: The youth’s opinion regarding the recruitment of the beneficiaries of the general amnesty in the public services by rates of affirmation that there is a discrimination based on religion in the RCPSs

2.1. Main consequences of non-transparent practices:

On average, 90% of the young interviewees think that the lack of transparency in the

recruitment competitions for the public services can threaten their future, the economic

growth, the country’s development and the social justice.

The results are detailed in the following graph:

Figure 15: Possible consequences of the corruption practices in the RCPSs on the youth

We read to the interviewees the following scenario: “An unemployed person is a relative of a

high-ranking officer (minister, general manager, important politician, etc) this latter uses their

influence to get their relative a job.” Then the interviewees were asked if the person

committing this act is considered “corrupt and must be punished”, “corrupt but their action is

justified” or “not corrupt”. The results, shown in the graph, provide an important explanation

of the different views regarding corruption. The overwhelming majority of the interviewees

60%

65%

63%

84%

34%

24%

21%

10%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

TotallyDisagree

Rather disagree

Rather agree

Totally Aagree

think that there is a discrimination based on religion Don't think that there is a discrimination based on religion DK/REF

93%

87%

89%

91%

6%

9%

9%

5%

The youth's future

Economic growth

The country's development

The social justice

50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Yes

No

D.K/REF


16

84% agreed that when a high-ranking officer uses his/her influence to get their relative a job,

it is an act of corruption. Surprisingly, 14% say that this high-ranking officer must not be

punished.

Overall, 37% think that the act of corruption mentioned in the question is justified. This

relatively high percentage reveals that there is a considerable tolerance level for acts of

corruption.

Figure 16: The youth’s opinion regarding the following act of corruption: “An unemployed person is a relative of a highly ranked officer. This latter exerts their influence to get them hired.”

The figure 17 shows that when analyzing the young people’s replies, in terms of proportion of

incomes, we conclude that those who come from high-income households are more likely to

denounce acts of corruption. Those whose households’ income are between 1001 and 1500

DNT, were more tolerant of acts of corruption.

Figure 17: The youth’s judgment towards the acts of corruption by monthly income

When asked whether corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services poses a

major challenge in Tunisia, 95% of the interviewees affirmed that it does.

62% 22%

14% corrupt and mustbe punished

corrupt butjustified

not corrupt

D.K / REF

63%

59%

62%

54%

72%

72%

20%

21%

23%

32%

17%

16%

17%

17%

14%

14%

8%

12%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

less than 200 DNT

between 201 and 500 DNT




more than 2501 DNT

corrupt and must bepunished

corrupt but justified

not corrupt


17

However, when the question whether there are enough successful prosecutions to dissuade

people from giving or receiving bribery to pass these competitions. It is no surprise that more

than the half of the interviewees, 53%, said that there are not any.

These results show a real lack of confidence in the capacity of the national judicial justice

systems to prosecute cases of corruption and bribery in recruitment competitions for the

public services.

On the other hand, answers to the question about “the government's efforts to fight corruption

in recruitment competitions for the public services”, show that the majority of the population

considers these efforts ineffective. 26% of interviewees assert that the government’s efforts

are effective, while more than two thirds of the interviewees (68%) are convinced of their

inefficiency.

Furthermore, in accordance with the youth’s perception of the government's efforts, 88% of

the interviewees think that the fight against corruption in recruitment competitions for the

public services should be the government’s priority.

Generally, young Tunisians are generally pessimistic concerning corruption in recruitment

competitions for the public services. 83% of them agree that corruption in recruitment

competitions for the public services is inevitable; it has always existed.

The socio-demographic analysis reveals that young people living in the North-Eastern part of

the country are the least pessimistic about corruption in recruitment competitions for the

public services. In fact, 23% of them do not agree with the statement according to which

“corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services is inevitable; it has always

existed”. This percentage is 7% higher than the average.

Furthermore, young people living in the East-central area of the country were the most

pessimistic, only 6% of them believe that corruption in recruitment competitions for the

public services is inevitable, which is 10% lower than the average.

Answers to the question about increasing corruption in recruitment competitions for the

public services confirm the pessimistic attitude of young Tunisians. True, 80% of them assert

that corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services has increased after the

revolution.


18

We asked respondents to indicate at which level corruption is encountered the most in

recruitment competitions for the public services. More than half of the interviewees, 57%,

believe that corruption is widespread at the level of external examinations based on

applicants' resumes in recruitment competitions for the public services. In second position and

according to the perception of young people, the oral examinations phase was mentioned by

21% of the interviewees. According to 14% of them, the oral examinations are the most

corrupt stage of the recruitment competitions.

Figure 18: The level of corruption noted in the different stages of recruitment competitions

3. Personal experiences with small-scaled acts of corruption in

RCPSs:

The third part of this study is dedicated to some young people’s personal experiences with

corruption in recruitment competitions for the public services. Indeed, people are creating

their own idea of corruption based on their own personal experiences or on facts related to

them.

Furthermore, a number of questions asked, while conducting the survey, helps create a more

precise idea about the youth’s experience with corruption in the recruitment competition for

the public services.

By exploring the corruption that young Tunisians are exposed to on a daily basis and through

this survey, we tried to get more precise information and report examples of shady practices

that the interviewees went through.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

writtenexaminations

competitionsbased onresumes

oralexaminations

D.K / REF

14%

57%

21% 8%

At which level one faces the highest level of corruption in RCPS?


19

We, then, discovered that, in average, 12% of surveyed people said that they personally went

through a case of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services.

To know the exact number of cases of corruption, the interviewees had to tell how many

times they personally faced corruption in the RCPSs.

Among the 12% of young people who confessed being personally subject to cases of

corruption in the RCPSs, 63% said that they experienced many times.

Figure 19: The number of the acts of corruption witnessed in the RCPSs

From a socio-demographic point of view, one notices that women are less likely to take action

against a case of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public services, than men.

In fact, only 10% of the interviewed women, which is 3% less than the average, confessed

having personally experienced a case of corruption in these competitions. This result can be

explained by the fact that women tend to avoid risks.

The second factor, influencing young people’s experiences in the cases of corruption in the

RCPSs is the monthly income of their households. As shown in the table 2 below, youth

belonging to high-income households are the most numerous to say that they experienced

corruption in the RCPS. In fact, 20% of interviewees belonging to households, whose

monthly income is between 1501 and 2500 dinars, report that they experienced corruption in

the recruitment competition for the public services.

31%

63%

6%

Once

Many Times

D.K/REF


20

Table 2: Percentage of the young people reporting that they were subject to corruption in the RCPSs by monthly income

Did you personally experience a case of corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public

services?

YES NO D.K/REF

Monthly income of the household

Less than 200 Dinars 12% 88% 0%

Between 201 and 500 Dinars 12% 85% 4%

Between 501 and 1000 dinars 11% 84% 5%



More than 2501 dinars 16% 84% 0%

D.K 9% 86% 5%

Refuse 8% 85% 6%

Total 12% 85% 3%

Moreover, the analysis reveals that the interviewees’ attitude is a factor that allows

distinguishing the differences in their behavior in a clear way. Indeed, we interpreted that

those who find bribing a highly ranked officer to pass a recruitment competition for the public

acceptable have 2.5 times more chances of having experienced a case of corruption in the

recruitment competitions for the public services (28% versus 11%)

When asked if they ever heard of problems of corruption occurring in the recruitment

competitions for the public services during the past two years, 67% of the interviewees said

that they have. This result confirms the magnitude and extent of corruption in recruitment


Discrimination consists in favoring or putting someone at a disadvantage due to some of their

characteristics or some of their personal choices. It is classified as one of the anticompetitive

practices that cause preventing, restricting or twisting competition.

In order to identify the extent of these discriminatory practices and clarify their types in

recruitment competitions for the public services, we sought the opinion and perception of the

young interviewees.

We asked the interviewees to affirm or refute the existence of discrimination based on

religion, age, ethnic or social origin, color, gender, political opinions and wealth.

As shown in the figure 20 and according to the perception of the surveyed youth, there is a

discrimination in recruitment competitions for the public services that is based on age, gender,

ethnic or social origins, political opinions and wealth. The interviewees refute the existence of

discrimination based on color or religion.


21

Figure 20: The youth’s opinion regarding the existence of discrimination in the RCPSs

78% of interviewees totally agree on the existence of discrimination based on political

opinions, and 85% strongly believe in the existence of discriminatory criteria based on the

family and relations of candidates.

In addition, 75% of interviewees do not agree with the statement affirming that there is a

discrimination based on color, and 58% of interviewees do not believe in the existence of

discrimination based on religion in recruitment competitions for the public services.

Figure 21: The youth’s opinion regarding the existence of discrimination in the RCPSs (2)

28%

22%

16%

42%

17%

7%

5%

30%

23%

21%

33%

24%

11%

7%

18%

27%

23%

12%

24%

18%

16%

20%

23%

37%

10%

32%

61%

70%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Religion

Age

Ethnic or social origins

Color

Gender

Political opinion

Family & relations

D.K/REF Totally disagree Rather disagree rather agree Totally agree

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Religion Age Ethnic orsocialorigins

Color Gender Politicalopinions

Family &relations

Disagree

Agree


22

The results of this series of questions show that on average 55% of the interviewees believe

that unequal treatment based on discrimination exists in recruitment competitions for the

public services. Thus, predominantly, the public perceives the selection criteria as largely

unfair. All candidates are not equal and do not enjoy the same rights before the law governing

the recruitment competitions for the public service.

The socio-demographic analysis shows that men are more likely to believe in the existence of

discrimination based on gender in recruitment competitions for the public services, 61% (5%

higher than the average) of men affirmed the hypothesis of the existence of sexual

discrimination.

4. Youth’s opinions and recommendations:

To the question, aiming to reveal what, according to the interviewees, explains corruption in

the recruitment competitions for the public services, they had to answer by choosing one or

many suggested options: The absence of supervision and off-putting laws, the citizen’s

indifference, or the absence of religious and moral beliefs.

We noticed that the more frequent reason they chose is “the absence of supervision and off-

putting laws”, which was mentioned by 70% of the interviewees. Furthermore, nearly one

third of the interviewees (32%) think that the absence of religious and moral beliefs is one of

the major causes of corruption. On the other hand, 21% of the interviewees blame the citizens’

silence towards corruption practices.

The following graph shows the importance given by the interviewees to each one of the

causes.

Figure 22: The reasons behind corruption in the RCPSs, according to the youth

32% 22%

71%

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%

The absence of supervisionand off-putting laws

the citizen’s indifference the absence of religiousand moral beliefs


23

The reasons, other than those that were mentioned in the survey, are suggested by an

extremely small minority of the interviewees: they revolve around dysfunction of the state,

impunity, the destitution and poverty.

The analysis of these results allows detecting differences at the level of perception of the

importance of these causes on corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public

services. Therefore, those who belong to low-income households increasingly believe in the

absence of religious or moral beliefs are the major cause of corruption in the recruitment


Figure 23: Proportion of the youth who think that the absence of religious and moral beliefs is a major reason behind the RCPSs by monthly income

4.1 Perception of the solutions to the problem of corruption in the RCPSs:

After thinking about extent of the corruption practices and determining their types, causes and

consequences in the recruitment competitions for the public services, we concluded that, so

far, the majority of youth think that corruption is a major problem in the recruitment


Therefore, we asked the interviewees to try to suggest solutions that would reduce the level

corruption. They came up with many ideas.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Less than 200 DNT

Between 200 and 500 DNT




More than 2500 DNT

No

Yes


24

These remedies revolve around the following axes:

The setting up of an appropriate legislation and its effective enforcement (a court

specializing in administrative corruption)

The enforcement of laws and the establishment of off-setting and punitive measures

for the offenders.

The inclusion of the state in the stamping out of corruption.

The simplification of the procedures and criteria of selection.

Educating the citizens and razing their awareness

The instauration of a more transparent selection process (posting the results, the

criteria, etc.)

4.2 The interviewee’s level of commitment to future advocacy campaigns:

The youth showed their dissatisfaction with the levels of corruption and its consequences on

their daily life, and their growing feelings of despair and injustice. According to the public,

corruption has prevented people from enjoying their rights and freedoms. It also

misappropriated valuable resources that could have been used to promote economic and social

development.

Compelled to experience corruption, these young people do it in silence. This is the most

inhuman aspect of corruption.

In order to perceive the youth’s engagement in fighting corruption in recruitment

competitions for the public services, we started by determining whether they were interested

in this issue.

We noticed that, 29% of interviewees claimed to be indifferent to corruption in recruitment


Figure 24: The level of interest in corruption in the RCPSs

69%

29%

People like me do not care whether the responsible for RCPS is corrupt

NO

YES

D.K


25

We asked the interviewees whether they would report corruption in one of the recruitment

competitions for the public services. 59% of surveyed people agreed that they would, which

indicates a general willingness to contribute to eradicating corruption.

Figure 25:The intention to report corruption practices in the RCPSs

The answers to the question “To whom would you report these acts?” were as follows:

In case they held information about an act of corruption, 34% of the interviewees prefer

reporting it to the administrative authority, while 33% of them would resort to the public

opinion (press and civil society), and 28% of them would turn to the judicial authority.

Figure 26 summarizes the reasons that the interviewees gave, for not reporting corruption.

65% of the interviewees said they were sure that their complaints would not make any

difference, while 22% preferred not to report corruption, out of fear of the denunciation’s

consequences. 17% of the interviewees would not report such acts, because of their lack of

knowledge of the denunciation process and to which body they should complain.

Figure 26: Motives provided for not bearing the intention of reporting corruption in the RCPSs

37%

59%

4%

No

Yes

D.K/REF

17% 22%

65%

5%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

I do not knowwhom to report

the act ofcorruption to

I fear thedenunciationconsequences

my denunciationwill make no

difference

D.K


26

In order to interpret the youth’s perception on corruption, we also asked them about the

obstacles that prevented them from reporting corruption in recruitment competitions for the

public services.

Based on the results, the reasons were absence of evidence (mentioned by 45% of the

interviewees). Then, 28% referred to the complexity of reporting procedures. 22% also think

that the discomfort of being treated as an informer, held them from reporting corruption in

recruitment competitions for the public services.

Figure 27: the impediments that would hinder exposing corruption practices in the RCPSs

75% of interviewees think that preventing and fighting corruption in the RCPSs is the

government’s responsibility. 11% believe that it is the legal system’s duty, while 10% think

that the civil society’s organizations can also be responsible for this issue.

Figure 28: The responsible for preventing and fighting corruption in the RCPSs, according to the youth

45%

28%

22%

2%

the absence of proofs

the complexity ofdenunciation procedures

the discomfort of beingtreated as an informer

Other

DK/REF

10%

75%

11%

According to you, whose responsibility it is to fight corruption

ONGs and otherassociations

Government

Judiciary System

DK


27

Concerning the perspectives of change, 78% of the young interviewees think that ordinary

people can make a difference in the fighting corruption in the RCPSs.

In spite of the fact that 80% of the interviewees believe that the organizations’ efforts in

fighting corruption in the RCPSs are not enough, the youth keep have faith in the civil

society’s components. As a matter of fact, 85% of the interviewees think that the civil society

can make a difference in fighting corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public

services.

Many people are ready to act. 82% of interviewees asserted that they are ready to support a

colleague or a friend, if they fought corruption in the recruitment competitions for the public

services. In addition to that, 70% stated that they are ready to personally commit themselves

to this cause.

The men’s higher percentage, 70%, indicates that they are more ready than women, 68%, to

commit themselves to fighting corruption.

Compared with the levels of education, there are differences in terms of will to personally

commit oneself to fighting corruption. Those who reached secondary education are less

committed to supporting a friend in their fight against corruption (44%).

Figure 29: Personal commitment to fighting corruption by academic level

Previous experiences with corruption in the RCPSs have a negative impact on the youths’

idea about their will to be involved in fighting this problem. Almost 79% of young

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

Ready to personally committhemselves in fightingcorruption in the RCPSs

Would support a colleague or afriend if they would fightcorruption in RCPSs


28

interviewees, who did not experience a case of corruption in the RCPSs, see themselves

personally getting involved in fighting this problem, while only 69% of those who

encountered this problem, think the same thing.

Figure 30: The people’s commitment to fighting corruption and their experiences with corruption in the RCPSs

The young people who are willing to get involved in the fight against corruption in

recruitment competitions for the public services are provided with a number of opportunities.

Table 3: Responses to the different proposed actions

Action YES NO D.K/REF

signing a petition to ask the governorate to make greater efforts

concerning fighting corruption in RCPSs

75% 20% 5%

Participating in a peaceful protest against corruption in RCPSs 62% 36% 2%

joining an organization that fights corruption in RCPS 62% 35% 3%

promoting the issue of corruption in RCPS on social media 72% 24% 4%

It has already been noted that the interviewees were rather pessimistic about the government's

efforts in the fight against corruption in RCPS. However, signing a petition requesting the

government to make further efforts to fight corruption is a top priority. In second position, we

found that young people prefer promoting their cause via social media. Participating in a

70%

66%

82%

80%

78%

69%

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%

Personally experiencedcorruption in the RCPSs

Did not personallyexperience corruption in

the RCPSs

Ordinary people can make a difference in fighting corruption in the RCPSs

Would support a colleague or a friend if they fought corruption in the RCPSs.

Ready to personally get involved in fighting corruption in the RCPSs


29

peaceful protest comes in third position, just before joining an organization that fights

corruption in RCPS. Only 62% of the interviewees are interested in this last action.


30

CONCLUSION:

This study quantified the different situations that can help in the decision making process. For

most variables of the study, the points of view of the population were not opposed enough to

each other (the population has almost the same vision on issues related to corruption).

The ongoing changes that took place after the youth’s revolution have not highlighted the

fight against corruption as an essential priority for action. Despite the establishment of public

structures, aiming at fighting corruption, their prerogatives and means were limited. This is

due to the lack of political will. Concerning the fight against corruption, the youth have

shown a willingness to engage in such a cause. Thus, nearly 60% of the interviewees believe

they are willing to report cases of corruption. But for some people, the administrative

procedures are complicated and obscure. Furthermore, the fear of the consequences still

hinders them.

However, the government’s action alone is not enough to prevent and fight corruption. It is

essential that trade unions, civil society’s components and ordinary citizens also take

complementary measures and mutually support each other.

Finally, this research has also allowed us to discuss the issue of corruption based on figures. It

provides political and administrative officers as well as the anticorruption community with an

exceptional opportunity to assess the state of corruption in recruitment competitions for the

public services, as reflected by the views and experiences of young people.

Just like any scientific study, this one is not devoid of flaws, yet, it has the merit of being

carried in a clear and rigorous methodological approach.


31

ANNEX1: Methodology

Following the Vietnamese methodology of sample-based studying and taking into

consideration the characteristics of the Tunisian population, the sample was selected

according to the quota method per region (50% men, 50% women), environment (rural, urban)

and age. For representational reasons according to the level and type of education and gender,

a recovery was applied on the collected data. A recovery ratio was given to each individual

who would be used to weight the answers. This method is called an empirical stratification. It

consists in calculating the coefficients of weighting to the people who took part in the survey to make

the sample representative of the population, from which it was taken, according to certain criteria. In

the case of the under-review survey, the variables used are represented in the following table:

By gender By environment

The survey was conducted in 14 governorates and in two environments (urban and rural).

The methodology followed in selecting the individuals can be summed up in four steps:


32

1st step: Selecting the targeted governorates in each area according to the method of

Proportional Probability to Size (PPS)

The representative sample was divided according to the seven main areas (Grand Tunis, the

northwestern area, northeastern area, central-western area, central-eastern area, south-western

area and south-eastern area), to the environment (rural and urban) proportionally to the size of

the targeted population (young people between 18 and 35 in Tunisia).

TOTAL % TOTAL Total sample

% Urban Urban Total

Rural Total

Grand Tunis 755439 23% 153 92% 141 12 Northeastern

area 450401 14% 94 61% 57 37

Northwestern area

361227 12% 83 37% 31 52

Central-eastern area

728811 23% 152 72% 109 43

Central-western area

416800 14% 92 32% 30 63

South-eastern area

294712 9% 63 71% 44 18

South-western area

181390 6% 38 68% 26 12

Total 100% 675 438 237

2nd

step: Selecting the governorates in every area based, again, on the PPS method,

while taking into account the environment criteria.

3rd

step: Based on the list of rural/urban areas, the targeted communities were selected.

4th

step: It consists in a systematic survey (the first house hold is chosen randomly

while the others are chosen according to the same steps). Then, the targeted individual

is selected in every household, according to the “kish” method.

Sample Size:

The objective is to create a sample so that the observations can be generalized to include the

entire population.

Basically, three factors determine the size of the sample for a survey conducted on a

population:

The estimated prevalence of the studied variable.

The targeted level of trust.

The acceptable error rate.


33

For a survey template based on a random simple sample, the necessary size of the sample is

calculated according to the following formula:

n= t² x p(1-p)

m²

n = the required size of the sample

t = level of trust up to 95% (typical value of 1.95)

p = estimated prevalence of the risk factors in the targeted population. (p = 0.5)

m = error rate up to 2.97% (typical value of 0.03)

n=675 with an error rate of +/- 3.77%

The size of this sample is distributed on the observation sites proportionally to their

demographic weight.

The data collection method was based on a paper-based questionnaire composed of 8 pages

and including 31 questions (Annex I).

The questionnaire was conducted in a face-to-face meeting. Thus, the targeted population was

asked spontaneously in their households.


34

ANNEX 2: The Questionnaire

Public opinion survey about corruption in civil service examinations

Application form n°1

Application number 0 0 0 1

Place Delegation Street name and number where

you started the questionnaire

House

number

Number of people aged between

18 and 35 living in the house

Introduce yourself to the person who answered the door

I am ... working as an investigator for I WATCH, which is an independent non-political, non-governmental and non-profit organization. I WATCH is realizing a public opinion survey about corruption in civil service examinations.

Your participation in this survey is voluntary. I’d like to know your opinion, so I encourage you to answer this survey’s questions. However, I wish you’d inform me if there is a question you do not understand. Your answers will be completely confidential and all data will be analyzed as a whole, not only at an individual level.

Choose the person whom you will interview

Now how can we choose the person we are going to interview without pattern? To work in a scientific way, I

need to randomly choose one of the adults living in the house, aged between 18 and 35 years old. The

interview can be anonymous; I would only need to know the age of the interviewee, along with his sex and how

he is related to people living in the house. Let’s start with you, how old are you? How many people aged

between 18 and 35 live in this house?

Table of family members

how are you

related to the

person interviewed

Male/

female

Age Test number ( the eldest male = 1 the youngest male then the

eldest female to the youngest one)

Who gave us the

information

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12


35

The schedule you follow to choose the person to interview

Application number The schedule you follow to choose the person to interview, the numbers symbolise

the number of people aged more then 18

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

1 2 2 2 2 4 2 7 7 7 1 5

Following this table we randomly choose this person………………………

Date of the interview Day/month/ year Name and code of the interviewer Time

Beginning of the interview …. : …. End of the interview ……. : ………

Duration How much time it takes to check the

application

Name and code of the supervisor Signature of the interviewer

Number of the

chosen person

Is the person who started the interview

the same one who finished it?

1st

meeting

2nd meeting 3rd meeting 1st

meeting

2nd

meeting

3rd

meeting

Interview

totally done

Closed or

empty

Interview partly

done

Unqualifie

d place

Interview

postponed

Refused

Person

unqualified

Others

If the interviewee refused to answer, write down a reason


36

Public opinion survey about corruption in civil service examinations

Définition des codes :

codes 1, 2, 3, 4,80, 90 were mentioned to facilitate data entry tasks

80: REF (the respondent refused to answer)

90: DK (the respondent didn’t know what to answer)

Concept :

Q01. Have you ever participated in a civil service examination?

□ Yes 1 skip to Q01.a

□ No 2 skip to Q02 Q01.a How many times? ….

□ DON’T KNOW

□ Refuse to answer

Q02 why?

…………………………………………………

Q02.a Are you ready to sit for the coming civil service examinations?

□ Yes 1 □ No 2 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80

□ DON’T KNOW 90

Q03. What do you think about these behaviors?

Q03.a. A person passed the civil service examination, bribing a public official to succeed?

□ Acceptable 1 □ Not acceptable 2 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Q03.b. A senior public official gave priority to his relative, making him succeed the civil service examination in an illegal way?

□ Acceptable 1 □ Not acceptable 2 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90


37

Perception and awareness

Q04. Do you have any idea about the laws regulating the civil service examinations? □ Yes 1 □ No 2 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Q05. How would you consider the state of corruption in Tunisia? □ Uncommon 1

□ Widespread 2 □ Very Widespread 3 □ Serious 4 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Q06. On a scale from 1 to 10, how would you rate corruption in civil service examinations, (knowing that n° 1 refers to non-existing corruption, while n° 10 relates to the fact that corruption is markedly spread) what will be your rating?

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 REF DK

Q07. According to you, is the current government fighting corruption in the civil service examinations?

□ Yes 1 □ No 2 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Q08. According to you, must fighting corruption on the civil service examinations be one of the government’s priorities?


Q09. According to you, is the government helping the corruption in the civil service examinations? □ Yes 1 □ No 2 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Q10. According to you, will the current government be able to eradicate corruption in the civil service examinations in Tunisia?



38

Q11. Generally, how are you satisfied with the way the civil service examinations are being generated?

□ VERY SATISFIED 1 □ SATISFIED 2 □ UNSATISFIED 3 □ VERY UNSATISFIED 4 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90 Q12. According to you, did including the beneficiaries of the general legislative amnesty law, harmed

the chances of youth to integrate in the civil services?

□ HIGHLY PROBABLE 1 □ PROBABLE 2 □ LAWLY PROBABLE 3 □ NOT PROBABLE AT ALL 4 □ DON’T KNOW 80 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 90

Q13. According to you, the lack of transparency in the civil service examinations could threaten:

↓ Yes No Refuse to answer DON’T KNOW

Q13a. The future of YOUTH 1 2 80 90

Q13b. The economic growth 1 2 80 90

Q13c. The country progress 1 2 80 90

Q13d. The social justice 1 2 80 90

Q14. Now I’d like you to tell me what you think of this situation: An unemployed person is a relative of a senior (Minister, General Manager...), who used his power to

get him a job: Do you think the top part is:

□ Corrupt and should be punished 1 □ Corrupt but justified 2 □ Not Corrupt 3 □ DON’T KNOW 80 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 90


39

Q15. Please evaluate to what extent you would agree or disagree with the statements below:

Mention in order ↓

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY

DISAGREE Refuse to

answer DON’T KNOW

Q15a. Corruption is a serious problem in the civil service examinations in Tunisia

1 2 3 4 80 90

Q15b. There are enough successful prosecutions in Tunisia to deter people from giving or taking bribes, in order to succeed a public service examination

1 2 3 4 80 90

Q15c. The government efforts to eradicate corruption in the public services examinations are effective

1 2 3 4 80 90

Q15d.The corruption in the public service examinations is inevitable; it has always existed and will always exist

1 2 3 4 80 90

Q15e.The corruption in the public service examinations worsened after the revolution

1 2 3 4 80 90

Q16. What public services contests are most corrupt? □ Contests on CVs 1 □ Orals examinations 2 □ Written contests 3 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Personal Experiences:

Q17. Have you personally experienced a corruption case in a public services contest, or has one of

your relatives?


□ DON’T KNOW 90 Q17.a How many times did it occur?

Q18. During the past two years, have you known about corruption cases in public services contests?


□ DON’T KNOW 90


40

Q19. Referring to your personal experiences and those of your friends’ you have known about, may

you please indicate whether you agree with the following statements:

In public services contests there is discrimination based on:

Mention in order ↓

STRONGLY AGREE AGREE DISAGREE STRONGLY

DISAGREE Refuse to

answer DON’T KNOW

Q19a. Religion 1 2 3 4 80 90

Q19b. age 1 2 3 4 80 90

Q19c. Social and racial origins 1 2 3 4 80 90

Q19d. Color 1 2 3 4 80 90

Q19.e. sex 1 2 3 4 80 90

Q19.f. Political opinions 1 2 3 4 80 90

Q19.g. Family and relations 1 2 3 4 80 90

Opinions and recommandations:

Q20. Do you agree with the next sentence?

For people like me, the existence or non existence of corruption in the public service examinations

doesn’t matter nor has it an influence on my life.


Q21. According to you, what are the reasons of corruption in the public service examinations?

□ The absence of firm laws and control 1 □ Complacency of the citizens 2 □ Absence of religious and moral faith 3 □ Other (mention them) 4 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Q22. What solutions do you propose to reduce corruption in the public service examinations?

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Level of commitment of the interviewee in the next advocacy campaigns:

Q23. Now, are you ready to report about a corruption case in the public service examination you are aware of?

□ Yes 1 Skip to Q23.a □ No 2 Skip to Q23.b □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80

□ DON’T KNOW 90


41

Q23.a To whom would you report? Skip to Q24.

□ The administrative authority (ministry, administration ...) 1 □ The legal authority (Attorney of the Republic, police ...) 2 □ The public (press, associations, civil society ...) 3 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Q23.b Why aren’t you willing to report?

□ I don’t know whom to report to 1 □ I am afraid of the consequences 2 □ My report will change nothing 3 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90 Q24. In your opinion, what are the obstacles that prevent from revealing corruption cases in the

public service examinations?

□ The Lack of proofs 1 □ The procedures or the report are complicated and unclear 2 □ The Fear of people’s reaction 3 □ Other (mention it) 4 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90 Q25. According to you, whose responsibility it is to fight corruption in the public service examinations?

□ The government’s 1 □ Judiciary system’s 2 □ NGOs and associations’ 3 □ Other (mention them) 4 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Q26. Do you think ordinary people can have an effective role in the fight against corruption in

the public service examinations?


□ DON’T KNOW 90 Q27. Do you think that the components of civil society can make a difference in the fight against

corruption in the public service examinations?


□ DON’T KNOW 90


42

Q28. How do you think of the current efforts of associations in the fight against corruption in the

public service examinations?

□ Very sufficient 1 □ Sufficient 2 □ Not really sufficiennt 3 □ Not sufficient at all 4 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Q29. Would you support a colleague or a friend if he fought against corruption in the public service

examinations?


□ DON’T KNOW 90 Q30. Are you ready to become personally involved in the fight against corruption in the public service

examinations?


□ DON’T KNOW 90

Now I wish you may answer my yes/no questions: Ready!?

Q31.a Will you sign a petition asking the government for more efforts to eradicate corruption in the public service examinations?


□ DON’T KNOW 90

Q31.b Will you participate in a march against corruption in the public service examinations?


□ DON’T KNOW 90 Q31.c Will you join an association or a NGO to eradicate corruption in the public service

examinations?


□ DON’T KNOW 90


43

Q31.d Will you to publish and inform others about the case of corruption in the public service

examinations, in the social Medias (Twitter, Facebook…)?


□ DON’T KNOW 90

DEMOGRAPHY

D01. How old are you? ………….. □ REF 80 □ DK 90

D02. What is the highest level of school you completed?

□ I never went to school 1 □ Primary Level 2 □ Secondary level (College) 3 □ Secondary Level II (Lycee) 4 □ Professional training 5 □ University 6

□ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

D03. What is the salary of your household per month?

□ less than 200 Dinars 1 □ 201 to 500 Dinars 2 □ 501 to 1000 dinars 3 □ 1001 to 1500 dinars 4 □ 1501 to 2500 dinars 5 □ more than 2501 dinars 6

□ Refuse to answer 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90 D04. Which one of the next suggestions could better describe your financial status?

□ I find it hard to buy even the most basic things to feed my family and myself 1

□ I have enough resources to survive, but I do not have enough money for extra things 2

□ I am able to afford things like new clothes and eating in restaurants but not often 3

□ I am able to afford things like new clothing and eating out and also support other family members who are not able to do so

4

□ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80

□ DON’T KNOW 90

D05. Do you have internet access at home?

□ Yes 1 □ No 2 □ Refuse to answer 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90


44

D06. Where do you use Internet most often?

□ At home 1 □ At work 2 □ In school 3 □ anywhere via mobile phone 4 □ Autres 70 □ REFUSE TO ANSWER 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

D07. Do you own your house or it’s one of your family members’ house?

□ Yes 1 □ No 2 □ Refuse to answer 80 □ DON’T KNOW 90

Documents

Public Opinion on Corruption in Public Service Recruitment