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qarTuli xalxuri musikaluri Semoqmedeba (saxelmZRvanelo konservatoriis saSemsruleblo fakultetebis

studentTaTvis)

Semdgenlebi: dodo mesxi Tamaz gabisonia

Sesavali folklori xalxis, rogorc Semoqmedis, iersaxes warmoaCens. masSi mravalferovani formebiTaa warmodgenili am erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli originaluri mxatvruli azrovneba. termini “folklori” pirvelad 1896 wels gamoiyena ingliselma swavlulma uiliam tomsma. sityva-sityviT igi xalxur sibrZnes niSnavs, tomsis kvaldakval sayovelTaod damkvidrebuli mniSvnelobiT ki – xalxur Semoqmedebas. xalxur Semoqmedebas sxvanairad tradiciul xelovnebasac uwodeben; igi aerTianebs xalxur zepirsityvierebas (leqsi, zRapari, Tqmuleba, andaza, gamocana), musikas, qoreografias, Teatralizebul saweso-sakulto ritualebsa da sanaxaobebs, xuroTmoZRvrebas, rewvas, samoss, oqromWedlobas da a.S.; xalxur Semoqmedebas anu tradiciul kulturas miakuTvneben agreTve tradiciul samzareulos, medicinas. xalxuri Semoqmedeba xmaa erisa; roca mas pativs mivagebT, Cven qeds vixriT ara calkeuli pirovnebis, aramed mTeli xalxis winaSe, romlis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawili Tavad varT. amasTan, folklori winaprebTan memkvidreobiT kavSirs SegvagrZnobinebs da Cvens cnobierebaSi maTTan kulturuli erTianobis grZnobas badebs. swored es aris, adamians sakuTari Tavis SecnobaSi rom exmareba da sakuTari erovnuli kulturis matareblad aqcevs.

`eris meobas jer ena arkvevs da Semdeg xalxuri simRera _ xalxis gulis namdvili mesaidumle~, _ Tqva XX saukunis qarTvelma enaTmecnierma arnold Ciqobavam. xolo cnobili mgalobeli da sazogado moRvawe polievqtos karbelaSvili XIX saukunis dasasruls werda: `samSoblo galobisa da simReris dakargvasa da Secvlas me vadareb samSoblo enis, TviT samSoblos dakargvasa~. dResac Znelia aixsnas, Tu rogor miaRwia qarTvelma xalxma xalxuri Semoqmedebis, gansakuTrebiT _ musikis esoden maRalmxatvrul dones. magram is ki naTelia, rom misi Taviseburebebis saTaveebi Soreul warsulSi unda veZeboT. qarTvel ers Tavisi aTaswlovani istoriis manZilze kulturuli urTierToba hqonda mezobel xalxebTan, ramac, cxadia, gavlena iqonia am fenomenaluri movlenis Camoyalibebaze. miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli xalxuri musika, rogorc ilia WavWavaZe ambobda, “TviTmyofadi da TviTnaCenia”. upirvelesi Tviseba, romelic mas msoflio kulturuli memkvidreobis erT-erT gansakuTrebul fenomenad aqcevs, misi mravalxmianobaa, romlis ganviTarebas xeli ver SeuSala saqarTvelos istoriulma Znelbedobam.

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qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmianoba yovelTvis did STabeWdilebas axdenda ucxoel msmenelze. cnobili frangi mwerali romen rolani aRfrTovanebuli ambobda: `me musikosi var, mravali eris simRerebi momismenia, magram aseT mSvenierebas arsad Sevxvedrivar. bednieria qveyana, sadac aseTi xalxi cxovrobs, bednieria xalxi, romelsac aseTi simRera gaaCnia.~ aranakleb moxibluli iyo amerikeli kompozitori alan ovanesi: `baxi rom cocxali iyos, isic aRfrTovandeboda aseTi polifoniiT~. aseve aRtacebuli iyo germaneli eTnomusikismcodne erix Stokmani: `saocaria, rogor Seqmna xalxma aseTi rTuli musika da rarig msubuqad, Zaldautanebelad asruleben mas adamianebi, romelTagan zogma xSirad wera-kiTxvac ki ar icis~. cnobili amerikeli eTnomusikismcodne alan lomaqsi saqarTvelos msoflio xalxuri mravalxmianobis guls uwodebda. XX saukunis erT-erT udides kompozitors, igor stravinskis ki qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis pirveli mosmenis Semdeg aRmoxda: `es iyo saukeTeso, rac ki odesme msmenia!~ aseve sagulisxmoa gamoCenili rusi musikismcodnis, boris asafievis sityvebi: `qarTuli xalxuri mravalxmiani kultura ukve didi xania, aRiarebulia SesaniSnav istoriul wvlilad musikis zogadsakacobrio did saganZurSi. igi gvacvifrebs da qeds gvaxrevinebs qarTveli xalxis musikaluri geniis winaSe.~

yoveli eris xalxuri samusiko Semoqmedeba msoflio kulturis did monapovars warmoadgens. TiToeuli maTgani Taviseburad ganumeorebelia, yvela erTad ki qmnis am kulturis mravalferovnebas. formebis srulyofilebiT gamorCeuli qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmianoba iuneskom 2001 wels msoflio aramaterialuri kulturis Sedevrad gamoacxada da amiT igi gansakuTrebuli zrunvis sagnad aRiara.

marTlac, dRes saqarTvelo msoflio xalxuri musikaluri kulturis rukaze erT-erTi TvalsaCino regionia. ucxoeTis bevr qveyanaSi - avstraliaSi, amerikaSi, iaponiasa Tu safrangeTSi, did britaneTSi, kanadaSi, SvedeTSi, - Seqmnilia qarTuli simReris Semswavleli jgufebi, rom araferi vTqvaT Tavad saqarTveloSi arsebul mraval folklorul koleqtivze.

XX saukunem mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana qarTul tradiciul musikalur azrovnebaSi. es, erTi mxriv, ganapiroba folkloris saarsebo socialuri garemos Secvlam – teqnikurma progresma, yofidan mravali ritualisa da wes-Cveulebis gaqrobam, meore mxriv ki – Tanamedrove ucxouri Tu qarTuli masobrivi kulturis farTo gavrcelebam, radio-televiziiT Sou-biznesis mdare produqciis propagandam. amitom dRes gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas iZens axalgazrdebis mier qarTuli tradiciuli simRera-galobis Seswavla. es saxelmZRvanelo swored am mizans isaxavs da gankuTvnilia konservatoriis saSemsruleblo fakultetebis studentTaTvis.

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xalxuri samusiko Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi niSan-Tvisebebi musikalur-folkloruli nimuSisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebebi misi funqcionirebis garemos asaxavs. swored maTi erToblioba qmnis folklorul stils. amasTan, xalxuri nawarmoebi principulad gansxvavdeba profesiuli musikis nimuSisagan. xalxuris sapirispirod, am ukanasknels axasiaTebs mkafiod gamokveTili individualoba, romelic avtoriseuli teqstis zusti da ucvleli fiqsaciiT dasturdeba.

miuxedavad amgvari sxvaobisa, dResac xSirad kamaToben, ra kriteriumebiT unda amovicnoT xalxuri simRera Tu instrumentuli nimuSi, ra niSnebiT ganvasxvaoT igi saavtorosagan. arsebobs ramdenime piroba, romelic gvexmareba xalxuri musikis folklorulobis dadgenaSi.

erT-erTi umTavresi piroba, romelic folkorul nimuSs profesiulisagan ganasxvavebs, misi socialuri funqciaa. xalxuri musika yofisagan ganuyoflad arsebobs, igi Tan axlavs adamians mwuxarebasa da lxinSi, religiur-sakulto qmedebisas, brZolisas, Sromisas Tu ubralod fiqrisas, roca igi marto rCeba sakuTar TavTan. profesiuli musika yovelTvis gulisxmobs kompozitors, Semsrulebelsa da msmenels, maSin, rodesac folkloruli stili am triadis samive komponents Tavis TavSi aerTianebs. folkloris arsebobis bunebrivi forma _ cxovrebiseul yofasTan Tanaarseboba _ ganapirobebs xalxuri nawarmoebis arsebiT Taviseburebas _ sinkretizms. igi gulisxmobs sityvis, musikisa da moZraobis erTobliobas, rac xSirad Teatralizebulia. Cveulebriv, simRera an dasakravi, romelic garkveul plastikur (cekva, Sroma, sxeulis moZraoba, mimika) qmedebasTan erTad sruldeba, mkvlevarTa mier aRiqmeba, rogorc bunebriv garemoSi Sesrulebuli _ avTentikuri da, Sesabamisad, ufro Zveli, Semonaxuli forma. xalxuri musika, upirvelesad, adamianebis mier mis koleqtiur Sesrulebas gulisxmobs. garda amisa, folkloruli nawarmoebi mravali Taobis SemoqmedebiTi Zalisxmevis anu koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis nayofia. ama Tu im epoqaSi aRmocenebuli, igi niadag saxes icvlis, viTardeba, ixveweba da Camoyalibebul saxes iRebs. imis zustad dadgena, Tu vis mier Seiqmna xalxuri musikis esa Tu is nimuSi, rogorc wesi, SeuZlebelia, anu folkloruli nawarmoebi anonimuria. igi saukuneebis manZilze SemuSavebul erovnul intonaciur formulebs eyrdnoba; es simboluri formulebi inaxaven winaprebis mier uricxvjer (mravalgzis) gameorebuli gancdis Sedegad Camoyalibebul universalur arqetipebs, romlebic “pirvelsaxes”, “pirvelgancdas” gamoxataven. axali simRerebi, dasakravebi da maTi variantebi umTavresad swored am formulebis nairgvari kombinirebiT an SerwymiT iqmneba.

ama Tu im folkloruli nimuSis variantis avtori, Cveulebriv, calkeuli individia. xalxma, rogorc koleqtiurma Semoqmedma, SesaZloa, miiRos an ar miiRos calkeuli pirovnebis mxatvruli fantaziis nayofi. SerCevis procesi iTvaliswinebs Seqmnili variantis folklorul stilTan Sesabamisobas. xalxisaTvis misaRebi mxolod is

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xdeba, rac misi azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel Taviseburebebs, mis esTetikas upasuxebs, rasac igi bunebrivad iTavisebs da aseve advilad iTvisebs.

xalxuri nawarmoebis erT-erTi umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli Tviseba Taobidan Taobaze misi zepiri gadacemaa. gavrcelebis aseTi xerxi SemoqmedebiT Tavisuflebas aZlevs yovel axal Semsrulebels, aqcevs mas folkloruli nimuSis Tanaavtorad. da Tu aseT Semsrulebels improvizaciis niWic aqvs RvTisgan momadlebuli, maSin igi tradiciasac amdidrebs da cnobili nimuSis axal Rirebul variantebsac qmnis. aRsaniSnavia, rom dResac, folkloruli musikis sanoto Canawerebis gavrcelebis epoqaSi, metad aqtualuria xalxuri nimuSis zepirad gadacemis praqtikis SenarCuneba. es xalxuri Semoqmedebis sicocxlis erT-erTi aucilebeli pirobaa.

amdenad, improvizaciuli Sesruleba xalxuri Semoqmedebis aseve erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa. xalxuri momRerali Tu damkvreli grZnobs Tavis `saavtoro uflebamosilebas” folkloruli nimuSisadmi da SeuZlia yovel jerze am nimuSis axali varianti Seasrulos.

improvizaciulobidan gamomdinareobs musikaluri folkloris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Tviseba _ variantuloba. xalxuri Semsrulebeli, romlis musikalur cnobierebaSi folkloruli nimuSi bunebrivad, saojaxo-sayofacxovrebo praqtikidan Semodis, xelaxali Sesrulebisas ar cdilobs mis zedmiwevniT zustad Sesrulebas. Semsrulebels simRerisa Tu dasakravis qargaSi, nebsiT Tu uneblieT, garkveuli cvlilebebi Seaqvs. aq mniSvnelovania misi mxatvruli fantazia, xmis SesaZleblobebi Tu sakravis flobis ostatoba. amasTan, nebismier xalxur nimuSs ara erTi, aramed ramdenime, an ufro xSirad, mravali Semsrulebeli hyavs da maT mier Seqmnili variantebic mravalia. momReralTa, Tu simReris moyvarulTa wreSi gavrcelebuli gamoTqmebi: berZeniSviliseuli `Savi SaSvi~, mWedliSviliseuli `saWidao~ an `aslanuri mravalJamieri~ imas ki ar niSnavs, rom aRniSnuli simRerebi am pirovnebebis Seqmnilia, aramed imas, rom maT ekuTvniT simReris erTi romelime cnobili varianti.

xalxuri nawarmoebis amocnobisas gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania stiluri maxasiaTeblebis Sesabamisoba folklorul stilTan. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs iseTi musikaluri maxasiaTeblebi, rogoricaa kilouri, melodiur-harmoniuli, metrul-ritmuli da intonirebis Taviseburebebi.

folklorulobis mniSvnelovani kriteriumia, agreTve, xalxur SemsrulebelTa myari interesi ama Tu im nimuSis mimarT. SesaZloa, garkveuli drois manZilze musikaluri nawarmoebi xalxSi popularobiT sargeblobdes, magram Semdeg gaqres xalxuri Semsruleblis repertuaridan. bevri simRera, romelic d. arayiSvilma me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gadaiRo notebze da gamoaqveyna, dRes aRar imRereba. es SeiZleba aixsnas sxvadasxva mizeziT, rogorc yofiT-socialuriT (cvlilebebiTYxalxis cxovrebis wesSi), ise wminda mxatvrul-esTetikuriT (SesaZloa, nimuSi bolomde ar esadagebodes foklorul stils da ufro individualuri niSnebiT xasiaTdebodes). cnobilia SemTxvevebi, roca socialuri funqciis gaqrobisas

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xalxuri nimuSi an nimuSTa mTeli jgufi icvlis arsebobis garemos. ase, magaliTad, XX saukuneSi qarTul sinamdvileSi damkvidrda sufraze sxvadasxva Janris – Sromis, mgzavruli Tu sakulto-ritualuri simRerebis Sesrulebis praqtika. erTi sityviT, maRalmxatvruli folkloruli nimuSi sicocxles agrZelebs xalxSi da axal socialur garemoSi axal funqcias iZens.

qarTul musikalur folklorze gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina gasuli saukunis samoqalaqo sazogadoebaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma. pirovnebis, individis nebis win wamowevam, saavtoro uflebaTa dacvis meqanizmebis SemuSavebam, mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi anonimurobis institutis Sesustebam SezRuda folkloruli procesi. miuxedavad amisa, qalaqad Tu soflad es procesi dResac grZeldeba, Tumca masze ukve axdens gavlenas ucxouri masobrivi kultura. amitom Tanamedrove folkloruli procesis Sedegad miRebuli nimuSi, zemoT motanili pirobebidan, cxadia, yvelas veRar upasuxebs.

cnobebi qarTuli xalxuri musikis Sesaxeb

qarTul sasimRero SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli yvelaze adreuli werilobiTi cnoba qristeSobamde 714 wels miekuTvneba. asureTis mefe sargoni mogviTxrobs urartus saxelmwifos qarTveluri tomebiT dasaxlebuli samTavros manas mkvidrTa Sesaxeb, romlebic Sromis dros `mxiarul simRerebs~ asrulebdnen.

berZeni istorikosi qsenofonte (Zv.w.V-IVs.s.) Tavis naSromSi `anabasisi~ saubrobs qarTvelTa Soreuli winaprebis – mosinikebis brZolaze: `...mas Semdeg, rac isini gamwkrivdnen, erTma maTganma daiwyo, xolo yvela danarCeni mReriT ritmulad miabijebda~. brZolis dasasruls ki maT `gansakuTrebuli yaidis cekva-simRerebi~ SeusrulebiaT. zogierTi mkvlevris (d.janeliZe) azriT, es `gansakuTrebuloba~ mravalxmianobas gulisxmobs. Tumca sxvebis TvalsazrisiT (S.aslaniSvili), qsenofontes sityvebi amas ver asabuTebs. am werilobiTi wyarodan is ki namdvilad irkveva, rom qarTvelTa winaprebs im periodSi salaSqro simRera-cekvebi hqoniaT.

qarTuli musikis Sesaxeb metad mniSvnelovan informacias gvawvdis uZvelesi arqeologiuri monacemebi.

1930 wels qalaq mcxeTaSi, kerZod, samTavroSi aRmoCenil Zvel samarxebSi uamrav nivTTan erTad napovni iqna gedis wvivis Zvlisagan damzadebuli patara ueno samTvlini salamuri, romelic savaraudod, Zv. w. XV-XIII saukuneebs ganekuTvneba (ix. ilustr.#1).

XX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi yazbegis raionSi aRmoaCines uZvelesi simebiani sakravebis – bobRnis, qnarisa da Cangis gamosaxulebebi, romlebic, savaraudod, Zv. w-is XI-X saukuneebSia Sesrulebuli.

qarTuli xalxuri musikis uZveles warmomavlobas adasturebs Weduri xelovnebis nimuSebic: TrialeTis vercxlis Tasi (Zv. w. II aTaswleulis Suasaukuneebi), (ix. ilustr.#2).samTavros brinjaos sartyeli (Zv. w. VIII-VII s.s.) (ix. ilustr.#3). da `yazbegis ganZad~ wodebuli brinjaos iTifaluri qandakebebi (Zv. w. VII-VI s.s.) (ix. ilustr.#4).

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TrialeTis vercxlis Tasze aRbeWdilia qarTuli musikis erT-erT yvelaze arqaul saxeobad miCneuli ferxuli – Znoba, romelic xelovnebaTmcodneebis azriT, nayofierebis uZvelesi xeTuri RvTaebis telefinusadmia miZRvnili. amgvari saferxulo mwyobriT moaRwia dRemde zogierTma saferxulo simReram (`adrekilai~, `saqmisai~, `melia telefia~ da a.S.) svaneTSi

uaRresad sayuradRebo cnobebs gvawvdis `qarTlis cxovreba~, sadac aRwerilia xmiT tirilis uZvelesi wesi ax.w. II saukunis qarTveli mefis farsman II-is sikvdilis gamo: `...yovelTa Sina qalaqTa, ubanTa da dabaTa dasxdian mgosanni glovisani, da Sekrbian yovelni, da axsenebdian simxnesa, siquelesa da siSuenieresa da saxierebasa farsman qvelisasa...”

petre iberis biografi gvauwyebs, rom V saukuneSi didgvarovanTa karze lxinisas gasarTobi simRerebi sruldeboda.

`cxovreba mefeT-mefisa daviTisi~ mogviTxrobs, rom XI saukuneSi samefo laSqarSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli maSindeli eklesiisaTvis miuRebeli simRerebi. basili ezosmoZRvris Txzulebis erT-erT monakveTSi miTiTebulia XII_XIII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi guTnuri simRerebis arseboba.

XI-XII saukuneebs saqarTveloSi `oqros xanas~ uwodeben, radgan am dros moxda qveynis politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis arnaxuli ayvaveba. cnobebi am epoqis musikaluri kulturis Sesaxeb moipoveba rogorc saqarTvelos istoriis matianeSi _ `qarTlis cxovrebaSi~, ise SoTa rusTavelis, ioane SavTelis, CaxruxaZis, mose xonelis, sargis Tmogvelis, da sxvaTa SemoqmedebaSi; aqedan irkveva, rom musika am epoqaSi xelovnebis erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani dargi yofila. igi yvelgan ismoda: samefo karze momReralni asrulebdnen poemebsa da odebs sxvadasxva sakravebis (rogorc Casaberis, ise simebianisa da dasartyamis) TanxlebiT; Tamar mefis istorikosi gvawvdis cnobas mgosanTa, mutribTa da salxino simRerebis arsebobis Sesaxeb. musika axlda nadirobas, oms, qorwils, glovas da saxalxo dResaswaulebs. am periodis literaturul ZeglebSi daculi adamianis xmis aRmniSvneli terminebisa Tu sakravTa saxelwodebebis siuxve TavisTavad metyvelebs maRali donis mravalxmiani sasimRero da sakravieri musikis arsebobaze. magaliTad, SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSi~ dadasturebulia musikalur sakravTa mTeli wyeba, maT Soris: eJvani, CaRana, Cangi, barbiTi, buki, nai, dafi, winwila, ebani da sxv.

Cvenamde moRweuli ZvelqarTuli saRvTismetyvelo-filosofiuri Zeglebidan gansakuTrebuli aRniSnvis Rirsia qarTvel moRvaweTa is Txzulebebi, romlebSic didi adgili uWiravs uSualod musikasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebze msjelobas. aseT avtorTa Soris, pirvel rigSi, unda davasaxeloT XI_XII saukuneebis qarTveli filosofosi ioane petriwi. Teologiur, kerZod, wminda samebis sakiTxze msjelobisas, igi musikalur monacemebs iSveliebs. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom ioane petriwi naTelyofs Tavisi epoqis qarTul musikaSi samxmianobis arsebobas, asaxelebs ra sam xmas _ `mzaxri~, `Jiri~ da `bami~.

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XIV saukunis ZeglSi `xelmwifis karis garigebaSi~ naxsenebia im dros arsebuli warmarTuli ferxulebi, romelTa Sesrulebas eriskacni TviT mefis winaSec ki ar eridebodnen. beri egnataSvili gadmogvcems XVII saukunis sparsi monarqis Sah abasis mier datyvevebuli qarTvelTa mefe luarsabis mimarTvas Tavisi qveSevrdomebisadmi: `rameTu mnebavs Tqven mier, raTa wesisaebr saqarTveloisa aRuteoT zari da xma daflvisa Cemisa da egreT stirodeT Cem zeda~, rac imdroindel samgloviaro ritualSi musikis gansakuTrebul rolze metyvelebs.

saqarTvelos politikuri da kulturuli aRzevebis epoqis (XIII saukunis II naxevridan XVIII saukunemde) dasrulebidan Cvenma qveyanam istoriuli Znelbedobis xana ganvlo. daikarga kulturuli cxovrebis sxvadasxva periodis Zeglebi. swored amitom dRes TiTqmis ar mogvepoveba adre da gvianfeodaluri xanis qarTuli musikaluri kulturis cxovrebis amsaxveli cnobebi. XVII saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedsa da XVIII saukunis I naxevarSi qarTuli musikaluri kulturisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda qarTveli poeti-mefeebis _ arCil II-is, vaxtang VI-is, Teimuraz II-is literaturul moRvaweobas. maTi Semoqmedeba, garkveulwilad, im periodis musikaluri kulturis istoriuli wyaros funqciasac asrulebs, ramdenadac maTSi aRwerilia simRerasTan, sakravsa Tu musikasTan dakavSirebuli araerTi qarTuli wes-Cveuleba. am mxriv, gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa Teimurazis `sarke TqmulTa anu dRisa da Ramis gabaaseba”. metad mniSvnelovania qarTveli mecnieris, leqsikografis, mwerlisa da politikuri moRvawis – sulxan-saba orbelianis wvlili qarTuli musikaluri xelovnebis istoriaSi. misi `leqsikoni qarTuli~, romelic mraval Zvirfas cnobas gvawvdis Cveni musikisa da musikaluri terminologiis Sesaxeb, qarTuli musikis mkvlevarTaTvis samagido wignia. XVII saukuneSi italieli misioneri arqanjelo lamberti aRwers megruli glovis wess, aseve Romis Toxnis koleqtiur process naduri simRerebis TanxlebiT, mgzavrul da sufrul simRerebs. `nadurebze~ XIX saukunis I naxevarSi mogviTxrobs frangi mogzauri fransua da gambac.

qarTuli saero da sasuliero musikis sakiTxebs exeba ioane batoniSvili `kalmasobasa~ da `musikis mokle saxelmZRvaneloSi~ (XIX saukunis I meoTxedi). maTSi mocemulia cnobebi qarTuli galobis, misi warmoSobis, mgaloblebis, mgalobelTa gundSi monawile xmebisa da maTi saxelwodebebis, bgeraTrigebis, sakravieri musikis da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.

pirveli werili (i. evlaxovi, ”saqarTvelos xalxuri simRerebisa da momRerlebis Sesaxeb”, gaz. “kavkazi”) XIX saukunis periodul presaSi 1850 wels gamoCnda. 60-an wlebSi Jurnal `ciskarSi~ gamoqveynda ori saintereso statia: aleqsandre jambakur-orbelianis `iverianelebis galoba, simRera da RiRini~ (1861) da daviT maCablis `qarTuelTa zneoba~(1864). avtorebi yuradRebas amaxvileben qarTuli musikaluri tradiciebis, repertuaris, stilebis, erovnuli galobis

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warmoSobisa da sadaurobis sakiTxebze. qarTuli galobis warmomavlobas ganixilavs agreTve mRvdeli polievqtos karbelaSvili Tavis wignSi `qarTuli saero da sasuliero kiloebi~ (1898).

qarTuli musikis mimarT mecnieruli kvlevis interesi, SeiZleba iTqvas, XIX saukunis I naxevarSi Caisaxa.

qarTuli xalxuri musikis zogadi kanonzomierebebi

qarTuli samusiko folkloris umTavresi niSani mravalxmianobaa. mas yvela qarTul musikalur dialeqtSi vxvdebiT. solo da erTxmiani simRerebis did nawilSic gamravalxmianebis potencia SeigrZnoba. es sruliad bunebrivia, radgan qarTuli tradiciuli musikaluri azrovneba mravalxmian tips ganekuTvneba.

qarTuli mravalxmianoba funqciuria, e. i. simReraSi monawile TiToeul xmas sakuTari, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli funqcia aqvs. qarTul sasimRero folklorSi arsebobs erT-, or-, sam- da oTxxmianoba.

qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis didi umravlesoba samxmiania. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qarTuli musikaluri folkloris `eTnikuri bgeriTi ideali~ swored samxmianobaSi gamovlinda. erTxmianoba ori ZiriTadi _ solo da gunduri – saxiTaa mocemuli. solo erTxmianobis nimuSebi (maT `calfa~ simRerebsac uwodeben) yvela qarTul musikalur dialeqtSi mravlad moipoveba, sagundo erTxmianoba ki sakmaod iSviaTia (mag.#1). rac Seexeba orxmianobas, igi samxmianobasTan SedarebiT naklebad gvxvdeba.

oTxxmianoba mxolod dasavleT saqarTvelos, ZiriTadad gurul simRerebSi gvxvdeba. gurulis mezobel dialeqtebSi oTxxmianoba ufro epizodur xasiaTs atarebs. gansakuTrebiT saintereso, mkafiod CamonakvTuli oTxxmianobis nimuSebs warmoadgens guruli yanuri (`naduri~) simRerebi, romlebic yanaSi muSaobas axlavs (mag.#2). qarTul xalxur mravalxmianobas safuZvlad udevs ZiriTadad xuTi kompoziciuri principi _ burdonuli, ostinaturi, paraleluri, kompleqsuri da kontrastuli. isini qmnian, Sesabamisad, qarTuli mravalxmianobis oTx ZiriTad formas–burdonuls, ostinaturs, kompleqsursa da kontrastuls. rac Seexeba paralelizms, igi sufTa saxiT _ mTeli simReris ganmavlobaSi _ iSviaTadaa warmodgenili, Tumca paraleluri xmaTasvlis fragmentebi TiTqmis yvela simReraSi gvxvdeba (mag.#3). amitom paralelizmi mravalxmianobis formas ver warmoqmnis. mravalxmianobis formebs Soris mkveTri sazRvris gavleba xSirad ver xerxdeba, vinaidan umravles simRerebSi erTdroulad ori kompoziciuri principi mainc moqmedebs. burdonuli mravalxmianobis umTavresi maxasiaTebeli gabmuli bania. igi SeiZleba mocemuli iyos erT xmovanze gabmuli bgeris* (`burdoni-kontinuumi~) (mag.#4) an damarcvluli saxiT(`reCitatiuli burdoni~), (mag.#5)roca bani teqsts sxva xmebTan erTad warmoTqvams. gabmuli burdonuli mravalxmianobis ZiriTadi kera qarTl-kaxeTia. ostinaturi mravalxmianobis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs, ZiriTadad, banis mier erTsa da imave an msgavsi melodiur-ritmuli formulis

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ganmeorebasTan. ostinaturi simRerebi xSirad orxmiania da arqaul plastebs Seicavs (mag.#6) (Sromis simRerebi, ferxulebi). kompleqsuri mravalxmianoba gulisxmobs yoveli xmis partiaSi sinqronul, erTgvari vertikaluri kompleqsebiT moZraobas, rac drodadro aSkarad gamoxatuli paraleluri xmaTasvlis xasiaTs iZens _ gansakuTrebiT kidura xmebSi. (mag.#7)mravalxmianobis amgvari forma qarTuli simRerebis umetesobas axasiaTebs. kontrastuli mravalxmianobisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia xmaTa damoukidebloba, rac Sedegad kontrastuli polifoniis suraTs gvaZlevs. (mag.#8) amgvari xmaTasvla ganviTarebul, xSirad `xalxuri profesionalebis~ mier Sesrulebul simRerebSi gvxvdeba (gansakuTrebiT guriaSi, nawilobriv aWaraSi, samegreloSi, imereTSi). qarTul xalxur simReraSi xSirad vxvdebiT sxvadasxva kompoziciuri principis Serwymas. magaliTad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelosaTvis Cveul burdonul bans xSirad edeba paraleluri xmaTasvlis principiT moZravi zeda ori xma. (mag.#9) oTxxmian nadurebSi aseTive burdonul xmasTan erTad ismis ostinaturi krimanWuli (mag.#10) da sxv. mravalxmianobis amgvar formebs `sinTezurs~ an `heterogenuls~ vuwodebT. amasTan, erTi simReris ganmavlobaSi xSiria mravalxmianobis formebis monacvleoba, rac `Sedgenil~ formas iZleva. metad originaluria qarTuli xalxuri musikis kilouri wyoba. evropul profesiul musikaSi gabatonebuli temperirebuli wyobisagan misi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba mecnierebma didi xnis win SeniSnes. d. arayiSvili xSirad Cerdeba am problemaze. mis sanoto CanawerebSi uxvad vxvdebiT miTiTebebs, rom esa Tu is bgera Sesabamis temperirebul bgerasTan SedarebiT odnav maRali an dabalia. SemdegSi Camwerebi sanoto teqstSi am movlenas zemoT an qvemoT mimarTuli isrebiT aRniSnaven. amgvari gansxvaveba temperirebuli wyobisagan, umTavresad, kilos sekundur, terciul, seqstur da septimur bgerebs axasiaTebs, Tumca iSviaTad sxva safexurebzec gvxvdeba. aseTi kilosaTvis damaxasiaTebel bgeraTa rigs zogierTi qarTveli mkvlevari `neitralurs~ uwodebs. neitraluri kiloebi Tavisi struqturiT sufTa wyobas uaxlovdeba. `neitraluri~ safexurebi erTi kilos sivrceSi Tanaarseboben temperirebuli wyobisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bgerebTan, ris gamoc am kilos bgeraTrigi Seicavs ufro met bgeras, vidre temperirebuli wyoba. jer kidev zigfrid nadelma qarTveli tyveebisagan Cawerili nimuSebis bgeriTi Semadgenloba akustikuri instrumentebiT gazoma. mogvianebiT, XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi, qarTuli wyobis dasadgenad, malaxaz erqvaniZemac gaswia am mxriv garkveuli muSaoba. Tumca, dRemde qarTuli xalxuri musikis wyobis Seswavla ZiriTadad smeniT dakvirvebebs eyrdnoba.

Tavad termini `kilo~ qarTuli xalxuri simReris da dasakravis im bgeraTsimaRlebriv da intonaciur qargas gulisxmobs, romelsac mocemuli nimuSis musikaluri qsovili emyareba. es termini qarTul

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musikismcodneobaSi Seesabameba rusul da dasavleTevropul samusiko mecnierebaSi arsebul terminebs– `Лад~ da `Modus~. qarTul musikismcodneobaSi “kilo” specifikuri terminia da ar emTxveva xalxur metyvelebaSi gavrcelebul `kilos~, sadac igi ufro farTo, zogjer gansxvavebuli mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. kerZod, SeiZleba gamoiyenebodes dialeqtis (magaliTad, `qiziyuri kilo~), stilis (`sada~ an `gamSvenebuli~ kilo), hangis (`zaris~ kilo) gagebiT. aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi qarTul musikismcodneobaSi xalxuri simRerebis kiloebis aRniSvnisaTvis Sua saukuneebis saeklesio (glareanis) terminebi gamoiyeneboda. Tumca jer kidev arayiSvili miuTiTebda, rom amgvari saxeldeba pirobiTia. marTlac, igi emyareba bgeraTrigebis garegnul, mxolod grafikul msgavsebas da ara kilos Sinagan bunebasa da kanonzomierebebs, rac xalxuri musikis kvlevisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnes.

`saeklesio~ kiloebis Svidbgeriani sistemis qarTul kilour sistemaze morgebisas aRmoCenili grafikuli msgavseba imis maniSnebelia, rom qarTuli xalxuri simReris temperirebul wyobaSi notirebisas Cndeba garkveuli musikaluri paralelebi. vinaidan Tanamedrove mecniereba cdilobs xalxuri musikis nimuSi Seiswavlos ara misi sanoto, aramed audio Canaweris mixedviT (amis SesaZleblobas Tanamedrove teqnologiebi iZleva), dRes ukve SesaZlebelia, dadgindes qarTuli folkloruli stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli wyoba da, Sesabamisad, xalxSi gavrcelebuli terminebis gamoyenebiT SemuSavdes kiloTa saxelwodebebic. jerjerobiT ki SeiZleba vilaparakoT qarTul xalxur simRerebSi yvelaze gavrcelebul maJoruli mixrilobis kiloze, romlis VII safexuri dabalia (emTxveva miqsolidiuri kilos bgeraTrigs), minoruli mixrilobis kiloze (emTxveva eoliuri kilos bgeraTrigs), minorul kiloze maRali VI safexuriT (emTxveva doriuli kilos bgeraTrigs) da aseTive mixrilobis kiloze dabali II safexuriT (emTxveva frigiuli kilos bgeraTrigs). SedarebiT iSviaTia kilo, romlis sayrdeni tonidan zemoT aTvlili Svidi safexuri emTxveva bunebrivi maJoris (ioniuri kilos) bgeraTrigs. igi ufro metad dasavleT saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba. qarTul simReraSi sxvagvari bgeraTrigebi ufro iSviaTia.

bgeraTrigebis garkveuli msgavseba (Tundac maTi absoluturi sizustiT damTxveva) ar gamodgeba msgavsi kiloebis igiveobaze msjelobis safuZvlad. kilo pirvel rigSi intonirebis garkveul wesebs gulisxmobs da ara am cocxali procesis Teoriulad mowesrigebul sistemas.

qarTuli kiloebi rom Svidbgerian (oqtavur) kiloebs ar emTxveva, amaze Semdegi faqtic mianiSnebs: zogjer xalxur simReraSi bgeraTa diapazoni septimis farglebs ver aRwevs da, Sesabamisad, kilos zustad gansazRvra glareanis terminologiiT SeuZlebeli xdeba, xolo aseTi kilos `arasrul kilod~ moxsenieba aSkarad naZaladevia.

magram arsebobs iseTi zogadi musikaluri kanonzomierebebi, romlebic bunebrivia qarTuli xalxuri musikisTvisac. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs kvinturi da kvartuli diatonikis principebi. maTi arsi is aris,

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rom melodiuri skala Sedgeba xuT- an oTxbgeriani rgolebisagan, romelTa kiduri safexurebic erTmaneTs emTxveva da Tavisebur jaWvs warmoqmnis. am jaWvis farglebSi oqtaviT daSorebuli bgerebi sxvadasxva funqciis matarebeli xdeba da garkveul manZilze Cndeba evropul maJor-minorul oqtavur sistemaSi qromatiul winaRobad miCneuli movlena (magaliTad, si da misgan qvemoT oqtaviT daSorebuli “si bemoli”). (mag.#11)

aqedan gamomdinare, dasavleTevropuli klasikuri musikisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac funqciaTa oqtavur gaormagebasTan gvaqvs saqme da tonalobis centraluri bgera (tonika) nebismier registrSi tonikaa, qarTul xalxur simReraSi gvaqvs erTaderTi kilouri centri, sayrdeni toni. es ki imis maniSnebelia, rom qarTuli kilouri azrovneba monocentrulobis (monotonikurobis) princips efuZneba. e. i. Tu tonikis funqciis matarebelia erTi sayrdeni toni, misgan oqtaviT zeviT mdebare toni imave funqciis aRaraa. amis gamo qarTuli kilo-harmoniuli sistemisaTvis ucxoa akordTa Sebruneba, radgan es ukanaskneli swored oqtavurad daSorebuli bgerebis funqciur igiveobas iTvaliswinebs.

qarTuli xalxuri simRerebisa Tu dasakravebis melodika metad mravalferovania. melodiis sazogadod miRebuli daxasiaTebis Tanaxmad mecnierebi (Salva aslaniSvili) qarTul folklorul melodiebsac aRmavali da daRmavali mimarTulebis melodiebad hyofen. amaTgan ufro metad gavrcelebuli daRmavali melodiaa, romelic TiTqmis yvela dialeqtisa da Janris simReris intonaciur safuZvels warmoadgens. daRmavali melodia SeiZleba daiwyos kilos nebismieri bgeridan, aRmavali _ metwilad, sayrdeni tonidan (mag.#12), kvartulidan (mag.#13),, terciulidan (mag.#14), aRmaval melodiebs xSirad `iavnanis~ tipis melodiebad moixseneben. marTlac, maTi didi umetesoba eyrdnoba saweso `iavnanas~ cnobil motivs _ aRmaval svlas kvintur (zogjer kvartul) bgeraze, Semdeg _ terciul bgeraze SeCerebiT (mag.#15), amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom rogorc aRmosavleT, aseve dasavleT saqarTvelos simRerebis ganviTarebul melodiaTa umravlesoba ver Tavsdeba à`aRmaval~ Tu `daRmaval~ CarCoSi.

garda amisa, qarTuli simRerebis melodika SesaZloa daiyos erTiani ganviTarebis, sekventur da Sedgenil melodiebad. erTiani ganviTarebis melodia gulisxmobs iseT nagebobas, romelic dasrulebul, daunawevrebel melodiur plasts warmoadgens (mag.#16), sekventuri melodia aigeba melodiuri frazebis sekventuri (Tundac saxeSecvlili) ganmeorebis principiT (mag.#17), xolo Sedgenili melodiebi iseTi melodiuri frazebis kombinaciaa, romelTagan TiToeuli calke simReris melodiur safuZvladac SeiZleboda gamomdgariyo (mag.#18),

sainteresoa qarTuli xalxuri simReris melodiis mimarTeba sayrden tonTan. amis mixedviT asxvaveben e. w. `kontaqtur~ da `arakontaqtur~ melodiebs. kontaqturad iwodeba melodia, romelic muxlis damTavrebamde erTxel an ramdenjerme Camodis zeda Semaval an centralur tonSi, zogjer ki ufro qvemoT (mag.#19), arakontaqturi melodiis SemTxvevaSi ki melodia kilos centris zemoT viTardeba,

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sasimRero muxlis dasasruls eSveba qveviT da kilos centralur bgeraSi erwymis bans (mag.#20), kontaqturi melodiebi ufro metad dasavlurqarTul musikalur dialeqtebs axasiaTebs, magram gvxvdeba aRmosavleT saqarTveloSic.

amasTan erTad, gansxvavebuli melodiebia damaxasiaTebeli sxvadasxva dialeqtisa Tu Janris simRerebisaTvis. magaliTad, zogierTi aRmosavlur-qarTuli dialeqtis calkeul JanrSi vxvdebiT uxv ornamentikas _ ZiriTadi bgerebis Semkobas damxmare bgerebiT, rac sxva dialeqtebs naklebad an saerTod ar axasiaTebs (mag.#21), aseve erTgvarovani ar aris calkeuli xmebis melodikac. mraval dialeqtSi TiToeul xmas sakuTari melodiuri xazi da saxasiaTo intonaciuri formulebi gaaCnia. xSirad banic, harmoniuli funqciis SesrulebasTan erTad, metad moZrav melodias Seicavs (mag.#22), zogjer melodiuri xazi nawildeba or xmas Soris (muxlis erT nawils erTi xma asrulebs, meores ki _ romelime sxva) (mag.#23), aRsaniSnavia simReris damwyebis melodikis Taviseburebebic. aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi misi sawyisi fraza (ZiriTadad _ meore xmaSi) ufro vrcelia, vidre dasavleT saqarTveloSi. (mag.#24, 25),

miuxedavad dialeqturi mravalferovnebisa, gvxvdeba zogadqarTuli melodiur-intonaciuri formulebic, rac erT-erTi utyuari maCvenebelia qarTvel tomTa musikaluri azrovnebis erTianobisa.

qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis sityvieri masala SeiZleba warmoadgendes leqss (rogorc gariTmuls, aseve gauriTmavs da iSviaTad Tavisufali metrisas) an glosolaliebs _ droTa ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelobadakargul sityvebs (`dela~, `aralo~, `nana~, `harerama~ da sxva mravali), agreTve Sorisdebulebs (`ha~, `he~, `hai-hai~ da sxva). zogierTi simReris calkeuli muxlebi, zogjer ki mTeli simRerac glosolaliebsa da Sorisdebulebzea agebuli. isini Tavisebur `sityvis masalad~ gamoiyeneba. magram es mxolod glosolaliebsa da Sorisdebulebze rodi iTqmis. simRerebis did nawilSi, Tu ar CavTvliT zogierTi Janrisa (upirveles yovlisa, saritualo) da dialeqtis (metadre aRmosavleTi saqarTvelos mTis) nimuSebs, sityvieri teqstis Sinaarss didi yuradReba ar eqceva. swored amiTaa gamowveuli, rom erTi da imave simReras momReralTa erTsada imave Semadgenlobis SemTxvevaSic ki sxvadasxva dros gansxvavebuli sityvieri teqsti aqvs (magaliTad, `Cakrulo~, `Wona~, SemoZaxili~, `xasanbegura~ da mravali sxva).

rTuli da ganviTarebuli movlenaa qarTuli xalxuri musikis

harmoniuli ena. Cvens musikismcodneobaSi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi gamoiyeneboda qarTuli harmoniuli struqturebis tonika-dominanta-subdominanta-mediantad saxeldebis praqtika. magaliTad, Tu sayrdeni, `tonikuri~ funqcia I oqtavis do-a, qveda si-bemoli gvevlineba qarTuli tipis `dominantad~, romelzec damyarebuli musikaluri qsovili kvlav do-sken miizideba. (mag.#26), Tumca, arsebobda azri, rom es cnebebi ver asaxavdnen qarTuli kilo-harmoniuli sistemebis funqciur bunebas.

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qarTuli kilo-harmoniuli azrovnebisaTvis sakmaod damaxasiaTebelia iseTi movlena, roca erTmaneTisagan terciiT daSorebuli safexurebi funqciurad monaTesavea. amitom sxvadasxva safexurebis funqciaTa saxeldeba, evropuli maJor-minoruli terminologiisagan gansasxvaveblad, SeiZleba `sayrdeni~ da `meryevi~ (`damxmare~), agreTve, `finaluri~ funqciebis cnebebiT. xolo ufro konkretulad, safexurebis ricxobrivi aRniSvniT.

qarTuli harmoniuli vertikali (akordi) aRnagobiT ZiriTadad ori saxisaa: terciuli da araterciuli. Tumca aseTi dayofac, garkveulwilad, pirobiTia. pirvel rigSi, Zneli dasadgenia, Tu ramdenad `akorduli~ bunebisaa qarTul simReraSi melodiuri svliT miRebuli zogierTi gamvleli TanaJReradoba. amasTan, yuradReba unda mieqces Semdeg Taviseburebasac: qarTul samxmianobaSi meore _ Sua xma ufro xSirad zeda xmasTanaa terciul koordinaciaSi, vidre banTan. Sesabamisad, warmoiqmneba bgeraTSeTanxmebebi, romlis agebis principi terciiT moZravi zeda xmebis banisagan sxvadasxva intervaliT daSorebaa (do-mi-sol, do-fa-la, do-sol-si, da-la-do, do-si-re, do-do-mi, do-re-fa). (mag.#27), Sesabamisad, es akordebi arc terciuli akordebia gamotovebuli bgerebiT da arc maTi Sebrunebebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Sua xma xSirad banTan tercias qmnis, gamokveTil terciul akordad mxolod e.w. `samxmovaneba~ (do-mi-sol) SeiZleba miviCnioT.

iseTi qarTuli akordebi, romlebic tercias ar Seicaven, bani da meore xma, ZiriTadad kvartis an kvintis intervals eyrdnobian.

imis gamo, rom qarTuli kilo-harmoniuli sistemisaTvis ucxoa akordTa Sebruneba, akordul TanaJReradobebs saxels vuwodebT maTi sayrdeni bgeridan _ banidan intervalTa ubralo aTvliT. magaliTad, bgeraTSeTanxmebas do-sol-re, sadac do sayrdeni funqciis matarebelia, ewodeba pirveli safexuris kvintnonakordi da aRiniSneba Semdegnairad: I 59.

qarTul xalxur musikaSi xSiria Semdegi samxmiani araterciuli wyobis akordebi: terckvintakordi (3/5) kvartseqstakordi (4/6), kvartkvintakordi (4/5), kvintseptakordi(5/7), kvintoqtakordi (5/8), kvintnonakordi(5/9). SedarebiT iSviaTia kvartseptakordi (4/7), kvartoqtakordi (4/8), septoqtakordi(7/8), septnonakordi (7/9). kidev ufro naklebad vxvdebiT seqstseptakords (6/7), tercseptakords (3/7), kvintdecimakords (5/10). (mag.#28), metad iSviaTaia seqstnonakordi (6/9), romelic damaxasiaTebelia qarTuli sagaloblisaTvis,

zogierT dialeqtSi warmodgenili oTxxmianobis miuxedavad, oTxxmiani akordebis sistematizacia Zalian Znelia, radgan, xmebis linearuli ganviTarebiT miRebuli TanaJReradobebi yovelTvis mkafio akordul struqturebad ar yalibdebian. miuxedavad amisa, SesaZlebelia davasaxeloT ramdenime yvelaze gavrcelebuli oTxxmiani akordi. (mag.#29),

harmoniuli vertikalis mxriv dasavleT saqarTvelos simRerebi ufro mravalferovania, vidre aRmosavleT saqarTvelosi.

harmoniuli Tanxmovanebebis msgavsad, banis moZraobis safuZvelze ganisazRvreba qarTuli xalxuri simReris kadansebic. maTSi gamoiyofa kilouri (erTi kilos farglebSi arsebuli) da mamodulirebeli

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(kilos, misi sayrdeni tonis cvlilebis gamomwvevi) kadansebi. pirvel jgufs ganekuTvneba martivi (I_VII_I (mag.#30), an I_II_I (mag.#31),), gafarToebuli (I_VII_II_I (mag.#32), an I_II_VII_I (mag.#33),), rTuli (I_VI_VII_I, (mag.#34), (I_V_VI_VII_I, (mag.#35), I_IV_V_VI_VII_I, (mag.#36), I_VII_VI_VII_I (mag.#37), I_II_III=II_I (mag.#38),) da rTuli modulaciuri kvartuli (I_II_III=VIII_I (mag.#39),) kadansebi.

sakmaod xSiria naxevarkadansebi, romlebSic ar aris bolo _ I safexuri (mag.#40), an igi terciis intervaliTaa warmodgenili (mag.#41), rac qarTuli damasrulebeli TanxmovanebisaTvis Seusabamo, meryev elfers atarebs da Semdgomi ganviTarebis sawindrad iqceva

xSiria kadansebis garTulebuli variantebi. agreTve, Sedgenili (sekvenciuri) kadansebi, romelTa drosac calkeuli Semsruleblis iniciativiT xdeba simReris `daugegmavi~ gagrZeleba(mag.#42).. sakmaod xSirad gvxvdeba SeWrili kadansebi(mag.#43).

qarTul xalxur simRerebSi kadansi umetesad unisoniT mTavrdeba. sixSiriT meore adgilze dgas kvintiT daboloeba. arcTu xSiria musikaluri frazis kvartiT dasruleba (`kvartuli kadansi~)(mag.#44) iSviaTad vxvdebiT oqtaviT (mag.#45) da terciiT daboloebasac (mag.#46). gvaqvs calkeuli originaluri SemTxvevebic. magaliTad, simRera `indi mindi~ mTavrdeba kvartkvintakordiT (mag.#47).

qarTuls sxva xalxTa mravalxmianobisagan gamoarCevs modulaciebis mravalferovani da organizebuli sistema, rac musikaluri azrovnebis maRal safexurze miuTiTebs.

gansakuTrebiT xSiria modulaciebi sekundiT zeviT (mag.#48) da sekundiT qveviT (mag.#49), Tumca vxvdebiT modulaciebs terciiTa (mag.#50) da kvartiT daSorebul kiloebSi (mag.#51). diatonur modulaciasTan erTad, romelic ziari akordis meSveobiT xorcieldeba, xSiria dapirispireba, agreTve – melodiuri modulacia, roca erT-erTi xmis Tavisebur mamodulirebel melodiur svlas axal kiloSi gadavyavarT (mag.#52).

mravalxmianobis pirobebSi modulaciis momzadeba xdeba erT (iSviaTad, or) xmaSi axali kilos niSnebis gamoCeniT. magaliTad, maJoruli mixrilobis sawyisi kilos meSvide safexuris naxevari toniT amaRlebas erTi toniT zeviT mdebare sayrdenSi gadavyavarT. (mag.#53) xSirad modulacias banis svlac amzadebs. magaliTad, banis aRmavali terciuli naxtomi, rogorc wesi, sekundiT zeviT mdebare sayrdenis mqone kiloSi gadasvlas iwvevs (mag.#54).

qarTul xalxur simRerebSi – magaliTad, `Cakrulos~ tipis grZel sufrulebSi, gvxvdeba iseTi rTuli modulaciuri gegmebi, romlebic ganapirobeben ganviTarebul musikalur dramaturgia-formas (mag.#55).

saqarTvelos mraval kuTxeSi gavrcelebulia simRerebi, romelTa TiToeuli muxli winasTan SedarebiT zeviT JRers. amgvari modulacia zogjer momReralTa Sejibrsac emsaxureboda. winaT amgvari nimuSebi ori jgufis (da ori solistis) mier sruldeboda da gamarjveba im mxares rCeboda, romelic tesiturulad ufro maRla imRerebda muxls. amgvari muxlebi erTmaneTisagan ufro xSirad erTi, an naxevari toniTaa daSorebuli (mag.#56). iSviaTad, magram mainc vxvdebiT

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muxlebis daRmaval Tanmimdevrobasac. xalxur samusiko SemoqmedebaSi amgvari magaliTebis arseboba modulaciis maRalganviTarebul, daxvewil teqnikaze metyvelebs.

metruli TvalsazrisiT qarTuli xalxuri simRera araerTgvarovania. mas or- da samwiladoba axasiaTebs; iSviaTad gvxvdeba xuTwiladi (mag.#57), aseve _ kombinirebuli zomebic (mag.#58). zogierT JanrSi (Sromis simRerebi, sufrulebi da sxv.) gabatonebulia Tavisufali metri (mag.#59).

mravalferovania qarTuli xalxuri simReris ritmuli suraTic. igi gansxvavebulia rogorc dialeqtebisa da Janrebis, aseve simReraTa konkretuli jgufebis mixedviT. qarTul sasimRero folklorSi SeiZleba SevxvdeT praqtikulad yvela saxis ritmul figuras. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia e. w. `rbili sinkopa~, Semdgari mervedisa da meoTxedis, an meoTxedisa da naxevrianisagan, romelic dialeqtTa umravlesobaSi gvxvdeba (mag.#60).

Tavisufali metris mqone simRerebSi uxvadaa triolebi, kvartolebi, kvintolebi, seqstolebi da a. S. sakmaod xSiria punqtiruli ritmi, gansakuTrebiT _ dasakravebSi.

Sesrulebis tempi ama Tu im Janris specifikidan gamomdinareobs. magaliTad, samgloviaro simRerebs neli tempi axasiaTebs, Sromisas da sacekvaos _ swrafi. mravali simRera (magaliTad, zogierTi Sromis simRera da ferxulebi) Sesrulebis procesSi TandaTanobiT Cqardeba. iSviaTad, magram mainc vxvdebiT uswrafes tempsac.

qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis struqturaSi asaxulia musikaluri azrovnebis ganviTarebis rogorc adreuli, ise gviani safexurebi, orbgeriani motividan rTul nimuSebamde. am TvalsazrisiT, gamoirCeva sufruli da naduri simRerebis mniSvnelovani nawili. maTi agebuleba efuZneba musikaluri ganviTarebis mkacr da daxvewil logikas, aRmaval dinamikur xazs (Sesavlidan kulminaciamde), ris gamoc Tamamad SeiZleba saubari am simRerebis musikalur dramaturgiaze.

xalxuri musikaluri nimuSis arqaulobaze mianiSnebs Taviseburebebi: sinkretuloba, socialuri (sakulto-ritualuri, Sromis, samgloviaro) funqciis siZvele, musikaluri frazis mcire moculoba, harmoniuli funqciebis simcire da simartive, kilos Camoyalibebis xarisxi, sityvieri teqstis uriTmoba, marcvlebis minimaluri gamRereba, SeZaxilebisa da glosolaliebis simravle da a.S., Tumca TiToeuli am komponentTagani erTmniSvnelovnad ar muTiTebs konkretuli nimuSis siZvele-siaxleze.

qarTuli xalxuri musikis Janrebi sazogadod “Janris” cneba (frangulad es sityva `saxeobas~

aRniSnavs) erTmniSvnelovani ar aris. asea eTnomusikismcodneobaSic. aq Janrs viwro da farTo gageba aqvs da sxvadasxva rigis movlenebs aRniSnavs. magaliTad, farTo gagebiT simRera `mayruli~ sawesCveulebo da amave dros saqorwilo-saritualo Janrisaa (qorwili tradiciuli wes-Cveulebaa, romelsac ritualuri daniSnuleba aqvs), xolo ufro viwro gagebiT _ “mayruli”, rogorc saqorwilo

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simRerebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli didi jgufi saqarTveloSi, TavisTavad Janria. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi dasakravisa Tu simReris (gansakuTrebiT am ukanasknelis) Janruli funqcia xSirad icvleba kidec. magaliTad, samkurnalo `iavnana~, romelic saxadis kults ukavSirdeba, xSirad akvnis simReris funqciasac atarebs. dRes cnebaSi `Janri~ ZiriTadad gvesmis nimuSis socialuri funqcia, daniSnuleba, Sesrulebis garemo. misi gansazRvrisas aseve did yuradRebas vaqcevT simReris sityvier teqsts. Tumca, SeiZleba simReris teqsti sxva funqciisa iyos, xolo mTlianad simRera _ sxvisa, radgan xalxur simRerebSi musikaluri teqsti ufro myari elementia, vidre sityvieri. cxadia, ama Tu im xalxuri nimuSis Janruli konturis dadgena metad rTulia. qarTuli xalxuri simRerebisa da dasakravebis didi nawili jer kidev warmarTobidan iRebs saTaves. Sesabamisad, isini sakulto-saritualo Janrs ganekuTvneba. marTalia, amgvarma nimuSebma droTa ganmavlobaSi qristianuli Tematikis zegavleniT saxe icvales, magram ZiriTadad, arqauli ieri mainc SeinarCunes, gansakuTrebiT musikaluri teqstis TvalsazrisiT. amasTan, sakulto-saritualo Janris cneba krebiTi xasiaTisaa, radgan masSi Tavs iyris magiuri Tu religiuri Sinaarsis an daniSnulebis mTeli rigi iseTi Janrebi, rogorebicaa: kalendaruli, Sromis, glovis, saqorwino, saZeobo, akvnis, sufruli, samkurnalo, amindis marTvisa. dRes Zneli warmosadgenia, magram satrfialo simRerebic, garkveulwilad, sakulto-saritulo Janrs SeiZleba daukavSirdes. marTlac, Zvelad musikaluri intonireba, rogorc yofierebis gansakuTrebuli SemoqmedebiTi forma sxvadasxva utilitaruli Tu sulieri miznebis misaRwevad gamoiyeneboda da adamianis yofa-cxovrebis nebismier sferos msWvalavda. sakulto-saritualo Janris erTgvar sinonimur cnebas warmoadgens sawesCveulebo Janri. am cnebebs faqtobrivad erTi da imave mniSvnelobiT xmaroben, magram garkveuli azriT, sawesCveulebo Janris farglebi ufro viwroa: aq SeiZleba vigulisxmoT iseTi nimuSebi, romelTa Sesrulebis funqcia ar aris gaazrebuli, dakargulia da mxolod Cveulebis saxiTaa SemorCenili. magaliTad, simRera `gonja~ sruldeba konkretuli daniSnulebiT _ gvalvis an uxvi naleqis Sesawyvetad. igi sakulto-saritualo daniSnulebisaa; magram `orovela~ ufro sawesCveulebo Janris kuTvnilebaa (ra Tqma unda, farTo gagebiT, kerZod ki, igi Sromis simReraTa Janrs miekuTvneba), radgan misma dRevandelma Semsrulebelma, SesaZloa, arc uwyodes, rom Sromis procesSi am simReriT adre samiwaTmoqmedo kultis Zvel RvTaebas mimarTavdnen. sakulto-saritualo Janris yvelaze uSualo, pirdapiri gamoxatulebaa kalendaruli sakulto simRerebi, romlebic wlis garkveul dros xalxur dReobebze sruldeboda. umetesi maTgani dResdReobiT qristianul dResaswaulebs (Sobas, aRdgomas, feriscvalebas, RvTismSoblobas, giorgobas da sxv.) ukavSirdeba, Tumca SemorCenilia warmaTuli panTeonis dReobaTa (laSarobis, iaxsrobis, muryvamobis, koxinjrobis, berikaobis da sxv.); Tanmdevi

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simRerebi. aris Sereuli – qristianuli da warmarTuli motivebiT gajerebuli ritualebi (igive giorgoba, RvTismSobloba, aTengenoba, kvirikoba, barbaroba, basiloba, alaverdoba da sxv.). qarTul xalxur religiur panTeonSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekavaT: `morige~ RmerTs (gangeba), wminda giorgisa da RvTismSobels. aRsaniSnavia, rom kalendaruli sakulto-saritualo Janris simReraTa didi umravlesoba ferxulis saxiT sruldeba. arakalendarul sakulto-saritualo simRerebs miekuTvneba: saqorwilo, saZeobo, samgloviaro, samkurnalo, amindis Secvlis, zogierTi Sromis, salxino simRerebi da dasakravebi. saqorwilo rituali Zvelad mravali aucilebeli elementisagan (patarZlis daniSvna, patarZlis gamoTxoveba ojaxsa da amxanagebTan, samaxaroblo, damxvdurTa simRerebi, mayruli, ojaxis keriis irgvliv Semovla, nefe-patarZlis sacekvao, da sxv.) Semdgari cikli iyo. mayrulebidan ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia: `mayruli~, `kuCxi bedineri~, `visia, visia~; SemorCenilia keriasTan samReri `jvaris winasa~, patarZlis dialogi amxanagebTan `vin mogitana~ da sxv. saZeobo, ojaxSi vaJis dabadebis aRsaniSnavi saferxulo simRerebidan dRes cnobilia `mze Sina~, romelSic mzis kultis arqauli motivebi ismis. sabavSvo Temas ukavSirdeba akvnis simRerebis Janri - dasaZinebeli “nana”, romlis saxels mecnierebi winaaziur qalRvTaebas nanas saxels ukavSireben. saqarTveloSi mravalxmiani lirikuli `nanebic~ gvxvdeba, romlebsac xSirad mamakacebi asruleben.

saqarTveloSi metad gavrcelebulia samkurnalo, anu bavSvis sxvadasxva saxis saxadiT (batonebiT) daavadebisas Sesasrulebeli simRerebi – “iavnana~, `batonebo”, “sabodiSo”, `ia patonefi~, romlebic sakravis TanxlebiTac sruldeba. mravalferovania glovis ritualTan dakavSirebuli nimuSebi. maT umetesad qalebi asruleben, Tumca dafiqsirebulia kacTa mier Sesrulebuli tirilebic. qalTa datirebani Semdegi saxisaa: xmiT tirili, ZaxiliT tirili da daTvliT tirili. tirili sruldeba rogorc solod, ise banis an mopasuxe jgufis TanxlebiT. sainteresoa, rom samgloviaro Janris simRerebi sityvieri teqstiTa da intonaciuri struqturiT axlos dgas zogierT Sromis simRerasTan. amas xsnian Zveli animisturi (micvalebulis sulis) kultis gamoZaxiliT. magaliTad, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTian raionebSi gavrcelebuli `mTiblurebi~ daRmavali dacurebiTi melodiiT, xmiT natirlebs emsgavsebian. qalTa repertuarSi yuradRebas iqcevs `mosagonari tirilebi~ da `simRera-tirilebi~, romlebic glovis ritualis dasrulebis Semdgom sruldeboda. calke aRsaniSnavia `zari~ _ mamakacTa Sesasrulebeli metad rTuli struqturis samgloviaro samxmiani simRera, romelic, qalTa samgloviaro repertuarisagan gansxvavebiT, fragmentulad Seicavs glovisaTvis damaxasiaTebel intonaciebs da himnuri xasiaTisaa. amave rigs unda mivakuTvnoT TuSuri samgloviaro simRera `dala~, nawilobriv, raWuli qalTa `zrunic~.

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Sromis simReraTa Janri erT-erTi mravalricxovania qarTul xalxur sasimRero SemoqmedebaSi. gvaqvs rogorc individualuri (`mTibluri~, `orovela~, `guTnuri~, mwyemsuri dasakravebi, nadirobis, Zroxis wvelis simRera da sxv.), aseve koleqtiuri, jgufuri Sromis simRerebi (`nadurebi~, `muSuri~, `xelxvavi~, `elesa~ da sxv.). cxadia, pirveli jgufisaTvis meti melodiuri diapazoni, metruli Tavisuflebaa damaxasiaTebeli, meore jgufis simRerebi ki maRalorganizebuli struqturiT gamoirCeva da sufruli Janris nimuSebTan erTad, qarTuli xalxuri samusiko Semoqmedebis mwvervalebs warmoadgens. cnobilia, rom zogierTi Sromis simRera Sromis procesis dawyebamde an Sesvenebisas sruldeboda (`kalos xelxvavi~, zogierTi `naduri~). gansakuTrebulad aRsaniSnavia SromaSi mezobelTa daxmarebis tradicia, rasac aRmosavleTSi `mamiTads~, `muSas~, dasavleTSi ki `nads~uwodebdnen. XVII saukunis qarTveli ganmanaTlebeli sulxan-saba orbeliani Tavis `qarTul leqsikonSi~ `nads~ Semdegnairad ganmartavs _ `muSakni Seyrilni~. am tradiciis Sesaxeb vrclad saubroben ucxoeli misionerebi da mogzaurebi _ lamberti da gamba. `nadurebi~ ZiriTadad simindis (adre Romis) kulturasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. xorblis da sxva msgavs marcvleul kulturebTan dakavSirebuli mkis simRerebi gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT da samxreT saqarTveloSi sruldeboda. nadurebis msgavsad, maT mravalnawilianoba da dinamikuri ganviTareba axasiaTebs. vazis kultTan dakavSirebul simReraTagan (venaxis barvis, qvevris recxvis, sawnaxlis, rTvelis _ yurZnis krefis) dRes saqarTveloSi erTeulebiRaa (`agideli~, `aguna~) SemorCenili. epikuri da saistorio simRerebi saqarTveloSi rogorc individualuri (umetesad sakravis TanxlebiT damRerebuli), ise jgufuri, ansambluri SesrulebiTaa cnobili da ZiriTadad miTologiuri personaJebis, saxelovani mefeebis, saxalxo gmirebis (amirani, rostomi, Tamar mefe, vaxtang mefe, yansav yifiane, mirangula, sisonia darCia, simona doliZe, zezva) Tavgadasavals eZRvneba. bevri qarTuli simRera baladis iers atarebs (`guSin Svidni gurjanelni~, `vefxisa da moymis simRera~). msgavsi Tematikisaa zogierTi sxva patriotuli Tu didaqtikuri Sinaarsis simRera (`kidevac daizrdebian~, `berikaci~, `brZana soloman~). gvxvdeba sabWouri epoqis mier Sobili `miZRvnebi~ (samamulo omis, Sromis gmirebis, samSoblos, komunizmis beladebis, calkeuli dasaxlebuli punqtebisa da mxareebisadmi). amave dros, epikur Janrs ganekuTvnebian iseTi simRerebic, romlebic TavisTavad sxvadasxva Janrul jgufebSi SeiZleba iyvnen gaerTianebuli (magaliTad, sufruli, saqorwilo, sakulto-ritualuri da a.S.), magram musikaluri maxasiaTeblebiT (masalis ganviTarebis dinji, auCqarebeli manera, farTo, gaSlili, mReradoba da formis monumenturoba) upasuxeben eposis moTxovnebs. aseTebs ganekuTvneba qarTl-kaxuri gabmuli simRerebi da svanuri sadidebeli himnebi. didi mravalferovnebiTa da emociurobiT xasiaTdeba lirikuli simRerebi. es sfero ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli epikur JanrTanac,

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magram calke unda gamoiyos solo, gunduri, dialoguri satrfialo simRerebi sakravis (sakravebis) TanxlebiT an mis gareSe.

qarTuli xalxuri musikis Sesrulebis Taviseburebebi

qarTul xalxur simReras SemsrulebelTa sxvadasxva raodenoba asrulebs. amgvari Semadgenloba, upirveles yovlisa, simReris saxeobazea damokidebuli. solo simRerebis ricxvs ganekuTvneba: akvnis nanebi, urmulebi, mTiblurebi, RuRunebi, qorqalebi, guTnurebisa da datirebebis nawili da sxv. simReris mxolod erTi momRerlis mier Sesrulebas ganapirobebs Sesabamisi garemo (roca Semsrulebeli, ubralod, martoa), an Janris Tavisebureba. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba zogierTi (magaliTad, epikuri simRera) sakravis (fanduris, gudastviris, garmonisa da sxv.) akompanementiT. sakmaod mcirea im simReraTa raodenoba, romlebic ori momRerlis mier sruldeba. aseTebia: `metivuri~ an zogierTi `SemRerneba~. orive SemTxvevaSi solisti, rogorc ki muxls moamTavrebs, gabmul bans uwyobs partniors, romelic Semdeg muxls ambobs. aseve iqceva es ukanasknelic (mag.#61). dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi, gansakuTrebiT guriaSi, gavrcelebulia samTa simRerebi, Taviseburi `trioebi~, romlebsac mxolod sami momRerali asrulebs. Sesrulebis es forma individualuri banis SemoqmedebiTi iniciativiTaa ganpirobebuli da mRerisas improvizacias did gasaqans aZlevs (mag.#62). sxva SemTxvevebSi bans ramdenime, xSirad ki bevri momRerali asrulebs. samagierod mkacradaa gansazRvruli zeda xmebis SemsrulebelTa ricxvi: maT usaTuod TiTo momRerali mReris. am wesidan gadaxveva qarTul sasimRero folklorSi faqtobrivad ar gvxvdeba. unisonuri gunduri mRera soflur yofaSi Zalze iSviTia (mag.#63). esa Tu is xma saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi sxvadasxva xarisxiTaa ganviTarebuli. samxmiani simRerebis udides umravlesobaSi wamyvania Sua xma – `Tqma~. mTqmels sityvieri teqsti mihyavs. igi umetesad, simReris damwyebadac gvevlineba da amitom `damwyebs~, `wyebas~ eZaxian. xmis aRmniSvnel terminTa ricxvi qarTul samusiko folklorSi 60-s aRemateba. orxmian simRerebSi, romlebSic wamyvani xma da bani monawileobs, `Tqma~, bunebrivia, zeda xmas warmoadgens. samxmian simRerebSi xmebis Semdegi ZiriTadi saxelebi Warbobs: pirveli (maRali) xma _ `moZaxili~, meore (Sua) _ `mTqmeli~, mesame (qveda) _ bani. oTxxmian simRerebSi, mTqmeli SemxmobarTan monacvleobs da simaRlebrivad xan meore, xan ki mesame xmaa. guruli dialeqtis specifikuri xmaa krimanWuli. es termini `manWuli krinidan~ momdinare unda iyos. krimanWuli krinis, Taviseburi falcetis saxiT imRereba maRal registrSi (mag.#64). maRali xmis aRmniSvnelia `gamyivanic~, romelic zogjer Zneli gasarCevia krimanWulisagan (mag.#65). gurul nadurebSi mesame xmas `Semxmobars~ uwodeben (mag.#65).

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roca sofleli Semsruleblebi samxmiani simReris zeda xmebs `pirveliT~ da `meoriT~ moixsenieben, `pirvel xmaSi~ isini ara zeda, aramed damwyeb xmas gulisxmoben, rac imis maCvenebelia, rom tradiciul SesrulebaSi xmebi inomreba ara simaRlis mixedviT, aramed mniSvnelobiT. qarTuli xalxuri simRera SeiZleba iyos erT-, or- da sampiruli (Sesabamisad _ erTi, ori an sami mxaris monacvleobiT). Sesrulebis orpiruli forma ramdenime saxiTaa warmodgenili: ori solistis monacvleoba banis fonze; or-ori (an erTi+ori) solistis monacvleoba banis fonze, ori gundis monacvleoba; responsoriumi (solisti _ gundi an gundi _ solisti); trio da gundi, trio da banebi. calke unda aRiniSnos sqesobriv-asakobrivi reglamentaciis sakiTxi. qarTuli sasimRero folkloris sagundo nimuSebs upiratesad erTgvarovani, qalTa an mamakacTa gundi asrulebs. Tumca arcTu iSviaTad (metadre, saferxulo simRerebSi da, bunebrivia, ojaxuri muzicirebisas) vxvdebiT Sereul Sesrulebasac. qarTul samusiko folklorSi calke gamoiyofa simRerebi bavSvTa SesrulebiT. esenia: gaTvlebi, gamosajavreblebi, intonaciuri TamaSebi ( niSxa-niSxa, ZiZgi-ZiZgi), TamaSebi taSiT. bavSvTa repertuars ekuTvnis aseve sxvadasxva saweso ritualSi monawileobisas maT mier Sesrulebuli nimuSebi: nadirobasTan dakavSirebuli miTvlebi, aliloebi da lazaresadmi mimarTuli simRerebi (magaliTebi) bavSvTa folkloris ganuyofeli nawilia sakravi. sagangebod maTTvis ufrosebi amzadeben martivi konstruqciis (uTvlo an 1-3 Tvliani stviri, Wyipina, Wiponi, sastvineli da sxv.) da mcire zomis sakravebs (fanduri, Wianuri).

xalxur simReraSi sityvieri masala SeiZleba iyos leqsi (rogorc gariTmuli, ise gauriTmavi da iSviaTad – Tavisufali metrisa), an glosolaliebi – droTa ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelobadakarguli sityvebi (“dela”,”aralo”, “nana”, “harerama” da sxva mravali), agreTve – Sorisdebulebi (“ha”,”he”,”hai-hai” da sxv.). zogierTi simReris calkeuli muxlebi, zogjer ki mTeli simRerac glosolaliebsa da Sorisdebulebzea agebuli. isini Tavisebur “sityvis masalad”gamoiyeneba. magram es mxolod maTze rodi iTqmis. simRerebis did nawilSi, Tu ar CavTvliT zogierTi Janrisa (upirveles yovlisa, saritualo) da dialeqtis (metadre, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis) nimuSebs, sityvieri teqstis Sinaarss didi yuradReba ar eqceva. swored amiTaa gamowveuli, rom erTsa da imave simReras (magaliTad, “Cakrulos”, “Wonas”, “SemoZaxils”, “xasanbeguras” da mraval sxvas) momReralTa erTnairi Semadgenlobis SemTxvevaSic ki sxvadasxva dros gansxvavebuli sityvieri teqsti aqvs. qarTul vokalur folklorSi arsebobs momReralTa Sejibris tradicia, kerZod, Sejibri tesituris dapyrobaSi, yelis gamZleobaSi an improvizaciis xelovnebaSi. pirvel maTgans umTavresad aRmavali modulaciebis Semcvel simRerebSi vxvdebiT. meore SemTxvevaSi saqme erTgvarovani muxlebis mravaljerad gameorebaze damyarebul

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simRerebTan gvaqvs. xalxi yvelaze metad afasebs Sejibrs improvizaciaSi, gamomgoneblobaSi. igi upiratesad dasavleT saqarTvelos barSi, pirvel yovlisa ki, guriaSia gavrcelebuli. erTi an ramdenime momRerali cdilobs, SeZlebisdagvarad mokazmos (gaamSvenos) simRera da amiT dajabnos partniori. Semsruleblebi mimarTaven rogorc melodiur, ise ritmul variacias, gangeb cdiloben, ise gadaasxvaferon, `daxlarTon~ simRera, rom metoqe daabnion. es ukanaskneli damarcxebulad CaiTvleba, Tu Seqnil situacias alRos ver auRebs, orientacias dakargavs da sxva xmebs sworad ver mihyveba. aseTi `gamocdebi~ arasdros gamodioda momReralTa urTierTSeTanxmebisa da urTierTpativiscemis farglebidan.

qarTuli xalxuri simRera ufro xSirad mTeli xmiT sruldeba. gamonaklisi mxolod zogierTi Janria. am TvalsazrisiT, calke aRniSvnis Rirsia `RiRinebi~, agreTve, qalTa zogierTi nimuSi (`nana~, `zuzuni~ da sxv.). sainteresoa, rom Zvel saqarTveloSi ganasxvavebdnen mReris damoukidebel gvarebs: galobas, simRerasa da RiRins.

avTentikur, gansakuTrebiT Zveli momRerlebis Sesrulebas, maRali tesitura axasiaTebs.

Sesrulebis qarTuli manera mravalferovania da dialeqtebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba. zogjer sxvaoba SeiniSneba calkeuli xmebis interpretaciaSic, iseve rogorc calkeuli momRerlebis SesrulebaSi. mTlianobaSi igi ar Tavsdeba evropuli (akademiuri) tradiciebis CarCoebSi, ris gamoc ucxoelebi mas xSirad zedmetad mZafrad aRiqvamen. mTielTa ZiriTadad mZime, daZabul mReras enacvleba baris mcxovrebTa laRi manera, romelic, amave dros, omaxianobas moklebuli ar aris. baris dialeqtebSi Tanaarsebobs deklamaciuroba da natifi mReradoba, melizmaturoba da danawevrebuli musikaluri metyveleba; rogorc mTaSi, ise barSi sakmaod xSiria muxlis damaboloebeli bgerebis `Camoqneva~. glisandireba ufro mTis regionebSi SeiniSneba.

qarTuli xalxuri sakravieri musika

arsebobs mosazreba, rom qarTuli xalxuri sakravebi da sakravieri musika SedarebiT ganuviTarebelia. magram es Sexeduleba mxolod nawilobriv da mxolod maSin aris simarTlesTan axlos, rodesac qarTul sakravier musikas qarTulsave sasimRero folklors vadarebT. CvenSi simReram sakravi Tanxlebad moirgo, Tumca rogorc sakravebis mravalferovnebiT, ise sakravieri repertuaris TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli xalxuri instrumentuli musika metad saintereso movlenas warmoadgens. Zvel qarTul werilobiT ZeglebSi mravali sakravia moxseniebuli. maTi ricxvi ass aWarbebs. am sakravebidan yvela wminda qarTuli warmomavlobisa ar aris, xolo zogjer ramdenime saxelwodeba erTsa da imave sakravs aRniSnavs. miuxedavad amisa, zemoaRniSnuli cnobebi Cveni erovnuli instrumentariumis friad STambeWdav suraTs xatavs. samwuxarod, Sua saukuneebis saqarTveloSi

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gavrcelebul sakravTagan dRes mxolod mcire nawili SemorCa. metic, zogierTi sakravi (buki, sankeri, larWemi, ueno salamuri), bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi saerTod gamovida xmarebidan. saqarTveloSi arsebobs sakravebis Semdegi ZiriTadi jgufebi: dasartyami, Casaberi, simebiani, klaviSiani. dasartyami sakravebidan yvelaze farTodaa gavrcelebuli daira da doli, Tumca es ukanaskneli soflur yofaSi SedarebiT SezRudulad gamoiyeneboda. doli warmoadgens xis cilindrul korpuss, orive mxares gadakruli tyaviT(ix. ilustr.#5). masze ukraven xelebiT an joxebiT. ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi erT joxs sakravis erT mxares scemen, meore joxs _ meore mxares (dakvris es wesi ufro guriasa da aWaraSia cnobili). dolis umTavresi daniSnuleba cekvis Tanxleba, cekvis metr-ritmis xazgasmaa. igi gamoiyeneba rogorc damoukideblad, ise romelime sxva sakravTan (WibonTan, salamurTan, CongurTan, fandurTan) erTad. dolis tipis sakravs adre dafdafs uwodebdnen. mis nairsaxeobas ki Zvel saqarTveloSi warmoadgenda spilenZ-Wuri. daira saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSia gavrcelebuli. igi mzaddeba xis mozrdili rkalisagan, romlis erT mxareze Txeli tyavia gadaWimuli. rkals Sida mxridan, rogorc wesi, saCxaruneblebi aqvs mimagrebuli(ix. ilustr.#6). dolis msgavsad, daira umeteswilad cekvis Tanxlebas emsaxureba. Tu doli mamakacTa repertuars amdidrebs, daira qalTa sakravadaa cnobili. amave dros, modaire erTdroulad cekvavs da ukravs, zogjer ki mReris kidec, maSin roca medolis cekva sakmaod iSviaTi movlenaa. dairis srulfasovnad floba _ sakravis orive xeliT Wera da orive xeliT dakvra, erTdroulad asaJRaruneblad Serxeva, majis rkalze mirtyma da haerSi SeTamaSeba _ sakmaod daxvewil ostatobas moiTxovs. daira gamoiyeneba rogorc solo, ise saansamblo sakravad. ansamblSi masTan erTad SeiZleba ukravdnen fandurs, larWems, garmons. dairas Zvel saqarTveloSi dafs uwodebdnen. dasartyami sakravebis winare formad unda miviCnioT ori qvis erTmaneTze cemac. dakvris aseTma formam kaxeTSi, TuSeTSi, raWaSi XX saukunemde moaRwia. aseve sakravis funqcias asrulebs taSic, romelic xSiri atributia sacekvao Tu saferxulo simRera-dasakravebisa. aRsaniSnavia dasartyami sakravi diplipito, romelic ori sxvadasxva zomis gadabmul Tixis tyavgadakrul qoTans warmoadgens. masze joxebiT _ `Txis fexunebiT~ ukraven(ix. ilustr.#7). Casaberi sakravebis jgufSi erTiandeba erTReriani Tvlebiani salamuri, pilili, buki, mravalReriani larWem-soinari da gudastviri. CamoTvlilTa garda, Tavisebur `sabavSvo sakravad~ SeiZleba warmovidginoT foToli, romlis `wrupuni~ soflis arcerTi bavSvisTvis ar aris ucxo. ufro `seriozul~ sabavSvo sakravebs warmoadgens erTi bgeris gamomcemi didgulis `Wyipinac~ da gogris Rerosagan damzadebuli erT-, or- an samTvliani instrumenti, romelsac ufrosebi xSirad ukeTeben bavSvebs da romelic martiv salamurs an stvirs warmoadgens.

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rac Seexeba namdvil salamurs, igi orgvaria _ ueno da eniani (ix. ilustr.#8). pirveli maTgani ufro Zvelia. swored mis nairsaxeobas warmoadgenda mcxeTis midamoebSi aRmoCenili uZvelesi Zvlis salamuri. ueno salamuri orive mxares gaxsnilia, ukeTdeba 5-6 Tvali, zogjer _ ori damatebiTi Tvali mopirdapire mxares. misi bgerebi enianTan SedarebiT ufro sustia, axlavs stvenis elferi, amis gamo xmoavaneba Taviseburi idumalebis STabeWdilebas tovebs. SemTxveviTi ar unda iyos, rom ueno salamurs sulebis gamosaZaxebladac iyenebdnen. saerTod ki igi umTavresad mwyemsebis sakravia. eniani salamuri ufro momcroa, 6- an 7-Tvliani, erTi TvliT mopirdapire mxares. milis erT-erT boloSi aqvs ena _ lerwmis mokle sacobi. enis wyalobiT Caberva nakleb Zalisxmevas moiTxovs da gamocemuli bgerebic ufro savse, feradovani da, imavdroulad, ufro `miwieria~, gadabmuladac ufro advilad ikvreba. enian salamurze xSirad sruldeba sacekvaoebi. soflur yofaSi enian salamurs dakvrisas zogjer daira an doli uerTdeba. salamuris orive nairsaxeobaze xSirad gamoiyeneba gadabervis meTodi, rac ama Tu im bgeris oqtaviT maRal Sesatyviss iZleva. qarTuli Casaberi sakravebis Semdeg nairsaxeobas mravalReriani salamuri warmoadgens, romelsac samegreloSi `larWems~ (warmodgeba sityva `lerwmidan~), xolo guriaSi `soinars~ uwodeben (ix. ilustr.#9). samegrelosa da guriis garda, mravalReriani salamuri gavrcelebulia lazeTSic, `ostvinonis~ saxelwodebiT, Tumca mis Sesaxeb dawvrilebiTi cnobebi ar gagvaCnia. adre larWemi/soinari gavrcelebuli yofila qvemo imereTSic. sakravi Sedgeba erTmaneTze mijriT miwyobili xis qerqiT an kanafiT Sekruli sxvadasxva zomis milebisagan. maTi raodenoba xuTidan Svidamdea. ukanasknel dromde moRweuli nimuSebi xuT- an eqvsmiliania, ufro _ eqvsmiliani. milebi saorgano milebis tipisaa, e. i. daxuruli. xuTReriani sakravis Reroebi sigrZis mixedviT (grZelidan moklemde) aris ganlagebuli. rac Seexeba eqvsRerians, igi moyvanilobiT xelis mtevans mogvagonebs; misi Sua Reroebi ugrZesia da udables bgerebs gamoscems, napirebisken ki milebis sigrZe mcirdeba. sxvaTa Soris, TiToeul maTgans sakuTari saxelwodeba gaaCnia: `krimanWuli~, `moZaxili~, `gadatanili~, `wyeba~, `saSualo~, `bani~ (guriaSi), `meWifaSe~, `maWyafali~, `maRali~, `mebane~, `meSxuaSe~ (samegreloSi). gvxvdeba sxva saxelebic, magram isinic, safiqrebelia, vokaluri musikidan aris nasesxebi. eqvsReriani salamuris Reroebi, Tu or Suas ar CavTvliT, terciis intervaliT daSorebul bgerebs iZleva. es damkvrels paraleluri terciebis gamocemis saSualebas aZlevs, magram, amasTan dakvrasac arTulebs. am sirTulis miuxedavad, saqarTveloSi, pirvel rigSi ki mTian samegreloSi, mudam moiZebnebodnen melarWeme virtuozebi, romlebmac XX saukunis 60-ian wlebamde moaRwies. daxelovnebuli damkvrelebi axerxebdnen dakvris procesSi damRerebasac, zogjer ki cekvavdnen kidec. larWemsa da soinarze umTavresad mwyemsebi ukravdnen, Tumca es sakravi monadireTa wreSic

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iyo gavrcelebuli da saxalxo dResaswaulebze, soflis lxinebsa da qorwilebSic JRerda. samegreloSi arsebobda melarWemeTa Sejibrebis Taviseburi saxeoba _ `nirzi~, romlis drosac ori melarWeme eqvsRerian larWems Suaze yofda da erTmaneTs gamZleobasa da lamazi xmebis gamoyvanaSi epaeqreboda. xSirad frinvelebis galobasac baZavdnen. Tavis droze saqarTvelos TiTqmis yvela kuTxeSi iyo gavrcelebuli buki (raWaSi sayviris, svaneTSi sankeris, samegreloSi oyes saxelwodebiT) _ didi zomis sasignalo sakravi. am Casaberi instrumentis ZiriTadi daniSnuleba sagangebo SemTxvevebSi mosaxleobis TavSeyrisaken mowodeba iyo. buki mzaddeboda rogorc xisgan, ise liTonisgan. yvelaze rTuli aRnagobis qarTul Casaber sakravs gudastviri warmoadgens. es aris gudisa da qaraxsiT (rqiT) daboloebuli ori paraleluri lerwmisagan, an didgulasagan Semdgari sakravi (ix. ilustr.#10). dakvris procesSi mestvire drogamoSvebiT Cahberavs haers gudaSi, romelic iRliaSi aqvs amodebuli da bgeras masze mklavis moWeriT gamoscems. bgerebis simaRlis cvlisaTvis lerwmebze datanebulia Tvlebi, romelTa raodenoba gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva qarTul musikalur dialeqtSi. raWul gudastvirs erT lerwamze eqvsi, meoreze ki sami Tvali aqvs, Wibons (aWarul gudastvirs) _ Sesabamisad xuTi da sami, fSaurs _ xuTi da erTi. pirvel lerwamze solo partia sruldeba, meoreze _ banisa, riTac orxmiani sakravieri hangi qarTul vokalur musikas, kerZod, burdonul orxmianobas emsgavseba. gudastviri gamoiyeneba rogorc saTanxlebo, aseve solo sakravad. pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi moxetiale musikosebis _ mestvireebis sakravia, romlebic gudastviris TanxlebiT epikur, lirikul Tu saxumaro simRerebs amRerebdnen (amgvari musikosebi saqarTveloSi XX saukuneSic mravlad ipovebodnen). xolo meore SemTxvevaSi (zogjer dolTan erTad) cekvis an saxalxo sanaxaobis (upiratesad berikaobis, `aliloze~ siarulis) monawilea. gudastviris Tanxlebis an solo sakravad gamoyenebis mixedviT gansxvavdeba misi registri. magaliTad, simReris Tanxlebad gamosayenebeli raWuli gudastviris bgeraTrigis udablesi bgera (mcire oqtavis la bemoli) gacilebiT ufro dabalia aWaruli Wibonisaze (pirveli oqtavis mi bemoli, mi da misT.), romelic simReris Tanxlebad sakmaod iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. es bunebrivicaa, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi maRali bgerebis simkveTre momRerlis xmas faravs da amdenad, simReris sityvieri Sinaarsis gagebas uSlis xels. saqarTvelos zogierT kuTxeSi erTdroulad or lulaze drodadro gudis gareSec ukraven. am SemTxvevaSi erT-erTze ZiriTadi hangi ikvreba, meoreze _ banis partia. amgvari ormagi (umTavresad askilis an lerwmis) sakravi qarTlSi dResac gamoiyeneba. igi gudastviris erT-erT winamorbedad unda miviCnioT (aRsaniSnavia, rom iSviTad mestvireebi, Tu raime mizezis gamo guda ara aqvT, ugudodac ukraven).

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simebian sakravTagan saqarTveloSi gvxvdeba rogorc Camosakravi, ise mosazidi da xemiani sakravebi. maTgan yvelaze gavrcelebulsa da popularuls fanduri da Conguri warmoadgens. fanduri umTavresad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos kuTxeebSi gvxvdeba (Tumca bolo aTwleulebSi igi dasavleT saqarTveloSic farTod gavrcelda). esaa samsimiani (`lari~, `Zali~, `alya~, `Zafi~ simis sinonimebia) saqcevebiani (fardebiani) sakravi(ix. ilustr.#11). sxvadasxva kuTxeSi calkeuli xelosnebi gansxvavebuli zomis sakravs amzadeben. saqcevebis raodenobac (oridan Svidamde) gansxvavebulia. mTis kuTxeebis, metadre xevsuruli fandurebi ufro didi zomisaa da maTze naklebi (xevsurulze _ ori) saqcevia gakeTebuli. SedarebiT mcire zomis, garegnuladac da teqnikuri TvalsazrisiTac ufro daxvewilia baris fanduri, romlis tarze eqvsi-Svidi saqcevia ganlagebuli. fandurze larebis aJRereba marjvena xelis TiTebis CakvriTa da amokvriT xdeba. sxvadasxva Semsrulebeli sxvadasxva teqnikas iyenebs. magaliTad: Cakvra oTxi TiTiT, amokvra _ ceriT, Cakvrac da amokvrac oTxi TiTiT (ucerod), da mravali sxva. klasikuri gitarisagan gansxvavebiT, dakvraSi marcxena xelis yvela TiTi monawileobs, amasTan ceri tarze zemodanaa SemoWdobili. kargi damkvrelis xelSi sakravis aJRereba xdeba, agreTve, larebis mozidviT, ama Tu im saqcevze daWerili marcxena xelis TiTebiT simis gamokvriT da sxv. fanduri ZiriTadad simReris Tanmxlebi sakravia, Tumca masze damoukidebeli hangebic sruldeba (ufro xSirad _ cekvis Tanxlebad). igi gamoiyeneba sruliad gansxvavebul SemTxvevebSi _ soflis lxinebSi, Sairobisas, batonebis kultTan dakavSirebul wes-CveulebebSi; zogierTi Selocvisas, xatobebze, cxvarSi, `lxinis gatexisas~ (glovis dasrulebis niSnad) da sxv. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mraval sofelSi fandurs `Congursac~ uwodeben. magram vinaidan `Congurad~ sul sxva, oTxsimiani, usaqcevo sakravic iwodeba, amitom, gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad, eTnomusikismcodneobaSi zemoT ganxiluli sakravi mxolod `fandurad~ moixsenieba. Conguri, miuxedavad imisa, rom fandurTan erTad simebianebis qvejgufSi Sedis, da garegnuladac sakmaod Camohgavs, sinamdvileSi misgan sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba(ix. ilustr.#12). Conguris detalebs sxvadasxva masalisagan amzadeben; mucelic ki ramdenime naWris SewebebiT keTdeba, maSin, rodesac fandurs, umTavresad, xis erTi mTliani naWrisgan Tlian. Conguri baris fandurze didi zomisaa; misi mucelic, romelic gaWril msxals mogvagonebs, gacilebiT ufro didi moculobisaa. Tu fanduris larebi cxvris nawlavebisa iyo, Congurze abreSumis grexili Zafebi gaibmeboda, rac mis bgeras sinazes sZenda (ukanasknel xanebSi orive sakravze neilonis simebs ayeneben). Conguri oTxsimiani sakravia. misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani Taviseburebaa meoTxe, mokle, e. w. `zilis~ simi, romelic I da II grZel simebs Soris mdebareobs da gabmulia taris Sua nawilidan. dakvrisas igi simaRles ar icvlis, vinaidan damkvrelis marcxena xelis TiTebi mas ar exeba. amas garda, Congurs saqcevebi ar gaaCnia da saSualebas

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iZleva, masze naxevar tonze mcire intervalebi iqnas aRebuli. yovelive zemoTqmulis safuZvelze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom fandurTan SedarebiT Conguri ufro mdidari SesaZleblobebis mqone sakravia. amasTan, Congurze, fandurisagan gansxvavebiT, simebis mozidviTac ukraven. qarTuli simebiani sakravebisaTvis (Conguris garda) ZiriTadad romelime erTi wyobaa damaxasiaTebeli (wyobaSi igulisxmeba Ria simebis mier gamocemul bgeraTa intervaluri Tanafardoba). am wesidan gadaxveva fandurisaTvis Zalze iSviaTia. magaliTad, mis tradiciul wyobasTan (qvevidan zeviT didi sekunda + patara an neitraluri tercia, ufro xSirad _ g-a-c) erTad SeiZleba Segvxvdes neitraluri samxmovanebac. am mxriv, gamonakliss warmoadgens Conguri, romelic sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba aiwyos. dReisaTvis yvelaze gavrcelebulia f-a-c1-f1 da f-a-c1-e1, naklebad f-g-c1-g1 da d-a-c1-a1; sxva wyobaTagan aRsaniSnavia: f-as-c1-es1, f-b-c1-f1, f-b-d1-f1, f-c-es1-f1. Conguris wyobaTa aseTi simravle im simRerebis harmoniuli mravalferovnebiTac iyo gamowveuli, romlebsac igi axlda.

fandurisagan gansxvavebiT, Congurze dakvrisas erTnairad xSirad gamoiyeneba mozidvisa da Cakvra-amokvris xerxi. amave dros, saukeTeso meCongureebi axerxeben, simebis Camokvris paralelurad Sua an araTiTis dekaze dakakunebiT simebian sakravs dasartyamis funqciac mianiWon. amgvari Canaweris mosmenisas iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, rom SesrulebaSi romelime dasartyami sakravic monawileobs. saerTodac, kargi meConguris xelSi es sakravi umdidres SesaZleblobebs amJRavnebs. Conguri, romelic umTavresad samegreloSi, guriaSi, aWarasa da qvemo imereTSia gavrcelebuli, mravali sxva qarTuli sakravis msgavsad, erTi mxriv, simReris, xolo meore mxriv, cekvis Tanxlebad gamoiyeneba. xemiani sakravebis qvejgufi saqarTveloSi WianuriT aris warmodgenili(ix. ilustr.#13). dRes igi raWaSi, svaneTSi (`Wuniris~ saxelwodebiT), TuSeTsa da fSavSi gvxvdeba, XX saukunis I naxevarSi ki guriaSi, imereTsa da xevsureTSic iyo gavrcelebuli. Wianuri SeiZleba iyos or- da samsimiani. magaliTad, raWuli Wianuri orsimiania (zemo raWaSi uwodeben `orZalians~), svanuri ki _ samsimiani. am ukanasknelis wyobaa didi sekunda + patara tercia qvevidan zeviT (riTac igi fandurs emsgavseba), orsimianisa ki _ didi an neitraluri tercia. am sakravis tembri gansxvavebulia rogorc masalis, agreTve sakravis formis gamo. magaliTad, korpusi SeiZleba damzadebuli iyos dairis msgavsad (xis rkali, wina mxares gadaWimuli tyavis apkiT), anda warmoadgendes Suaze gadaWril, gamofuRurovebul gogras. raWaSi, Wianuris dRes gabatonebuli sacriseburi formis nacvlad, gavrcelebuli iyo korpusis sruliad gansxvavebuli formac, romliTac igi, garkveulwilad, fandurs (an SavSur Wianurs) waagavs. sxvaobas ganapirobebs dakvris wesic. marcxena xeliT lars TiTebs zogjer taramde aWeren, xolo zogjer TiTebis baliSebiT exebian, rac flaJoletur bgerebs warmoqmnis (svaneTSi ZiriTadad dakvris swored

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es meTodi gamoiyeneba). mTis raWaSi sakravis jora zogjer tarisa da korpusis SeerTebis adgilTan axlos idgmeba, rac sakmaod iSviaTi movlenaa. Wianuri damkvrels muxlebs Soris, vertikalur mdgomareobaSi uWiravs. xemi marjvena xelSia moqceuli, masze ramdenime Reri Zuaa gabmuli. simebadac Zua gamoiyeneba. Wianurze ukraven rogorc mamakacebi, aseve qalebi. es sakravi gamoiyeneba lxinSica da WirSic. svaneTSi zogjer Wunirze amRereben micvalebulTan, misi dasaflavebis wina RamiT. Wunirs, iseve rogorc larWems, iyenebdnen micvalebulis sulis `dasaWeradac~: daRupvis adgilze ukravdnen manamde, vidre sulis povnis raime niSans ar miiRebdnen da mxolod Semdeg brundebodnen micvalebulis saxlSi. mosazidi sakravebis qvejgufi saqarTveloSi mxolod erTi sakraviT _ svanuri CangiTaa warmodgenili(ix. ilustr.#14). xalxSi dResac gavrcelebulia amave tipis instrumentis saxelwodeba _ `qnari~, romelic dRemde ar SemorCenila. adre Cangi sxva kuTxeebSic ipoveboda. esaa mcire arfis formis sakravi, romlis Sveul da Tarazul nawilebs Soris gabmulia eqvsi an Svidi lari. eqvslarianis wyobaa f-g-a-h-c1-d1, Svidlarianisa ki _ e-f-g-a-h-c1-d1. sxvadasxva dros Cangs larebis sxvadasxva raodenobac hqonda. es larebi adre abreSumisa iyo, axla ki igi Zuisgan mzaddeba. Cangze ukraven qalebica da mamakacebic. Tumca adre igi, savaraudod, qalTa sakravi unda yofiliyo. literaturuli wyaroebis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, XIX saukuneSi qal meCangeTa simRera calke Janrsac ki warmoadgenda. Cangi, rogorc wesi, simReris Tanmxlebi sakravia da iSviaTad cekvis Tanmxlebadac gamoiyeneba, misi susti bgera da friad SezRuduli SesaZleblobebi amis saSualebas naklebad iZleva. Tumca zogjer sakmaod rTul dasakravebsac asruleben. Cangze mxolod ansamblSi, WunirTan erTad ukraven. saerTod, qarTuli instrumentuli ansambli soflad or sakravze mets ar aerTianebs. erT-erTi maTgani, rogorc wesi, dasartyamia. aseT ansamblebs (duetebs) warmoadgens: Wiboni da doli, Conguri da doli, fanduri da daira, larWemi da daira (pirobiTad, aseT ansamblad SegviZlia CavTvaloT `taS-fandurac~ _ fandurisa da taSis Sexameba cekvis TanxlebisaTvis) da sxva. saqarTveloSi XVII-XVIII ss-Si Semosul qarTul qalaqur yofaSi damkvidrebul sakravebs Soris, upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos Casaberi duduki (ix. ilustr.#15. ) da zurna. duduki da zurna mxolod ansamblSi gamoiyeneba. erTi dudukis melodias Cveulebriv Tan axlavs banis funqciis matarebeli meore duduki, zogjer, mesamec, ris Sedegadac wamoiqmneba samxmianoba (rac aRmosavluri musikis `qarTulad gamravalxmianebis~ tipur movlenad unda CaiTvalos). asevea zurna. melodiis mTqmel zurnas Tan axlavs banis mTqmeli zurna, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmneba orxmianoba. saqarTveloSi aseve damkvidrda SedarebiT gvian, dasavleT evropidan (umTavresad ruseTis gziT) Semosuli gitara, balalaika, mandolina da garmoni. am ukanasknelma saxeSecvlili formiT XIX saukunidan qarTul (metadre TuSur) soflebSic SeaRwia. mas

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adgilobrivi xelosnebic amzadebdnen. xalxi am sakravs `qarTul garmons~ uwodebs. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia mcire zomis nimuSebi, maT Soris, jibis garmoni, e. w. `buzika~ (sityva `muzikas~ damaxinjebuli varianti), an, rogorc mas uwodeben, `wiko-wiko~, sruliad Taviseburi xmovanebiT.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTveloSi zemoaRniSnuli araqarTuli warmoSobis sakravebis rekonstruireba moxda. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs qarTuli musikaluri enis Sesatyvisi cvlilebebi sakravis wyobaSi.

qarTuli musikaluri dialeqtebi

qarTuli musikaluri folkloris erT-erT gamorCeul Taviseburebad misi dialeqturi mravalferovneba unda CaiTvalos. qarTuli musikaluri dialeqtebis Camoyalibeba mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qarTveluri eTnikuri jgufebis diferenciaciasTan. am procesma sametyvelo enaSi qarTveluri ena-kiloebis – qarTulis, megrulisa da svanuris warmoqmna ganapiroba, musikaSi ki – qarTl-kaxuri, imeruli, megruli, svanuri, guruli da a.S. dialeqtebisa. musikaluri azrovnebis specifikis gamo qarTul musikalur dialeqtebSi meti siaxlovea, vidre qarTvelur ena-koloebSi.

saqarTveloSi mravali kuTxea. Sesabamisad, qarTuli musikaluri folkloric mravaldialeqtiania (eTnomusikismcodneebi mas 14 an 15 dialeqtad hyofen.) dialeqti moicavs garkveul musikalur areals, romelsac musikalur-stiluri Tvisebebis (mravalxmianobis forma, musikaluri enis sxva komponentebi), repertuaris, Sesrulebis normaTa erTianoba axasiaTebs. musikaluri dialeqti, SesaZloa, ar emTxveodes sametyvelo enis dialeqts, romlis sazRvrebs enaTmecniereba adgens.

zogierT musikalur dialeqts yofen kilokavebad, anu iseT subdialeqtebad, romlebic erTmaneTisgan zogierTi niSniT sakmaod mkafiod ganirCevian, magram ufro met msgavsebas amJRavneben erTmaneTTan, vidre gansxvavebas (magaliTad, qarTl-kaxuri dialeqtis qarTluri da kaxuri kilokavebi). aRiniSnos gardamavali dialeqtebi – r.w.

qarTul musikalur dialeqtebSi vxvdebiT rogorc martiv, ise urTules nimuSebs _ aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis folkloridan gurul polifoniur Tu qarTl-kaxur gabmul simRerebamde. amis gaTvaliswinebiT, qarTuli musikaluri dialeqtebis Seswavlasac warvmarTavT principiT_`martividan rTulisken~ .

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aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis musikaluri dialeqtebi

saqarTvelos musikaluri dialeqtebis rukaze SeiZleba moiniSnos areali, romelic ramdenime dialeqtisa da kilokavisgan Sedgeba da mravali saerTo Tvisebis gamo mkafiod gamoiyofa sxvaTagan. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTa, romelic xevsureTis, fSavis, TuSeTis, mTiuleTis, xevis, gudamayris xalxur musikalur Semoqmedebas aerTianebs. is Taviseburebebi, rac maTTvis saerToa, ZiriTadad am kuTxeTa msgavsi istoriul-geografiul Tu sameurneo pirobebidan, sazogadoebrivi, socialuri wyobidan, religiuri warmodgenebidan da Cveulebebidan, mWidro urTierTmezoblobidan momdinareobs. kavkasionis samxreT kalTaze viwro, Znelad gasasvlel xeobebSi moqceuli soflebis mosaxleobas Zvelad mezobel Crdilokavkasiur tomebTan _ qistebTan, lekebTan _ gamudmebuli brZola hqonda, romlis drosac maTi saimedo TavSesafari cixe-koSkebi iyo. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis kuTxeebi yovelTvis cdilobdnen Tavisufleba SeenarCunebinaT, magram es yovelTvis ar xerxdeboda. magaliTad, Sua saukuneebSi TuSeTi ramdenjerme daeqvemdebara kaxeTis mefeTa xelisuflebas. XVII-XVIII ss. roca daRestnisa da CrdiloeTis sxva tomebi qarTl-kaxeTis winaaRmdeg amoZravdnen, TuSeTs (rogorc mosazRvre kuTxes) gansakuTrebuli strategiuli mniSvneloba mieniWa. rogorc Teimuraz II, ise erekle II gansakuTrebuli pativiT epyrobodnen TuS-fSav-xevsurTa Tavdadebul, saimedo razmebs. TuS-lekebis brZolebs bolo moeRo ruseT-daRestnis omis damTavrebiT (1859) da orive mxare rusuli imperiis sazRvrebSi moeqca.

mTaSi saxnav-saTesad vargisi miwis simcire da mkacri klimaturi garemo, misi mosaxleobis sameurneo saqmianobaSi mesaqonleobis (gansakuTrebiT _ mecxvareobis), monadireobis, memindvreobis did xvedriT wils ganapirobebs. gadazidvisa da mimosvlis mTavari saSualeba iyo cxeni da jori. cxvris gadarekva (gansakuTrebiT _ TuSeTSi, xevSi) zamTris saZovrebze da Tveebis ganmavlobaSi mamakacis keriisagan mowyveta ojaxis movlis mTel pasuxismgeblobas diasaxliss akisrebda, amitom keriis burji qali iyo. mis mxrebze gadadioda Sidasameurneo Sromis mTeli simZime, xolo energiis mokrebaSi mas uqme-dResaswaulebi Sveloda. amave dros, mTieli qalebi ZvelTaganve Sinamrewvelobasac misdevdnen da dResac qsova-xelsaqmis didi ostatebi arian. isini ferebisa da ornamentebis saintereso SexamebiT qsovdnen tols, windebs, xurjins, fardagebs, gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia TuSuri fardagi da xevsuruli talavari, romlis sagule da kalTis napirebi xat-jvrebiT iyo Semkuli.

mTaSi Tesaven qers, Svrias, SedarebiT dablob adgilebze _ swraf siminds, dikas. samiwaTmoqmedo saqmianobis didi nawili ukavia saqonlisaTvis sarCos momzadebas. samiwaTmoqmedo pirobebi SedarebiT xelsayrelia fSavsa da mTiuleTSi. barTan mwiri sameurneo urTierTobis gamo, mTaSi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Temur cxovrebas eweodnen da SezRuduli naturaluri meurneoba hqondaT (am mxriv

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gansakuTrebiT xevsureTi gamoirCeoda). TiToeuli Temi flobda miwis gansazRvrul nawils da moweuli sarCoc Tanabrad nawildeboda.

saqarTvelos aRmosavleT mTianeTSi adamians uZvelesi droidan

ucxovria da Tavisi Semoqmedebis kvalic dautovebia, rasac adasturebs, magaliTad, TuSeTis teritoriaze mopovebuli preistoriuli xanis arqeologiuri masala. mTis mosaxleoba Tavis Tavs qristianebs uwodebs. TuSeTSi dRemde SemorCenili Zveli taZrebis nangrevebi mowmobs, rom IX s-Tvis aq qristianuli kultura iyo gavrcelebuli. aseve xevSi SemorCenilia IX-Xss-ebis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvrebis Zeglebi: garbanis wminda giorgisa da Trusos mTavarangelozis eklesiebi, sionisa da axalcixis bazilikebi, beTlemis samonastro kompleqsi; gviandeli Sua saukuneebis saero nagebobebi: snosa da arSis cixeebi da, rac mTavaria, wminda samebis ganTqmuli eklesia (X s.), romelic sofel gergets gadmohyurebs.

magram mTielTa religiuri warmodgenebi da sawesCveulebo praqtika TematikiT ufro warmarTobasTanaa dakavSirebuli, Tumca aseve warmodgenilia qristianuli motivebic. xevsureTis, fSavis, TuSeTis, mTiuleTis, gudamayris, xevis mosaxleobisaTvis religiuri Tayvaniscemis saerTo obieqtebi iyo damaxasiaTebeli, ZiriTadad _ xat-jvrebis (konkretul adgilze –“sabrZanisebze”– mdebare salocavebis) saxiT. magaliTad, xevsureTSi did pativs scemdnen gudanis, xaxmatis jvrebs. es ukanaskneli qalebis gansakuTrebuli salocavia, romelsac Svilianobas, vaJianobas SesTxoven; fSavSi _ laSaris da Tamaris jvars, romlis ymebadac Tvlian isini Tavs. maTi warmodgeniT, laSari uZleveli gmiria da Tavisi kuTxis mfarveli. gansakuTrebiT gandidebulia Tamaris kulti, romelic `aqim-dedoflad~ iTvleba. mas SesTxoven janmrTelobas, ojaxis keTildReobas, TuSeTSi _ Txursierxis xats, mTiuleTsa da gudamayarSi _ pirimze fuZis angelozs, mTiuleTSi _ kvirias, Rudas, adgilis dedas, lomisas da wminda giorgis xats, romelic qsani-aragvis wyalgamyof qedzea aRmarTuli. xalxis TavSeyris ZiriTad adgilsac xati warmoadgenda. aq dResac xdeba saqonlis msxverplad Sewirva.

mTielTa dResaswaulebi qristianuli da warmarTuli wes-Cveulebebis narevs warmoadgens. MmaT dReobebze qristianuli elementi RmrTisa da wmindanTa moxseniebas ar scildeba. ilxenen, svamen luds, zogjer imarTeba cekva-TamaSi _ SuSpari.

mTielebi metyveleben arqaizmebiT mdidar qarTul kiloze, uyvarT leqsebi, xatovani Tqmebi. isini gaSairebis (Sejibri galeqsvaSi), `kafiis~ ostatebi arian.

mTielebs warmarTul RvTaebaTa panTeonic saerTo hqondaT. masSi Sedian: morige RmerTi (umTavresi RvTaeba), kviria (romelsac zogierTi mkvlevari qristes saxels ukavSirebs), angelozebi, adgilis deda (igi xSirad `xTisSobelTan~ igivdeba), elia, Tayvans scemen `RvTisSvilebs~ _ realur pirovnebebs, romlebic SemdgomSi xalxma zebunebrivi TvisebebiT Seamko _ iaxsars, kopalas, pirquSs, xelsamZivars. qristianul wmindanTagan gansakuTrebuli pativiT sargeblobs wminda

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giorgi, romlis saxelobisaa gudanis, laSaris jvari, lomisas, juTas xatebi.

garda am RvTaebebisadmi miZRvnili xatobebisa, mTielTa dResaswaulTagan aRsaniSnavia Soba (`qriste~), sagazafxulo-axal welTan dakavSirebuli dReobebia ~lamparioba~, ~qorbeRela~, aseve “litania dRe~, rodesac didmarxvis pirvel SabaTs asufTaveben karmidamos, acxoben bediskverebs, axliT imosebian, amzadeben saWmels. bunebis gamoRviZebasa da ganayofierebis procesebTan dakavSirebiT isini boroti sulebis gandevnas cdilobdnen da asrulebdnen `kudianT wuxras~ (Wiakokona). aseve imarTeboda xvna-Tesvis samRvTo, eliaoba, qar-setyvis dRe, Citfafoba.

amas garda, bolo dromde gavrcelebuli iyo nayofierebisadmi miZRvnili sagazafxulo dResaswauli `berikaoba-yeenoba~. saSemodgomo samuSaoTa dasasruls moxeveni ixdidnen ~jalab-jorobas~, ~Sioobas~. ojaxis gamravlebas nayofierebis RvTaebas kvirias SesTxovdnen

mwyemsebisaTvis aRiarebul uqmes warmoadgenda ~mgelTuqme~, saqonlis simravlesa da baraqas isini morige RmerTs, xaxmatis jvarsa da Txursiexis xats SesTxoven.

saqonlis nadirisagan dasacavad ixdidnen `guTnis samRvTos~, Tibvis win _ `Tibvis Tavs~. mTiuleTSi mecxoveleobis mfarvel angelozad iTvleba Tevdore, romelsac ukavSirdeba dResaswauli `Tevdoroba~.

CrCils rom narTi ar daeWra, qalebi `CirCiliTuqmes~, xolo avdars rom yana ar waexdina, ~nakveT dRes~ uqmobdnen. ojaxis keTildReobas saxlis angelozs evedrebodnen, xolo ~yvavil-batonebs~ fandurze simReriT arTobdnen da uqmobdnen.

mTaSi gavrcelebuli sxva dResaswaulebidan aRsaniSnavia wyalkurTxeva, marxva _ axvseba (`aRvseba~_ aRdgoma), aTenogenoba (wminda aTonogenis Tayvaniscemidan unda momdinareobdes). es da bevri sxva dResaswauli qristianul motivebzea dafuZnebuli.

barTan gaZnelebuli komunikaciebis gamo (am mxriv SedarebiT ukeTesi mdgomareoba SeeqmnaT xevsa da mTiuleTs, radgan maT teritoriaze me-19 saukuneSi saqarTvelos samxedro gzam gaiara) aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis mosaxleobaSi bolo dromde TiTqmis pirvandeli saxiT SemorCa Temuri mmarTvelobis wesi da xalxuri adaT-wesebi.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTaSi Tems saTaveSi edga xevisberi (dekanozi, xucesi). xevisberis upirvelesi movaleoba iyo `laSqarT Tavadoba~. amas garda, mas saero saqmeebic evaleboda. igi mTielTa jvar-xatebis saxeliT moqmedebda da sacxovrisic xatis karze hqonda. xevisberis uflebebi TandaTan SeizRuda da sabolood gaqra kidec. mosaxleobis gansxvavebuli sazogadoebrivi fenebi ufro mkafiod XIX saukuneSi Camoyalibda _ kerZo mesakuTreTa da SeZlebul mecxvareTa dajgufebebis saxiT.

rac Seexeba xalxSi damkvidrebul adaTebs, aq wina saukunemde mZlavrobda sisxlis aRebis wesi. saerTod, kacis kvla umZimes codvad iTvleboda, sisxlis auRebloba ki _ samarcxvinod. `Rirsebis dacvis ~ ufro msubuq formas warmoadgenda keWnaoba. iSviaTi iyo daukeWnavi

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mTieli, romelsac Tav-piri daniT ar hqonda daserili. uRirsi saqcielisTvis miRebuli iyo Temidan mokveTa anu gandevna. aseve metad gavrcelebuli iyo Zmadnaficobis tradicia – fic-vercxlis Wamis adaTi (daZmobilebis mizniT Wiqa ludSi an araySi vercxls CaTlidnen da erTmaneTs erTgulebas Sehficavdnen). xSiri iyo qalis motaceba. dRemde ZalaSia stumar-maspinZlobis wesi, gaWirvebaSi xelis gamarTva (aseT wess, magaliTad, xevsureTSi “oCxars” uwodeben, radgan dazaralebuli ~oCxaris~ arays Seasmevs mas, visac riTime SeuZlia daxmareba).

didad saZraxisi iyo qurdoba, naqurdals erTiSvidad anazRaurebinebdnen. unda aRiniSnos ZiriTadad xevsureTsa da fSavSi gavrcelebuli `sworfrobis~ da `wawlobis~ (Sesabamisad) tradicia, rac iTvaliswinebda dauqorwinebeli qal-vaJis megobrobas, romlis drosac fizikuri siaxlove ukiduresobamde midioda?? (aRsaniSnavia, rom sworfreb-wawlebis qorwineba akrZaluli iyo).

ojaxuri urTierTobebis mxriv mTaSi didxans iyo Semonaxuli saojaxo Temi (didi ojaxi). masSi warmodgenili iyo saojaxo Temis komponentebi: ramdenime Taobisa da wyvilis erTad cxovreba, qonebis saerTo sakuTreba, koleqtiuri Sromis organizacia, dovlaTis danawileba. ojaxis gareT gansakuTrebuli datvirTva eniWeboda sagvareulos wevrTa mWidro urTierTkavSirs.

saqarTvelos aRmosavleTi mTianeTis kuTxeebis zemoCamoTvlil saerTo niSnebis gverdiT, TviToeul am kuTxeTagans gaaCnia mkafiod individualuri Taviseburebebi, rac samusiko folklorSic mJRavndeba.

xevsuruli musikaluri dialeqti istoriul monacemebsa da fSaur-xevsurul musikalur Semoqmedebaze

dayrdnobiT irkveva, rom isini calke dialeqtebad qronologiurad mogvianebiT Camoyalibda, roca istoriuli fxovi or eTnikur erTeulad gaiyo.

xevsureTi mdinare aragvis xeobaSi, kavkasionis qedis kalTebze mdebareobs. igi or nawilad iyofa _ piriqiT (Satil-arxoti) da piraqeT (centri _ barisaxo) xevsureTad. Tavisi yofiT, nivTieri da sulieri kulturis arqauli formebiT xevsureTi gamorCeuli kuTxea.

xevsuruli samusiko dialeqti martivi da arqaulia. aq melodia jer kidev wminda kvartisa da kvintis farglebSi moZraobs. kiloc, Sesabamisad, amave diapazons moicavs (anhemitonuri kilo). vxvdebiT aseve kvarta-kvinta-seqstis diapazonis (hemitonur) kiloebsac aris iseTi SemTxvevebic, roca bgeriTi simaRle gaurkveveli, daufiqsirebelia.

xevsurul simReras axasiaTebs melodiis talRiseburi an sworxazovani daRmavali moZraoba tonikur bgeramde. yoveli ganmeorebisas melodia garkveul varirebasac ganicdis. septimuri bgera xSirad naxtomsac akeTebs V da III safexurebze da Semdeg Zirs eSveba.

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xSiria minoruli mixrilobis kiloebi, zogjer kilo maRali III safexuriTaa warmodgenili, rac dabal II safexurTan gadidebul sekundas warmoqmnis. simReraTa musikaluri forma warmodgenilia frazis, strofis, winadadebisa Tu periodis saxiT.

xevsureTSi ufro erTxmian simRerebs asruleben (solod, fanduris TanxlebiT an unisonurad). zogi nimuSi (`xuTSabaT gaTendeba~) orxmianobis Canasaxis Semcvelia. iSviaTad gvxvdeba Camoyalibebuli burdonuli orxmianobis nimuSebi (`ferxisuli~). burdonuli bani umetesad erT harmoniul funqcias (I) emyareba. vxvdebiT ori funqciis (I-VII) matarebel bansac. orxmiani xevsuruli simRerebi erTgundovania, Tumca orgundovani Sesrulebac ar aris gamoricxuli. unda aRiniSnos Sesrulebis originaluri formis – `SemRernebis~ _ tradicia. am dros erTi solisti momRerali frazis dasrulebis Semdeg meore monacvle solists bans eubneba. amasve akeTebs meore solistic.

xevsuruli dialeqti Janrulad arc Tu ise mdidaria. dayofa xSirad sityvieri teqstis mixedviT xdeba. gavrcelebulia sakulto, saweso, sagmiro, Sromis simRerebi, tirilebi, akvnis nanebi. sasimRero repertuari mkafiod iyofa qalTa da mamakacTa simRerebad. qalTa repertuarma dRemde ZiriTadad `nanebiTa~ da glovis simRerebiT moaRwia. melodiuri diapazonis simciris miuxedavad (umTavresad, kvartis, kvintis farglebSi), qalTa simRerebi ufro moqnili da daxvewilia, vidre mamakacebisa.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa qalTa saakvno simRerebi. `nanebis~ safuZvels warmoadgens lakonuri melodiuri mimoqceva, romelic mravaljer meordeba. samwiladi zoma, zomieri, odnav aCqarebuli tempi, rbili sinkopa `nanebis~ damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebia. maTSi gamoiyeneba mxolod am JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Semdegi sityvebi da marcvlebi: ee, nano, xuxo, ruro, nanoTao, ruroTao da a.S. sityvieri teqstebi moferebiTi, saalerso Sinaarsisaa. am Janris nimuSTa pirveli Canawerebi kompozitor Salva mSveliZes ekuTvnis. mis mier fiqsirebul ramdenime xevsurul `nanas~ Semdgom eqspediciebSi (S. aslaniSvili, g. CxikvaZe, m. Jordania, i. Jordania) mdidari masala daemata.

qalTa saweso repertuarSi erTiandeba micvalebulis kultTan dakavSirebuli datirebebi. xevsureTSi kacis xmamaRla tirili miuRebeli iyo. samgloviaro rituals ukavSirdeboda datirebis sxvadasxva formebi: `daTvla-tirili~, `ZaxiliT tirili~ da `xmiT tirili~. ~daTvla-tirili~ wlisTavze sruldeba. micvalebulis Sekazmuli cxenis garSemo myofi mgloviareni gardacvlils axloblebis mwuxarebas amcnoben. `ZaxiliT tirili~ micvalebulis suls mouwodebs da saiqio cxovrebis Sesaxeb ekiTxeba. misi yoveli muxli erTstriqonian kilo-hangs warmoadgens. `daTvla~ da `ZaxiliT~ tirilebi improvizaciul prozaul teqstebzea agebuli. maTgan gansxvavebiT, `xmiT natirali~ originalur, mxatvrulad gamarTul poetur teqsts emyareba. mas asrulebs erTi motirali, moqviTineTa unisonur gundTan SenacvlebiT. warmmarTveli safexuri aq kilos septimuri bgeraa, saidanac melodia TandaTan qveviT eSveba. sainteresoa, rom dedakacTa `tirilebi~ da mamakacTa Sromis procesTan (TibvasTan) dakavSirebuli `mTiblurebi~ ritmulad da

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intonaciurad erTmaneTs enaTesaveba. maT Soris kavSiri gardacvlilis sulisadmi TayvaniscemiT unda aixsnas – mTibveli suls Semweobas sTxovs.

xevsuruli saweso saferxulo simRerebis Sinaarsi, umTavresad, emyareba istoriul da, nawilobriv, miTologiur gadmocemebs gmirebze, RvTaebebze, romelTa pativsacemad dResaswaulebi imarTeba. ferxulis melodiebs dasrulebuli da Camoyalibebuli forma aqvT. es aris ZiriTadad ori-sami melodiuri nageboba (saqcevi), romlebic improvizaciuli Sesrulebis procesSi axal-axal variantebad iqceva.

`TiToobiT mReris~ (solo Sesrulebis) uZveles tradiciazea agebuli erTxmiani sagmiro-saistorio simRerebi.

sakravebidan gvxvdeba fanduri, Wianuri; bolo dros _ balalaikac.

fSauri musikaluri dialeqti fSavi aragvis xeobaSi mdebareobs. mas CrdiloeTiT xevsureTi

esazRvreba, dasavleTiT _ mTiuleT-gudamayari, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT _ TianeTi. uZveles wyaroebSi fSavi da xevsureTi `fxovad~ ixsenieba. XIII saukunidan saxelwodeba `fxovi~ qreba da mis nacvlad mkvidrdeba `fSavi~ da `xevsureTi~.

XIX saukunidan gaZlierda am kuTxis Zireuli mosaxleobis migraciis procesi. fSavlebi gafantulni arian ivris, iltosa da alaznis saTaveebSi, aseve gomborSi, erwo-TianeTSi, SiraqSi, sofel lafanyurSi.

sazogadod, fSauri samusiko dialeqti xevsuruls enaTesaveba, Tumca Tavisi Camoyalibebuli melodiur-kilouri struqturiT da gamomsaxveli xerxebiT SedarebiT maRal safexurze dgas. aq mRerian sakulto, saweso, istoriul-sagmiro, lirikul-satrfialo simRerebs, saferxuloebs.

fSaur simRerebSi gabatonebulia burdonuli orxmianoba. arsebobs fragmentuli samxmianobis Canaweric, romelSic maRali xma e.w. `maRali bania~. fSavSi naklebad popularulia calfa, gansakuTrebiT _ uTanxlebo simRerebi. saxezea orgundovani simRerebic. xevsureTisgan gansxvavebiT, aq ar gvxvdeba unisonuri mReris tradicia. marTalia, fSauri simReris melodiebic daRmavalia, magram maT meti moqniloba, melizmatika, intonaciuri sicxade, mReradoba axasiaTebs. frazis bolos xSiria glisandirebuli dacureba, an sayrden safexurze reCitatiuli daboloeba.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia simRerebi `fSauris~ saxelwodebiT. maT burdonuli banis fonze ori mTqmeli asrulebs monacvleobiT. `fSauris~ melodikas improvizaciuli xasiaTi aqvs da ganviTarebis variaciul xerxs emyareba; gamoirCeva ornamentikiT, rTuli ritmuli suraTiT, martivi kadansiT (VII _ I).

fSauri orxmiani simRerebis pirvel solists `mTqmels~ uwodeben, meores _ `Semqcevs~. SenacvlebiTi mReris principze aigeba aseve

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`jvaris winasa~, romelic dakavSirebulia jvris kultTan da sruldeba qorwilSi.

fSaur simRerebs gansakuTrebul elfers sZens sxvadasxva saxiT warmodgenili minoruli mixrilobis kilo dabali II safexuriTa da maRali III da VI safexurebiT. daRmavali svla kilos kvintidan sekundur bgeraze am ukanasknelze SeCerebiT xazs usvams gadidebuli kvartis JReradobas. xolo VI safexuris amaRleba warmoqmnis gadidebul kvintas. am kilos, romelic qarTul profesiul musikaSi pirvelad S. mSveliZem gamoiyena, `fSaurs~ uwodeben.

xevsureTis msgavsad, TvalsaCino intonaciuri kavSiri arsebobs qalTa datirebebsa da mamakacTa `mTiblurebs~ Soris. es ukanaskneli melodiurad ufro garTulebuli da ritmulad metad danawevrebulia. igive iTqmis mamakacTa `gvrinze~, romelic Tavisi funqciiTa da musika-luri aRnagobiT igive mTibluria, Tumca teqsti axlosaa tirilebTan.

sainteresoa, rom fSavSi dRemde sxva Sromis simRerebi araa dafiqsirebuli. Tumca, gadmocemiT, vake adgilebSi asrulebdnen mkis simReras ~opinas~ saxelwodebiT.

samgloviaro ritualTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia qalTa kvinturi diapazonis mqone `datirebebi~, romlebic mReradobiTa da metro-ritmuli mkafiobiT gamoirCeva

`ferxulebi~ da `ferxisebi~ xatobebze sruldeba. RvTaebaTa sadidebel himnebs xSirad wriuli cekviT warmoadgenen. ferxuls hyavda Tavisi meTauri (korife), romeelic sacekvao wyobas ganagebda. masve ekisreboda cekvis simRerasTan SeTanxmebac. `ferxulebs~ Zvel qarTul sanaxaobebSi mniSvnelovani adgili ekavaT. maTi erT-erTi saxeoba iyo cnobili `samaia~. gadmocemiT, `samaias~ Sesruleba fSavSi sam dasad scodniaT. `samaia~ sruldeboda wriuli ferxuliT xatobaze. vokaluri partiis mTavari xazi urTierTSenacvlebiT mihyavda or momRerals, banis partias ki gundi asrulebda. `samaias~ asrulebdnen qalebic da mamakacebic (bolo dros es uZvelesi saferxulo simRera scenaze sami qalis cekvis saxiT damkvidrda).

arc Tu ise didia sxvaoba xevsur da fSavel qalTa simRerebs Soris (Tumca, zog xevsurul nanaSi ganviTarebis ufro adreuli safexuria aRbeWdili). umTavresi gansxvaveba (Sesrulebis manera, sityvieri teqstebis xasiaTi) mamakacTa sasimRero SemoqmedebaSi SeigrZnoba. gavrcelebuli sakravebia fanduri, salamuri, stviri. fSauri stviri gudastvirTa ojaxis erT-erTi originaluri saxeobaa. bolo dros am kuTxeSi iyeneben enian salamurs, agreTve ucxoeTidan Semosul sakravebs _ garmons, akordeons (isic, ZiriTadad, TuSuri hangebis Sesasruleblad).

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TuSuri musikaluri dialeqti TuSeTi mdebareobs gomewrisa da piriqiTa alaznis xeobebSi. igi

dRevandeli axmetis raionSi Sedis. esazRvreba fSavs, xevsureTs, kaxeTs. istoriul teritoriad iTvleba mTa-TuSeTi Tavisi Zveli soflebiT. ugzoobis gamo igi mowyvetili iyo bars. amJamad TuSebi saxloben mTasa (centri - omalo) da barSi (centri - alvani).

vaxuStis cnobiT, TuSeTis teritoriaze – wovaTas, gomewrisa da CaRmis xeobaSi _ 37 sofeli yofila, piriqiTas xeobaSi - 36. SemdgomSi, xSiri omebis, bunebrivi movlenebisa Tu epidemiebis gamo bevri sofeli dacarielda. TuSebis intensiuri Camosaxleba barSi XX saukuneSi daiwyo.

TuSuri mosaxleoba amJamad 2 jgufad iyofa _ wova-TuSebad da CaRma-TuSebad. isini eTnografiulad, yofiTi da kulturuli tradiciebis mixedviT TiTqmis ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. sxvaoba enobrivia: CaRma-TuSebisagan gansxvavebiT, wova-TuSebis saSinao salaparako ena wova-TuSuri anu bacburia.

Zveli TuSuri simRera erTxmiania. es erTxmianoba ufro Camoyalibebuli da ganviTarebulia, vidre xevsuruli. amaze metyvelebs gamokveTili kilouri safuZveli, melodiis moqniloba. melodiebis did nawils axasiaTebs daRmavali moZraoba, romelsac xSirad sapirispiro moZraoba enacvleba. xSiria aRmavali sekunduri moZraoba kilos kvartidan kvintaze, am ukanasknelis ritmuli xazgasmiT. TuSuri melodiebis did nawils (maT Soris, datirebebsac) kvinturi diapazoni aqvs, rac maT fSaur analogebTan aaxloebs.

sakmaod rTuli rituali axlda micvalebulis kults. momakvdavs purRviniT aziarebdnen. dasaflavebis Semdeg, wlisTavamde, yoveli Tvis pirvel dRes sulis mosaxseniebeli sufra iSleboda. glovis ritualSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo wlisTavi. gamoitandnen micvalebulis tansacmels, nivTebs da qalebi daitirebdnen. Semdeg xalxs gamoeyofoda 5-6 mxedari da iwyeboda `dalaobis~ rituali samgloviaro simReriT `dala~*, romelsac kacTa unisonuri gundi asrulebs.

istoriul-sagmiro Tematika TuSuri samusiko folkloris erT-erTi wamyvani motivia. mTeli ciklebia Seqmnili lekebis winaaRmdeg amxedrebul gamorCeul `ymaTa~ Seudreklobaze, garkveuli nawili uSualo kavSirSia samgloviaro JanrTan. moTqmis teqsti zogjer saxotbo xasiaTisaa. sagmiro nawarmoebTa Sinaarsi gadmoicema monologis formis, an antifonuri Sesrulebis erTxmiani nimuSebiT (`diklos aoxreba~). rogorc wesi, maTSi minoruli mixrilobis sxvadasxva kiloebi gamoiyeneba.

aRnagobis mxriv TuSuri melodiebi eyrdnoba mokle frazebis, strofis mravaljerad sekventur ganmeorebas. maTSi naTlad gamoikveTeba TuSuri musikaluri azrovnebis tipuri xerxebi, kerZod, daRmavali moZraoba diapazonis mwvervalidan kilos tonikuri sayrdenisaken (`laSaris simRera~, `iaxsaris simRera~). erTgvarovani melodiuri sqemisa da metrul-ritmuli suraTis mqone (triolebi,

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punqtiruli ritmi) simRerebis intonaciuri mimoqcevebi deklamaciuri xasiaTisaa. aRsaniSnavia gadidebuli sekunda kilos II-III safexurebs Soris, romelic Semzadebulia VI safexuridan maRal III-ze daRmavali svliT.

TuSeTs SemorCa kvali uZvelesi ritualebisa, sadac simReras mniSvnelovani adgili eniWeba. `laSaris simRera~* xatobaze iTqmoda. mis Sesrulebas axlda mamakacTa wriuli orsarTuliani ferxuli `qorbeRela~. arqauli koloritiT sainteresoa `iaxsaris simRera~. melodiis reCitatiul-TxrobiTi xasiaTi, daRmavali moZraoba mas xevsurulTan aaxloebs. metad popularulia lirikuli Tematikis simRerebi.

mamakacTa `dalasTan~ erTad samgloviaro Janri qalTa Semoqmedebamac Semoinaxa. aq organuladaa Serwymuli tirilebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mReradobisa da reCitaciis principebi. qalTa datirebebSi niSandoblivia kvartuli bgeriT dawyeba. TuS qalTa repertuaris erT-erTi Taviseburebaa e.w. `simRera-tirilebi~, romlebic sruldeba samgloviaro teqstze, magram ritualisagan mowyvetiT, simReris saxiT, zogjer _ sakravis TanxlebiTac.

TuSeTSi dRes aRar vxvdebiT Sromis simRerebs. calke sferod gamoiyofa axali drois TuSuri simRerebis jgufi.

isini mWidro kavSirSia Zvel folklorul wyaroebTan da amave dros, axali saxeebiT aris aRbeWdili. am simRerebis umravlesoba lirikul satrfialo teqstebzea agebuli, gvxvdeba mecxvareTa saTavgadasavlo an samamulo omis Temis amsaxveli nimuSebic. axali TuSuri simRerebi umetesad sakravis TanxlebiT sruldeba. isini TandaTan ganviTarda da zog SemTxvevaSi gasamxmianda kidec. aRsaniSnavia qalTa repertuaris wamyvani mniSvneloba axali formaciis folklorSi. TuSebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sesrulebis vibrirebuli manera, romliTac gansakuTrebiT qalebi gamoirCevian.

sakravieri musika TuSeTSi warmodgenilia fandurze, qarTulad gadawyobil balalaikasa da mandolinaze, salamurze, Wianurze, garmonze Sesasrulebeli hangebiT, romlebic axali formaciis TuSuri simRerebis Tavisebur transkripciebs warmoadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi sxvagan ar vxvdebiT garmonze Sesrulebul imgvar maRalmxatvrul melodiebs, rogorsac TuSeTSi.

moxeur-mTiuluri musikaluri dialeqti moxeuri kilokavi

xevi mdebareobs jvris uReltexilsa da darialis viwroebs Soris. moicavs Trusos, Tergisa da snoswylis xeobebs. darialis xeobaSi ZvelTaganve gadioda CrdiloeT kavkasiasa da kavkasiis gadaRma mxareebTan amierkavkasiis damakavSirebeli gza (amJamad _ saqarTvelos samxedro gza). xevis raionuli centria yazbegi (adre

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stefanwminda) xeobis Camketi iyo uZvelesi da, strabonis sityvebiT, `miudgomeli~ darialis cixe.

aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa folklorSi yvelaze metad

ganviTarebuli swored moxeuri da mTiuluri Semoqmedebaa. es, nawilobriv, am kuTxeebSi saqarTvelos CrdiloeTTan da barTan damakavSirebeli satransporto arteriis _ samxedro gzis arsebobiTac aixsneba.

xevSi gavrcelebulia erT-, or- da samxmiani simRerebi. erTxmiani simRerebi am kuTxeSi popularuli sakravis, fanduris TanxlebiT sruldeba da SedarebiT iSviaTad gvxvdeba. originaluri da sainteresoa moxeuri orxmianoba: igi sruldeba rogorc solistisa da banebis mier, aseve _ ori solistis monacvleobiT banis fonze. gvxvdeba orxmianoba, sadac meore xma xan banis funqcias asrulebs, xan ki maRal xmas mohyveba paralelurad (sagmiro-istoriuli `arale~, `saferxulo~).

moxeuri simRera ZiriTadad samxmiania. marTalia, ganviTarebis doniT igi bevrad Camouvardeba qarTl-kaxur samxmian nimuSebs, magram Tavisi mxatvruli RirebulebiT udavod mniSvnelovan musikalur plasts warmoadgens. aq gamokveTilia mTqmelis (II xmis) roli da kidura xmebis SebanebiTi funqcia. samxmiani simRerebis melodiisTvis damaxasiaTebelia mdore ganviTareba.

moxeveebi mRerian xmamaRla, daZabulad, maT SesrulebaSi xSiria glisandireba da xmis dacureba nagebobis bolo bgeridan.

mTis sxva kuTxeebis msgavsad, xevSi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia saweso, sakulto, saferxulo, sufruli, Sromis Janris nimuSebi. amasTan, TviTeuli Janri TiTo-orola nimuSiT aris warmodgenili. maT Sorisaa sakulto `jvaruli~, `jvari winasa~, `lomisis jvrisa~, dideba~, `sacekvao-saferxulo~, sufruli `smuri~, Sromis `namgluri~; `arale~, `gergetula~. aRsaniSnavia, rom xevSi baridan Semosul simRerebsac mRerian. XX saukuneSi gavrcelda qalaquri yaidis nimuSebic.

qalTa repertuarSi sayovelTaod gavrcelebul saakvno `nanebis~ garda vxvdebiT infeqciur daavadebasTan dakavSirebul `iavnanas~. samwiladobiT igi qarTl-kaxur ~iavnanasac~ enaTesaveba. moxeve qalebi mRerian `ferxisas~, romelic reCitatiuli melodiis wyobiT garkveulad emsgavseba xevsurul `mTiblurebs~. samwilad taqtebSi gamoikveTeba qarTuli ferxulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli rbili sinkopa.

xevSi glovis Taviseburi formebia gavrcelebuli. aq ician `moTqmiT tirili~, `xmiT tirili~ da `adai-dadai~. moTqmiT tirils asrulebs axlo naTesavi an megobari. `xmiT tirili~ gunduri glovaa. igi sruldeba motiralisa da mobaneebis mier. masSi axlo naTesavebi ar monawileoben. Secxadebisa da glovis metad Taviseburi formaa `adai-dadai~. qalTa ori jgufi erTmaneTs epasuxeba: pirveli Sublze xeliscemiT iZaxis `adai~, rasac mohyveba meoris ~dadai~ (muxlze xelis dartymiT).

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xevSi SemorCenilia unisonuri mReris tradicia, romelic mxolod qalTa repertuarSi gvxvdeba.

moxeuri dialeqtis mniSvnelovani nimuSebia `dideba~ (xatobaze sruldeba) da saqorwilo-saweso `jvaruli~ (`joruli~). rogorc yvela sakulto-saweso simRera, isinic? orpirulia. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis kuTxeebidan xevSi yvelaze Zlieri iyo warmarTuli tradiciebi, amitom aq qristianuli RvTismsaxurebis wesi faqtobrivad daeqvemdebara, Seerwya warmarTuls.

yvelaze rTuli da ganviTarebuli simReraa sufruli `smuri~. adgilobriv mcxovrebTa gadmocemiT `smuri~ imRereboda sxvadasxva dros: stumris an sasiZos Sesaqebad da glovisas.. `smuris~ win sakulto `dideba~ sruldeboda.

xevSi amJamad aRaraa gavrcelebuli Sromis simRerebi. magram SemorCenilia samxmiani `namgluri~. mas aSkarad gamoxatuli saweso funqcia aqvs da ara uSualod SromiTi procesis Tanxlebisa simReraSi zeda xmebis partiebi ZiriTadad erTmaneTs enacvlebian da mxolod kadansSi iqmneba realuri samxmianoba.

xevis istoriul sofel gergetSi weliwadSi orjer _ axal welsa da mariamobas udidesi dResaswaulebi imarTeboda. aq mRerodnen `gergetulas~*.

xevSi gavrcelebul qalaquri folkloris nimuSebs mkveTrad gamoxatuli erovnuli Tvisebebi aqvT. maTSi Serwymulia evropuli tonikur-subdominantur-dominanturi funqciebi da xalxuri simReris harmoniuli kanonzomierebani. amis saucxoo nimuSia `moxevis qalo, Tinao~*. es simRera, Tumca sxva saxelwodebiT _ `karkuCiT wamaiyvanes~ _ Zalian popularulia xevSi.

mTiuluri kilokavi mTiuleTi centraluri kavkasionis samxreT kalTebze, TeTri

aragvis xeobaSi mdebareobs. mas CrdiloeTiT xevi, xolo aRmosavleTiT gudamayari esazRvreba. TviT mTiuleTSi mkveTrad mijnaven mTiuleT-gudamayris sazRvrebs.

sainteresoa, rom ganviTarebis maRali donis miuxedavad, mTis regionebidan yvelaze naklebad Seswavlili mTiuluri samusiko dialeqtis Zveli Sreebi aRmoCnda.

cnobilia, rom mTis regionebis kulturuli ganviTarebis done ar aris erTgvarovani. mTiulur musikalur dialeqtze garkveuli zegavlena iqonia mezobeli qarTlis maRalganviTarebulma sasimRero Semoqmedebam, ramac garkveulad gansazRvra kidec misi SedarebiT maRali done. aseve aRsaniSnavia axlo naTesauri kavSiri moxeur dialeqtTan.

mTiuluri dialeqti sayuradReboa, erTi mxriv, mravalxmianobis maRalganviTarebuli formebis, xolo meore mxriv, uZvelesi, arqauli Sreebis TanaarsebobiT.

Janruli TvalsazrisiT, mTiulurSi, moxeuris msgavsad, Warbobs saweso simRerebi (`jvaris winasa~, `ferxisuli~ `dideba~, `jvaruli~).

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Sromis simRerebidan asruleben `namglurs~, qalTa repertuaridan `nanebs~. micvalebuls mTiuleTSi ZiriTadad moTqmiT tirian sakravis TanxlebiT Sesasrulebeli erTxmiani simRerebis epikuri, lirikuli, istoriul-sagmiro da saxumaro leqsebi xSirad erT intonaciur masalas eyrdnoba.

mTiuleTSi iSviaTad mRerian orxmian simRerebs. aq sam xmad mReris mtkice tradicia arsebobs. warmodgenilia mravalxmianobis sxvadasxva tipebi: burdonuli, epizodurad _ kompleqsuri da ostinaturi. bani da meore xma enacvleba xolme erTmaneTs: xan meore imeorebs bans da qmnis orxmianobas, xan piriqiT, bani iWreba meore xmis partiaSi.

mTiuluri da moxeuri simRerebis harmoniuli ena gacilebiT ufro mdidaria, vidre mTis sxva dialeqtebisa. gvxvdeba martivi kadansebi, naxevarkadansebi. zogierT nimuSSi nagebobas e.w. `kvartuli kadansic~ asrulebs.

saferxulo Sesrulebis tradicia yvelaze organulad saweso-ritualur qmedebebs ukavSirdeba. aRsaniSnavia mTavar salocavTan dakavSirebuli simRerebi ~lomisis jvrisa~, da ~lomisuri~, romlebic sxva simRerebisgan sazeimo xmovanebiT gamoirCeva. zogjer mas calfad, fanduris TanxlebiTac asruleben.

mTiuluri saweso saferxulo anu `ferxisa~ intonaciurad fSav-xevsurul saferxuloebs uaxlovdeba: maTSi samwiladoba gabatonebuli zomaa. sityvieri teqsti umetesad sadidebeli Sinaarsisaa: `dideba da RmerTsa dideba~. gvxvdeba TxrobiTi teqstebic. adgilobriv mcxovrebTa gadmocemiT, ferxisas Cabma micvalebulTa pativsacemad da gmirTa mosaxseniebladac scodniaT.

gamorCeuli adgili ukavia saqorwilo-saritualo simReras `jvaris winasa~ (`joris winasa~). igi antifonurad sruldeboda, Tumca orpiruli mRera TandaTan erTpirulma Secvala. wriuli ferxulis saxiT Sesrulebisas mas `jvarul ferxuls~ uwodeben.

Sromis Janri mTiulur folklorSi guTnuri, mkisa da namgluri simRerebiT aris warmodgenili. `mTibluri~ aq fiqsirebuli ar aris. Cawerili ~namgluris~ erTaderTi varianti intonaciurad saweso-sakulto simRerebs uaxlovdeba. aseve aRsaniSnavia misi intonaciuri siaxlove `fSaurTan~ da baris `namglurTan~.

datireba mTiuleTSi qalTa repertuaris kuTvnilebaa. mTiuluri “xmiT tirili” mkveTrad ar ganirCeva mTis sxva kuTxeebis nimuSebisagan. intonaciurad igi uaxlovdeba `kvintur tirilebs~.

qalTa repertuari warmodgenilia agreTve `nanebiT~, romelTac axasiaTebT mReradoba, melodiuri xazis melizmebiT Semkoba. gamokveTili samwiladobiT isini rogorc fSav-xevsurul, ise baris “nanebsac” uaxlovdebian.

qalTa da mamakacTa repertuarSi didi adgili ukavia simRerebs sakravis TanxlebiT, romlebic intonaciurad sxva mezobeli kuTxeebis erTxmian nimuSebs uaxlovdeba. sakravebidan gavrcelebulia fanduri, garmoni (`buzika~).

mTiuleTSi mRerian qarTl-kaxuri samxmiani simRerebis _ `berikaci var~, `CauxteT baraTaSvilsa~* _ calfa variantebs. isini

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originalobiT gamoirCevian da erTsaxelian baris simRerebTan did msgavsebas ar avlenen.

gudamayruli dialeqti gudamayari Savi aragvis xeobaSi mdebareobs. mas aRmosavleTiT

esazRvreba fSav-xevsureTi, dasavleTiT mTiuleTi, CrdiloeTiT xevi, samxreTiT.

eTnografTa TvalsazrisiT, gudamayari axlos dgas xevTan, gansakuTrebiT ki _ mTiuleTTan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom saistorio wyaroebSi, gudamayari, rogorc calke kuTxe, mTiuleTze adre gvxvdeba.

imis garda, rom gudamayrelebi mkveTrad mijnaven TavianT kuTxes mTiuleTisagan, sakuTar teritoriasac sam nawilad yofen: `Tavgudamayrad~ wodebuli maRalmTiani zona, `saSualo Temi~ _ SedarebiT dabalmTiani mxare da `qoiT (qvemo) Temi~.

gudamayruli musikaluri Semoqmedeba kidev ufro naklebad aris Seswavlili, vidre mTiuluri. aq ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia or xmaSi mRera. gvxvdeba samxmianobac, romelic naklebad ganviTarebulia, vidre moxeur-mTiuluri.

gudamayruli sametyvelo dialeqti mTiulur, moxeur, fSaur da xevsurul sametyvelo kiloebs Sorisaa moqceuli. analogiurad, gudamayruli folkloris musikaluri ena zemoaRniSnuli dialeqtebis Serwymazea damyarebuli. amaT garda igi qarTl-kaxuri dialeqtisTvis tipur kanonzomierebebsac iTavsebs. maTi daxasiaTebisas umjobesia mivmarToT Sedarebas mTiulur musikalur dialeqtTan.

mTiulur simRerebSi daRmavali melodia aRmavali svlebiTaa Sevsebuli, gudamayrulSi daRmavali, glisandiseburi svlebi Warbobs. gudamayruli simReris melodia SedarebiT mouqneli da Camouyalibebeli, naklebad ornamentirebulia. mTiuluri simReris stilur Taviseburebas ki mdidari melizmatika Seadgens. Tu mTiulur folklorSi `lomisurs~ ekava mniSvnelovani adgili, gudamayarSi misi arc erTi nimuSi ar moipoveba. mTiuluri `mTibluris~ Canaweri saerTod ar arsebobs, gudamayarSi ki mas xSirad asruleben. mTiuleTSi gavrcelebuli Sromis simRera `namgluri~ gudamayarSi mxolod gamonaklisis saxiT gvxvdeba. mTiuleTisagan gansxvavebiT, gudamayarSi SemorCenilia mamakacis mier xmiT datirebis nimuSebi.

harmoniuli mravalferovnebis mxriv, gudamayruli xalxuri nimuSebi Camouvardeba rogorc moxeurs, ise mTiulurs.

gudamayruli folklori sakulto, saweso, Sromis, sacekvao JanrebiT aris warmodgenili.

sakulto simRerebidan aRsaniSnavia e.w. `xationis simRera~. `ferxisebi~ burdonuli mravalxmianobis nimuSebia. gudamayarSi dasturdeba ormagi, maT Soris, saqorwilo Janrisa ferxulebis arseboba.

`mTiblurebis~ garda, gudamayarSi Cawerilia mkis, mexris simRera. SedarebiT ufro vrcladaa warmodgenili calfa simRerebi, romlebsac

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`fandurze daZaxils~ an `fandurze damRerebas~ eZaxian. maT bevri ram aqvT saerTo xevsurul da fSaur dialeqtebTan.

qarTl-kaxuri musikaluri dialeqti qarTl-kaxuri dialeqti Sedgeba qarTluri da kaxuri

kilokavebisagan, romelTac mkvlevarTa didi nawili erT dialeqtad ganixilavs. amis safuZvels iZleva qarTl-kaxur simRerebSi melodikis, harmoniis, metrisa da ritmis, struqturuli Taviseburebebis, Sesrulebis formebis, repertuaris iSviaTi msgavseba. zne-Cveulebebis, sameurneo wyobis, sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis erTgvarovnebam da teritoriulma siaxlovem ganapiroba kulturuli tradiciebis msgavsebac, rac mxatvrul-musikaluri azrovnebis erTianobaSi aisaxa.

qarTl-kaxuri musikaluri folklori gamomsaxvelobiTi xerxebis simdidriT gamoirCeva. aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqtebTan SedarebiT igi gacilebiT ufro maRalganviTarebulia.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia qarTl-kaxuri dialeqtis mdidari harmoniuli ena, risi erT-erTi damadasturebelia banSi mesame safexuris gamoCena da rTuli kadansebi. yuradRebas ipyrobs modulaciuri gegmebis sirTule. mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva melodiuri, metrul-ritmuli mxare (mkacri regularuli da Tavisufali metris Senacvleba), kilouri Tu struqturuli formebi.

qarTl-kaxur dialeqtSi gamoiyeneba burdonuli mravalxmianobis gabmuli (pedaluri, kontinuumi) da reCitatiuli tipebi. ufro epizoduradaa warmodgenili kompleqsuri, ostinaturi da polifoniuri wyobis elementebi. am dialeqtis yvelaze mdidar sferos samxmiani simRerebi Seadgenen. es kategoria moicavs Sromis, mgzavrul, satrfialo-saqorwilo, lirikul, sagmiro, saxumaro, sacekvao, saferxulo da sxva Janrebs, sada da rTul simRerebs.

ganviTarebul samxmian simRerebSi xmebs Soris sxvadasxvagvari damokidebulebaa. simReris calkeul monakveTebSi wamyvania erT-erTi solistTagani. zogjer hangis ganviTarebis iniciativas monacvleobiT eufleba xan pirveli, xan meore solisti. orive SemTxvevaSi gunduri bani upiratesad harmoniuli fonia, Tumca, didi gamomsaxvelobiTi da formisSemqmneli da kilos maorganizebeli rolic ekisreba.

qarTlur kilokavSi ar vxvdebiT mxolod kaxeTSi gavrcelebul `grZeli kaxuri mravalJamierisa~ da `Cakrulos~* tipis simRerebs, romlebic Tavisi urTulesi konstruqciiT, monumenturobiT, filosofiur-eTikuri SinaarsiT, amaRlebuli paTosiT qarTuli musikaluri azrovnebis udidesi monapovaria. kaxeTSi qarTlTan SedarebiT ufro daxuruli xmiT mRerian, ufro uxvad iyeneben melizmebs (e.w. specifikuri kaxuri `Caxvevebi~).

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qarTluri kilokavi Tanamedrove qarTli moicavs vrcel teritorias da aerTianebs

javis, cxinvalis, znauris, xaSuris, borjomis, qarelis, goris, kaspis, mcxeTis, TeTriwyaros, bolnisis, dmanisis, marneulis, nawilobriv gardabnis raionebs.

qarTli saqarTvelos yvelaze didi regionia. igi iyofa sam nawilad _ zemo, Sida da qvemo qarTlad.

sityva `qarTlis~ etimologias ukavSireben qarTvelTa satomo saxels _qarTi, qarTu.

istoriul warsulSi zemo qarTlis farglebSi moqceuli iyo tao, klarjeTi, eruSeTi, SavSeTi, aWara, javaxeTi, samcxe, Tori. Cvens droSi masSi mxolod Toris mxare, samcxe da javaxeTi igulisxmeba. misma ekonomikurma da kulturulma aRorZinebam zenits XII s.-Si miaRwia. erTiani, Zlieri saxelmwifos Seqmnas, qarTveli eris konsolidacias SemoqmedebiTi aRmavloba mohyva. gansakuTrebiT didi roli Seasrules sagamanaTleblo centrebma (zarzma, tbeTi, opiza, oSki, xaxuli da sxv.). am epoqaSi daiwera rusTavelis ~vefxistyaosani~, CaxruxaZis ~Tamariani~, SavTelis ~abdulmesia~ da sxv.

qvemo qarTli samxreT-aRmosavleT saqarTvelos sasazRvro raionia. misi mosaxleoba eTnikuri siWreliT gamoirCeva. qveynis calkeul samTavroebad daSlis gamo aq TandaTan mravlad Camosaxldnen somxebi, berZnebi, TaTrebi. XIX saukunidan es procesi gansakuTrebiT gaaaqtiura rusulma imperiulma politikam. gaCnda rusuli dasaxlebebic. CamoiTvalos qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze Zeglebi r. w.

Sida qarTlis teritoria qarTlis centralur nawils moicavs. aq mdebareobda sruliad saqarTvelos dedaqalaqi mcxeTa, romelic V saukuneSi Tbilisma Secvala; dedaqalaqze gadioda aziisa da evropis damakavSirebeli savaWro gza, aq wydeboda qveynis bedi da momxvduric, pirvel rigSi, Sida qarTlis dapyrobas lamobda. liaxvis xeobaSi ZiriTadad qarTvelebi mosaxleobdnen. XVI s-dan liaxvis xeobis meTvalyureoba didgvarovan maCabels ekisreboda. XVIII s. 30-60 wlebSi samaCablos osebi Semoexiznen, xolo XX saukunis 20-ani wlebidan maTma Camosaxlebam masobrivi xasiaTi miiRo.

Sida qarTlis teritoria mofenilia mravalricxovani ZeglebiT, cixesimagreebiT, eklesiebiT: nariyalas cixe, anCisxatis, sionis, metexis, qaSueTis eklesiebi TbilisSi, sveticxoveli, jvari, yinwvisi, wromi, samwverisi, ruisi, urbnisi, atenis sioni, aradeTis, qsnis cixeebi, ufliscixe da a.S.

qarTluri musikaluri dialeqti Janrulad mravalferovania, rac mas mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebs aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTielTa repertuarisagan.

qarTluri musikis erT-erTi uZvelesi plasti Sromis simRerebia. erTxmiani Sromis simRerebis (`guTnuri~, `kalouri~, `kevruli~) saerTo saxelwodebaa `orovela~. minoruli xasiaTiT, maRal tesituraSi dawyebiT, kilouri sayrdenisaken melodiis daRmavali geziT igi `urmulebs~ uaxlovdeba. `urmulis~ hangi lirikuli xasiaTisaa da farTo sunTqvis improvizaciuli xasiaTis melodiaze aigeba.

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`orovelasTan~ SedarebiT mas ufro rTuli melodiuri da kilouri struqtura aqvs.

“urmuli”sainteresoa erTxmiani Sromis simRerebis evoluciis TvalsazrisiT, radgan arqaulobasTan erTad masSi Tanaarsebobs maRalganviTarebuli azrovnebis komponentebi: melodiis meti improvizaciuloba, lirikuli sawyisis wina planze wamoweva, kilouri azrovnebis ufro maRali safexuri da a.S.

orxmiani simRerebic ZiriTadad Sromas ukavSirdeba. am Janrs ganekuTvneba “metivuri~, `hegi ega~, ~herio~, ~heri-oga~. saerTod, qarTul Sromis simRerebSi SeZaxilebs didi adgili uWiravs, rac qarTlur kilokavSic iCens ATavs. sityvieri teqsti zogjer lirikul-satrfialo-saxumaro xasiaTisaa, Tumca masSi SromiTi momentebic aisaxeba. orxmiani simRerebi principulad gansxvavdeba erTxmianebisagan. isini naklebi improvizaciulia, axasiaTebT melodiis kvinturi diapazoni, burdonuli bani, samwiladi zoma, kupleturi forma, tempis TandaTanobiT aCqareba. burdonuli banis garda vxvdebiT VI-VII-I safexurebze moZrav bans. Sesrulebis orpiruli forma Sromasa da simReraSi Sejibrebis ganwyobas qmnis

samxmian simRerebs didi adgili ukavia qarTlSi. es rTuli da araerTgvarovani movlenaa, romelSic ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etapebi ikveTeba: zogi varianti nimuSia martivi samxmianobisa, romelSic samive xma erTdroulad ar JRers (`saTamaSo~ Cx. 241); zogierTi _ oridan samxmianobaze gardamaval tips warmoadgens (`cangala da gogona~*, `metivuri~). martivi samxmianobis saintereso nimuSia `biWo, puri Semosula~, sadac zeda xma oqtavuradaa daSenebuli banze, xolo kidura xmebis identuroba amarTlebs mosazrebas xmebis: `moZaxilisa~ da `maRali banis~ igiveobis Sesaxeb.

ganviTarebuli samxmiani simRerebis calkeul xmebs Soris sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba SeiniSneba: simReraTa garkveul jgufSi mTavar rols asrulebs Sua xma (Tqma), calkeul nimuSebSi _ zeda (moZaxili), xolo zogierTSi _ orive wamyvania.

qarTlur sawesCveulebo simReraTa Soris aRsaniSnavia `iavnana~, `lazare~, `berika~, `Wona~, `mayruli~, `mgzavruli mayruli~, `mefe erekles datireba~*. am simReraTa didi nawili qalTa mier sruldeba.

infeqciur daavadebebs ukavSirdeba qalTa `iavnanis~ Sesrulebis wesi. adre saxadi musrs avlebda mosaxleobas. `batonebis~ savedrebel ritualSi Semonaxulia uZvelesi qarTuli RvTaebis _ `nanas~ kultis gadmonaSTebi. qarTlSi `iavnanebi~ erTxmiania.

`iavnanebs~ axasiaTebs kvadratuli aRnagoba, zomieri tempi. qarTlur variantebSi melodiuri moZraoba xSirad kilos terciuli bgeridan iwyeba.

ca-Rrublis RvTaebis, elias (saxeSecvlili qristianuli wmindanis) Tayvaniscemasa da msaxurebas ukavSirdeba `lazaroba~. qalebi amzadeben Tojina-lazares, romelsac simReriT kardakar daatareben. xalxis SemowirulobebiT nayid batkans RmerTs, xolo Txas elias swiraven. zogjer asruleben e.w. `wylis moxvnis~ wessac, rasac `lazares~ Sesruleba axlavs. es Cveuleba sxva kuTxeebSic (kaxeTi, mesxeTi, javaxeTi, imereTi, samegrelo) iyo gavrcelebuli. qarTlSi

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dRemde Caweril variantTagan umetesi `lazared~ iwodeba (erTi maTgani `lazar-batonoa~). maT Soris aris unisonuri, or- da samxmiani nimuSebi. dReisaTvis SemorCenili `lazareebis~ umravlesoba orxmad _ solistisa da gabmuli banis mier sruldeba. `lazares~ gaaCnia `iavnanebis~ msgavsi niSan-Tvisebebi (aRmavali melodiis tipi, rbili sinkopebi, samwiladoba).

bavSvis dabadebis aRsaniSnavi dResaswauli sxvadasxvagvari formebiT arsebobs sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi. qarTl-kaxuri Zeoba bavSvis SeZenis Semdeg dRes imarTeboda qalebisaTvis. am salxino TavSeyris aucilebeli atributi iyo simRera, kerZod, `mze Sina~ qalTa SesrulebiT. qarTlSi am simReris arsebobis Sesaxeb araerTi cnoba moipoveba specialur literaturaSi, Tu xalxSi.

saaRdgomo simRera `Wona~ SeiZleba warmoadgendes Zveli sagazafxulo simRerebis transformacias. man Cvenamde moitana uZvelesi sagazafxulo ritualis niSnebi. orsarTuliani ferxulis dros Sesasrulebeli simRerebis teqstSi (“madli maxarobelsa”) simboluradaa mocemuli gazafxulisa da zamTris SebrZoleba.

qarTluri `sufrulebi~ (`davlioT Rvino~, `berikaci~, `Cveni maspinZlis sasaxle~, `gakruli mravalJamier~, `haida, mravalJamier~ da sxv.) gamoirCeva sazeimo JReradobiT, ganviTarebuli faqturiT. kaxuri `grZeli mravalJamierebisagan~ gansxvavebiT, qarTlSi mxolod mokle `mravalJamierebi~ imRereba. zeda xmebis partiebSi Tavs iCens polifoniurobis niSnebi, rac TiToeuli xmis damoukidebel moZraobaSi gamoixateba. maTSi sainteresod, ufro xSirad monacvleobiTaa Sexamebuli reCitatiuli mRera da kantilenuri sawyisi. erTferovani arc bania. igi ZiriTadad burdonulia. sufruli simRerebis sityvieri teqstebi sxvadasxva Sinaarsis, zogjer filosofiur-aforistuli xasiaTisaa.

qarTlur saferxulo simRerebs (`mumli muxasa~, `Savlego~, `visia, visia~) axasiaTebs samwiladoba, kupleturi forma, ritmulad moZravi bani, mtkice ritmi, zomieri tempi, rbili qarTuli sinkopa istoriul simReraTa rigs ganekuTvneba `Tamar qali~, `CauxteT baraTaSvilsa~, `vaxtang mefe~ da sxv.; lirikuls _ `netavi, gogov~, `ia da vardo, Tamaro~, `Tebrone midis~ da a.S.

glovis Janridan aRsaniSnavia originaluri samxmiani godebis nimuSi `mefe erekles datireba~. tirilis hangi viTardeba Sebanebis funqciis mqone kidura xmebis fonze.

qarTlSi gavrcelebul safanduro repertuarSi unda gamoiyos saSairo simRerebi, sacekvao dasakravebi da axali formaciis erTxmiani simRerebi.

qarTlSi vxvdebiT orlulian gudastvirs, romlis sabane lula orTvliania, melodiis wamyvani ki _ xuTTvliani. gudastviri qarTlSi berikaoba-yeenobis ritualis ganuyreli komponenti iyo.

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kaxuri kilokavi kaxeTi mdinare ivrisa da alaznis auzebs moicavs. misi calkeuli

mxareebi iyo: garekaxeTi (ivris Sua weli), qiziyi (ivris qvemo weli), Signi kaxeTi (md. alaznis marjvena sanapiro) da gaRmamxari (alaznis marcxena sanapiro).

dRevandeli kaxeTi moicavs gurjaanis, Telavis, siRnaRis, yvarlis, sagarejos, axmetis, kaWreTis, lagodexis, dedofliswyaros raionebs.

uZveles droSi kaxeTis teritoria gacilebiT mcire iyo (ivris zemo weli TianeTsa da ujarmas Soris). kaxeTze mniSvnelovani gzebi gadioda. xelsayreli strategiuli mdebareobis gamo droTa viTarebaSi kaxeTis garSemo gaerTianda momijnave politikuri erTeulebi. kaxeTi mdidari samiwaTmoqmedo kulturiT gamoirCeva. igi mevenaxeobis umniSvnelovanesi regionia. XVIII s. 70 wlebidan es mxare vaWroba-xelosnobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani centric gaxda.

umZimesi istoriuli warsulis miuxedavad, kaxeTma Semogvinaxa materialuri kulturis SesaniSnavi Zeglebi eklesia-taZrebisa da cixe-galavnebis saxiT. esenia: nekresis, alaverdis, iyalTos, SuamTis, gremis, ninowmindis, yvelawmindis, kalauris, veliscixis eklesia-monastrebi. gurjaanis, yvarlis, axmetis, Telavis, manavis, boWormis, patarZeulisa da sxva cixesimagreni.

kaxeTSi qarTlis msgavsi sawesCveulebo tradiciebia gavrcelebuli. amis gamo, bevri ram, rac ukve aRiniSna wina TavebSi, aq aRar meordeba. amasTan, am kuTxeSi gvxvdeba mxolod kaxeTisaTvis damaxasiaTebel wminda musikaluri Tu sakulto movlenebi. aseTia, magaliTad, kaxeTsa da mTels aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi dRemde metad mniSvnelovani alaverdobis dResaswauli. igi alaverdis qristianul taZarTanaa dakavSirebuli, Tumca dReobaze mravlad ikvleba pirutyvi da imarTeba xalxmravali Rreoba. es tradicia grZeldeba mas Semdegac, rac sabWouri cxovrebis wesis Secvlis Semdeg alaverdis taZarma daibruna Tavisi funqcia da qarTuli marTlmadidebluri eklesiis saepiskoposo rezidenciad iqca.

kaxuri sasimRero xelovnebis yvelaze mdidar sferos samxmiani simRerebi Seadgenen. es kategoria moicavs Sromis, mgzavrul, satrfialo-saqorwilo, lirikul, sagmiro, saxumaro, sacekvao, saferxulo da sxva Janrebs, sada da rTul simRerebs.

ganviTarebul samxmian simRerebSi xmebs Soris sxvadasxvagvari damokidebuleba arsebobs. simReris calkeul monakveTebSi wamyvania erT-erTi solistTagani. zogjer hangis ganviTarebis iniciativas monacvleobiT eufleba xan pirveli, xan meore solisti. orive SemTxvevaSi gunduri bani upiratesad harmoniul fons warmoadgens, Tumca, ekisreba didi gamomsaxvelobiTi da formisSemqmneli, Tu kilos maorganizebeli rolic.

gansakuTrebuli aRniSnvis Rirsia grZeli kaxuri sufrulebi. kaxeTSi sakuTriv sufrulebis Janrs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT `Cakrulo~, `mravalJamieri, `SemoZaxili~. Tavisi ganwyobilebiTa da aRnagobiT maTTan Zalian axlosaa simRerebi `zamTari~, `berikaci~*, `diambego~*

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`Cveni maspinZlis sasaxle~, `turfani sxedan~, `SaSvi kakabi~ da sxv. kaxuri `sufrulebi~ burdonuli mravalxmianobis mwvervals warmoagens.

es simRerebi metad sayuradReboa melodikisa da harmoniiis TvalsazrisiTac. maTSi nairsaxovnadaa warmodgenili tradiciuli ornamentebi da reCitativi, rTuli tonaluri gegma (aRmavali sekunduri modulaciuri talRebis garda xdeba gadaadgileba Soreul wyobaSi, sabolood isev sawyis kiloSi dabrunebiT).

Sromis simReraTagan kaxeTSi asruleben erTxmian urmul, kalour, kevrul, guTnur simRerebs, romlebic qarTlSicaa gavrcelebuli da imave musikalur kanonzomierebebs emyareba. mravalxmiani Sromis simRerebidan aRsaniSnavia samxmiani `kalospiruli~, `Toxnuri~, samkali simRerebi da `muSurebi~. zogierT maTganSi realurad orxmianobasTan gvaqvs saqme. samxmiani fragmentebi simReraTa daskvniT nawilebSi gvxvdeba.

mxolod kaxeTSi gvxvdeba iseTi dasaxelebis Sromis simRerebi, rogoricaa `oduri~ an `konuri~. musikaluri aRnagobiT isini ar gansxvavdebian qarTluri, Tu kaxuri `muSurebisagan~.

kaxeTSi gavrcelebulia mravalxmiani datireba (orxmiani `zari~, romelsac qalebi antifonurad asruleben gabmuli banis fonze).*

sagulisxmoa, rom ori sxvadasxva kalendaruli simReridan _ saSobao `alilo~* da saaRdgomo `Wona~, pirveli mxolod kaxeTSi gvxvdeba, meore ki _ qarTlSi. `alilosTan~ dakavSirebuli rituali marto Sobis wina Rames sruldeba, `Wonasi~ ki _ ramdenime dRes. `alilos~ teqsti, `Wonasagan~ gansxvavebiT, qristianul motivebs emyareba.

qalTa saweso simRerebi kaxeTSi orpirulad sruldeba, qarTlSi ki _ erTpirulad.

popularul lirikul simRerebs miekuTvneba `winwyaro~*, ~Sen biWo, anagurelo~, `guSin Svidni gurjanelni~ da sxv.

qarTluri da kaxuri musikaluri Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad erTgvarovania. isini gansxvavdeba Sesrulebis maneriT, ufro naklebad _ repertuariT, qalTa simRerebis Sesrulebis formiT, calkeuli kaxuri simRerebis maRalganviTarebulobiT. es sxvaobebi maT qarTl-kaxuri musikaluri dialeqtis or kilokavad warmoaCens.

mesxuri musikaluri dialeqti mesxeTi samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos saerTo saxelwodebaa. igi

moicavda mdinare mtkvris auzis zemo nawils _ samcxe-javaxeTs, artaans, eruSeTs, kolas da mTlianad Woroxis auzs _ aWaras, klarjeTs, SavSeTs, taos, spers. am miwa-wyalze uZvelesi droidan saxlobdnen qarTvelebi.

Tanamedrove mesxeTSi Sedis istoriuli samcxis teritoriis garkveuli nawili. igi sam administraciul nawilad _ axalcixis, adigenisa da aspinZis raionebadaa dayofili.

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yvelaze Zveli cnoba mesxebis Sesaxeb Zv.w. II aTaswleuls ganekuTvneba. adreul saukuneebSi samcxe qarTlis samefoSi Sedioda. cota mogvianebiT ki igi tao-klarjeTis `qarTvelTa samefos~ nawili gaxda. saqarTveloSi arabTa batonobis dros saxelmwifoebrivma centrma aq gadmoinacvla. safuZveli Caeyara kulturul-saganmanaTleblo centrebs, aSenda cixe-simagreebi, xidebi, gzebi, safaris monasteri, RvTismSoblis miZinebis eklesia, dolisyanis saydari, gaveTi da sxv. mesxeTi qarTuli Suasaukunoebrivi kulturis did kerad iqca. aq Seiqmna qarTuli kulturis brwyinvale Zeglebi _ hagiografiuli da himnografiuli Txzulebani, xuroTmoZRvruli, oqromWedlobis, Tu xelovnebis sxva dargebis ubadlo qmnilebani. mesxeT-javaxeTisa da tao-klarjeTis teritoriaze dRemdea Semonaxuli istoriuli Zeglebi, cixesimagreebi: artanuji, Tmogvi, awyuri, aspinZa, wunda, xerTvisi, varZia; aseve _ oSki, xaxuli, xanZTa, Satberdi, iSxani, tbeTi, zarzma, bana (maTi umetesoba dRes saqarTvelos farglebs gareTaa). udavoa, rom kulturuli aRmavlobis kvali musikasac unda dastyoboda.

mesxeTis soflis meurneoba mravaldargovania. uZveles sameurneo saqmianobas warmoadgens mesaqonleoba, miwaTmoqmedeba. adrefeodaluri xanidan moyolebuli, farTod iyo gavrcelebuli terasebis gamarTvis tradicia. uZvelesi dargia mevenaxeoba. eweodnen Sinamrewvelobas, qsovdnen Sals, sels, xdidnen selis zeTs, amzadebdnen sabrZolo iaraRs. aRsaniSnavia mesxi oqromWedlebis ostatoba.

XIII saukunis II naxevridan gareSe mtris rbeva-TareSma saqarTveloSi kulturuli cxovrebis Seferxeba, mesxeTSi ki sabolood moSla da erovnuli tradiciebis Sesusteba gamoiwvia. qvemo qarTlis msgavsad, mesxeTic sasazRvro raionia da aqac iseTive migraciuli procesebi mimdinareobda, rogoric qvemo qarTlSi. am procesebma gansakuTrebiT savalalo Sedegi gamoiRo mesxeTSi, sadac araqarTuli mosaxleobis momZlavrebam maTi musikaluri kulturis gavlenac gaaZliera, rac adgilobrivi mravalxmiani mReris tradiciis dakargvaSi gamovlinda. dRevandeli mesxeTi ZiriTadad solo da unisonuri erTxmianobiT Semoifargleba, Tumca vxvdebiT orxmianobasac.

mesxuri musikaluri folklori Janruli TvalsazrisiTac ufro Raribia, vidre qarTl-kaxuri. sadReisod masSi ar vxvdebiT Sromis koleqtiur simRerebs. mesxeTSi mRerian sufrul, Sromis erTxmian, saqorwilo, epikur simRerebs. zogierTi epikuri simRera intonaciurad uaxlovdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis nimuSebs (magaliTad, gudamayrul `ferxisas~).

mesxuri samusiko Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad aRmosavlurqarTuli tipisaa. orxmian simRerebSi gabatonebulia mravalxmianobis burdonuli tipi. bani umTavresad or harmoniul funqcias (I-VII) eyrdnoba.

SedarebiT farTodaa warmodgenili sufruli simRerebi. maT erT jgufs axasiaTebs reCitatiuli melodikis mqone, amaRlebuli xasiaTi, (`sufra vardiTa savse gvaq~, `geguTisa mindorzeda~), meores ki _

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cocxali, mkvircxli melodiuri ganviTareba(`wasvla sjobs wamavalisa~, `saxlo, RmerTma agaSenos~).

`geguTisa mindorzeda~* orpirulad sruldeba; kvinturi diapazonis daRmavali melodia intonaciurad qarTlurs ufro enaTesaveba.

mesxuri sufrulebis teqstebi ZiriTadad epikuri xasiaTisaa. isini mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT sakmaod maRalganviTarebulia, musikaluri formis mxriv ki erTstriqoniani frazebis jaWvs warmoadgens. metr-ritmi cvalebadi xasiaTisaa. sufrulebi saqorwilo ritualis aucilebeli atributi iyo. mayrebis milocvas, nefe-dedoflisa da naTliebis sadRegrZeloebs Tan axlda simRera.

sainteresoa saferxulo simRerebi `mamli muxasa~*, `varZioba Ziobasa~, `oqromWedelo, mWedelo~, `mze Sina~. samwiladobiT, rbili sinkopebiT isini emsgavseba qarTl-kaxur saferxuloebsa (`iavnanis~ tipis melodiebiT) da xevsurul `nanebs~.

lazarobis rituals `koti-kotis~ uwodebdnen. didmarxvis pirvel kviras scodniaT `Wona~. SemorCenilia `berikas~ rituali.

gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa Sesrulebis sampiruli forma, rac gansxvavdeba sxva dialeqtebSi gavrcelebuli erTpiruli da orpiruli simRerebisagan (sampiruli Sesruleba iSviaTi gamonaklisis saxiT mxolod TuSeTSia).

mesxeTSi sakmaod moikida fexi qalaquri fokloris aSuRurma Stom, sadac didi roli SeiZina aRmosavlurma kulturulma elementebma. mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs erTxmiani, specifikuri maneriT Sesrulebuli qarTuli poeziis nimuSebi da xSirad araqarTul enaze gamoTqmuli baiaTebic ki.

sakravebidan gavrcelebulia ueno salamuri (kavali), gudastviri (Wiboni - Tulumi), romelic xuT-xuT Tvliani ori dednisagan Sedgeba da mesxuri simReris msgavsad erTxmiania. gvxvdeba doli da aRmosavluri sakravebi _ zurna, Tari, sazi.

svanuri musikaluri dialeqti svaneTi dasavleT saqarTvelos maRalmTiani kuTxea. igi kavkasionis

mTavari qedis centraluri nawilis samxreT kalTebsa da svaneTis qedis orive mxares mdebareobs. misi erTi nawili – zemo svaneTi – ganfenilia enguris xeobaSi, xolo meore _ qvemo svaneTi – mdinare cxeniswylis xeobaSi. adre igi sam nawilad iyofoda: qvemo svaneTi (md. cxeniswylis xeoba), romelic dadianebis samflobeloSi Sedioda; Sua - saTavado, sadadeSqeliano da zemo (balszemo) svaneTi _ e.w. Tavisufali svaneTi, romelic arasodes damorCilebia feodalTa Zalauflebas. dRevandeli administraciuli dayofis mixedviT, zemo svaneTis centria mestia, qvemosi _ lentexi.

svanebi antikur epoqaSic Zlier da ganviTarebul tomad iTvlebodnen. arabebis gandevnis Semdeg daviT aRmaSenebelma svanebi Semoimtkica. es mWidro kavSiri Tamaris mefobis periodSic gagrZelda. Tamar mefes svaneTSi ara erTi simRera-ferxuli ukavSirdeba. Tamaris Semdeg svanebi erTxans saqarTvelos mefeebs emorCilebodnen, me-13

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saukuneSi ki isev gamoeyvnen saqarTvelos samefos, aujanydnen giorgi brwyinvales (XIV s.). XV s. svaneTSi dadeSqelianebi gabatondnen. svanebi Seupovar brZolas eweodnen dadeSqelianebis, dadianebisa Tu sxva feodalTa winaaRmdeg. XIX s. dasawyisidan zemo svaneTi samegrelos samTavros SeuerTda.

svaneTSi bevri sakulto nagebobaa Semonaxuli. TiTqmis yovel sofelSi eklesia dgas. maTi umravlesoba X-XIV ss. ganekuTvneba. aRsaniSnavia uSgulis RvTismSoblis (`lamarias~) taZari, kalis wminda giorgisa da kvirikes, latalis ioane RvTismetyvelis taZrebi da sxv. svanebis rwmeniT, kvirikes xati _ yvelaze Zlieria. masze ificeben Surisgebis, sisxlis aRebis, qurdobisa Tu sxva borotebisagan Tavis dasacavad, uarsayofad. saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis istoriuli Znelbedobis dros svaneTi qristianobisa da qristianuli kulturis erT-erT citadels warmoadgenda. amitom, aqaur eklesiebSi inaxeba fasdaudebeli xat-jvrebi, ganZeuli, xelnawerebi, saekleso simdidreebi. svanuri soflis yvelaze originalur vizualur niSans ZiriTadad Sua saukuneebSi agebuli sabrZolo koSkebi warmodgens, romlebic didi ojaxis sacxovrebeli kompleqsis aucilebeli elementi iyo.

qristianobasTan erTad svaneTis ritualur yofaSi didi adgili ukavia warmarTuli rwmenis gadmonaSTebs.

svanur RvTaebaTa panTeonSi pirveli adgili did RmerTs, meore – Taringzelars (mTavarangelozi), mesame jgrags (wminda giorgi), Semdeg _ kvirias (SesaZloa, wminda kvirikes, an warmarTul RvTaeba kvirias) ekava. Tayvans scemen agreTve qalRvTaebebs dalis, lamarias (RvTismSobel mariams) barbor anu barbars (wminda barbales). sayuradReboa dReoba barbaloba da simRera ~barbal-dolaS~. igi uqme dReebSi barbalesa da lamarias saxelze sruldeboda.

saeklesio dResaswaulebidan gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen did aRdgomas - xoSa Tanafs, wminda giorgisa da RvTismSoblis dResaswaulebs, romlebzec Sesawiri saqoneli ikvleboda da warmarTobis kvals atarebdnen.

sxva kuTxeebis msgavsad yvelierSi `berikaoba~ imarTeboda. igi cnobili iyo `ligonjalis~ saxeliT. TviT dReobis mTavar personaJs beroli anu gonja erqva. berol-gonja da misi Tanmxlebni kardakar siarulis dros mRerodnen.

svanuri (megrulis msgavsad) qarTvelur ena-kiloebs ganekuTvneba. mas damwerloba ara aqvs. svanuri saxelebisa da zmnebis uZvelesi formebi Zveli erTiani qarTuli fuZe-enisaTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli. qarTuli saliteraturo enisgan svanuris gansxvavebis miuxedavad, svanuri simRera erTiani qarTuli musikaluri folkloris ganuyofeli nawilia.

zogierT svanur simReraSi sami xmis kompleqsur da paralelur moZraobas reCitatiuli burdonic enacvleba. orxmian simRerebs aq mxolod iSviaTi gamonaklisis saxiT vvxdebiT. erTxmianTa jgufi TiTo-orola simReriT, qalTa datirebebiT, akvnis `nanebiTa~ da Wuniris Tanxlebiani simRerebiT Semoifargleba. maT kupleturi aRnagoba, cvalebadi metri, daRmavali melodiuri xazi, maRali

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bgeridan glisandiseburi dacureba axasiaTebT. es Tvisebebi svanur simRerebs aRmosavleT mTianeTis kulturasTan (gansakuTrebiT _ moxeurTan) aaxloebs.

orxmianoba sawesCveulebo `kviriaTi~ da samxmian simRerebSi orxmiani fragmentebiT aris warmodgenili (arsebobs samxmiani `kviriac~). svanuri erT- da orxmiani simRerebi erTtonaluria.

samxmian simReraSi xmebs sakuTari saxelwodebebi gaaCnia: `maJol~-damwyebi, wamyvani, Sua xma; `kivan~-Sua xmis moZaxili, e.i. zeda xma, romelic ufro xSirad kvintiTaa daSenebuli da bani. svanuri simReris mdored moZravi melodiuri xazi umTavresad zeda or xmaSia mocemuli. banis harmoniuli sayrdenis funqcias asrulebs. svanuri simRerebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia harmoniuli safexurebis Semdegi Tanmimdevroba _ I-VII-VI-VII-I (e.w. `svanuri kadansi~), iSviaTia dasruleba kvintaze (rac ase xSiria qarTl-kaxur dialeqtSi), simReris bolos, rogorc wesi, unisoni JRers. kilouri gadaxra ZiriTadad sekundiT zeviT, Semdeg sawyis kiloSi dabrunebiT xdeba. svanuri akordika gamoirCeva viwro ganlagebiT da metwilad warmodgenilia kvartkvintakordiT, kvartseqstakordiTa da didi da patara terciis Semcveli samxmovanebebiT. svanuri simReris ritmuli suraTis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani komponentia sinkopa.

svanur musikalur folklorSi SeigrZnoba arqauli elementebis siWarbe (mdore melodiuri moZraoba, ferxulebis simravle, gaumRerebeli marcvlebi...). igi himnuri, amaRlebuli JReradobiT, sidarbaisliT gamoirCeva, riTac qarTl-kaxur dialeqts enaTesaveba. svanebi mRerian xmamaRla, daZabulad, glisandirebulad.

sayuradReboa, rom svanuri simRerebis Janrul speqtrSi (samonadireo, sakulto, sawesCveulebo, saistorio, sayofacxovrebo) TiTqmis ar vxvdebiT Sromis simRerebs.

samonadireo eposs ukavSirdeba saferxulo `bail beTqil~, `amiranis ferxuli~, `dala kojas xelRvaJale~.

micvalebulis kultTanaa dakavSirebuli svani qalis datireba moqviTineebTan erTad. maTi umetesoba `kvinturi tirilis~ tipisaa (seqstis diapazonis SemTxvevaSic intonaciur safuZvels kvinturi CarCo warmoadgens).

aRsaniSnavia mamakacTa datireba moqviTine qalTa fonze. micvalebulis TavTan mdgomi kaci Sublze xelis tyapuniT gamoxatavs Tavis mwuxarebas. (e.w. `tyeba~).

mamakacTa samgloviaro himni `zari~ am Janris erT-erTi saukeTeso nimuSia. igi ar warmoadgens tirils, sruldeba SeZaxilebze: `va, voi, oho, voho~ da a.S. `zars~ micvalebulis gamosvenebisas dakrZalvamde ramdenjerme amboben. samgloviaro ceremoniis dros `zarisa~ da `kvirias~ (am simReras asruleben iseTi xandazmuli micvalebulisaTvis, romelsac masze axalgazrda axloblis sikvdils ar moswrebia) garda sruldeba agreTve sagalobeli `wmindao RmerTo~. es ukanaskneli analogiuri saeklesio sagaloblis gaxalxurebul nimuSs warmoadgens.

micvalebulis kults ukavSirdeba `lifanali~. ojaxis ufrosi micvalebuls Sesandobars uTvlis da kargi fexiT Sesvla-gamosvlas

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exveweba. Tan Cangsa da Wunirze dakvriT arToben, zRaprebs yvebian. gaTenebisas xis jvrebiTa da sanTlebiT xelSi galoben.

qristeSobis wina dRes soflebSi uqmobdnen da dResaswauls cekva-simReriT erTad aRniSnavdnen. pirvelad `jgrags~ ityodnen (sainteresoa, rom igi kvartkvintakordze bolovdeba), `jgrags~ `liles~* miayolebdnen.

`kvirias~ Sesruleba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli `muryvamobasTan~ (koSkobasTan). sarwmunoebriv simReraTa ricxvs miekuTvneba `riho~, `barbal-dolaS~, romlebic lamariasa (uSgulSi) da barbales (beCoSi) dResaswaulebs axlavs Tan.

svaneTSi gvxvdeba sworxazovani, naxevarwriuli, wriuli, or-sam sarTuliani ferxulebi. ferxulSi monawileobdnen qalebic, kacebic. ferxulSi gamorCeuli erT-erTi wevrTagani xSirad simReris damwyebi, meleqse, moSaire da cekvis warmmarTvelia.

istoriuli simRerebis erTi nawili istoriul warsuls exmianeba, meore ki _ TvalsaCino istoriul pirTa xotbas warmoadgens: `rostom Wabik~, `gaul gavxe~, `Tamar dedfal~ `mirangula~, `sozar cioy~ da sxv.

svaneTSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli Tqmuleba amiranze. `amiranianis~ svanuri ferxulebi oTx ZiriTad galeqsil epizods asaxaven: amiranis dabadebas, sanadirod wasvlas, amiranis Sexvedras ambris cxedarTan da mijaWvul amirans. simRera saqorwilo ceremonialsac axlda Tan. Rrma moxucebi asrulebdnen ~sadam~-s, romliTac axaldaqorwinebulT locavdnen.

`akvnis nanebSi~ _ `nanailebSi~ aSkaraa intonaciuri kavSiri sxva kuTxis nimuSebTan.

sakravebidan svaneTSi gavrcelebulia Cangi da Wuniri, romelzec ZiriTadad svanuri simRerebis sakravieri variantebi sruldeba.

raWuli musikaluri dialeqti raWa kavkasionis qedis samxreT kalTebze, mdinare rionis saTaveebSi

mdebareobs. amJamad igi or administraciul erTeulad iyofa: onis (zemo da mTis raWa) da ambrolauris (qvemo raWa) raionebad.

dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTis es ulamazesi kuTxe ganTqmulia mdidari tyeebiT, mineraluri da gogirdovani wylebiT, kurortebiT (Sovi, uwera), materialuri kulturis brwyinvale ZeglebiT: nikorwminda, krixi, kvaracixe, mindacixe da sxv.

raWa leCxumTan erTad Takuerad iwodeboda. igi mZlavr saerisTavos warmoadgenda, romelic mniSvnelovan rols asrulebda saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi. XVI saukunidan raWis SemadgenlobaSi Semodis rionis saTaveebi - svaneTis saerisTavos erTi nawili. aq Sedioda brili, zedqalaqi, Rebi, Wiora, CueSi da sxv.

raWvelebis ZiriTadi sameurneo dargebi iyo memindvreoba, mevenaxeoba, mexileoba, mesaqonleoba, mefutkreoba, monadireoba da, gansakuTrebiT, xelosnoba. mravaldargovan meurneobas didi ojaxebi uZRvebodnen. amitom Zmebi erT WerqveS gauyrelad cxovrobdnen.

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qarebisgan daculi raWis xeobebi vazis kulturis ganviTarebis erT-erT uZveles keradaa miCneuli _ varaudiT, aq veluri jiSebidan warmoiSva adgilobrivi `aleqsandreuli~, `miujureTuli~ da `saferavi~, romelic iZleoda saxelmoxveWil `xvanWkaras~ (`yifianis Rvinos~).

ojaxis dovlaTianobas raWveli wminda Sios SesTxovs (Siooba), gamravlebas _ saxlis angelozs, batonebis gulis mosagebad sagangebod marxulobs erTi kviriT. ojaxTanaa dakavSirebuli agreTve `macxovris marxva~. xangrZlivi gvalvisas `gonjaoba~ imarTeboda. saxeze murwasmuli kacebi dagonjilebs wyals gadaasxamdnen da yvela erTad gaiZaxoda: `wvima movida zecisao~. gvalvis dros Rrublis batons elias da wminda giorgisac evedrebian. aq gansakuTrebul Tayvans scemen wminda giorgis (Sxefis da Svilierebisa da qalTa mfarvels _ `dedaRvTisas~.

saxalxo dReobebidan umetesoba qristianuli Sinaarsisaa (barbaloba, Soba, naTliReba, meisaroba, sulis SabaTi, Tedoroba, xareba, bzoba, elioba, mTavarangelozoba, Savi orSabaTi, didi orSabaTi, giorgoba). popularuli iyo agreTve kalandoba, fexidaxwna, kalmasoba, Wantiloba, koxinjroba, wifeTelioba, da a.S.

enaTmecnierebi raWul dialeqts qvemo, zemo, rivnisTaur da glolur kilokavebad yofen. aqedan bolo ori mTaraWuli kilokavebia. zemo raWulSi yvelaze ukeTaa warmoCenili mxolod raWulisTvis damaxasiaTebeli Taviseburebani. raWul sametyvelo dialeqtSi vxvdebiT aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis folklorisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenebs _ arqaul elementebs.

ojaxis marCenal raWvel kacebs xangrZlivi droiT uxdebodaT saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi gadaxvewa `saSovarze~. es xels uwyobda raWul samusiko folklorSi sxvadasxva dialeqtebisaTvis damaxasiaTebli niSnebis Semotanas. kerZod, SeimCneva svanuri dialeqtis gavlena, gansakuTrebiT _ mTis raWaSi. sakmao msgavsebas amJRavnebs raWuli musikaluri folklori qarTl-kaxur sasimRero SemoqmedebasTanac. amasTan, raWuli simRerebis gverdiT, raWaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis simRerebic.

raWuli dialeqtis pirveli da umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebaa samxmianoba. sayuradReboa misi Sesrulebis Tavisebureba. TiTqmis yoveli simRera iwyeba dinjad, Semdeg TandaTan Cqardeba da simReris bolos did emociur daZabulobas aRwevs, rac xSirad sayrdeni tonis amaRlebis erT-erTi mizezic xdeba.

mamakacTa repertuari, iseve, rogorc mTlianad saqarTveloSi, qalebisaze ufro farTo da Janrulad mravalferovania. aq gaerTianebulia rogorc martivi aRnagobis, ise rTuli struqturisa da modulaciuri gegmis mqone simRerebi.

mravalxmianobis tipebidan raWaSi gvxvdeba kompleqsuri, burdonuli da ostinaturi saxeobebi. gvxvdeba rogorc maJoruli, ise minoruli mixrilobis kiloebi.

rogorc sxva dialeqtebSi, Sua xma aqac simReris damwyebia da wamyvanis funqcias asrulebs. rig SemTxvevebSi bani IV, V, VI safexurebs eyrdnoba, rac VI-VII-I kadansis farTo gamoyenebas

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ganapirobebs. simReraTa umravlesoba unisonze, iSviaTad kvintze mTavrdeba.

melodiuri TvalsazrisiT raWuli simRerebi ufro metad aRmosavleT saqarTvelos simRerebs emsgavsebian, vidre dasavleT saqarTvelosas. aRmosavleT qarTul dialeqtebTan maT aaxloebs ganviTarebis mdore xasiaTi, sidinje, naklebi ritmuli simZafre.

samwiladobis farTo gavrceleba saferxulo simRerebis simravlesac ukavSirdeba. am ukanasknelTa xvedriTi wiliT raWuli marto svanurs Camouvardeba. am JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebelia orgundovani Sesruleba, omaxiani JReradoba, erTtonaluri ganviTareba, maJoruli kilo dabali septimiT (`raevo~, `qvedrula~*, `qalsa visme~, `maRla mTas modga~ da sxv.). maT sinkopirebuli ritmi, akordebis paraleluri moZraoba, kompaqturi JReradoba axasiaTebT, mokle frazebiTA da Sesrulebis antifonuri wesiT isini axlos dganan svanur ferxulebTan. svanuris msgavsad, raWuli ferxulebi zogjer qalebisa da mamakacebis mier erToblivad sruldeba.

raWuli dialeqtis yvelaze ganviTarebul nimuSebs sufrul simRerebSi vxvdebiT (`aslanuri mravalJamieri~-s variantebi*, `dalie~*). es nimuSebi garkveulad emsgavseba qarTl-kaxurs, Tumc ar axasiaTebT am ukanasknelisTvis niSandoblivi farTo, gaSlili mReradoba. garkveuli msgavseba aRiniSneba dasavleT qarTul dialeqtebTanac (gurul-imerulTan) _ simReraTa akorduli aRnagoba msgavsi sakadanso formebi.

raWul sufrul simRerebs melodiuri moZraobiT, formiT, Sesrulebis maneriT, modulaciuri gegmiT uaxlovdeba raWuli mayruli simRerebi.

mkisa da Tibvisas sruldeba simRerebi `mTibluri Sairis~ saxelwodebiT (igi `zrunidan~ unda modiodes). Sromis simRerebi `muSurebi~, `Toxnuri~.

mTis raWaSi gavrcelebulia calfa saweso Sromis `qorqali~ da `RuRuni~, romlebic xSirad sametyvelo intonirebas uaxlovdeba.

qarTuli musikaluri azrovnebis ganviTarebis etapebis dadgenis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan interess imsaxurebs sabavSvo repertuaris or-sambgeriani simRerebi: gaTvlebi, aliloebi.

mTis raWaSi gvxvdeba samgloviaro `zruni~, misi teqsts xSirad micvalebulis asaki, sqesi, gardacvalebis mizezi da damsaxureba gansazRvravs. igi maSin sruldeba, roca Wirisufalni moTqma-godebas amTavreben. `zruns~ qalebi asruleben, ufro metad, xandazmuli mandilosnebi. dasaflavebis procesSi `zruni~ ar iTqmoda. am glovis simReraSi monawileoben `damZaxebeli~, `momZaxebeli~ da ~banis mTqmelebi~. xmebi kompleqsurad moZraoben. zrunis kargi mTqmeli simReris procesSi Txzavda axal leqss, SairiT CamoTvlida micvalebulis Rirsebebs.

`zrunTan~ erTad samgloviaro Janrs miekuTvneba `zari~, romelsac dakrZalvis dRes mozare mamakacTa gundi asrulebs `vai-vais~ wamoZaxilebiT. igi Tan axlavs qalTa mier moTqmiT tirils da Sesrulebis procesSi mWidro kavSirSia masTan. raWuli `zari~ samxmiania. dinji SesrulebiT, sazeimo elferiT, kiloTa

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monacvleobiT, xmebis kompleqsuri moZraobiT igi svanur `zars~ enaTesaveba.

raWuli `alilo~* qarTuli samusiko folkloris uaRresad saintereso nimuSia. mis Semsruleblebs `mealiloebs~ eZaxdnen. isini kardakar siaruliT Sobis dResaswauls ulocavdnen xalxs. saSobao simReris hangi uZvelesi warmomavlobisaa da, SesaZloa, qristianobamdel periodsac miekuTvnebodes.

qalTa sasimRero repertuari moicavs `iavnanebs~, `tirilebs~, `Selocvebs~. isini ZiriTadad deklamaciuri xasiaTisaa, Tumca hangSi musikaluri intonirebis niSnebic SeimCneva. raWuli `iavnanebis~ melodia Tavisi ZirebiT zogadqarTul intonaciur areSia moqceuli. mTis raWaSi or- da samxmiani `iavnanebia~ Cawerili.

raWaSi gavrcelebuli sakravebia Wianuri (mTaraWaSi _ orsimiani), gudastviri. aq farTod iyo gavrcelebuli mestvireobis tradicia. mestvire _ moxetiale musikosi, saxalxo dResaswaulebisa da qorwilebis xSiri stumari iyo. mestviruli poezia istoriul, lirikul da socialur Tematikaze iyo damyarebuli. wamyvani mniSvneloba sityvier teqstebs eniWeboda, xolo musikaluri intonaciebi martiv, reCitatiul xasiaTs atarebda.

leCxumuri musikaluri dialeqti leCxumi cageris raions moicavs. igi lajanuris, rionisa da

cxeniswylis xeobaSia gaSlili. CrdiloeTiT mas esazRvreba svaneTi, aRmosavleTiT _ raWa, samxreT-aRmosavleTiT _ imereTi, dasavleTiT _ samegrelo.

saqarTvelos sxva kuTxeebis msgavsad leCxumic xSirad ganicdida mterTa Tavdasxmebs. mis teritoriaze mravladaa Semonaxuli cixesimagreni: muris cixe ori koSkiTurT, dexviris, gvesos yviSis, orbelis, zubis, isurderis cixeebi da sxv. mravladaa SemorCenili nacixari adgilebic.

leCxumis teritoriaze araerTi qristianuli eklesia-monasteria. cnobilia Taboris, gudulaSis, nakuraleSis da sxva taZrebi. gansakuTrebul pativs miageben wminda maqsime aRmsarebels. gadmocemiT, es wminda mama cagerTanaa dakrZaluli.

leCxumSi Zvelad svanebi da zanebi (megruli tomi) binadrobdnen. amiTaa ganpirobebuli svanuri da zanuri elementebis arseboba leCxumur dialeqtSi. es gavlena gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobia leCxumur sametyvelo leqsikasa da toponimikaSi (lailaSi, leSkaSi, oyureSi, CxuduaSi).

leCxumi mTagoriani mxarea. miwis farTobis simciris miuxedavad, aq misdeven miwaTmoqmedebis tradiciul dargebs, mevenaxeobas, mecxoveleobas; Semonaxulia xorbleulis endemebi `maxa~ da `zandura~, vazis jiSebi _ `ojaleSi~, `colikauri~, `Savi adesa~ da sxva.

musikaluri ganviTarebis mxriv leCxumuri dialeqti sakmaod maRal doneze dgas, Tumca baris folklors Camouvardeba. masSi mkafiod

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airekleba mezobeli kuTxeebis _ svaneTis, raWis, imereTisa da samegrelos xalxuri musikis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi.

leCxumuri simRera samxmiania. igi emyareba mravalxmianobis kompleqsur-paralelur tips, romelic burdons enacvleba. orxmianobis nimuSebia: `arira~, `Caguna~, `RiRini~, `saxumaro~. orxmiani monakveTebi zogjer samxmian simRerebSi aris CarTuli (mkis `odiada~, `alifaSa~ da sxv.).

xmebs leCxumSi, isev, rogorc tradiciulad saqarTveloSi `moZaxils~ (I), ~mTqmels~ an `damwyebs~ (II) da `bans~ (III) uwodeben. zeda xmebi ZiriTadad paralelurad moZraoben, magram xSirad erTmaneTisgan damoukidebladac viTardebian. zogierT simReraSi zeda xma `krimanWulis~ _ `iodlis~ tipis ostinaturi xmis _ niSnebs atarebs (`naduri~, `mayruli~). zeda xma asrulebs maRali banis funqciasac. leCxumur simReras axasiaTebs moqnili bani. zogierTi simReris bani gabmul burdons warmoadgens (ufro _ orxmian simRerebSi).

leCxumuri simRera Janrulad sakmaod mdidaria; saistorio, saweso, saqorwilo, sufrul, saxumaro, lirikul da sxva JanrebTan erTad mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia Sromis simRerebs (`naduri~, `odoia~, `odiada~, `epoia~, `mkis simRera~). aq farTod iyo gavrcelebuli SromaSi mezoblebis urTierTdaxmarebis tradicia _ `nadi~. am formas mimarTavdnen simindis Toxnis, Wris, pureulis mosavlis aRebis dros, umetesad samSabaT-oTxSabaTobiT. koleqtiuri daxmarebis amgvari saxe mTel saqarTveloSi icodnen: imereT-guria-aWaraSi _ nadi, samegreloSi - nodi, raWaSi - mewveli, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi - daZaxili, mamiTadi, muSa, ulami, sefe.

luCxumuri naduri simRerebi Tavisi ganviTarebis doniTa da sirTuliT Camouvardeba gurul, aWarul, imerul analogebs, magram es garemoeba ar akninebs maT mxatvrul Rirsebebs. arsebobs cnoba, rom naduri simRera momReralTa ori an sami jgufis (gundis) monacvleobiT sruldeboda. Sesrulebis msgavsi wesi mesxeTSic iyo gavrcelebuli.

kalendarul simReraTagan leCxumSi dRes mxolod sofel zubSi asruleben `alilos~. aq SemorCenilia sufruli simRerebic: `dalie~, `diliT oqro xar, stumaro~, `naninei~, `salxino~, `sma umRerali ar varga~. masStabiTa da improvizaciuli ganviTarebis xarisxiT isini Camouvardebian qarTlur da gansakuTrebiT kaxur sufrulebs. modulaciebi ZiriTadad didi sekundiT zeviT xdeba. sufrulebTan intonaciurad axlosaa saxumaro simRerebi.

leCxumuri yofis damaxasiaTebeli ritualebia qorwili da glova. dedoflis mziTevSi umniSvnelovanesi nivTi ~vefxistyaosani~ unda yofiliyo. saqorwilo simRerebidan SemorCenilia ~mayrulebi~. mTxrobelTa cnobiT, leCxumSi uzaro tirili iSviaTi iyo. zog sofelSi cxeniT datirebis wesic scodniaT (Savad Sesudruli cxenis micvalebulTan dayeneba).

leCxumuri folklori ar gamoirCeva saistorio da mgzavruli simRerebis simravliT (`alifaSa~, `Taraloi~). raWuli da svanuri dialeqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod ramdenime nimuSiTaa

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warmodgenili saferxulo sacekvao simRerebi. maT Sorisaa orxmiani, samxmiani nimuSebi.

leCxumuri simRerebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sua xmis melodiuri moZraoba kidura xmebis oqtavur CarCoSi (`aralo~, `mayruli~, `sma umReralo ar varga~). zogjer meore xma ganapira xmebis kvintur CarCoSia moqceuli. vxvdebiT paralelur samxmovanebebs, musikaluri qsovilis polifoniur ganviTarebasac. xmebis urTierTdamokidebu-lebaSi yuradRebas iqcevs gadajvaredineba, qveda da zeda xmebis damTxveva, Sua xmisa da banis Tanxvedra.

leCxumuri simRerebis harmonia sakmaod mravalferovania (axasiaTebs I-VII-VI-VII-I Tanamimdevroba, gamoiyeneba V, IV safex.), kadansebiT (I-V-VI-VII-I, I-II-III-IV-I); igi metrulad erTgvarovania (samwiladi zoma ar gvxvdeba, kidev ufro iSviaTia cvalebadi metri); tempi zomieria an Cqari (raWul-svanurisgan gansxvavebiT neli simRerebi TiTqmis ar gvxvdeba). arc ise xSiria orpiruli Sesruleba (mxolod Sromis simRerebSi), aRsaniSnavia, rom meore gundi ar imeorebs pirvelis mier warmoTqmul sityvebs, rac arc ise xSiria qarTul tradiciul saSemsruleblo praqtikaSi. raWulisagan kidev erT ganmasxvavebel niSnad leCxumur samusiko dialeqtSi ferxulis Janris ararseboba unda CaiTvalos.

imeruli musikaluri dialeqti

imereTi dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi msxvili eTnografiuli

raionia. igi qveynis SuagulSi, aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos sazRvarze mdebareobs. imereTi uSualod esazRvreba qarTls, samegrelos, raWas, leCxumsa da gurias. aRmosavleTiT mas akravs lixis (suramis) qedi, samxreTiT- aWara-imereTis qedi, CrdiloeTiT _ raWis qedi, dasavleTiT gaSlili sivrce ki kolxeTis dablobSi gadadis. adre imereTad mTeli lixsiqeTi igulisxmeboda, imerlebad _ dasavleT saqarTvelos mcxovrebni. SemdgomSi imereTi dasavleT saqarTvelos erT-erTi kuTxis saxelwodebad Camoyalibda. igi or did regionad _ zemo da qvemo imereTad iyofa. Tanamedrove administraciuli dayofiT imereTi moicavs quTaisis, wyaltubos, tyibulis, WiaTuris, zestafonis, Terjolis, baRdaTis, vanis, samtrediis, saCxeris, xonis raionebis teritorias.

imereTis, rogorc damoukidebeli politikuri erTeulis, warmoqmna monRolTa Semosevis Semdeg moxda. XV-XVI s. saqarTvelos erTiani feodaluri saxelmwifo sabolood daiSala da ramdenime calke samefo-samTavrod daiyo: qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis samefoebad da samcxis saaTabagod. mogvianebiT imereTisgan damoukidebel samTavroebad Camoyalibdnen samegrelo, guria, svaneTi, afxazeTi. imereTis samefom met-naklebi damoukideblobiT iarseba XIX s. dasawyisamde _ ruseTis imperiaSi moqcevamde.

imereTis SuagulSi mdebareobs saqarTvelos sididiT meore, erT-erTi uZvelesi qalaqi quTaisi. igi yovelTvis warmoadgenda saqarTvelos erT-erT udides politikur, kulturul, ekonomikur,

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sulier centrs. antikur wyaroebSi (apolonios rodoseli, “argonavtika”, Zv.w. III s.) naxsenebia kolxeTis mefis aietis cixesimagre kvitaia – dRevandeli quTaisi. aq mdebareobs bagratis taZari (X-XIss), XII saukunis gelaTis cnobili samonastro kompleqsi.

miwaTmoqmedeba imereTis meurneobis erT-erTi mTavari dargi iyo. SromiTi urTierTdaxmarebis forma aqac `nadi~ da `muSa~ iyo (gansakuTrebiT simindis cexvis, Toxnis, rCevis dros). imereTSi Sromis organizaciis sxva formebic arsebobs: qalebis nadi, `Sebmuli xarebi~ (saqonliT daxmareba), ~Seziareba~, ~magieroba (sanacvlos muSaobis forma) da nadi, romelSic SeZlebuli patroni muqT muSaxels ixmarda.

imereTSi gavrcelebulia aseve mevenaxeoba, mexileoba, mesaqonleoba, mefrinveleoba, meabreSumeoba.

imereTs istoriulad mWidro kavSirurTierToba hqonda rogorc dasavleT saqarTvelos, ise aRmosavleT saqarTvelos eTnografiul kuTxeebTan. aman garkveuli kvali datova imerul kulturaze, musikalur enasa da azrovnebaze. imerul dialeqts (raWulis msgavsad) erTgvari Sualeduri adgili ukavia aRmosavleT da dasavleT saqarTvelos musikalur SemoqmedebaSi.

ruseTis mier aneqsiis Semdeg saqarTveloSi Semosul rusul-evropul saopero, saromanso, Tu saeklesio hangebs arc erT kuTxeSi ar mouxdenia iseTi gavlena tradiciul musikalur foklorze, rogorc imereTSi. am kuTxis, kerZod quTaisis, zestafonis mosaxleobam advilad SeiTvisa ucxouri musikis nimuSebi. imereTis daba-qalaqebSi warmoqmnilma axalma sasimRero Semoqmedebam soflur musikalur kulturazec garkveuli gavlena moaxdina.

imeruli simRerebi dasavleT saqarTvelos musikaluri folkloris tipuri nimuSebia. Tavisi arqiteqtonikiT isini mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian aRmosavleT saqarTvelos simRerebisgan. gurul dialeqtTan gansakuTrebuli siaxlove ki maT erTian safuZvelze mianiSnebs. es siaxlove gamoxatulia simReraTa teqstebSi, erTgvarovan repertuarSi, sasimRero JanrebSi. guruli da imeruli simRerebi xSirad erTsaxeliania: `alifaSa~, `vaxtanguri~, `naduri~, `xelxvavi~ da sxv. dasavleT saqarTvelos bari saukuneTa ganmavlobaSi erTiani kulturuli, sazogadoebrivi, socialuri da politikuri cxovrebiT cxovrobda, rac xels uwyobda saerTo musikaluri enis SemuSavebas. Tumca, droTa ganmavlobaSi, TiToeulma xmaTa moZraobis, ritmul-intonaciuri da harmoniuli azrovnebis originaluri principebi gamoimuSava da damoukidebel dialeqtad Camoyalibda.

imerul dialeqtSi Sromis, istoriuli, sufruli da saweso Janris simRerebia gavrcelebuli.

tradiciuli imeruli simRerebi samxmiania (orxmianobis iSviaT nimuSebs vxvdebiT zemo imereTSi). vxvdebiT mravalxmianobis sxvadasxva saxeebs: burdonuli tipi warmodgenilia misi orive nairsaxeobiT (reCitatiuli, kontinuumi). qarTl-kaxuri nimuSebisagan gansxvavebiT, imerulSi gabmuli bani, rogorc wesi, mTeli simReris manZilze ar JRers, periodulad mas melodizebuli bani enacvleba. Sromis simRerebSi kompleqsur-paralelur moZraobasTan erTad

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mravalxmianobis ostinaturi tipic gamoiyeneba. Tu dasavleT saqarTvelos mTis dialeqtebSi xmaTa damoukidebloba mkafiod araa gamoxatuli, imereTulSi saqme gvaqvs realur kontrastul polifoniasTan. gvxvdeba guruli simRerisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli `triosa~da gundis monacvleobac, Tumca gurulTan SedarebiT polifoniuri xerxebi aq ufro zomieradaa gamoyenebuli.

imerul simReraTa faqtura sakmaod rTulia, TiToeuli xma moqnili, aqtiuri damoukidebeli metrul-ritmuli suraTiT, ganviTarebuli melodiuri xaziT gamoirCeva. imeruli moZravi bani didi diapazonis mqonea (oqtavamde da metic). igi zogjer damwyebadac (~mgzavruli~) gvevlineba. xSiria paralelizmebi. ritmi mtkice, mkveTrad Camoylibebuli, zogjer marSiseburia. xSiria punqtiruli ritmi da sinkopebi. mdidaria akorduli struqtura, gabatonebulia orwiladi zomebi, samwiladi _ iSviaTad gvxvdeba. aRsaniSnavia rTuli kadansebi (V-VI-VII-I, IV-V-VI-VII-I). ufro xSirad maJoruli mixrilobis kiloebi gamoiyeneba.

imereTSi Sesrulebis manera erT- da orpirulia. orpirulad ZiriTadad Sromis simRerebi sruldeba.

Sromis Janris yvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeoba `nadurebia”. Tavisi formiT, xmebis moZraobiT, sakadanso saqcevebiT isini gurul-aWarul erTsaxelian nimuSebs hgvanan. amasTan, imeruli `nadurebi” gansakuTrebuli maRalmxatvrulobiT gamoirCeva da gansxvavdeba sxva kuTxis amave tipis simRerebisagan rogorc dinamikuri ganviTarebis xerxebiT, ise originaluri intonaciuri samyaroTi da gamomsaxveli saSualebebiT. misi banis diapazoni arc ise farToa, rogorc gurulisa, calkeul SemTxvevebSi SesaZloa V-VI-VII-I safexurebis monacvleoba. imeruli `naduris~ gabmuli burdonuli bani gurul-aWarulis mesame xmas _ `Semxmobars~ waagavs, im gansxvavebiT, rom aq burdonuli toni yovelTvis tonikas warmoadgens, xolo Semxmobari metwilad kilos kvinturi bgeraa.

SemorCenilia `naduris~ xmaTa originaluri imeruli saxelebi: `dvrini~, `dabali bani~, `krini~, `maRali xma~, `ficxi~, `SeZaxili~, `damZaxneli~, `kafia~ anu `gamtani~. gvxvdeba krimanWuli, Tumca imerulma krimanWulma ver miaRwia ganviTarebis iseT maRal safexurs, rogorsac gurul dialeqtSi.

`nadurebi~ iwyeba dinjad, banisa da meore xmis gadaZaxilebiT, tempis aCqarebasTan erTad simRera grZeldeba ori gundis monacvleobiT da TandaTan dinamizebul, swrafviT xasiaTs iZens.

mTis imereTis soflebSi gvxvdeba mkis simRerebi SeZaxilebiT `heka-oka~, romelTac `namglurs~ uwodeben. sainteresoa zemoimeruli `urmuli~, romlis variantebsac ori tonikis monacvleoba axasiaTebs.

zemo imereTSi imRereba qarTl-kaxuri repertuaris mniSvnelovani nawili (`Tebrone midis wyalzeda~, `gafrindi, Savo mercxalo~, `Wona~, `iavnana~, `gonja~ _ es ukanaskneli intonaciurad qarTlur `lazares~ uaxlovdeba). zemoimeruli Sesrulebis manerac ufro qarTlurs waagavs da gansxvavdeba qvemoimerulisagan, romelic, am mxriv, ufro guruls uaxlovdeba. saerTod, imeruli samusiko folklori SeiZleba qvemoimerul da zemoimerul kilokavebad davyoT.

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zemo imereTSi saqorwilo simReris `mayrulis~ sxvadasxva saxeobebia gavrcelebuli. erTi tipuri qvemoimerulis nimuSia, meore _ tipuri qarTluri sufruli mayrulia, mesame ki _ sakuTriv zemoimeruli mayruli. qarTl-kaxurTan siaxloves amJRavnebs zemoimerel qalTa repertuaric.

imerul dialeqtSi farTodaa warmodgenili mgzavrul-laSqruli simRerebi mxne, mkvircxli xasiaTiT, sxarti melodiuri svlebiT, aqtiuri baniT (`imeruli mgzavruli~*, `cxenosnuri~, `qajaiebis mgzavruli~, `keisruli~, `deli-dela~ da sxv.). simkvircxliTa da iumoristuli xasiaTiT gamoirCeva saxumaro simRerebi `80 wlis bebia~, ~patara simonia~ da sxv.

imerul simRerebSi xSiria SeZaxilebi da glosolaliebi _ vadila, ovdelia, hovodela, deli-dela, orira da a.S.

sakravebidan ixmareba Conguri, fanduri (qarTlidan Semotanili), gitara.

evropuli musikis Semosvla saqarTveloSi XIX s. II naxevridan iwyeba. musikalur saRamoebze ukravda cnobili qarTveli pianisti aloiz mizandari. quTaisSi sakoncertod Camodiodnen Tbilisis saopero Teatris msaxiobebic. musikaluri saRamoebi sistematurad ewyoboda anastasia orbelianis popularul salonSi. warCinebuli sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi aqtiurad monawileobdnen am SekrebebSi.

imereTSi gavrcelda evropuli saopero musikis, rusuli sayofacxovrebo romansisa da `saldaTuri~ simRerebis safuZvelze aRmocenebuli intonaciebi. maT gansakuTrebuli popularoba moipoves jer qalaqur, Semdeg _ soflur yofaSic. qalaqisa da soflis urTierTkavSiris gaZlierebam ganapiroba glexuri kulturis garkveuli transformaciac. Seicvala imerul simReraTa faqtura, gamartivda maTi polifoniur-harmoniuli struqtura, imata terciulma paralelizmebma zeda xmebSi, Seiqmna simRerebi evropuli funqciuri sistemis, tonika-dominantur safuZvelze. erT xans popularulma gitaram TiTqmis gandevna erovnuli Conguri. ase rom qalaquri intonaciuri nakadi dasavleT saqarTveloSi yvelaze metad imerul samusiko foklorSi SeiniSneba.

megruli musikaluri dialeqti

samegrelo mdebareobs engurs, cxeniswyals, rionsa da Sav zRvas Soris teritoriaze; moicavs abaSis, walenjixis, Cxorowyus, zugdidis, martvilis, xobis, senakis raionebs. samegrelo memkvidrea Zveli kolxeTisa, romlis mosaxleobas Seadgendnen qarTveluri warmomavlobis makronebi (megrelebi), mosinikebi, henioxebi, Wan-lazebi, afSil-abazgebi da sxv.

Zv.w. XVI s. istoriul wyaroebSi kolxa moixsenieba, rogorc Zlieri da kulturulad dawinaurebuli qveyana. Tavdapirvelad dawinaurdnen megrelebi, romelTac daaarses kolxeTis samefo. uZvelesi cnobebi kolxebis Sesaxeb Semonaxulia Zvel berZnul Tqmulebebsa da

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miTologiaSi (`argonavtebi~), saberZneTisa da romis saistorio mwerlobaSi.

romaelTa Semosevis Semdeg megrelebma dakarges politikuri hegemonia. samefo xelisufleba TandaTan gadavida monaTesave tomebze, kerZod, lazebze, romlebic adre kolxeTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen. politikuri mesveurobis gadasvlas lazebis xelSi, saxelwodebis Secvlac mohyva da kolxeTs lazika ewoda. qarTul matianeSi lazikas egrisad moixsenieben. amrigad, uZveles droSi kolxeTad (an kolxidad) cnobili es mxare Sua saukuneebis adrindel periodSi lazikad, an egrisad, Semdeg odiSad da bolos samegrelod iwodeboda. megrelebi qarTvelur enaze _ megrulze _ metyveleben, samwerlobo ena maTTvis qarTulia.

uZvelesi droidan samegreloSi iTeseboda Romi, fetvi, VXII s-dan ki – simindi. sakmaod ganviTarebuli iyo vazis kultura. aq mravali jiSi xarobda (ojaleSi, kabisoni, Wvitluri, xardani da sxv.). ZvelTaganve misdevdnen Sinamrewvelobas: amzadebdnen bambis, Salis, abreSumis qsovilebs, WurWels. gasabWoebis Semdeg aq inergeba da viTardeba Cais, citrusovani kulturebi, tungo.

samegrelo mdidaria nivTieri kulturis ZeglebiT. aq mdebareobs martvilis monasteri, bediis, xobis, caiSis, walenjixis taZrebi. uZveles cixeTa Soris upirvelesad iTvleba noqalaqevi, romelic qarTul saistorio wyaroebSi qujis cixedaa cnobili (V-VI s.). aRsaniSnavia Sxefis, aqvinjis da ruxis cixeebi. yvelaze Zlier salocavad iloris wminda giorgis eklesia miaCndaT.

wesCveulebani da saxalxo dResaswaulebi samegreloSi tradiciulad kalendarTan iyo misadagebuli. megrulma Semogvinaxa mnaTobTa Tayvaniscemis kvali, rac kviris dReebis dasaxelebebSic aisaxeba _ kvira mzis dRed (bJaSxa), orSabaTi mTvaris dRed (TuTaSxa) da a.S. iwodeba. amasve adasturebs xalxuri zepirsityvierebis poeturi striqonebi – “mze dedaa Cemi, mTvare – mama Cemi, wvril-wvrili varskvlavebi da da Zmaa Cemi.…. .”

upirvelesi uZravi dResaswauli kalanda iyo. megrelTa rwmeniT janmrTelobis, baraqis da sanukvari survilebis axdena axal wels ukavSirdeboda. amzadebdnen CiCilaks (Txilis an ZeZvis totisagan), romelsac sanTlebiT, xiliT, tkbileuliT, oqro-vercxlis samkaulebiT, fuliT rTavdnen. istumrebdnen valebs, imaragebdnen sursaT-sanovages. meore dRes ~kuCxa~ erqva. ~makuCxolis~ (`mekvlis~) rols axal wels ojaxis ufrosi asrulebda. magram Semdeg cdilobdnen `kargi fexis~ mqones Semoebijebina saxlSi.

axali wlis pirvel _ kalanda dRes mealiloebi ~kuCxibedineriT~ ulocavdnen maspinZels. odaSi SesvlisTanave simindisa da Romis marcvlebs mimoabnevdnen da `alilos~ mRerodnen, gadmocemiT, zogierT adgilas mealiloebi ~kirialesas~ (kirie eleisoni) asrulebdnen. am simReras aRdgomis dResaswaulzec mRerodnen.

uZvelesi saweso ritualuri sagalobeli `ia patonefi~ saxadiT daavadebuli bavSvis sawolTan sruldeboda. `ia patonefis~ saxelwodeba da funqcia zustad Seesabameba saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeebSi gavrcelebul `iavnanas~, `batonebos~. amis miuxedavad, maT

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Soris naklebad SeigrZnoba intonaciuri siaxlove. megruli ~patonefi~ da guruli `sabodiSo~ gamoirCevian sxva kuTxeTa analogiuri magiuri funqciis mqone simRerebisgan.

eliaobis (elia winaswarmetyvelis transformirebuli dReobis) rituali zafxulSi aRiniSneboda. elias stiqiuri ubedurebisagan dacvas, mfarvelobas, uxv mosavals SesTxovdnen. wriuli ferxulis CabmasTan erTad popularuli iyo saferxulo-sacekvao `hariras~ Sesruleba.

samegreloSi gavrcelebuli dResaswaulebidan aRsaniSnavia Terdoba (Tevdoroba) goxarWalafa, jger-aguna, mirsoba. bolo ori dReoba wminda giorgis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli.

megruli samusiko dialeqti axlos dgas imerulTan. emsgavseba igi gurulsac, magram am ukanasknels Camouvardeba polifoniuri ganviTarebis mxriv.

megrul dialeqtSi didi adgili ukavia lirikul sferos. natif, melodiur megrul simReras gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs qarTul tradiciul samusiko folklorSi. gansakuTrebuli musikalobiT gamoirCevian megreli qalebi, romlebic Congurze dakvris didostatebic arian. gansakuTrebiT popularulia lirikuli simRerebi `dida, voi, nana~*, `sisa, tura~*, `arTi vardi~*, `WiWe tura~ da sxv. magaliTebi

mamakacTa mier Sesasrulebeli simRerebi mxne, vaJkacuri ganwyobiT, dinamikurobiT xasiaTdebian. Tumca maTTvis, iseve rogorc megreli qalebisaTvis, damaxasiaTebelia rbili, erTgvari mkvnesare intonaciiT Sesruleba. mravladaa Sromis, saferxulo, sacekvao, mayruli, saqorwilo, sufruli, mgzavruli simRerebi da sxv. xmaTa moZraoba polifoniur-homofoniuria, xSirad gamoiyeneba polifoniuri xerxebi. bani aqtiuria, xolo melodiuri xazi _ didi diapazonisa da moqnili. melodiur iniciativas xSirad zeda xma flobs. gvxvdeba rTuli kadansebi. mezobeli dialeqtebisagan gansxvavebiT, aRiniSneba dadablebuli II safexuriani minoruli mixrilobis kilos sixSire. araterciuli wyobis akordebidan ixmareba 45, 47, 78, 25, 47, agreTve _ tritonis Semcveli akordebic. gvxvdeba orgundovani, agreTve _ tercetisa da gundis monacvleobiTi Sesruleba. Warbobs orwiladi zomebi.

sainteresoa megruli Sromis simReris `guTnuris~ arsebobis damadasturebeli erTaderTi nimuSi, romelsac arqauli xmovaneba axasiaTebs. intonaciurad igi uaxlovdeba qarTl-kaxur, mesxur da zemoimerul `guTnurebsa~ da `urmulebs~.

nadi da misi Tanmxlebi simRerebi gansakuTrebuli movlenaa megrul folklorSic. yanaSi Sesrulebuli naduri simRerebidan aRsaniSnavia `oCeSxevi~*, ~xemxvaia~, `oyonuri~, `obargali~, `odoia~*. magaliTebi es ukanaskneli Sromis simReris uTvalsaCinoesi nimuSia. xalxuri warmodgeniT odi miwas niSnavs, dia- dedas. `odoia~ dinamiuri da masStaburi kompoziciaa, romelsac axasiaTebs cikluri uwyveti ganviTareba.

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Sromis procesTan iyo dakavSirebuli saferxulo wyobis `osxapue~, romelsac cxenosnobasa da sirbilSi asparezoba axlda Tan. es ferxuli imiTac aris saintereso, rom mas qal-vaJni erTad asruleben.

megruli mayruli `kuCxi bedinera~ gamomsaxveli melodiurobiT gamoirCeva. igi nefis ojaxSi Sesvlisas imRereboda mayrionis mier. es simRera, rogorc aRvniSneT, saaxalwlo simReradac gvevlineba. mis variantebs warmoadgenen `kunta bedinera~, `Zveli bedinera~.

salxino sufras Tan axlda `mravalJamieri~, `geSvia~, `xaraTia~ da sxv. isini xalisiani, iumoriT aRsavse, zogjer ki dinji, darbaisluri xasiaTisani arian. samxiarulo TavSeyras ukavSirdeboda agreTve sacekvao, zogjer Teatralizebuli simRerebi `Caguna~, `Zabrale~, `jansulo~. arsebobs am ukanasknelis or- da samxmiani variantebi. simRera agebulia solistisa da gundis urTierTSepasuxebis principze.

glova samegreloSi xangrZlivi icodnen. micvalebuls moixseniebdnen Soba-aRdgoma-amaRlebis dResaswaulebzec. datirebis ceremoniali samegreloSi metad eqspansiuria. aq `tirilebi~ umTavresad kvinturi diapazonisaa.

glovis `zari~ mozareebis gundis mier sruldeboda. warmarTuli xanidan momdinare es samxmiani sagalobeli samegreloSi mwuxarebis gamomxatvel Sorisdebul `vai~-ze sruldeboda.

XIX saukuneSi samegreloSi axleburi yaidis simRerebic Seiqmna (`ma si vardi~, `arTi vardi~, qal-vaJis gaSaireba). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom XX saukuneSi Seqmnil xalxuri stilis nimuSebSi megruli simRerebi gansakuTrebuli mxatvruli RirsebebiT gamoirCevian.

popularuli sakravia Conguri. misi rbili, xaverdovani tembri kidev ufro aRrmavebs megruli simRerebis lirikul bunebas. zogierTi Semsrulebeli am sakravze virtuozuli dakvris SesaZleblobebs avlens. samegreloSi ukanasknel dromde gvxvdeboda agreTve erT-erTi uZvelesi sakravi _ larWemi, mravalReriani salamuri, e.w. “panis fleita”, romelsac ufro xSirad mwyemsebi da monadireebi iyenebdnen.

guruli musikaluri dialeqti guria kolxeTis dablobis samxreT-dasavleT nawilSi mdebareobs.

es kuTxe sam - ozurgeTis, lanCxuTisa da Coxatauris – raions moicavs, romlebic Savi zRvis sanapiros gaswvrivaa ganlagebuli.

gurulebis eTnikuri Camoyalibeba samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRmosavlur qarTuli tomebis gadasaxlebam da adgilobriv kolxur mosaxleobasTan Serwymam ganapiroba. amitom am kuTxis saxelwodeba literaturul wyaroebSi pirvelad saqarTvelos istoriis SedarebiT gvian etapze – X? saukuneSi gvxvdeba.

gurulebi ZvelTaganve mravalferovan sameurneo saqmianobas eweodnen. Sromis ZiriTad saxeobas miwaTmoqmedeba warmoadgenda. meurneobis SedarebiT axali dargebia meCaieoba da citrusovani kulturebi.

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guruli simRera ganviTarebis doniT unikaluria ara marto saqarTveloSi. igi msoflio polifoniuri azrovnebis erT-erT udides miRwevadaa aRiarebuli.

gurul simRerebSi saqarTveloSi arsebuli mravalxmianobis yvela saxeobaa warmodgenili, magram wamyvania kontrastul-polifoniuri tipi: erTi mxriv, Sua xmis _ mTqmelis TavSekavebuli melodiuri figuraciebi, meore mxriv, moZravi, xSirad sinkopirebuli bani da bolos `krimanWulis~ ostinaturi naxtomebiT savse melodiuri xazi, romelic instrumentuli melodiis asociacias iwvevs.

gurulma dialeqtma Semoinaxa erTi, ori, sam da oTxxmiani simRerebi. gansakuTrebiT farTodaa gavrcelebuli samxmianoba. oTxxmianoba ki Sromis `nadurSi~ gvxvdeba.

Janrul-Tematuri TvalsazrisiT guruli sasimRero Semoqmedeba mravalferovania. moicavs istoriul-sagmiro, saweso, laSqrul, mgzavrul, sufrul, lirikul satrfialo, saxumaro simRerebs da sxv.

gurul simRerebSi xmebi sxvadasxvanairad iwodebian da gansxvavebuli funqciis mqoneni arian. esenia `mTqmeli~, `damwyebi~, `wvrili~, `moZaxili~, `gamyivani~, `krimanWuli~, `maRali bani~, `Semxmobari~. Sua xmebis aRmniSvneli saxelebi _ mTqmeli, damwyebi, _ sinonimuri terminebia. maRali xmis aRmniSvneli saxelwodebebi calke ganxilvas saWiroebs.

maRal xmebs Soris yvelaze specifikuri `krimanWulia~. igi ara marto qarTuli, aramed msoflio musikaluri folkloris iSviaTi, uaRresad TviTmyofi movlenaa. misi mniSvneloba gurul samusiko dialeqtSi imdenad didia, rom zogjer am ukanasknels or jgufad – krimanWulian da ukrimanWulo simRerebad yofen.

krimanWuli imRereba naxtomebiT, ostinatur ritmSi (ufro xSirad, daRmavali svlebi jer kvintaze, Semdeg ufro dabla – terciaze, Tumca vxvdebiT sxva intervalur Sefardebebsac), iSviaTi sisxartiT, moqnilobiT.

krimanWuli Sromis, saferxulo, mxedruli, Tu istoriul-sagmiro nimuSebis aqtiuri monawilea. mas specifikuri Semsrulebeli _ mokrimanWule asrulebda. krimanWuli imRereba Semdeg marcvlebsa Tu sityvebze _ `oriaho~, `irvaurva-ho~ `uruaho~ da sxv. krimanWulis monawileoba ukve Tavad gansazRvravs simReris xasiaTs. krimanWuliani simRerebi dinamikuri, mxne, omaxiania.

maRali xmis aRmniSvneli `gamyivani~ zogjer Zneli gasarCevia krimanWulisagan. gamyivanic glosolaliebze aigeba: `rim-ti-ra-vo-ri-ra-vo~, da a.S. xandaxan krimanWuli da gamyivani erTmaneTs enacvlebian _ momRerali xan krimanWuls mReris, xanac gamyivans. krimanWulisagan gansxvavebiT gamyivanis partia unaxtomoa, am ori xmis roli gansakuTrebulia: erTi mxriv isini melodiur-ritmul aqtivobas ganapirobeben, meore mxriv - ZiriTadad ostinatos saxiT xmovaneben. “gamyivani”, “krimanWulis” msgavsad, specifikuri xmiT imRereba. zogjer “wvrils” “gamyivanTan” aigiveben.

guruli bani radikalurad gansxvavdeba aRmosavleT saqarTvelos burdonuli banisagan. mas metad ganviTarebuli da moqnili melodiuri xazi, swrafviTi xasiaTi da didi diapazoni aqvs (oqtavamde, decimamde).

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zogjer igi damwyebi da wamyvani xmaa, romelic simReris tonussac gansazRvravs. Cveulebriv, baniT iwyeba Zalian energiuli, cocxali simRerebi, romlis emociuri ganwyoba ukve SesavalSive isaxeba (`adila~). magaliTi baniT dawyeba mxolod laSqruli, mgzavruli da mayruli simRerebisTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli. xSirad bani maRal fardebSi iWreba da mTqmels zemodan eqceva. melodiurad maRalganviTarebuli banis mqone simRerebs ganekuTvneba `xasanbegura~, `wamokruli~, `Savi SaSvi~, `vaxtanguri~, `Svidkaca~ da a.S. banis melodiur gaaqtiurebas xels uwyobs is garemoeba, rom mas xSirad asrulebs individi, romelsac gunduri Sesrulebis SemboWavi CarCoebi ar zRudavs. amis wyalobiT bani rTul melodiur saxeebs qmnis (gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa simRerebi, sadac erTmaneTs trio da gundi enacvleba). banis melodiuri sawyisis maRalganviTarebas sityvieri teqstis uqonlobac ganpirobebs. am ukanasknelis gadmomcemi Sua xmaa, rac TavisTavad amcirebs mTqmelis melodiuri ganviTarebis SesaZleblobebs. banisaTvis ki damaxasiaTebelia SeZaxilebi: va, dila, hadila, orudila, abadela, nana dela, vahahe, dil-dil, heida da a.S. banis amgvari `avtonomiuri~ teqsti zogierT imerul simRerasac axasiaTebs.

guruli simRerebis mniSvnelovani nawili orpirulad sruldeba. banis partia mihyavs, erTi mxriv, jgufs, meore mxriv _ individualur Semsrulebels (trioSi). Tavisufali improvizaciis SesaZleblobebs trio iZleva.

metad Tavisebur, mxolod `nadurisaTvis~ damaxasiaTebel, specifikur xmas warmoadgens `Semxmobari~. igi banis rols asrulebs samxmian simRerebsa da oTxxmiani `naduris~ samxmian monakveTebSi. oTxxmianobaSi banis CarTvis Semdeg igi banze kvintiTaa daSenebuli. Semxmobari gamonaklisia guruli simReris moZrav xmaTa Soris. samagierod, didia Semxmobaris roli simReris sayrdeni tonis orientaciaSi.

rogorc iTqva, simReris ganapira xmebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Sorisdebulebsa da glosolaliebze mRera. guriaSi rigi simRerebisa swored amgvarad imRereba (`RiRini~, `grZeli RiRini~, `abadela~, `mxedruli~, `ieriSi~ da sxv.). saerTod, sityvier teqsts naklebad mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs gurul simReraSi. e. w. `usityvo~ mravalxmiani simRerebis safuZveli wminda musikaluri azrovnebis logikaa.

Sromis procesTanaa dakavSirebuli `aguna~. aguna mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis warmarTuli RvTaebaa. igi saweso-Sromis simReraa da RvTaebis gulismosageb rituals ukavSirdeba.

simindis rCevas Tan axlavs `xelxvavi~ (gavrcelebulia aseve imereTSi, aWaraSi, samegreloSi). muSaobis procesSi `xelxvavi~ ramdenimejer iTqmoda sxvadasxvagvar teqstebze. `xelxvavi~ polifoniuri wyobis samxmiani simReraa. mis teqstSi naxsenebia wminda grigoli, wminda Tevdore, miqela da gabriela. simRera mimarTulia mfarveli RvTaebisadmi, raTa Sroma xvaviani iyos.

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tyidan morebis gamotanisas an didi tvirTis gadazidvis dros mRerodnen `elesas~, romelsac hyavs simRerisa da Sromis meTauri (korife).

guruli da saerTod qarTuli Sromis simRerebis gvirgvinia `nadurebi~. Sromis sxva nimuSTagan igi gamoirCeva rTuli arqiteqtonikiT, xmebis gansxvavebuli funqciiT, ganviTarebis originaluri kompoziciuri xerxebiT, xmaTa originaluri SexamebebiT, masStaburobiT.

nadi orpirulad sruldeba. guriis sxvadasxva soflebSi sxvadasxvanairi `nadurebi~ icodnen: `sajaoxurai~ an ~sajavaxurai~, ~gurianTulai~, ~Semoqmedurai~, ~gordelai~, `CoCxaTurai~, `jiqurai~, da sxv. umravlesobis saxelwodebebi etimologiurad soflebis saxelebs ukavSirdeba.

samxmian nadurs asruleben mTqmeli, gamyivani (wvrili, krimanWuli), Semxmobari, oTxxmians - mTqmeli, gamyivani (wvrili, krimanWuli), Semxmobari, bani.

saistorio-sagmiro simReraTa kategorias ganekuTvneba “xasanbegura~, `alifaSa~. amave tipis krimanWuliani simRerebia ~Svidkaca~, ~vaxtanguri~, romlebic polifoniuri faqturis mqonea.

guruli ukrimanWulo simRerebis wyebaSi gaerTianebulia simRerebi trios monawileobiT (rac dialeqtTagan yvelaze ufro guriisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli) `Savi SaSvi~, `wamokruli RiRini~, `me rusTveli~, `maspinZelsa mxiarulsa~, `madlobeli var~ `Cven mSvidoba~*. am jgufis erT-erTi cnobili nimuSia `Savi SaSvi~, romelic nadirobis suraTs gamoxatavs. igi Taviseburi kupletur-variaciuli aRnagobis nawarmoebia, romelSic arc erTi kupleti zustad ar meordeba.

SedarebiTi struqturuli simartive da kontrastuli xmaTasvlis xerxebis zomieri gamoyeneba axasiaTebs saConguro lirikul simRerebs `mival guriaSi~, `Salva Cemo~, `dila~, `nanina~. maTSi homofoniur-harmoniuli da polifoniuri stilis Serwyma xdeba.

guriaSi Cawerilia saweso `alilos~, `sabodiSos~, `mze Sinas~ saintereso variantebi. maT lirikuli xasiaTi, faqizi mReradoba axasiaTebs.

gurul tradiciul simRerebSi ufro maJoruli mixrilobis kiloebia gabatonebuli, Tumca iSviaTad minoruli moxrilobis kiloebic gvxvdeba. simRerebis nawili erTtonaluria. maTSi xSirad vxvdebiT droebiT kilo-tonalur centrebs (qarTl-kaxeTisagan gansxvavebiT). modulaciuri gegmis mxriv erT-erTi yvelaze sainteresoa `wamokruli~, `Savi SaSvi~, `zari~.

gurul qalTa samusiko Semoqmedeba mwiradaa dafiqsirebuli. Tumca gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia qalTa monawileoba ojaxur musicirebaSi. cnobilia, rom sabWoTa periodSi TviTmoqmed gurul gundebSi krimanWuls xSirad qalebi mRerodnen. samegrelos msgavsad, guriaSic ganTqmuli iyvnen meCongure qalebi.

iSviaTi simdidriT gamoirCeva guruli simRerebis harmonia. igrZnoba xmovanebis simZafre, araterciuli akordebis siWarbe. aq vxvdebiT 45, 47, 78, 25, 59, 89 da sxv. kadansebs Soris gamoiyeneba mravalsafexuriani - IV-V-VI-VII-I, aseve VI-VII-I, V-VI-VII-I.

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gurulebi mRerian erTgvari `piCikaturi~ maneriT, Tumca gvaqvs trios mier RiRiniT Sesrulebuli simRerebi, romelic gacilebiT rbilad sruldeba.

guriaSi metad popularulia Conguri da megruli larWemis msgavsi eqvsReriani Casaberi sakravi soinari.

aWarul-SavSuri musikaluri dialeqti aWaruli kilokavi aWara guriis samxreTiT mdebareobs da moicavs baTumis,

qobuleTis, qedis, Suaxevis, xelvaCaurisa da xulos raionebs, romlis mosaxleoba Woroxisa da misi mTavari Senakadis – aWariswylis maRalmTian xeobaSi binadrobs.

aWara uZvelesi qarTuli miwaa. misi teritoria XVII s-Si TurqeTma daipyro (1627-1878). Turquli gavlenis 250 welma mniSvnelovnad Secvala aWaruli yofa da kultura. ZaliT ganidevna qristianoba da dainerga islami. amis Semdeg aWara ukve guriisagan gancalkevebul eTnografiul kuTxed iqca. am droidan moyolebuli aq sami sarwmunoebaa Serwymuli _ warmarToba, qristianoba, mahmadianoba. TiToeulma maTganma Rrma kvali datova aWarelTa sarwmunoebriv SemecnebaSi. maTi gadmonaSTebi sinkretuli rwmenis saxiT bolo dromde ganagrZobs arsebobas.

aWareli ojaxi mowiwebiT egebeba axal wels. maTi rwmeniT ojaxis bed-iRbali ~mferxavzea~ (mekvleze) damokidebuli. avdrisa da niaRvrisagan dasacavad `qaSatobas~ asrulebdnen, gvalvis dros ki - `lazarobas~, romelsac Tan simRera axlda. qorwils kviras an xuTSabaT dRes ixdidnen, igi or dRes grZeldeboda. siZis mayari `mayrulis~ simReriT modis. qalebs diasaxlisobasTan erTad saqonlis movlac evalebodaT.

aWaraSi glova xangrZlivad icodnen. bunebrivi sikvdiliT gardacvlili moxuci ucremlo micvalebuli iyo. axalgazrdis daRupva (isic Tu mtris xeliT iyo mokluli) usazRvro mwuxarebas iwvevda. micvalebulis kultTanaa dakavSirebuli Tqmuleba `xorTlaRze~.

oriode soflis garda mTeli aWara mTagoriania, da amdenad xvna-TesvisTvis gamousadegari. meRvineobas odesRac sapatio adgili eWira. mahmadis rjuli qristianobasTan erTad mevenaxeobis mospobasac Seecada. magram vazi ar gadaSenebula. am mxareSi, rogorc guria-samegreloSi, `maRlari~ ician, qvemo aWaraSi yurZnis kultura ufro SenarCunebulia.

aWaraSi cocxlad Semoinaxes Tamaris xsovna. aqauri qarTvelebisTvis igi RvTis moSiSi, mtrisTvis risxvis damcemi, qvriv-oblebis gamkiTxavi wmindania.

miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aWarulma xalxurma musikalurma tradiciebma ucxo kulturis zewolas gauZlo da Tavisi originaloba, erovnuli xasiaTi SeinarCuna.

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aWaruli simRerebi bevriT enaTesaveba guruls, agreTve _ imerulsac. msgavseba gamoixateba saerTo repertuarSi (`alifaSa~, `xasanbegura~, `yanuri~, `naduri~, `xelxvavi~), aseve _ intonaciur-melodiur, harmoniul, ritmul Taviseburebebsa da arqiteqtonikaSi. gurulis msgavsad, aWaruli simRerebi kontrastuli xmaTasvlis principebs emyareba, gvxvdeba xmaTa paraleluri moZraobebic, Tumca aWaruli simRera SedarebiTi simartiviT, mdore ganviTarebiT, naklebi moqnilobiT xasiaTdeba. amas garda, aWaruli simRera guruli simRerisagan gansxvavdeba orxmiani simRerebis, agreTve sacekvao simRerebisa da dasakravebis simravliT, specifikuri xmis `SelaparikebiT~, qalTa farTo repertuariT da a.S.

orxmiani simRerebi mTis aWaraSia (xulos, Suaxevis, qedis raionebi) Semonaxuli. martivi agebulebis am simRerebSi maRali xmebi sxarti melodiuri moZraobiT gamoirCevian. banic aqtiuria da xSirad zeda xmasTan erTad paraleluri terciebiT an kvintebiT moZraobs (`Zveli vosa~, `dRes amali devinaxe~).

aWarul simRerebSi Tavisebur xmas warmoadgens e.w. `Selaparikeba~. igi Casmulia aWarulisaTvis damaxasiaTebel orxmian faqturaSi bansa da wamyvan xmas Soris. epizodurad Cndeba da xSirad banis an zeda xmis dublirebas axdens*. aRsaniSnavia, rom am xmas aWaris bevr sofelSi arc ki icnoben.

aWaruli tradiciuli vokaluri Semoqmedeba warmodgenilia Sromis, saferxulo, saqorwilo, sufruli, samgzavro, saistorio-sagmiro Janrebis saxiT.

Sromis Janri erT-erTi wamyvania aWarul folklorSi. masSi erTiandeba Sromis sxvadasxva procesTan (simindis rCeva, Toxna, matylis CeCva) dakavSirebuli simRerebi. gavrcelebulia `nadurebi~.

aWaruli nadurebis ciklSi Sedis samxmiani nimuSebi `calazurai~, `mTas xoxobi afrenila~, `yaranai~, `vai, Tu dilas kurdRelmao~, da sxv., oTxxmiani `TeTri qori Wandarze~, `berikaci CaCnaberi~. naduri simRerebis Sesrulebis wesi gurulis analogiuria da axasiaTebs orgundovani Sesruleba, mdored dawyeba, tempis aRmavali dinamika kulminaciiT simReris boloSi, tesituris amaRleba.

naduri simRerebis mravalferovnebiT aWaraSi qobuleTis raioni gamoirCeoda, romelic istoriulad guriis nawili iyo da dRes aWarelTa gverdiT gurulebic saxloben. sayuradReboa qobuleTSi gavrcelebuli `jiquras~ ciklis naduri simRerebi, romelic sityvieri da musikaluri teqstebiT urTierTgansxvavebul 10-12 simReras moicavda. aWarulis samxmiani `naduris~ gundis Semadgenloba (mTqmeli, gamyivani, Semxmobari), iseve rogorc 4 xmiani gundisa (mTqmeli, gamyivani, Semxmobari, bani) hgavs rogorc gurul, ise imerul samxmian nadurebs.

aRsaniSnavia Sua xmis wamyvani roli ~nadurSi~ da saerTod samxmian simRerebSi. mTqmeli simReris damwyebi, sityvieri teqstis erTpirovnuli gadmomcemi da mTavari melodiuri partiis Semsrulebelia. aWaraSi mas `damwyebs~, `meleqses~ uwodeben.

gamyivani melodiurad da ritmulad moqnili, didi diapazonis mqone xmaa, bani – aqtiuri. simReris meore nawilSi misi CarTva oTxxmianobas

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warmoqmnis. Semxmobari ZiriTadad gaWimul, burdonul fragmentul bgeras iRebs. rac Seexeba krimanWuls, igi guriasTan SedarebiT naklebad gavrcelebuli xmaa, romelic amave dros emsgavseba guruls. aWariswylis xeobaSi gavrcelebulia yanuri simReris ramdenime nimuSi: `dielo~, `raSa~, `raSavrera~. zemoaWaruli cnobebiT `dielo~ Znelad Sesasrulebeli orpiruli samxmiani simReraa. amas garda yanaSi sruldeboda sxva Janris simRerebic _ `hasanbegura~, `Svidkaca~, `abadela~, `mgzavruli~, `daTvma lxini moiwvia~, `sami Zmani muSaobdnen lekianSi yanasao~, ~vosa~ da sxv.

xuloeli momRerlis cnobiT, aWariswylis xeobaSi qalebi da kacebi yanaSi cal-calke muSaobdnen, mamakacebis simReras qalebic pasuxobdnen, eSairebodnen. Sesrulebis aseTi wesi aWaris sxva adgilebSi ar gvxvdeba.

sayuradReboa `xertlis nadi~*, qalTa an Sereuli SesrulebiT, igi SesaZloa, saSemsruleblo praqtikidan gamqrali mkis simRerebis naSTs warmoadgendes.

aWaruli lirikuli simRerebidan gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobs simRera “wyals nafoti Camohqonda”, aseve gavrcelebulia qal-vaJis saxumaro xasiaTis gaSaireba. am simRerebs sacekvao xasiaTi aqvs da Sesabamisi aranJirebiT isini xSirad JReren Tanamedrove estradazec.

Suaxevis raionSi ucvleladaa Semonaxuli adrindeli yofis Cvevebi. maT Soris samiwaTmoqmedo samuSaoebis dros Wibonis gamoyeneba. Wiboni qarTuli stviris nairsaxeobaa, am saxeliT moixsenieba igi aWaraSi, lazeTsa da mesxeTSic. aWaraSi mas Tulumsac uZaxian. Ggudastviris sxva qarTuli saxeobebisagan gansxvavebiT aWarul Wibonze umTavresad sacekvao musika sruldeba. am kuTxeSi mravlad iyvnen meWiboneebi, romlebic sasurvel stumrebs warmoadgendnen qorwilebSi, wveulebebze, saxalxo dResaswaulebze. Wibonis repertuarSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eWira `xorums~ _xuTwiladi zomis sacekvaos.

sxva gavrcelebuli sakravebidan aRsaniSnavia Conguri, doli. cekvebidan xorumi, gandagana, ferxuli. aseve aRmosavluri warmoSobis yolsarma, qoCeguri, qurTbari.

SavSuri kilokavi SavSeTi saqarTvelos erT-erTi istoriuli mxarea. igi dRevandeli

saqarTvelos sazRvars gareT, aWaris samxreTiT, TurqeTSi mdebareobs. SavSuri simRerebis Canawerebi sakmaod mwiria. maTze aRbeWdili masala did siaxloves amJRavnebs aWarul simRerebTan. msgavseba musikaluri azrovnebis mraval komponentSi mJRavndeba, maT Soris identuroba imdenad TvalsaCinoa, rom TiTqmis SeuZlebelia aWaruli da SavSuri orxmiani simRerebis garCeva.

TurqeTSi Caweril SavSur simReraTa Soris samxmianobis arc erTi nimuSi araa. simRerebi erT da 2 xmiania. mamakacTa zogierTi simRera unisonuri Sesrulebisaa, rac aWaraSi ar SeiniSneba.

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solistisa da unisonuri gundis dialogze aigeba SavSuri ~Tirni horerama~, romlis erT-erTi varianti sainteresoa orxmianobis warmoSobis TvalsazrisiT.**

gaorxmianebis kvali Cans `faWvis simReraSic~, romelic simindis pirveli gaToxnis dros sruldeba.

burdonuli orxmianobis garTulebul variantad unda CaiTvalos `nanina~,** romelic aSkarad Seicavs ~iavnanis~ melodiis niSnebs. qalTa repertuari warmodgenilia sacekvao da saferxulo simRerebiT, aseve _ datirebiT. SavSuri datireba intonaciurad emsgavseba sxva kuTxeTa nimuSebs.

qalTa repertuaridan aRsaniSnavia saqorwilo saferxulo `vin mogitanao~, romelic patarZlis megobrebTan dialogs warmoadgens.

SavSeTSi gavrcelebulia zogierTi simRera dRes aWaraSi aRar gvxvdeba (`tirni horerama~, `faWvis simRera~, `RmerTo batono~). dRes aq sam xmaze simReris tradicia dakargulia.

orxmiani simRerebisa da qalTa repertuaris intonaciuri siaxlove, saerTo simRerebi (`alifaSa~, `vosa~, `dedoflis simRera~ da sxv.) SavSursa da aWaruls aWarul-SavSur dialeqtad warmogvidgens. amave dros arsebuli sxvaoba iZleva safuZvels, isini erTi dialeqtis or kilokavad ganvixilavT.

lazuri musikaluri dialeqti lazebi (Wanebi) erT-erTi uZvelesi qarTuli tomia. Savi zRvis

Wanuri sanapiros umTavresi nawili amJamad saqarTvelos gareT _ TurqeTSia. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, lazebi, megrelebTan da sxva qarTvelur tomebTan erTad Zveli kolxeTis SemadgenlobaSi Sediodnen da erTiani istoria hqondaT. Zv. w. II aTaswleulSi Seqmnil kolxeTis mZlavri samefos mmarTvelobaSi lazebi romaelTa Semosevis Semdeg, Zv. w. I saukuneSi movidnen da kolxeTs lazika (lazike) ewoda. lazika-egrisis dedaqalaqi arqeopolisi (noqalaqevi) maRali galavniTa da cixe-koSkebiT iyo garSemortymuli. mis teritorias, abazgiidan (afxazeTi) trapizonamde gadaWimuls, didi strategiuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda.

kolxeTis samefos damoukideblobis SesanarCuneblad gamudmebuli brZola uxdeboda sparselebTan da bizantielebTan. Turqebis mier konstantinepolis aRebas mohyva bizantiis dacema, trapizonis dapyroba. es saqarTvelodan kolxeTis lazuri nawilis CamoSorebasa da mosaxleobis gamahmadianebas niSnavda. lazebs ekrZalebodaT mSobliur enaze laparaki, lazuri gvarebis tareba. ingreoda cixe-koSkebi, maT meCeTebad da medreseebad (sasuliero saswavleblebad) akeTebdnen. amJamad lazebi TurqeTis mosaxleobis did nawils Seadgenen. 1990-iani wlebidan, damoukidebel saqarTvelosa da TurqeTs Soris keTilmezobluri urTierTobis damyarebis Semdeg gaZlierda lazebis ltolva istoriuli samSoblosaken.

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lazebma Znelad, magram mainc SeZles folkloruli (zepirsityvieri) Semoqmedebis SenarCuneba, ufro rTuli aRmoCnda musikaluri folkloris gadarCena.

lazuri simRerebis moZieba-Cawera me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi mimdinareobda. lazuri erTxmiani simRerebi solo da unisonuri SesrulebiTaa warmodgenili. melodiuri ganviTarebis xerxebis, stilis, struqturis mxriv isini sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba qarTuli xalxuri musikisTvis damaxasiaTebel niSan-TvisebaTagan.

lazebi saqarTveloSic cxovroben, ZiriTadad sarfsa da mis SemogarenSi. kvariaTsa da simoneTSi Caweril iqna saferxulo `ekulani miSie~ (es gogona visia), akvnis simRerebis erT-erTi originaluri, ucnobi varianti, lirikuli `feluka elqenoni~ (ialqniani gemi) da datireba, romelic mxolod simoneTel osman xojiSvils xsomebia.

yasim beJaniZis cnobiT, mamakacebi lxinSi orxmian simRerebs mRerodnen. misive gadmocemiT, dabali xma gaCerebuli iyo, rac burdonul bans unda gulisxmobdes. calfad an unisonuri gundis mier sruldeba `anRa mzoRaSa meulu~. igi gasamxmianebulia sarfelebis mier da qarTuli simReris STabeWdilebas qmnis.

Sromis simRerebidan aRsaniSnavia nadurebi `heiamo~ da `helesa~. isini orpirulad sruldeba solistisa da unisonuri gundis mier. sainteresoa is, rom nadSi _ Sromis orpirul simReraSi mamakacebi da qalebi monawileobdnen. lazuri naduri unikaluria im mxriv, rom masSi Semonaxulia Toxnur nadurSi qalebis monawileobis kvali.

gansakuTrebiT popularulia calfa simRerebi. lazur melodiebs aSkarad gamokveTili aRmosavluri ieri aqvT (minoruli kiloebis, gadidebuli sekundis gamoyeneba, specifikuri melizmatika, cxvirSi mRera, vibrato da a.S.).

lazeTSi gavrcelebulia salamuris tipis sakravi, lazurad - pilili. sxva sakravebidan lazebi xmarobdnen buzikas (mTiuleTSic ase eZaxian garmons), Wibons (Tulums) da davls (dols). kidev scodniaT gogris Rerosgan damzadebuli eniani sakravi `kavali~. dasaxelebul sakravTagan zogierTi gavrcelebulia mesxeTSic, rac istoriul warsulSi maT SesaZlo saerTo warmomavlobas mianiSnebs. qarTuli qalaquri xalxuri musika

qarTuli qalaquri musikaluri Semoqmedeba erovnuli musikaluri folkloris mniSvnelovani nawilia. mxatvrulad damoukidebeli es plasti sxvadasxva kulturuli tradiciis sinTezis Sedegad aRmocenda da XX saukunemde ZiriTadad or ganStoebad moaRwia _ aRmosavluri, ZiriTadad erTxmiani qalaquri folklori da dasavluri mravalxmiani qalaquri folklori.

aRmosavluri hangebis saqarTveloSi SemoWras XVI-XVII saukuneebs ukavSireben. qalaquri folkloris aRmosavluri Sto

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sxvagvarad aSuRur xelovnebad iwodeba. igi saqarTvelos dedaqalaqsa da calkeul regionebSi – samcxe-javaxeTSi, qarTl-kaxeTSi – mahmadianTa Camosaxlebis Sedegad damkvidrda. aSuRuri xelovnebis farTo gavrceleba dakavSirebulia XVIII saukuneSi mefe erekles karze moRvawe mgosnebis – poetebisa da musikosebis – saiaTnovasa da besikis saxelebTan. saiaTnovam, warmoSobiT somexma, TiTqmis mTeli cxovreba saqarTveloSi gaatara, leqsebs sam – qarTul, somxur da azerbaijanul enebze werda da, rogorc TviTon ambobda, “sparsul hangze” amRerebda. besiks, qarTvel poets, amave dros sazze da Tarze SesaniSnav damkvrels, qarTul poeziaSi aRmosavluri poeziisaTvis tipuri formebi – baiaTi da muxambazi Semoaqvs, romelTac fexi moikides XIX saukunis TbilisSi da e.w. “tfilisur musikalur folklors” daudes saTave. aSuRuri xelovneba sinkretul xasiaTs atarebda, radgan masSi organulad erwymoda musikis, poeziis, Teatris elementebi. aSuRebi – poetisa da musikosis niWiTa da improvizaciis unariT dajildoebuli adamianebi iyvnen, romelTac gamorCeuli adgili ekavaT Tbilisis musikalur-kulturul cxovrebaSi. sazogadoebaSi udidesi popularobiT sargeblobdnen aSuRebi saTara, saginaSvili, SamCi-melqo, evangula, Wipr-dalaqiSvili, hazira, ieTim gurji da sxv. maT SemoqmedebaSi wamyvania lirikul-intimuri, saxotbo, patriotuli da socialuri Tematika. Tbilisuri folkloris Yyvelaze popularuli nimuSebia: “axal aRnago sulo” ( igi saqarTveloSi mogzaurobis dros moismina al.puSkinma da misi STabeWdilebiT Seqmna leqsi « Не пой красавица, при мне», romelzec glinkam Tavisi cnobili romansi “Грузинская песня” dawera), “muxambazi”, ä”ax, mTvarev”, “patara biWi”, “avar-avar”, “kekeljan”, “Senda Seyramdis” da sxv. qarTuli qalaquri erTxmiani simRerebi mkafiod gamoxatul aRmosavlur elfers atareben. maT axasiaTebT sayrdeni bgerebis SemomRereba melizmaturi xveulebiT, harmoniuli maJorisa da minoris zeda daRmavali tetraqordi gadidebuli sekundiT, metris cvalebadoba da sxv (mag.#66).

qalaquri folkloris es nakadi farTod gamoiyeneboda qarTuli musikis klasikosebis mier, gansakuTrebiT saromanso Semoqmedebasa da operebis lirikul epizodebSi.

dasavluri yaidis qarTuli qalaquri mravalxmiani folklori ufro gviandeli movlenaa da saqarTveloSi XIX saukunis II naxevarSi gavrcelda. misi Camoyalibeba ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia 1851 wlidan TbilisSi italiuri saopero dasis moRvaweobasTan. neapoluri simRerebis, italiuri saopero ariebis, rusuli sayofacxovrebo romansis, studenturi simRerebisa da qarTuli tradiciuli mravalxmiani azrovnebis Taviseburebebis sinTezma warmoSva sruliad axali tipis, maJorul-minorul funqcionalobaze damyarebuli mravalxmianoba. es simRerebi sruldeba ZiriTadad or an sam xmaze gitaris TanxlebiT. erovnul kolorits intonaciur wyobasTan erTad specifikuri glosolaliebi aZliereben. am Stos qalaquri mravalxmiani simRerebis didi nawili mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli qarTul poeziasTan. igi gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo imereTSi, qalaqebSi quTaissa da zestafonSi. misi yvelaze popularuli nimuSebia: “cicinaTela”, “aRmarT-aRmarT”, “sanTeliviT davdnebi”

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(akaki), “morbis aragvi” (baraTaSvili), “mesmis-mesmis”(ilia) da sxv (mag.#67). mravalxmianma qalaqurma simReram Tavis mxriv, XX saukunis 40-ani wlebidan gavlena moaxdina qarTuli profesiuli musikis lirikul bunebaze.

samusiko folkloristika da misi momijnave dargebi

samecniero disciplina folkloristika, anu, rogorc mas dRes uwodeben, eTnomusikismcodneoba (ethnomusicology) mowodebulia Seagrovos, daafiqsiros da mecnierulad Seiswavlos xalxuri nawarmoebebi. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, sityva `folklori~ samecniero literaturaSi ingliselma uiliam tomsma daamkvidra. Tumca es termini xSirad gansxvavebulad gaigeba. sabWoTa kavSirSi da am qveynis samecniero wreebis gavleniT _ aRmosavleT evropis mraval qveyanaSi “folklori” gulisxmobda mxolod xalxis aramaterialur mxatvrul Semoqmedebas: xalxur zepirsityvierebas, cekvas, musikas. dasavleT evropaSi, amerikis SeerTebul Statebsa da sxva qveynebSi termini “foklori” yovelTvis ufro tevadi cneba iyo da moicavda yovelive imas, rac ki xalxSi Taobidan Taobas zepiri gziT gadaecemoda. magaliTad _ mosalodneli amindis ganWvreta, saWmlis momzadebis wesebi, xalxuri rwmena-warmodgenebi, xalxuri medicina da sxva, anu yvelaferi is, rac sabWoTa mecnieruli skolis mier eTnografiis sakvlev ares ganekuTvneboda. SemTxveviTi arc isaa, rom mecnierebis dargi, romelsac sabWoeTis epoqaSi `samusiko fokloristikas~ vuwodebdiT, ucxoeTis umetes qveyanaSi (bolo xanebSi ki CvenTanac) `eTnomusikismcodneobad~, xolo zogjer `samusiko eTnografiad~ iwodeba. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom termini `samusiko folkloristika~ CvenSi dResac ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobas da xSirad gamoiyeneba, radgan saqarTveloSi Tavad musikaluri folklori miiCneva erovnuli tradiciuli kulturis umniSvnelovanes sferod. mecnieruli problemebis gadaWra sul ufro xSirad moiTxovs sxvadasxva dargis mkvlevarTa erToblivi samecniero proeqtebis ganxorcielebas. albaT, ar arsebobs arcerTi mecnieruli disciplina, sxva dargebis monacemebs rom ar iyenebdes. interdisciplinuri midgoma Tanamedrove samecniero kvlevis erT-erTi mTavari meTodologiuri safuZvelia. sxvebTan erTad eTnomusikismcodneebic sul ufro xSirad iyeneben statistikis, fizikis, biologiis, neirobiologiis, sxva disciplinaTa monacemebs. magram gansakuTrebiT mWidroa kavSiri e.w. momijnave, humanitarul mecnierebebTan, romlebTanac musikalur folklors yvelaze meti Sexeba aqvs. aseTTa Soris, pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT eTnografia, zepirsityvieri fokloristika, istoria, anTropologia, arqeologia, enaTmecniereba, xelovnebis istoria, musikis Teoria da istoria.

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am disciplinaTagan eTnomusikismcodneobasTan yvelaze axlos dgas eTnografia, upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom musikaluri folkloris nebismieri nimuSi ganuyofladaa dakavSirebuli xalxis yofasTan, mis sameurneo saqmianobasa Tu wes-CveulebebTan, rwmena-warmodgenebTan, rasac swored eTnografia Seiswavlis. ama Tu im simReris Tu sakravieri nimuSis (maT Soris, sacekvao musikis) ganxilva da sworad gageba misi Sesatyvisi eTnografiuli garemos gauTvaliswineblad umeteswilad SeuZlebeli xdeba. magaliTad, CvenTvis auxsneli darCeboda simRera `iavnanas~ Sesrulebis Taviseburebebi da musikaluri wyobis warmoSobis mizezebi, rom ara misi cxovrebiseuli daniSnuleba, batonebis (saxadis) kultTan misi mimarTeba. aseve, mxolod eTnografiuli monacemebi, kerZod ki Tibvaze motirali qalebis mowvevisa da maTi micvalebulebis sulebTan `gasaubrebis~ wesi gvixsnis, ratom aris agebuli erTsa da imave musikalur masalaze datirebebi da mTibluri simRerebi. xalxuri simRera ZiriTadad musikaluri da sityvieri (umeteswilad _ poeturi) teqstebis erTobliobas warmoadgens; am ukanasknelT ki zepirsityvierebis Semswavleli mecniereba Ffokloristika Seiswavlis. aqedan gamomdinare, ama Tu im simReris Tu simReraTa jgufis analizisas, xSirad aucilebeli xdeba zepirsityvieri fokloristikis monacemebis gaTvaliswineba.

zogjer erT kuTxeSi sxva kuTxis simRera sruldeba, magram igi imdenadaa saxeSecvlili, rom martooden musikaluri masalis safuZvelze misi warmoSobis zustad dadgena Zneldeba. aseT dros WeSmaritebis dadgenaSi zepirsityvieri folkloristika gvexmareba, kerZod _ poeturi zepirsityvierebis mkvlevarTa mier moZiebuli simReris sityvieri teqstis paraleluri variantebis Sedareba. magaliTad, ase dadginda leCxumSi Cawerili `alifaSas~ da `xasanbeguras~ gurul-aWaruli warmomavloba. rogorc viciT, xalxuri simRera sinkretuli movlenaa da xSirad mas plastikuri qmedeba, ufro xSirad _ ferxuli, cekva axlavs. am SemTxvevaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia qoreologiis (qoreografiis Semswavleli mecniereba) monacemebi.

Zalian xSirad xalxuri simRerebi, glosolaliebs, gaugebar verbalur_sityvier masalas Seicavs. am movlenis SeswavlaSi enaTmecniereba gvexmareba. mraval saweso, saferxulo simReraSi gvxvdeba gaugebari sityvebi `vorirama~, `Carirama~, `harerama~. zogierTi maTgani simReris saxelwodebasac warmoadgens. uZveles indur religiaSi, induizmSi, romlis erT-erT Stos dRes kriSnaizmi warmoadgens, vxvdebiT magiur sityva-formulas: `hare rama~. enaTmecnierebma daadgines, rom 5-6 aTasi wlis win qarTveluri da indoevropul enebze molaparake tomebi gverdigverd saxlobdnen. am monacemis safuZvelze Cven saSualeba gveZleva, davaskvnaT, rom es sityva-formula, `hare rama~ (da, iqneb, Sesabamisi melodiuri formulebic), saerTo iyo am mezobeli tomebisaTvis; igi, rogorc Cans, pirveladi saxiT Semoinaxa kriSnaizmma da, agreTve, qarTuli xalxuri musikis aWarul-SavSurma dialeqtma. sxva qarTul dialeqtebSi ki man fonetikuri saxe-sxvaoba ganicada. asea Tu ise, enaTmecniereba

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dagvexmara simReris teqstis erTi mniSvnelovani elementis warmoSobis garkvevasa da misi sakraluri xasiaTis dadgenaSi. igive iTqmis Cvens xalxur simRerebSi Zalze xSirad gamoyenebul `araleze~. lingvistTa naSromebis mixedviT, es nayofierebis uZvelesi urartuli RvTaebis saxelia. `Tari arale~ niSnavs `Zliero (an ufalo) arale~, `ivri arale~ _ `meufeo arale~, xolo `ari arale~ _ `mogvec arale~. es cnobebi adasturebs mkvlevarTa varauds, rom msgavsi sityva-formulebis Semcveli simRerebi sakraluri xasiaTisaa, anda amgvari simRerebisganaa amozrdili (magaliTad, `urmuli~, `guTnuri~), maTi warmoSoba ki im Soreul xanas ganekuTvneba, rodesac qarTveluri tomebi urartus politikur gaerTianebaSi Sediodnen. eTnomusikismcodneTa did interess iwvevs arqeologiis siaxleebi, radgan am dargis nebismierma aRmoCenam SeiZleba gaamdidros maTi codna xalxuri, metadre _ sakravieri musikis Sesaxeb, daadginos ama Tu im sakravis adreuli saxe da miaxloebiTi asaki, rogorc es, magaliTad, samTavroSi napovni ueno salamuris SemTxvevaSi moxda. rogorc aRvniSneT, eTnomusikismcodneoba Zalian mWidro kavSirSia xelovnebis istoriasTan, gansakuTrebiT ki – musikis Teoriasa da istoriasTan. es bunebrivicaa, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom xelovnebis istoria Tavad Seicavs eTnomusikismcodneobis sakiTxebs. ase, magaliTad, sveticxovlis taZris samxreTi kedlis moxatuloba, erTi mxriv, xelovnebis nimuSia, xolo, meore mxriv, masze gamosaxuli mesakraveebiT Tu moferxuleebiT igi SeiZleba istoriul sabuTad gamodges eTnomusikismcodneebisaTvis. aseve, xalxuri musikaluri Semoqmedebis nimuSebi, romlebic bunebrivia, samusiko folkloristikis Seswavlis sagans warmoadgens, xSir SemTxvevaSi musikis Teoriis an istoriis obieqtadac iqceva xolme. magaliTad, kilos Camoyalibeba, mravalxmianobis Casaxva an erovnuli musikaluri kulturebis istoriis sakiTxebi, eTnomusikismcodneobis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe ver gadaiWreba. Tavis mxriv, eTnomusikismcodneoba Teoriuli da istoriuli musikismcodneobis samecniero monapovrebiT sargeblobs.

qarTuli saeklesio musika da xalxuri simRera qarTuli saeklesio sagalobeli, qarTuli xalxuri simReris

msgavsad, qarTveli eris uZvirfasesi kulturuli memkvidreobaa, romelic msoflios kulturuli saganZuris SesaniSnav nawils warmoadgens. Tavisi mravalxmiani wyobiT da kilo-harmoniuli TaviseburebebiT mas analogi ar moeZebneba marTlmadidebluri qris-tianuli saeklesio galobis sxva istoriul tradiciaTa Soris. sazogadod qristianuli saeklesio galoba profesiuli musikaluri kulturis sferos ganekuTvneba _ igi iqmneba da fiqsirdeba profesionali musikosebis _ himnografebis, melurgebis mier. adreul SuasaukuneebSi ase iqmneboda qarTuli saeklesio sagalobelic, romelmac ganviTarebis metad rTuli gza ganvlo.

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qarTuli qristianuli galobis istoria iwyeba saqarTvelos gaqristianebidan, im periodidan, rodesac qarTul qristianul regularul RvTismsaxurebas Caeyara safuZveli. savaraudod, galobis pirvandeli saxe berZnul-winaaziuris analogiuri unda yofiliyo, magram mcire drois ganmavlobaSi (paralelurad berZnuli saxarebis da saRvTismsaxuro sxva teqstebis qarTulad Targmnisa), igi, rogorc teqstobrivad, ise musikalurad, TandaTan qarTulad unda `Targmniliyo~, anu qarTuli musikaluri azrovnebis yaidaze unda mowyobiliyo.

amgvari procesi unda igulisxmebodes istoriul cnobaSi, romlis Tanaxmad saba ganwmedilis lavraSi (ierusalimTan) VI saukunis dasawyisSi qarTvel ber-monazonTa mier wirva-locva qarTulad aRevleneboda. am mxriv, aseve sainteresoa Zveli qarTuli liturgikul-himnografiuli (saRvTismsaxuro-sasuliero teqstebis Semcveli) krebulebi, romlebic miekuTvneba saqarTvelosa da mis farglebs gareT adrebizantiuri periodis (VI_VII), sabawminduri (VIII_IX), tao-klarjeTis (IX__X), aTonis mTis (XI-dan) da a.S. qarTuli samonastro skolebis moRvaweobis xanas.

qarTul ZeglSi `ierusalimis leqcionari VII saukunisa~ asaxulia qarTuli galobis `xmaTA mimogdebiT~ Sesruleba, rac antifonuri Sesrulebis tradiciis maCvenebelia.

Zvel qarTul sagalobelTaAkrebulebidan aRsaniSnavia: Wil-etratis (Wilze anu papirusze dawerili) iadgari _ IX saukuneSi wmidanebisadmi miZRvnil sagalobelTa krebuli; `sagalobelni iadgari~ _ X saukuneSi sabawmindis monasterSi Sekrebili (Semdgeneli giorgi sabawmindel-sineli, gadamweri _ ioane-zosime); iordanes ZlispirTa krebuli, pirveli nevmirebuli _ samusiko niSnebiT _ nevmebiT aRWurvili krebuli (X saukunisa); miqael modrekilis mier Sedgenili `saweliwdo iadgari~, romelSic berZnulidan naTargmn sagaloblebTan erTad, qarTvel himnografTa _ ioane mtbevaris, ioane minCxis, stefane sananoisZe-Wyondidelis, ezras, ioane qonqozisZis, giorgi merCules, basilis, kurdanais, TviT miqael modrekilis da zogierTi sxva anonimi avtoris _ originaluri qarTuli sagaloblebia moTavsebuli (X saukunis me-2 naxevari). maqael modrekilis ï”iadgari” aRkazmulia samusiko niSnebiT, nevmebiT, rac mowmobs, rom qarTvelebs am droisaTvis originaluri nevmuri samusiko damwerloba hqondaT.

IX_X saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ukve arsebobda samgaloblo xelovnebis swavlebis praqtika, rasac `xmiTAsaswavlel swavlas~, an `sulieri Sesxmis moZRvrebas~ eZaxdnen. Tavad sagaloblis sityvieri teqstis hangze gawyobis xelovneba ki `dasdeblis mecnierebad~ iwodeboda, xolo vinc am xelovnebas flobda `mexelebad~ moixseniebian (berZnuli sityvidan “ixos” _ xma), originaluri kiloebis SemTxzvelebs `xelovanT mTavrebi~ erqvaT.

XI saukunes ganekuTvneba giorgi mTawmindelis `TTveni~ _ wmindanTa da dResaswaulTa yoveldRiuri aRniSnvisaTvis gankuTvnili sagaloblebis krebuli Tormet wignad. gacilebiT gviani periodisaa e. w. `fitareTis krebuli~ (XVII_XVIII s.) _ romelSic sagaloblebis nevmebiT aRniSnvis tradicia ukve Canacvlebulia `WrelebiT~

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(melodia-modelebi, romelTac musikaluri frazebis – muxlebis zepirad daxsomeba-gaxsenebis funqcia ekisreboda) aRniSnvis wesiT.

saqarTvelos rTulma istoriulma xvedrma qarTuli sagalobeli – Zveli saeklesio profesiuli musikis Janri _ TandaTan tradiciul saero (zepir) musikalur Semoqmedebas dauaxlova, roca galobis nevmuri da verbaluri Caweris tradicia TandaTan Sesustda da TiTqmis daikarga XIX saukuneSi – saqarTvelos mier saxelmwifoebriobis yvela atributisa da avtokefaliis dakargvis Semdeg, qarTulma saeklesio sagalobelma saero simRerasTan erTad ojaxebSi daido bina da xalxuri momReral-mgaloblebi – profesional RvTismsaxur-mgalobelTa sagvareulobebTan erTad inaxavdnen simRera-galobis tradicias.

amis wyalobiT, qarTulma galobam XIX-XX saukunis mijnamde faqtobrivad im saxiT moaRwia, ra saxiTac igi wina saukuneebSi sruldeboda `srul mgalobelTa~ (galobis srulyofilad mcodne profesionalTa) mier. sabednierod, verc rusuli eklesiisa da verc rusi egzarxosebis mcdelobam qarTuli tradiciuli galoba bolomde ver gandevna saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri taZrebidan. maTSi rusuli galobis danergvas win aRudga qarTvel saeklesio da saero moRvaweTa jgufi _ ilia WavWavaZe, episkoposebi gabriel qiqoZe, aleqsandre oqropiriZe, kirion saZagliSvili, romelTa TaosnobiTac Seiqmna `qarTuli saeklesio galobis aRmadginebeli komiteti~. am ukanasknelis davalebiT moxda qarTuli galobis dasavluri da aRmosavluri Stos aTasobiT nimuSis evropul sanoto sistemaze gadaReba. Cvenamde moaRwia am kritikul periodSi qarTuli galobis didi moamageebis: filimon qoriZis, raJden xundaZis, Zmebi karbelaSvilebis mier Cawerilma da eqvTime kereseliZis mier tipikonze gawyobilma da gadawerilma aTasobiT sagalobelma, romlebic sruli mgaloblebis: anton dumbaZis, melqisedek nakaSiZis, ivliane wereTelis, dimitri WalaganiZis, raJden xundaZis, vasil da polievqtos karbelaSvilebis da sxvaTa mier gadmoica. qarTl-kaxuri galobis Caweris saqmeSi didi wvlili miuZRvis 1880-an wlebSi saqarTveloSi moRvawe rus kompozitors m. ipolitov-ivanovs, romelmac am komitetis davalebiT vasil karbelaSvilisagan “ioane oqropiris wirvis wesi” Cawera. pirveli qarTuli samgaloblo krebulebic XIX-XX saukuneTaA mijnaze gamoica.

am gamocemebsa da xelnawerebTan erTad qarTuli sasuliero samusiko kulturis did ganZs Seadgens sagalobelTa 1940-ani da 1960-ani wlebis unikaluri fonoCanaweri, romelmac zemoCamoTvlil mgalobelTa moswavleebis – varlam simoniSvilis, artem erqomaiSvilis, dimitri pataravasa da sxv. galoba Semogvinaxa.

XX saukuneSi, saqarTvelos gasabWoebis – 1921 wlis Semdeg, gansakuTrebiT mZime mdgomareobaSi aRmoCnda qarTuli ( da ara marto qarTuli) eklesia, roca xelisuflebam ideologiuri mosazrebebiT sastiki brZola gamoucxada rwmenas. miuxedavad amisa, 1960-ani wlebidan SesaZlebeli gaxda qarTuli sagaloblebis Sesruleba “qoralis” saxelwodebiT. folklorulma ansamblma “gordelam” sakoncerto estradaze pirvelad Seasrula dasavluri kilos

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sagaloblebi, 1970-an wlebSi ki ansambl “rusTavis” mier Caweril gramfirfitebze aseTive saxelwodebiT qarTl-kaxuri kilos sagaloblebic gaCnda. qarTul eklesiaSi tradiciuli saeklesio galobisadmi mibruneba XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi Tbilisis anCisxatis taZris gundis (regenti _ malxaz erqvaniZe) damsaxurebaa. dResdReobiT qarTuli tradiciuli galoba saqarTvelos yvela moqmed taZarSi ismis.

qarTuli galoba dRemde sxvadasxva samgaloblo skolis mier gadmocemuli nimuSebiTaa moRweuli. stilis mixedviT gamoiyofa dasavluri _ imerul-guruli da aRmosavluri _ qarTl-kaxuri Sto. dasavlur Stos, Tavis mxriv, warmoadgens gelaTisa da martvilis skola da Semoqmedis skola, xolo aRmosavleTisas _ `karbelaanT kilo~ (sveticxovlis skola).

qarTuli galobis nimuSebi warmodgenilia rogorc `sada~, ise `gamSvenebuli~ (ganviTarebuli-garTulebuli variantebis) saxiT. gelaTis skolis sagaloblebi moRweulia rogorc sada (`namdvili kilo~, `sabavSvo kilo~) (mag.#68), ise gamSvenebuli versiiTac (mag.#69), Semoqmedis skolis sagaloblebi, romelTac xSirad `dumbaZis kilosac~ uwodeben, ZiriTadad gamSvenebul variantebs warmoadgenen (mag.#70). rac Seexeba `karbelaanT kilos~, misi didi umravlesoba gamSvenebuli saxiTaa warmodgenili (mag.#71), Tumca SemorCenilia wirvisa da Sobis sagaloblebis sada variantebi (mag.#72).

qarTuli dasavluri da aRmosavluri Stos sagaloblebi aSkarad erT saerTo Zirs miekuTvnebian. gansakuTrebiT did stilur siaxloves amJRavneben erTmaneTTan sada kilos nimuSebi. rac Seexeba gamSvenebul kilos, am mxriv or Stos Soris gansxvaveba ZiriTadad xmebis sxvadasxva datvirTviTaa gamoxatuli. `karbelaanT kiloSi~ yvelaze moZravi meore _ Sua xmaa, xolo kidura xmebSi bani moZraobis mxriv pirvels odnav Camouvardeba, ZiriTadad ki mis paralelurad (oqtavis an kvintis diapazonSi) moZraobs. dasavlur kiloebSi (gansakuTrebiT _ Semoqmedis skolisaSi) TiTqmis yvela xma Tanabrad intensiuria da ufro did diapazons moicavs, ris gamoc xSiria xmebis gadajvaredineba (ZiriTadad _ I da II xmisa). mTlianad qarTul galobaSi, gansxvavebiT qarTuli simRerisagan (romelSic wamyvani ufro xSirad Sua xmaa), wamyvani pirveli _ zeda xmaa. swored mas mihyavs kanonikuri melodia _ melodiuri modeli, romelic sagaloblis yvelaze ucvleli elementia.

unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli galoba erTgulia qristianul-marTlmadidebluri galobis kanonikuri `rva-xma sistemisa~, anu igi eyrdnoba wminda ioane damaskelis mier jer kidev VIII saukuneSi mowesrigebul rva saxis melodiur models, romlebic taZris RvTismsaxurebaSi monacvleoben _ TiToeuli JRers erTi kviris ganmavlobaSi.

sainteresoa qarTuli xalxuri simRerisa da saeklesio galobis stiluri urTierTmimarTebis sakiTxi. eWvgareSea, rom maT saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi erTmaneTze ganuwyveteli zegavlena unda moexdinaT. miuxedavad amisa, qarTuli galoba qarTuli simRerisagan stilurad mainc mkafiod gansxvavdeba. amis ZiriTadi mizezi Tavad saeklesio

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sagaloblis buneba-daniSnulebaSi Zevs _ misTvis, rogorc locvis TanmdevisaTvis, ucxoa mkafio, xazgasmuli ritmi, reliefurad CamonakvTuli melodia, melodiuri naxtomebi da Tundac mcire formaTa regularuli ganmeorebebi, anu _ is niSan-Tvisebebi, romlebic miwier, droiT kategoriebze miuTiTebs. sagaloblisaTvis, rogorc sulieri (aramaterialuri) samyaros amsaxveli xelovnebisTvis, Sesabamisi mxatvruli xerxebia SerCeuli _ mdore unaxtomo melodia, neitraluri, dinji ritmi, rac zedroulobis efeqts qmnis.

qarTuli sagaloblis mravalxmianobis formebi aseve gansxvavdeba qarTuli simReris analogiuri maxasiaTeblisagan. formaTa mravalferovneba, romelic simReris mravalxmianobisTvisaa niSandoblivi, sagaloblisaTvis ucxoa. AukanasknelSi vxvdebiT paraleluri xmaTasvlidan amozrdil kompleqsur mravalxmianobas, anu _ paralelur-kompleqsur gardamaval formas.

miuxedavad mniSvnelovani gansxvavebisa, qarTuli simRera da galoba erTiani erovnuli musikaluri cnobierebis nayofia. am erTobis mkafio gamovlinebaa msgavsi sakadanso formulebi, calkeuli melodiuri saqcevebi, frazis sawyisi poziciis harmoniuli vertikalebi, zogierTi modulaciuri svla, agreTve Sesrulebis forma _ zeda ori xma solistebi (gansakuTrebiT _ dasavlur gamSvenebul kiloSi) da gunduri bani.

qarTuli xalxuri musikis Seswavlis istoria

qarTuli xalxuri Semoqmedebisadmi interesis gaRviveba me-19

saukuneSi, `TergdaleulTa~ moRvaweobasTanaa dakavSirebuli. ilia WavWavaZe, akaki wereTeli, vaJa-fSavela, giorgi wereTeli, niko nikolaZe, Tedo razikaSvili, petre umikaSvili, aleqsandre xaxanaSvili gamorCeul yuradRebas miapyroben xalxuri Semoqmedebas. XIX saukunis I naxevarSi yalibdeba qarTvelTa Soris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli, saistorio, eTnografiuli sazogadoebebi.

qarTvelTa mier sakuTari xalxuri samusiko Semoqmedebis seriozul kvlevasac safuZveli XIX saukuneSi eyreba. am dros, saqarTveloSi SedarebiTi mSvidobis damyarebis Jams, farTo asparezi eqmneba qarTvel mecnierTa Tu xelovanTa intensiur moRvaweobas. manamde arsebuli wyaroebidan ki calkeuli fragmentuli dakvirvebebi da aRwerilobebia SemorCenili.

1899 wels, peterburgSi, `rusul musikalur gazeTSi~ gamoqveynda meliton balanCivaZis werili `qarTuli xalxuri saero simReris Sesaxeb~. es werili erTgvar biZgad iqca qarTuli xalxuri simReris mecnieruli kvlevis saqmeSi. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom man didi zegavlena moaxdina cnobili qarTveli kompozitorisa da musikismcodne-fokloristis d. arayiSvilis naSromebze. sul raRac rva gverdze balanCivaZe axerxebs, moicvas qarTuli xalxuri musikis mravali sakiTxi, rogoricaa terminologiis (xmaTa saxelebis, maTi funqciebis),

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Janrebis, dialeqtebis, mravalxmianobis Camoyalibebis, sakravebisa da qarTul xalxur musikaSi maTi rolis, galobisa da simReris Seswavlis, sxva musikalur kulturebTan urTierTSexebis sakiTxebi. am werilSi kritikuli SeniSvnebicaa gamoTqmuli. kerZod, ipolitov-ivanovis werilis mimarT da Caikovskis balet `maknatunaSi~ qarTuli xalxuri simReris `iavnanas~ gamoyenebis gamo.

XIX saukunis bolosa da XX saukunis dasawyisSi qarTuli xalxuri musikis Sesaxeb presaSi momravlebul publikaciaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia ia kargareTelis statiebi.

tradiciuli qarTuli musikis SeswavlaSi sruliad axali etapi iwyeba dimitri arayiSvilis samecniero da SemkreblobiTi moRvaweobiT. mis mier 500-ze meti sxvadasxva dialeqtis qarTuli simReraa Cawerili da gaSifruli. d. arayiSvili Tanabar yuradRebas aqcevda rogorc rTul, ise martiv, sada nimuSebs. igi samarTlianad iTvleba qarTuli samusiko fokloristikis, rogorc mecnierebis, fuZemdeblad. amis Tqmis safuZvels misi samecniero naSromebis raodenoba, mravalmxrivoba da mecnieruli done iZleva.

friad nayofieri iyo didi qarTveli kompozitoris zaqaria faliaSvilis samusiko-folkloristuli moRvaweoba. man, dimitri arayiSvilTan erTad, pirvelad gamoiyena fonografi simRerebis notebze gadasatanad. calke aRniSvnis Rirsia cnobili qarTveli istorikosis akademikos ivane javaxiSvilis wvlili qarTuli xalxuri musikis kvlevis sferoSi. misi wigniT `qarTuli musikis istoriis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi~ (1938) man istoriul musikismcodneobas Cauyara safuZveli.

qarTuli xalxuri musikis Semdegi Taobis mkvlevarTagan unda gamovarCioT grigol CxikvaZe da Salva aslaniSvili, SemdgomSi _ oTar CijavaZe, mindia Jordania, kaxi rosebaSvili, kukuri (evsevi) WoxoneliZe, mogvianebiT ediSer garayaniZe.

qarTuli musika ucxoel mecnierTa sistematuri kvlevis sagani ukve XIX saukunis II naxevridan xdeba. am kvlevis pirvel seriozul cdas warmoadgens rusi kompozitoris mixeil ipolitov-ivanovis mier 1895 wels Jurnal `artistSi~ gamoqveynebuli statia `qarTuli xalxuri musika da misi Tanamedrove mdgomareoba~. am gamokvlevas mravali xarvezi axlavs (upirveles yovlisa, _ qarTuli qalaquri musikis kanonzomierebebis glexurze ganzogadeba, ama Tu im stilis warmomavlobis arasworad dadgena da sxva), da amJamad mxolod istoriuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia. qarTuli musikis Seswavlas cdilobdnen agreTve arsen koreSCenko, qristefore grozdovi, mixeil klenovski da sxv.

I msoflio omis (1914-1918) periodSi, qarTvel tyveTagan Cawerili simRerebis safuZvelze, saintereso naSromebi aqvs gamoqveynebuli avstriel mecniers robert laxs. erTis mainc dasaxeleba seriozul samecniero naSroms warmoadgens germaneli zigfrid nadelis wigni `qarTuli simRerebi~, (1933) romelSic avtori SeZlebisdagvarad dawvrilebiT ganixilavs qarTuli xalxuri simReris, misi Semsruleblobis kanonzomierebebs. igi eyrdnoba rogorc qarTvel tyveTagan Caweril nimuSebs, aseve qarTvel avtorTa samecniero

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naSromebsa da krebulebs. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba nadelma mravalxmianobis sakiTxs dauTmo. uaRresad faseulia misi dakvirveba qarTul samxmian simRerebSi maRal xmasa da bans Soris oqtavur gaormagebaze. igi, arsebiTad, pirvelia, vinc aRmoaCina qarTuli orxmiani simRerebis maRali banis meSveobiT gasamxmianebis gza. sainteresoa, rom zifrid nadeli gamoTqvams Tamam varauds (naklebad dadasturebuls) dasavleTevropul profesiul musikaSi mravalxmianobis saqarTvelodan gavrcelebis Sesaxeb.

amave 1933 wels gamoqveynda viqtor beliaevis statia `saqarTvelos xalxuri musika~ inglisur enaze. SemdgomSi am avtorma gaaRrmava qarTuli musikis kvleva da rusul enaze ori saintereso naSromi gamoaqveyna: 1936 wels _ qarTuli samusiko sakravebis Sesaxeb da 1963 wels _ zogadad qarTuli musikis Sesaxeb. saTauri!

1936 wels steSenko-kuftina aqveynebs naSroms saTauri! qarTuli mravalReriani salamuris (larWemisa da soinaris) Sesaxeb. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom esaa metad seriozuli, Rrma gamokvleva qarTuli sakravieri musikis Sesaxeb.

garkveuli mniSvnelobis mqonea frangi mecnieris ivet grimos naSromebi _ gansakuTrebiT im garemoebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom igi pirveli ucxoeli iyo, romelmac orjer imogzaura saqarTveloSi xalxuri simRerebis Caweris mizniT. aRsaniSnavia agreTve cnobili mecnieris ernst emshaimeris gamokvlevebi qarTuli musikis Sesaxeb, romelTagan mxolod mcire nawilia gamoqveynebuli. dasaxeldes TiTo mniSvnelovani naSromi.

ucxoelTa mier qarTuli musikaluri folkloris mecnieruli Seswavlis axali etapi iwyeba 1980-iani wlebidan da dRemde sakmaod intensiurad mimdinareobs, rasac xels uwyobs bolo wlebSi gaRrmavebuli samecniero kavSirebi qarTvel da ucxoel eTnomusikologTa Soris.

aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTuli xalxuri musika bolo wlebSi popularuli xdeba ucxoel musikos-SemsrulebelTa da moyvarulTa Soris. Cveni qveynis farglebs gareT Seqmnilia mravali ansambli, romlebic mxolod, an umeteswilad, qarTul simRerebs asruleben.

qarTuli xalxuri musikis Canawerebi

qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis Cawera cxraasian wlebSi daiwyo. 1901 wlidan xalxur simRerebs (da nawilobriv, _ saeklesio sagaloblebsa da qalaqur simRerebs) fonografiis meSveobiT iwers d. arayiSvili, cota mogvianebiT ki - zaqaria faliaSvilic. samwuxarod, ramdenime aseuli nimuSis Semcveli es Canawerebi dakargulia da Cven maTze msjelobis saSualeba ar gvaqvs. am audioCanawerTagan nawili arayiSvilsa da faliaSvils notebze aqvT gadatanili.

1910 (?) wels qarTuli simRerebi fonografze Caiwera im dros Cvens qveyanaSi myofma germanelma mecnierma adolf dirma. es Canawerebi, marTalia, sainteresoa (maTi nawili mogvianebiT gamoiyena marius Snaiderma Tavis wignSi ~mravalxmianobis istoria~), magram nakleb

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ndobas imsaxurebs. xSir SemTxvevaSi saTuoc kia, rom isini namdvilad qarTulia.

samagierod, sruliad SeuZlebelia raime eWvis Setana georg Sunemanis mier 19...?? wels pirvel msoflio omSi datyvevebul qarTvelTagan Caweril simRerebSi, romlebic, iseve rogorc a. diris Canawerebi, germaniaSi inaxeba. tyveTagan Cawerili nimuSebi gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa, radgan isini sruldeba ara momReralTa stabiluri, SemRerebuli jgufis, aramed konkretuli garemoebis Sedegad SemTxveviT Seyrili adamianebis mier. aseTi Sesruleba TiTqmis avTentikuri Sesrulebis tolfasia. ~TiTqmis~ imitom, rom zogierT SemTxvevaSi, saqarTvelos erTi kuTxis simReris SesrulebaSi sxva kuTxeebis warmomadgenlebi monawileoben im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom tyveTa Soris yvela kuTxis warmomadgenlebi ar iyvnen. saerTod ki unda iTqvas, rom Sesrulebis done am CanawerebSi sakmaod maRalia.

XX saukunis 20-iani wlebidan simRerebis fonografze Cawera daiwyo kompozitorma Salva mSveliZem. am mizniT man saqarTvelos mraval kuTxeSi imogzaura da didZali masala Sekriba. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mSveliZis fonogramuli arqivi yvelaze mdidari da sainteresoa qarTuli xalxuri musikis Canawerebis Semcvel fonogramul arqivTa Soris.

daaxloebiT amave periodSi Seudga SemkreblobiT muSaobas Salva aslaniSvili. mis mier fonografze Cawerilia raWuli simRerebi. XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis CaTvliT fonografzeve iweren simRerebs grigol CxikvaZe, Semdeg _ Tamar mamalaZe, vladimer axobaZe, agreTve zogierTi sxva mecnieri, maT Soris _ aramusikosebic, romlebisTvisac musikaluri Canawerebi damxmare masalas warmoadgenda. mTeli es Canawerebi cvilis lilvakebis saxiT dRes sxvadasxva arqivsa da koleqciaSia gafantuli.

30-ian wlebSi peterburgSi, evgeni gipiusisa da ernst emshaimeris iniciativiT, fonografis lilvakebze aRibeWda im dros iq myofi qarTveli momRerlebis Sesruleba. aRsaniSnavia, rom aq pirvelad Catarda eqsperimenti, romelic calkeuli xmebis kombinirebul Caweras gulisxmobda: TiToeul momRerals calke fonografi edga, ris Sedegadac TiToeul CanawerSi mkafiod ismis esa Tu is xma, danarCeni ori ki Soridan moismis, rac ucxoel mkvlevarT notebze calkeuli xmis zustad gadatanaSi exmareboda. Semdeg ki iwereboda simRera mTlianad, xmebis gamourCevlad, rac ama Tu im nimuSis mTlianobaSi aRsaqmelad iyo saWiro. es Canawerebi amJamad berlinsa da sankt-peterburgSi inaxeba. iqve inaxeba imdroindeli da, agreTve, mogvianebiT Cawerili sxva qarTuli simRerebi.

saqarTvelos soflebSi Sesrulebuli magnituri Canawerebi yvelaze didi raodenobiT inaxeba Tbilisis konservatoriis fonoarqivSi. isini ekuTvnis grigol CxikvaZes, oTar CijavaZes, vladimer axobaZes, mindia Jordanias, kaxi rosebaSvils, eduard savickis, kukuri WoxoneliZes, baram baramiZes, Semdegi Taobis fokloristTagan ki (70-iani wlebidan moyolebuli) - ioseb Jordanias, ediSer garayaniZes, nato zumbaZes,

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malxaz erqvaniZes, daviT SuRliaSvils, qeTevan baiaSvils, nino kalandaZes, TinaTin Jvanias, Tamaz gabisonias, nana valiSvils.

magnituri Canawerebis mniSvnelovani raodenoba inaxeba, agreTve, i. javaxiSvilis saxelobis istoriisa da eTnologiis institutisa da xalxuri Semoqmedebis samecniero-meToduri centris arqivebSi.

xalxuri simRerebis fonoCanawerebiT gansakuTrebiT mdidaria saqarTvelos radios musikaluri fondi, Tumca igi umTavresad TviTmoqmedi ansamblebis mier Sesrulebul nimuSebs moicavs.

magnituri Canawerebis garkveuli raodenoba, maT Soris - sayuradRebo nimuSebi, ipoveba agreTve qarTveli da ucxoeli Camwerebis pirad arqivebSi (magaliTad, kinoreJisor guram pataraias arqivSi inaxeba mis mier TurqeTSi mcxovreb qarTvelTagan Cawerili mravali saintereso simRera, valerian maRraZisaSi - mesxuri simRerebis uamravi varianti).

qarTuli musikis kvlevisaTvis uaRresad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis safirfito Canawerebs, romelTagan bevrs (gansakuTrebiT - adreul wlebSi gamocemuls) avTentikuri Canawerebis mniSvneloba eniWeba. qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis firfitebi 1902 wlidan gamoicema. pirveli maTgania firfita, romelzedac ia kargareTelis gundis simRerebia moTavsebuli. am da sxva firfitebis dednebi (matricebi) umTavresad ucxoeTSi inaxeba, radgan Cawera ucxouri gramCamweri firmebis mier xdeboda. gansakuTrebiT Zvirfasia 1902-1915 wlebSi Sesrulebuli Canawerebi, romlebsac, mxatvrulis garda, udidesi mecnieruli mniSvneloba eniWeba. qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis (da, nawilobriv – qalaquri da sasuliero musikis) Semcveli firfitebis moZiebisa da gamomzeurebis saqmeSi udidesi wvlili miuZRvis anzor erqomaiSvils.

uamravi firfita gamoica 1915 wlis Semdegac, Tumca maTSi TandaTan matulobda e.w. meoradi musikaluri folkloris xvedriTi wili, rac qarTul musikalur yofaSi mimdinare seriozuli cvlilebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli. qarTuli xalxuri simRerebis firfitebis gamocemas agrZelebdnen da dRemde agrZeleben ucxouri firmebi, bolo wlebSi - lazeruli diskebis saxiT. es Canawerebic umTavresad qalaquri ansamblebis mier Sesrulebul meoradi musikaluri folkloris interpretacias warmoadgens.

sabWoTa periodisa da Tanamedrove tendenciebi samusiko folklorSi

bolSevikuri ruseTis mier 1921 wels saqarTvelos axalgazrda respublikis aneqsiam Cvens qveyanaSi socialuri, ekonomikuri da, rac mTavaria, ideologiuri wyobis kardinaluri Secvla gamoiwvia. xalxur samusiko Semoqmedebas, iseve rogorc mTlianad qarTveli eris kulturul cxovrebas, saukuneebiT Camoyalibebuli kalapotisagan gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT mouwia dineba. axal, socialistur xelovnebas asazrdoebda totalitaruli ideologiis mier Tavsmoxveuli Rirebulebebi – komunizmis naTeli idealebi,

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saxalxo-koleqtiuri dovlaTis utopiuri idea, beladebis Tayvaniscema da mtris xati, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola mudam sabWoTa adamianis gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba da sxv. “diadi sabWoTa qveynis” oficialuri doqtrina socrealizmi iwyebs “formiT erovnuli da SinaarsiT socialisturi” xelovnebis formirebas, “erTiani sabWoTa socialisturi kulturis” Sesaqmnelad, ris gamoc daiwyo Seurigebeli brZola erovnuli TviTSegnebisa da religiuri rwmenis winaaRmdeg. TavisTavad cxadia, qarTuli xalxuri musika, rogorc xalxis gulwrfeli SemoqmedebiTi procesis nayofi, sabWoTa periodSi did mxatvrul simaRleebs ver miaRwevda, Tumca qarTveli xalxis SemoqmedebiTma fantaziam folklors am epoqaSic Sehmata saintereso mxatvruli nimuSebi. unda iTqvas, rom sabWour sistemas xalxuri Semoqmedebis mimarT winaaRmdegobrivi damokidebuleba hqonda. “musikas xalxi qmnis, me mxolod aranJirebas vukeTeb” _ glinkas es sityvebis daedo safuZvlad sabWoTa kulturul `revolucias~ musikis sferoSi. amas ukiJinebda ideologia sabWoTa kompozitorebs da ubralo xalxis _ muSebisa da glexebis _ mxatvruli Semoqmedebis aRorZinebas isaxavda miznad, ris gamoc totalitaruli kulturuli politika xalxuri TviTmoqmedebis farTod danergva-ganviTarebisken iyo mimarTuli. xalxuri TviTmoqmedebis sabWouri varianti iTvaliswinebda TviTmoqmedebis wreebis Camoyalibebas TiTqmis yvela SromiT koleqtivSi, rac mSromelTa “kulturuli TviTganaTlebasa” da Tavisufali drois sworad organizebas isaxavda miznad. am moTxovnam mravali niWieri xalxuri Semsrulebeli waaxalisa da saqarTvelos sxvadasxva kuTxeSi mravali SesaniSnavi mxatvruli koleqtivi Camoyalibda. isini monawileobdnen raionul, saolqo, saqalqo, respublikur Tu sakavSiro daTvalierebebSi, konkursebsa da olimpiadebSi, romelTac aseve mravalricxovani gamarjvebuli da diplomanti hyavda. gamoCnda niWier da inicitivian lotbarTa mTeli pleada, romlebic xSirad erTdroulad ramdenime koleqtivs xelmZRvanelobdnen _ Zuku lolua, rema Selegia, varlam simoniSvili, artem, anania, vladimer erqomaiSvilebi, vladimer berZeniSvili, kiwi gegWkori, platon fanculaia, noko xurcia, kirile paWkoria, levan muRalaSvili, vano mWedliSvili, maro TarxniSvili, mariam arjevniSvili, platon dadvani, jokia meSveliani, firuz maxaTelaSvili, kirile vaSakiZe, avqsenti megreliZe da sxvani. cxadia, TviTmoqmedebis amgvar gamococxlebas Tavisi dadebiTi Sedegebi hqonda: xalxuri tradiciis matareblebma igrZnes garkveuli saxelmwifoebrivi mzrunveloba, xalxuri musika gaxda adamianis TviTgamoxatvis mZlavri saSualeba; samusiko folkloris propaganda saxelmwifoebrivi politikis rangSi avida, raSic udidesi damsaxureba jer radios, Semdeg ki televiziasac miuZRoda. araTu gamoCnda, aramed mizanmimarTulad dainerga axali _ sabWoTa Tematuri mimdinareobebi, ramac xalxuri Semoqmedebis axal talRas misca dasabami; magram medals meore mxarec hqonda: qarTuli simReris ansambluri manera, romelic mravalxmian simReraSi zeda xmebis TiTo Semsrulebels iTvaliswinebda, didi (100

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da meti kacisagan Semdgari) sagundo koleqtivebis saSemsruleblo maneram Secvala, roca TiToeuli xma, akademiuri gundis msgavsad, momReralTa didi jgufebis mier sruldeboda; aman folkloruli nimuSebis “dakanonebuli” variantebis gavrceleba da xalxur simReraSi improvizaciuli sawyisis gaqroba gamoiwvia; saxelmwifo koleqtivebis Seqmnam erTi gundis mier sxvadasxva kuTxis simRerebis Sesruleba normad aqcia da daaCqara qarTuli samusiko folkloris dialeqturi mravalferovnebis SezRudvis procesi; mogvianebiT gamoikveTa qarTuli xalxuri tradiciisaTvis srulad ucxo tendencia _ xalxur sakravTa orkestrebis Camoyalibeba, sadac gaCnda temperirebuli, araxalxuri wyobiT modificirebuli da sruliad axali sakravebi (magaliTad, basfanduri).

didi zarali miayena sabWoTa ideologiam qristianul Tematikasa da warmarTul wes-CveulebebTan dakavSirebul xalxur simRerebs. aikrZala qristianuli sagaloblebis sajarod Sesruleba, ris gamoc, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, lotbarebs uxdebodaT sagaloblis xalxur simRerad gasaReba.

sabWoTa Tematikaze Seqmnili axali simRerebi ZiriTadad saxotbo daniSnulebisa iyo. aseTebs wamyvani adgili ekavaT saxelmwifo Tu TviTmoqmedi koleqtivis repertuarSi. iqmneboda axali simRerebi beladebis, samamulo omis gmirebis, socialisturi samSoblos, komunisturi partiisadmi, `ganaxlebuli~ soflisa Tu qalaqisadmi miZRvnili simRerebi. maTi optimisturi, masobrivi xasiaTi TavisTavad badebda SemoqmedebiT SezRudulobas, erTgvarovan maJorul tons, grandiozul masStabebs. amasTan dakavSirebiT, gamartivda simRerebis musikaluri enac: gamoikveTa homofoniuri stili, zeda xmebSi mtkiced damkvidrda terciuli paralelizmi, SeizRuda banis moZraobis diapazoni; moxda stiluri unifikacia: ZiriTadad gabatonda ori tipis (fsevdo) kvazifolkloruli stili: aRmosavleT saqarTvelos mTis _ TuSur-mTiuluri da dasavleT saqarTvelos _ gurul-megruli motivebidan amozrdili saavtoro simRerebi.

axal simRerebs qmnidnen im droisTvis cnobili lotbarebi, romlebic xalxuri fesvebiT iyvnen nasazrdoebi. amitom, miuxedavad mza trafaretebisa, am epoqis xalxuri stilis nawarmoebebSi vxvdebiT gamorCeul mxatvrul nimuSebsac. gansakuTrebiT es iTqmis lirikuli Janris simRerebze, romlebsac sabWoTa cenzura meti keTilganwyobiT ekideboda. ase damkvidrda qal-vaJis gaSairebis mravali nimuSi.

sabWoTa periodSi qarTuli xalxuri Tu TviTmoqmedebiTi Semsrulebloba erTgvarovani intensivobisa da mimarTulebisa ar iyo. sabWoeTisadmi xotbis Sesxmis veqtorma 1960-an wlebSi xalxuri musikidan saestrado da profesiuli musikis sferoSi gadainacvla (Tumca am ukanasknelSi igi imTaviTve aqtualuri iyo). saestrado da kinos musikis popularobis zrdam TandaTanobiT mianavla interesi qarTuli xalxuri simRerisadmi. am procesSi ukanasknel rols ar asrulebda radio da axladSeqmnili televizia, romelic xalxuri simRerebis ukve trafaretebad qceul variantebs uwevda propagandas.

1958 wels sabWoTa kavSiris dedaqalaqSi moskovSi gamarTul axalgazrdobis msoflio festivalze didi warmatebiT gamovida

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jansuR kaxiZis mier Camoyalibebuli ansambli “Svidkaca”, ramac saTave daudo xalxuri simRerebis ansamblurad Sesrulebis axal tradicias. asparezze gamovida axali Taobis folkloristTa mTeli Taoba _ gomar sixaruliZe, kukuri WoxoneliZe, anzor erqomaiSvili, romelTa mier Seqmnilma ansamblma “gordelam” 60-an wlebSi istoriuli koncerti Caatara Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis mcire darbazSi, sadac sanTlebis Suqze (rac warmoudgeneli siTamame iyo im periodSi), pirvelad sabWoTa imperiis istoriaSi, xalxmravali auditoriis winaSe sakoncerto scenaze qarTuli sagaloblebi Sesrulda.

1970-an wlebSi, ansamblma `rusTavma~, romelsac daarsebidan dRemde anzor erqomaiSvili xelmZRvanelobs, Tavisi sakoncerto da sagastrolo moRvaweobiT didad ganapiroba qarTuli xalxuri simReris msoflio aRiareba. amave periodSi xalxuri musikisadmi interesis talRam axalgazrdobaSi gadainacvla. pirveli sabavSvo koleqtivi “marTve” iyo, romelmac a. erqomaiSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT mravali mozardi aziara xalxuri musikis madls. unda aRiniSnos lotbar robert gogolaSvilis moRvaweoba, romlis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze popularuli iseTi ansamblebis saqmianoba, rogoricaa “fazisi”, “Tbilisi”, “qarTuli xmebi”. bolo wlebSi Camoyalibda axalgazrduli koleqtivebi: `biWebi~, `basiani~, `laSari~, `universiteti~, `fesvebi~...

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos cnobili folkloristis ediSer garayaniZis mier Camoyalibebuli ansambli `mTiebi~, romelmac miznad daisaxa xalxuri simRerisaTvis daebrunebina Sesrulebis tradiciuli manera, scenaze SeZlebisdagvarad Seeqmna misTvis arsebobis bunebrivi garemo, miaxloeboda mis sinkretul bunebas. garda imisa, rom intonirebis manera ganTavisuflda “akademizmisagan”, scenaze gaCndnen momRerlebi, romlebic ukravdnen sxvadasxva sakravze, moZraobdnen, cekvavdnen……. . . unda aRiniSnos ediSer garayaniZis mier bavSvTa folkloruli studiis “amer-imeris” Seqmna, romelic sazogadoebis mier imTaviTve aRqmuli iqna, rogorc “marTveSi” gabatonebuli tendenciis alternatiuli gzebis Zieba. es ukve faqtobrivad axali esTetikis momaswavebeli iyo, ramac aseTive tipis, oRond qalTa ansamblis “mzeTamzis” dabadeba ganapiroba. igive mimarTuleba mogvianebiT aitaca anCisxatis taZris mgalobelTa gundmac, romelma Tavis repertuarSi sagaloblebTan erTad xalxuri simRerebic Seitana. unda aRiniSnos am ansamblis, da kerZod, misi xelmZRvnelis malxaz erqvaniZis Rvawli saqarTvelos samociqulo eklsiis taZrebSi tradiciuli qarTuli sagaloblis aRorZinebis saqmeSi.

dRes, multimediuri bumis pirobebSi, qarTuli xalxuri

samusiko Semoqmedeba iseTive problemebis winaSe dgas, rogorc nebismieri sxva xalxis musikaluri foklklori. folklorulma procesma sxva datvirTva SeiZina _ soflad Sesustebuli tradiciis sicocxlisunarianoba axla Tavad tradiciis matareblebTan erTad didad aris damokidebuli saqarTvelos sxvadasxva qalaqebsa da, maT Soris, TbilisSi moRvawe folklorul ansamblebsa da folkloris

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moamageebze, qarTuli xalxuri simReris saerTaSoriso da folkloris saxelmwifo centrebis saqmianobaze, xolo misi mecnieruli Seswavla _ Tbilisis saxelmwifo konservatoriis tradiciuli mravalxmianobis kvlevis saerTaSoriso centris warmatebul muSaobaze. es ukanaskneli qarTuli xalxuri samusiko Semoqmedebis kaTedris bazaze Seiqmna da ukve ori warmomadgenlobiTi saerTaSoriso simpoziumi Caatara (2002,2004), romlebSic qarTvelebTan erTad msoflios gamoCenili eTnomusikismcodneebi da qarTuli mravalxmianobis Semsruleblebi monawileobdnen sxvadasxva qveynebidan. am forumebma daadastures, rom qarTul tradiciul xalxur simReras sikvdili ar uweria – msofliom igi iseT mxatvrul Rirebulebad aRiara, romelic TviTgamoxatvis SesaniSnavi saSualebaa nebismieri rasis, erisa Tu rwmenis musikis moyvarulisaTvis.

saredaqcio kolegia : nato zumbaZe, TinaTin Jvania,

nino kalandaZe, daviT SuRliaSvili redaqtori: rusudan wurwumia literaturuli redaqtori: manana tabiZe

Tbilisi. 2005

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