Quan ly du an - (2015)

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Hng dn mn hc: Th.s L Phc Khig Tt nghip k s c kh Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh nm 1993 Tt nghip Thc s k thut h thng cng nghip ti

Hc vin K thut Chu Asian Institute of Technology Cn b mi ging Trng i hc Bch khoa TP. H Ch Minh v

Trng Khoa hc cng ngh Si gn Ph phng D n Cng ty Ch bin v kinh doanh Sn phm kh

Petro Vietnam GASPh gim c Ban qun l d n ng ng Ph M Nhn Trch Ph gim c Ban qun l d n ng ng Ph M - Nhn Trch

Ph Tng gim c Cng ty t vn qun l d n Kh in thoi: 0903635701 Email [email protected]

CHNG TRINH AO TAO

QUN L D N90

1 DA01 Gii thiu v D n, qun l D n v nh qun q ql D n

2 DA02 nh gi, la chn v thm nh d n

3DA03 Phn tch ri ro trong D n

4 DA04 Hoch nh v lp tin d n

5 DA05 Gim st v kim sot d n

6 DA06 ng dng phn mm my tnh vo qun l Dn

7 DA07 m phn v gii quyt vn trong qun l Dn

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D A N LA GI ??? (HOC VIN CHO VI DU)

D A N LA GI ???Theo UNDP (1978):

l tp hp cc hohott ngng lin quan n nhau c trnh t trong mtquy trnh qun l thng nht nhm t c cc mc tiu c thq y q g trong iu kin nht nh v ngnngn schsch v ththii giangian.

T chc ILO (1978):l mt cngcng vivicc theo k hoch, mt cch thc qun l trong xc nh r ci g cn hon thnh, trong ththii giangian bao lu v vi chichiphph l bao nhiu.

WHO (1978):( )

ton th cc hohott ngng c thc hin trong khon ththii giangian chn, vi mt ngungunn llcc c d tr trc v t n cc mmcctiutiu c th ra.

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PHN TI CH CA C INH NGHIA V D A N

Cc hnh ng hay cc cng vic lm theo theo k hoch;theo theo k hoch;

C s dng hay u t ngun lc (ti chnh, con ngi v cc ngun lc vt cht khc);

Trong thi gian c hn;

t c mt hay mt s mc tiu.

CU HOI THA O LUN Gii thch s khc nhau gia d n v cng vic sn xut hng ha theo l hoc cng vic lp bo co ca phng k hoch Cho 3 v d v 03 d n nhn mnh v phn k thut, chi ph v thi gian Vit m t cng vic ca gim c d n Vit m t cng vic ca gim c d n Chn d n v bn lun v giao din gia cc k s v cc qun l c giao nhim v trong d n

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Mc tiu Mc tiuChui cac hoatng nht thic quan lybi i ngu

tam thi

CA C D A N THNG G P TRONG LINH VC NA O ?

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D n v cng ngh thng tinD n v xy dng: xy nh my cng xng D n v xy dng: xy nh my, cng xng, cao c, cu ngD n gii thiu v pht trin sn phm mi vo th trngD n thit k mt h thng k thut miD n chn la a im u tD n chn la a im u tD n sn xut sn phm mi, qui m miD n cng trnh cng cng, quc phng

CHU K D NXc nh d n

Lp bo co u t hoc NC tin kh thi Loi tin kh thi

Lp d n u t hoc Nghin cu kh thi

(Nu nh Bo co KTKT)Loi

Xt duyt DA Loi y

Trin khai DA

nh gi DA + Lp bo co

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C TNH CA D N

Mi d a n cotinh c thu

i hi cc nhqun ltinh c thu

ringMc tiu vphng thcthc hin rakhac nhau

q Phi lun cpnhtPht trin cck nng qun ld n hoc cc

Do o

khac nhauKhng c tnhlp li.

d n hoc ccphng phptip cn khc

M I D AN CO M T C TINH CHUNG

Complex (phc tp)Nhiu vic khc nhau nhng lin quan n nhau

Bao gm nhiu ngiC nhiu chc nngim c bit ca d n l tnh phc tp ca n l vi mt ngun lc gii hn nhng phi lm qu nhiu vicTnh tm thiBt k d n no cng c vng i ca nBao gm s thay i v khng chc chnBao gm s thay i v khng chc chnTnh ri ro v x ly tnh hung rt caop lc cng vic lnNhng thach thc c bit cho nhng ngi lam d an

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NHN BIT D N

Trong giai on ny, cc tng v d n da trn nhng vn ca thc tin trong da trn nhng vn ca thc tin trong iu kin c th c a ra.

Cc tn v d n sau c sn Cc tng v d n sau c sng lc bo m tnh hin thc v kh thi.

CU HI KHI SNG LC CC TNG D N

1. Cn cch no khc tt hn t c cc mc tiu ra hay khng?

2 tng a ra c ph hp vi nhng chnh sch k hoch hay chng trnh chi2. tng a ra c ph hp vi nhng chnh sch, k hoch hay chng trnh chiphi hay khng?

3. tng a ra c ph hp vi nhu cu mong mun, nguyn vng ca a sngi dn trong vng d n hay khng?

4. u ra ca d n c ph hp vi nhu cu hng li hay khng? p p g y g

5. Ngun ti chnh cho d n l g? V cc iu kin c c ngun ngn schcho trin khai thc hin d n?

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NHNG NGUYN NHN LOAI TNG

1. Nhu cu v u ra ca d n khng hp l;

2. Khng bo m ngun cung vt liu ti a phng;

3. Khng bo m li th cnh tranh;

4. Quy m khng tng xng, khng ph hp vi nng lc qun tr vth ch;

5. Chi ph hot ng thng xuyn vt qu kh nng ti chnh hin c;

6. Cng ngh/k thut bt buc khng ph hp;

7 C hi h i t g hi ki h t kh g t g g7. Cc chi ph mi trng, x hi, kinh t cao qu, khng tng xngvi nhng li ch k vng;

8. Thiu nhng cam kt tho thun ca nhng ngi hng li t dn

9. Thi u cam kt v chinh tri

SO SANH QUA TRI NH SAN XU T LIN TUC VI HOAT NG PHAT TRI N VA QLDA

QUA TRINH QLSX THEO DO NG QUAN LY D AN

Nhim vu co tinh lp lai, lin tuc Nhim vu khng co ti nh lp lai, lin tuc ma co tinh mi me

Ty l s du ng ngun lc thp Ty l s dung ngun lc cao

Mt khi lng ln hang hoa di ch vu c SX trong mt thi ky (SX hang loat)

Tp trung vao mt loai hay mt s lng nht inh hang hoa hoc di ch vu (SX n chic)

Thi gian tn tai cua cac cng ty doanh nghip lu dai

Thi gian tn tai cua d an co gii han

Cac s li u thng k co sn va hu ich i vi vic ra quyt i nh

Cac s li u thng k i t nn khng c s dung nhiu trong cac quyt i nh v d an

Khng qua tn kem khi chu c lai li lm Phai tra gia t cho cac quyt i nh sai lm

T chc theo t nhom la hi nh thc ph bin Nh s mi cho mi d an

Trach nhim ro rang va c iu chinh qua thi gian

Phn chia tra ch nhim thay i tuy thuc vao tinh cht tng d an

Mi trng lam vic n i nh Mi trng lam vic thng xuyn thay i

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NGHIN CU TIN KHA THI

Sau khi d a n c xac inh va ca c a nh gia s b cho th y d a n co nhiu ha he n tt thi c n c

nghin cu chi tit hn. Vi c a nh gia s b na y c goi la nghin cu

ti n kha thi, y la c s ti n ha nh nghin cuti p tinh kha thi cu a d a n.Tuy nhin, vi c nghin cu tin kha thi thng dung ii d l h ti h h t t tvi cac d an quy m ln hoc tinh phc tap cao, trong mt

s trng hp giao thu tro n go i cung s dung loai hinhnay.

Quy i nh cua Lut XD bc nay la Bao ca o u t

NI DUNG CA MT BO CO U T XY DNG CNG TRNH(BO CO NGHIN CU TIN KHA THI PRE-FS)

Theo quy nh ca Lut Xy dng v ti iu 5 ca Ngh nh 12/2009/N-CP ngy 12/2/2009 ni dung ca Pre-FS (N ny hin nay c b sung sai bi 83/2009/N-CP ngy 15/10/2009).

a) S cn thit phi u t xy dng cng trnh, cc iu kin thun li v khkhn; ch khai thc v s dng ti nguyn quc gia nu c;

b) D kin quy m u t: cng sut, din tch xy dng; cc hng mc cngtrnh thuc d n; d kin v a im xy dng cng trnh v nhu cu s dngt;

c) Phn tch, la chn s b v cng ngh, thng s k thut; cc iu kincung cp vt t thit b, nguyn liu, nng lng, dch v, h tng k thut; phng n gii phng mt bng, ti nh c nu c; cc nh hng ca d ni vi mi trng, sinh thi, phng, chng chy n, an ninh, quc phng;

d) Hnh thc u t, xc nh s b tng mc u t, thi hn thc hin dn, phng n huy ng vn theo tin v hiu qu kinh t - x hi ca dn v phn k u t nu c.

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NGHIN CU KHA THI

i vi cac d an co qui m u t ln, ti nh rui ro cao, vi c nghin cu tin kha thi c yu cu thc hi n, bc ti p theo c goi la nghin cu kha thi (nu bc tin kha thi theo c go i la nghin cu kha thi (nu bc tin kha thi co khuynh hng at kt qua t t). i vi cac d an u t nho hn hoc chu u t hoc cp thm quyn xet thy khng c n thit nghin cu tin kha thi thi vic nghin cu kha thi c yu cu. M t s trng hp quy m nho hn hoc chu u t nhn thy vic anh gia kha thi la khng cn thit thi mt nhn thy vic anh gia kha thi la khng cn thit thi m t bao cao kinh t ky thut c yu cu.

Quy inh cu a Lut XD bc nay la Lp d an u t xy dng cng trinh va bao cao kinh t ky thut

NI DUNG CA MT BO CO NGHIN CU KHA THI

Thng mi.k thut: quy m ca d n; v tr vng d n; cc phng tin k thut cho x l, lu kho v cng nghNgun nhn lc:

Cc nh qun l d n, i ng t vn k thut; i ng chuyn mn; Ngi lao ng c o to; Khi no th cn ho trong tin trnh d n c trin khai?

Cch no c c ho vo thi im cn thit? Khi gp kh khn th cn khc phuc nh th no (thu t ni khc hay o to)? c tnh lng cung lao ng c o to

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NI DUNG CA MT BO CO NGHIN CU KHA THI (TT)

Ngun lc khac: Mc sn c v vt liu, nhin liu ti ch, ngun v n (PA huy ng v n)

Th ch v hnh chnh: Nhng kh khn v mt th ch, chnh sch trong trin khai thc hin d n v gii php l g? V d n cn nhn c s ng h ca mi cthc hin d n v gii php l g? V d n cn nhn c s ng h ca mi cquan on th nh chnh quyn cc cp, cc b ngnh lin quan, ngn hng, ngi dn v cc t chc x hi ti a phng vng d n.

Vn ho v x hi, mi trng: nh gi tc ng

Li ich Quc gia/ ia phng (c bit c quan tm i vi cac d an do Nha nc u t, co yu t vn Nha nc)

Kinh t v ti chnh: NPV, IRR, B/C, , , / ,

Vn l nhn bit v phn bit:

Li ch (B) v chi ph (C) ti chnh

Li ch v chi ph kinh t

Cch xc nh li ch, chi ph c th qua d n phn tch

Xc nh NPV, IRR, B/C: nguyn tc, bn cht v nhng vn .

NI DUNG CA D N U T XY DNG CNG TRNH (BOCO NGHIN CU KH THI) THEO LUT XY DNG

Phn 1S cn thit v mc tiu u t; nh gi nhu cu th trng, tiu th sn phmS cn thit v mc tiu u t; nh gi nhu cu th trng, tiu th sn phm i vi d n sn xut, kinh doanh; tnh cnh tranh ca sn phm; tc ng x hi i vi a phng, khu vc (nu c); hnh thc u t xy dng cng trnh; a im xy dng, nhu cu s dng t; iu kin cung cp nguyn liu, nhin liu v cc yu t u vo khc.

Phn 2M t v quy m v din tch xy dng cng trnh, cc hng mc cng trnh thuc d n; phn tch la chn phng n k thut, cng ngh v cng sut.

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NI DUNG CA D N U T XY DNG CNG TRNH (BOCO NGHIN CU KH THI) THEO LUT XY DNG

Phn 3 Cc gii php thc hina) Phng n chung v gii phng mt bng, ti nh c v phng n h

t d h t k th t

Phn 4 nh gi tc ng mi trng, cc gii php phng chy, cha chy v cc yu i h h

tr xy dng h tng k thut nu c;b) Cc phng n thit k kin trc i vi cng trnh trong th v cng

trnh c yu cu kin trc;c) Phng n khai thc d n v s dng lao ng;d) Phn on thc hin, tin thc hin v hnh thc qun l d n.

cu v an ninh, quc phng.

Phn 5Tng mc u t ca d n; kh nng thu xp vn, ngun vn v kh nng cp vn theo tin ; phng n hon tr vn i vi d n c yu cu thu hi vn v phn tch nh gi hiu qu kinh t - ti chnh, hiu qu x hi ca d n.

TRNH DUYT

Nhng ni dung chnh ca mt xut d n u t xin ph duyt bao gm:

Nhng thng tin c bn v d nTn d n;Tn d n;V tr vng d n;n v xut, c nhn i din;Ngn sch u t d kin;Phng thc huy ng vn;....

Tm tt v d n.Thng tin v n v xut d n.H s nh km gm

Thuyt minh d nBn v thit k

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Gii thiu chi tit v d n, gm nhng ni dung sau:

Gii hi khi d h i

TRNH DUYT (TT)

Gii thiu khi qut v d n, nu r vn , nh gi s cn thit ca d n;Trnh by mc tiu, mc ch, kt qu mong i t d n;Nhng i tng hng li (trc tip v gin tip) t d n: h l ai? u? hng li bng cch no? V mc l nh th no?;

Vin Nghin cu Chin lc Chnh sch Cng nghip (IPSI)

mc l nh th no?;Cc ch s hay ch tiu ca d n;Nhng gii nh ca d n;

Phng thc/k hoch trin khai thc hin d n: gmnhng hot ng no? trin khai ra sao? nhng ngih l i i t t t i kh i d ? t k

TRNH DUYT (TT)

hng li c vai tr g trong trin khai d n? tng khoch cho cc pha trong trin khai thc hin d n;Qun l d n: thit lp t chc thc hin v tuyn dngcn b d n nh th no?K hoch gim st v nh gi;Lp ngn sch v chi ph ca d n: tng chi ph chi phLp ngn sch v chi ph ca d n: tng chi ph, chi phhnh chnh;K hoch duy tr s bn vng ca d n: t cn i tichnh, t qun l, ... sau khi d n kt thc.

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THM NH V PH DUYT

giai on ny, xut d n c cc c quan c trch nhim xem xt rt cn thn, k lng quyt nh c thng qua xut d n hay khng.c thng qua xut d n hay khng.

tng v d n s c nh gi k cng chng t c n l mt tng tt hay khng. C th tng d n l tt nhng vic lp d n cha c tt th xut d n s c tin hnh b sung hoc lm li.

Cc giai on cn li, gm trin khai thc hin d n, nh gi v lp bo co hon thnh d n

TRNH T THC HIN D N U T XDCT

1. Kho st xy dng phc v cho vic tm kim a im xy dng v thi tuyn kin trc

2. La chn nh thu lp bo co u t xy dng 3 L b t d3. Lp bo co u t xy dng 4. Trnh bo co u t xy dng xin php u t 5. T chc thi tuyn kin trc : chn phng n c chn

trin khai TKCS 6. La chn nh thu lp d n u t xy dng 7. Lp d n u t xy dng ( trong c thit k c

s )s ) 8. Trnh thm nh, ph duyt d n u t xy dng 9. Thnh lp BQLDA hoc thu t vn QLDA 10. Xin Giy php xy dng 11. La chn nh thu kho st xy dng

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TRNH T THC HIN D N U T XDCT (TT)

12. Lp thit k cc bc tip theo ( thit k k thut v thit k BVTC )

13. T chc thm nh v ph duyt TKKT v TKBVTC13. T chc thm nh v ph duyt TKKT v TKBVTC 14. La chn nh thu thi cng xy dng 15. La chn t vn gim st, T vn chng nhn cht

lng cng trinh xy dng quy16. Thi cng xy dng 17. Nghim thu cng trnh hon thnh a vo s dng 18. Thanh ton v quyt ton vi nh thu 19. Quyt ton vn u t xy dng 20. Bn giao cng trnh 21. Theo di ,n c nh thu thi cng xy dng bo

hnh cng trnh 22. Thc hin bo tr cng trnh xy dng

NHNG VN C BN CA MT D N

1. S cn thit ca d n

2 M ti h h 2. Mc tiu, mc ch, sn phm u ra

3. Li ch, hiu qu v cc tc ng kinh t, x hi, mi

trng, sc khe....

4. Cc hot ng g

5. Cc ngun lc

6. Ri ro ca d n

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CC TIU CH NH GI DCC TIU CH NH GI D NNQu trnh v kt qu c o lng ca d n da theo mt s tiu chi:

Cng ngh (tiu chun k thut, thc hin, cht lng)Thi gian (ngy ti hn, milestone)Chi ph (tng u t, cash flow)L i h Li nhun hu dng ti nguynVic chp nhn ca th trng

QUAN LY D A N LA GI ???

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QUAN LY D A N LA GI ???

TT C NHNG VIC G CN PHI TT C NHNG VIC G CN PHI LM D N THNH CNG.

NGI QUN L D N PHI BIT C TT C NHNG G CO THC TT C NHNG G CO THLM D N THNH CNG.

Qun l d n l qu trnh hoch nh (planning), t chc (Organizing), huy ng, iu phi v kim sot cc cng vic, ( g g), y g, p g ,ngun lc v ngn sch t chc thc hin mc tiu ra.

Thit k

iu i Tch hp

K hoch d Ch r ra

Vic g nn lm

Ai lmcng vic

Ngn sch

Tch hp d n Ch r raChi ph bao nhiu

Khi no

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NHNG KHI NIM C BNV QUN L D N

Ti sao phi qun l d n?< h i th l >< hc vin tho lun >

l dNguyn tc 3C trong qun l d n

Ti sao phi qun l d n?Thc tin cho thy rng thi gian trin khai cc d n ngy cng c xu th ngn li;Chi ph ngy cng tng; Theo l ri ro ngy cng cao; Cnh tranh ngy cng ngay gt, yu cu v cht lng sn phm cng tng ln; Chuyn mn ho ngy cng cao bt buc cc nh y g y g qun tr v cc chuyn gia d n phi c nhng cch tip cn h thng v hiu qu hn trong qun l, iu hnh cc d n hay chng trnh pht trin kinh t, x hi trong mi trng nng ng.

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Nguyn tc 3C trong qun l d nThc t, c nhiu d n, c bit l cc d n cng ngh cao, c thit k rt tt, nhng vn tht bi trong trin khai thc hin. Ti sao?g Nguyn nhn chnh c tm ra l:

Yu t t chcYu t con ngi

Khng bo m 03 nguyn tc di y trong thc hin:hin:

Communication Knh trao i thng tin r rng; Cooperation C ch phi hp, hp tc r rng ;Coordination - iu phi r rng.

M HNH 3C Nng cao cc chc nng qun l d n

Trao i thng tin

Phi hp hip tc

iu phihip tc phi

Qun l

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Trao i thng tinLin quan ti nhng ai?

Nguyn tc 3C trong qun l d n (TT)

o Nhng ngi c lin quan: ch d n, ngi chu tc ng ca d n, c quan chnh quyn v cc t chc ni trin khai d n, .

Nhng cu hi lin quano Ci g ang c lp k hoch?o Khi no th k hoch c trin khai thc hin?o Ti sao d n li cn thit?o D n c t chc nh th no?o Li ch k vng ca d n l g?o Chi ph l bao nhiu?. (Hc vin b sung)

Knh trao i thng tin cn phi c thit lp v thng sut trong ton b vng i ca d n.

Phi hp, hip tcNhng quy nh r rng khng bo m cho s phi hp y v hiu qu.


qu.

R rng d n ch thnh cng khi nhn c s ng h ca: cng chng, chnh ph/quyn, ngi b nh hng, .

Cch tip cn tt trong vn ny l tp trung lm r nhng cu hi di y:

Nh hi h l hi ?o Nhng s phi hp no l cn thit?o Khong thi gian tng ng l bao nhiu?o nh hng v mt t chc ca s phi hp.o Hu qu ca s thiu phi hp hip tc.o Kh nng hin thco .

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iu phiNhng vn cn ch trong cng tc iu phi cc hot ng ca mt d n l:


n l:o Ai lm ci g?

o Ai chu trch nhim v mt kt qu?

o Ai lm vic vi ai qua knh thng tin no?

o Ai ra quyt nh v vn g?

o Nhng h tr no t ai v ci g? Hay trn c s chc nng nhim v no?

Chu trnh qun l d n

C=f (P,T,S)Lp k hoch (Planning)Thit lp mc tiu

D t h l

iu phi thc hin

(Co-ordinating)

B tr tin thi gian

D tnh ngun lc

Xy dng k hoch

Gim st (Monitoring)

o lng kt qu

So snh vi mc tiuB tr tin thi gian

Phn phi ngun lc

Phi hp cc hot ng

Khuyn khch ng vin

Bo co

Gii quyt cc vn

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Nhim v 1(Task 1)

Chng trnh 1(Program 1)

D n 1(Project 1) (Task 1)

Nhim v 2(Task 2)

Nhim v i(Task i)

H thng(System)

(Program 1)

Chng trnh 2(Program 2)

Chng trnh i(Program i)

(Project 1)

D n 2(Project 2)

D n i(Project i)

Nhim v n(Task n)

Chng trnh n(Program n)

D n n(Project n)

1. La chn 01 DA.2. Xc nh mc tiu, mc ch ca d n

3. D kin sn phm u ra ca d n4. Nhng li ch v nhng tc ng tiu cc ca DA5. D kin cc hot ng cn thc hin6. Xc nh cc ngun lc s dng7. Vai tr ca cng ng/on th trong trin khai v duy tr d

nn8. Ri ro c th c v gii php gim thiu, khc phc khi ri ro

hin hu.

Yu cu: tho lun, vit ra trang Ao, trnh by trc lp.

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1. Khi s : Xc nh nhu cu, Xy dng, nh gi, chn la cc phng n k thut, c lng chi ph, nh gi ri ro, Xy dng mt configuration baseline, Chuyn cu hnh v ch chp nhn

2. T chc d n : Chn la ra vic tham gia t chc, Lp cu trc ni dung cng vic ca d n thnh mt work breakdown structure(WBS)Xy dng cu trc t chc d n, kt hp thng tin v bo co trang thit b, Phn b cc yu t WBS cho vic tham gia t chc

3. Phn tch cc cng vic : nh ngha cc cng vic chnh, Xy dng mt danh sch cc cng vic Xy dng mi quan h trc saudng mt danh sch cc cng vic, Xy dng mi quan h trc sau gia cc cng vic, Xy dng m hnh mng, Cp nht v cc yu t mng mc cao hn, Xy dng cc ct mc (milestone)

4. iu d n :Xy dng lch lm vic, c lng thi gian cc cng vic, c lng ngy thc hin cc cng vic, Gim st tin thc t v cc milestone, Cp nht bng iu

5. Qun l ti nguyn : yu cu ti nguyn, Thu nhn ti nguyn, Phn b ti nguyn gia cc d n, Gim st mc s dng ti nguyn, chi ph.

6 Qun l cng ngh :Xy dng k hoch qun l Xc nh cc ri ro6. Qun l cng ngh :Xy dng k hoch qun l, Xc nh cc ri ro, Kim sot cu hnh, Kim sot v qun l cc ri ro, Qun l cht lng tng th (TQM)

7. Hoch nh ngn sch d n :c lng chi ph trc tip v gin tip, Xy dng d bo cho dng tin t, Xy dng ngn sch, Gim st chi ph thc t 8. Thc thi v kim sot d n: Xy dng cc h thng thu thp v phn tch d liu, Thc hin cc cng vic, Thu thp v phn tch d liu, Phttch d liu, Thc hin cc cng vic, Thu thp v phn tch d liu, Pht hin lch chi ph, cu hnh, iu v cht lng, Xy dng v thc hin cc k hoch sa cha, D bo chi ph d n ti thi im kt thc

9. Kt thc d n : nh gi s thnh cng ca d n, Gii thiu cc ci thin trong thc tin qun l d n, Phn tch v lu tr cc thng tin: chi ph thc, thi gian thc, thc hin thc t, cu hnh.

24

Xc nh nhu cu

Xc nh mc tiu

Chn cc ch s nh gi thch hp

XD k hoch iu XD k hoch vn XD c im cng ngh

Tch hp vo k hoch tng th

Thc hin k hoch

Theo di v kim sot

nh gi s thnh cng

Bn giao d n

Mi t Kh d b nh hng thi gian

Bt nh trong iu (uncertainty in scheduling)

Mi trng thay i

Kh d bo chnh xc

nh hng thi gian thc hin cng vic

L thuyt - xc xut- thng k- m phng

Bt nh trong chi ph

Thiu thng tin Kh d bo chi ph

Bt nh trong chi ph

Bt nh trong cng ngh: thng xut hin trong d n R&D

25

1. D n ca bn s khng phi l ci u tin b chm.2. Tin hnh rt nhanh nhng mc 90% mi mi !3. Mc tiu m gip bn b qua lng tng trong c lng chi ph.4. Lun c mt s vic s khng tin trin tt

Khi cng vic khng xu, n s xu i Khi cng vic xem chng tt hn, bn b qua mt s iu ri

!5. Nu ni dung ca d n c php thay i t do, tc ca s thay

i s vt tc thc hin ca d n.6. Khng c h thng no c pht hin li han tan. S c gng tm

li mt h thng s a ra mt li mi s kh khn hn tm kim !7. Mt d n hach nh khng cn thn s han tt mun hn 3 ln

t khi t d h h h th h tt h 2 ltrong khi mt d n c hach nh cn thn s han tt chm 2 lnso vi mong i!

8. Nhm d n (project team) ght cc bo co tin v n bc l rrng s chm tr ca tin !

t

Giai on thc hin u t

Khi u Trin khai Kt thc

Giai on chun b u t

26

T ie n h a

Chi

ph

d

an

T ie n h a ban a u

T ie n da tie u du ng

T hie t ke y nie m

X a y d ng na ng cao

T hie t ke chi tie t

S a n x ua t Ke t thu c

Nhng yu cu chung Cc m hnh t chc d nCc m hnh t chc d nVai tr ca gim c d n v la chn gim c d n Nhn s cho d n T chc cc bui hpT chc cc bui hp

27

NHNG YU CU CHUNG

M hnh t chc ph hp, lnh mnh l c s, iu kin tin cho vic qun l c hiu qu.

Thc t khng c mt m hnh t chc qun l no l hon ho.

Vic t chc d n mt cch hiu qu s em li nhng ci li g?

LI CH T VIC T CHC D N HIU QU

Phn b ngun lc ph hp vi quy m k thut;

Xc nh r mi quan h gia trch nhim v quyn lc;

ng ph vi nhng thay i ngoi cnh (khch hng) nhanh hn;

Cc nhm lm vic nng ng v hiu qu;

Gim thiu nhng bt ng mu thun gia cc chuyn gia;

Nhu cu v nhn s v chuyn mn/chuyn gia quan trng thit yu c Nhu cu v nhn s v chuyn mn/chuyn gia quan trng thit yu c cao;

Cc c ch trao i thng tin lm r cc mc tiu v nhng u tin;

Cc c ch trao i thng tin gip sm nhn din cc vn .

28

NHNG YU CU C BNCA CC M HNH T CHC

Qun l d n bao gm vic kt hp nhng n lc ca t chc trong mt khong thi gian, vo hot ng, vi ngn sch hn ch hon thnh mc tiu t chctiu t chc.

M hnh t chc qun l d n phi p ng c nhng yu cu sau:

1. S r rng v cc vai tr v mi quan h;2. Hiu qu v kinh t;3. Xc nh r rng cc mc tiu, mc ch; g , ;4. Xc nh r rng cc hot ng/nhim v ca c nhn v tp th;5. Khuyn khch vic ra quyt nh v ng ph mau l;6. To ra xu th bn vng v mc thch nghi cao;7. Khuyn khch s ci tin v pht trin.

2. Ban d n (project team)

1. T chc dng chc nng (functional organization)

4. Ngi iu phi d n (project co-ordinator)

3. T chc dng ma trn (matrix organization)

2. Ban d n (project team)

5. T chc theo hng d n (projectized organization)

6. Ngoi ra cn c cc cu trc theo khch hng, theo sn phm, theo v tr a l.

Nhn chung 03 cu trc u tin thng gp nht

29

DNG T CHC THEO CHC NNG

D n chia nhiu phn v c phn cng ti cc b phn chc nng hoc nhm trong b phn chc nng thch hp v c tng hp bi nh qun l chc nng cp caohp bi nh qun l chc nng cp cao c im

Trong kt cu t chc, s phn cp qun l r rng, l m hnh ph bin v truyn thng;Trch nhim v nhim v ca mi mt n v l khng ging nhau;M hnh ny c nhng im cn ch nh sau:

Phn cng cng vic trn c s chuyn mn ho;D cu trc v iu chnh;Linh hot trong s dng ngi;Kh khn trong qun l iu hnh do a dng v chuyn mn v phc tp v t chc.

Tng Gim c

Nhn vin d n

Nhn vin d n

Gim st

Gim st

Gim cti chnh

Gim cK thut

Gim csn xut

Gim ctip th

c kh in

30

DNG T CHC THEO CHC NNG (TIP)

u imCho thy s logic v chc nng v cc quy nh;Duy tr quyn lc v v th ca cc chc nng t chc chnh;Tp trung quyn kim sot nhn s trong ban lnh o b phn chc nng;To c knh trao i giao tip r rng nh nh;Bo m nhng nguyn tc ca vic phn cng cng vic theo

h h chuyn mn ho;Duy tr c i ng chuyn gia v ti nng;Khch l s tin b v pht trin v chuyn mn ngh nghip;Pht trin i ng chuyn gia k thut v nh lnh o trong tung lai.

DNG T CHC THEO CHC NNG (TIP)

Nhc imMi lin h/kt gia cc mc tiu ca d n vi mc tiu v hot ng chc nng;hot ng chc nng;Hu thun cho chc nng lnh o hoc nhm mnh nht;Vn k hoch v chi ph ca d n khng c ch trng bng vn t chc ca d n;Quy trnh ra quyt nh v trao i giao tip b chm;Thiu tnh linh hot, mm do trong ng ph vi nhng thay , g g p g yi ngoi cnh v trong mt mi trng d n nhy cm/hay thay i;

31

DNG T CHC THEO D ND n c bit quan trng (pht trin mt sn phm mi hoc lin doanh kinh doanh) c thi gian di v yu cu n lc lm vic fulltime c th hnh thnh mt project team. Cc thnh vin fulltime s c giao nhim v tham gia d n v cng ngi lm vic cng vi cc thnh vin khc. D n

c imTp trung quyt schPhn tn kinh doanh/thc hinTrch nhim c nhn c cao

c s t chc v ngn sch ring l n v ring bit ca cng ty.

Gim c d n c ton quyn kim sot i ng cn b, chuyn gia d n.M hnh ny c nhng im mnh, im yu g?

DNG T CHC THEO D N (TIP)

u imCoi trng khu lp d n tp trungCoi trng khu lp d n tp trungTrch nhim gii trnh c xc nh v phn cng r rng choc nhniu phi cht ch trn c s nhng quy nh chnh schKim sot ti a cc ngun lcCam kt cht ch/tn trng k hoch, cc mc tiu chi ph vg pk thutCc knh trao i thng tin hiu quNhn din sm nhng vn tim nngThi gian phc v ngn

32

DNG T CHC THEO D N (TIP)

Nhc imLm gia tng nhng chi ph v t chcLm gia tng nhng chi ph v t chcHn ch vic trao i v phng din k thut v s pht tringia cc d nMu thun gia tng gia cc d n trong phn b cc ngun lcKh b tr/chia s nhn s/lc cho nhiu/gia cc d ni vi mt d n c th, nhn lc rt b hn chCh nh gi li nhn lc lu hn so vi s cn thitCh nh gi li nhn lc lu hn so vi s cn thitThiu s c hi pht trin ngh nghip lu di cho cc nhnvin d n.

DNG T CHC THEO MA TRN

y l dng cu trc kt hp ca 02 cu trc trn

c imCho php kt hp hai m hnh t chc theo chc nng vtheo d n;L dng t chc phc tp cho php duy tr s vng mnh cacc nhm chuyn mn k thut;Cc gim c d n trong m hnh ny ph trch ton b kthut ca d n thng qua cc quy nh, phng banthut ca d n thng qua cc quy nh, phng banCc gim c chc nng c ton quyn trong vic chn v sdng i ng chuyn gia k thut, bo m rng p ngc cc hot ng k thut v cc tiu chun, nm vng hthng k thut ca d n.

33

Chu tch

Tong giam oc PCT ky thuatva kiem traPCT am baochat lng PCT ieu hanh PCT san xuat

G Ky thuathe thong

G Ky thuatthiet ke

G Ky thuatkiem tra

G Kiem soatchat lng

G Ky thuato tin cay

G ieu hanhd an

G hp ongva mua ban G logistics

G ky thuatsan xuat

GdanA

Ky sdan

Ky sthi tk

Ky ski t

Ky sh tl

Ky s ti

Chuyenvien ieu Chuyen giah

Ky sl i ti

Ky s t

~ ~ ~ ~~

d an A d an

Gd an B

Ky sd an

thiet ke

Ky sthiet ke

kiem tra

Ky skiem tra

chat lng

Ky schat lng

o tin cay

Ky so tin cay

o d an

Chuyenvien ieuo d an

hp ong

Chuyen giahp ong

logistics

Ky slogistics

san xuat

Ky ssan xuat

Quyen chc nangQuyen d an

DNG T CHC THEO MA TRN (TIP)

u imHot ng nht qun da trn m hnh t chc theo chc

nng kt hp vi u im ca t chc theo d n;Nhng li th ca m hnh t chc theo chc nng c duy tr, l khai thc c i ng chuyn mn (tr tu v k thut), s dng nhn s d n linh hot, phn cng trn c s chuyn mn ho. Trng b phn chc nng bo m nhim v chuyn mn theo chc nng ca h;Trng b phn chc nng p ng yu cu thay i trong chuyn mn ca cc d n khc nhau;Trng b phn chc nng xut nhng tiu chun k thut theo mong mun;

34


u im (tip)Duy tr c kho nhn ti v chuyn mnS dng linh hot i ng nhn s cho cc d nC nhiu c hi v trao i cng nghCc thnh vin nhm d n duy tr c chuyn mnNhng k thut lp k hoch, lp lch trnh, kim sot chi ph d n c ch trngTi thi ho chi ph ca d nTi thiu ho chi ph ca d n.


Nhc imPh v quan im mt ch truyn thng Mu thun thng php sinh nh l mt hu qu tt yu ca

s khng r rng gia quyn lc v trch nhim bo coKh thc hin iu chnh nhn s v lnh o, cng nh i hi mt nhiu thi giani hi rt ln v trao i thng tin hiu quCn nhiu n lc v thi gian ngay t ban u xc nhCn nhiu n lc v thi gian ngay t ban u xc nh cc quy nh chnh sch v th tc hnh chnh

35


Mi quan h gia quyn lc v trch nhim trong m hnh ma trn: Ci g, khi no v bao nhiu?

Gi T b h CN Ch i K th tGim c Trng b phn CN Chuyn gia K.thut

Xc lp quy m/phm vi cc hot ng cho cc d n xut

Tham gia vo p.trin cc k hoch ca d n.

Chun b cc k hoch, lch trnh chi tit cho cc nhim v theo thit k ph hp vi k hoch tng th, nhng yu cu h tr

Chuyn ho nhng mc tiu n cc b phn chc nng trn cc phng din: Chi ph, tin , hot ng,

Tham gia xc nh cc nhu cu v ngun lc ca d nXc nh khi cng vic theo thit k

Trin khai nhim v thit kChuyn vn k thut theo thit k cho cc nhm d n, trong cc bo co

DNG T CHC THEO MA TRN (TIP)Mi quan h gia quyn lc v trch nhim trong m hnh ma trn: Ci g, khi no v bao nhiu (tip)

Ch iGim c Trng b phn CN Chuyn gia K.thut

Lnh o cc nhm: lp k hoch tin v hng dn

B tr nhn lc theo yu cu ca DA

Trao i giao tip hc hi

Phn b cc ngun lc ph hp vi nh cu k thut

Duy tr cht lng chuyn mnTuyn dng, o to v q.l cc vi nh cu k thut

Thng nht ql v tr. i th.tin ca DA.gi tin trnh trn c s KHGii quyt mu thunTrao i giao tip.

thnh vin trong n v.gi ch.lng k thut ca cc hot nga ra nhng h.dn, ch dn v mt k.thutTrao i giao tip.

36

Cu trc chc nng Cu trc d n Cu trc ma trnu im

S dng hqu KNg & p. tin chung Gim st chi phi ngun lcC k.sot cht ch do c Q.lc

Chi phi ngun lc, s dng hiu qu. Chuyn gia c th tham gia vo nhiu d n cng lc

CC TC cho hoch nh & k.sot T.Gian xc tin DA nhanh Tng hp DA tt

Cc h.ng c li t c.ngh h.i Khuyn khch cn i: thnh qu, t.gian

Lung thng tin c ci thinbiu & chi ph

D on hot ng .b ng. lc To s tp trung cc TV trong DA p ng s thch nghi nhanh

S dng hiu qu cc yu t SX C mi q.h tt vi cc .v khc Duy tr k lut lm vic tt

n nh & p.tr ng.nghip lu diNV Q.Tm n yu cu khch hng (Chu trch nhim u ra trc i tc)

ng lc & cam kt c ci thin

Ph hp cho loi SX i trChc nng r rng khng rng lp

Tng c hi trao i, hc hi, phi hp tt gia cc b phn. Ch trng ti u ra

Khuyt imO c Q.lc tp trung, phm vi hp Chi ph cao, s dng ng.lc 0 hiu qu Bo co 2 cp. S tranh chp v quyn lc. Q p g, p p p , g g q p p q y

Cn cn bng quyn lc

t/0 hoch nh v vit B/co 0 chun b CVic trong tng lai Gia tng cc mu thun

t q.tm n y/cu khch hng t c hi trao i KT, thng tin gia cc DA

Thi gian phn ng li chm chp

Th.tin l.lc gia cc P.chc nng gp kh khn, phn ng chm

t n nh Nghnghip cho TV tham gia DA

Kh khn trong gim st v kim sot

Kh T.hp cc N.V a chc nng Kh khn trong vic cn i CV khi DA Gon bt u v kt thc

Qun l ph tng cao

C khuynh hg Q theo nhm c u th hn

Tri qua nhiu cng thng (tress)

M HNH NGI IU PHI

Ngi iu phi d n (project co-ordinator):

Mt d n c th iu hnh thng qua t chc c m t nh trn nhng c mt nhn vin c bit c b nhim iu hnh n.

Ngi iu phi gp cc gim c chc nng, cung h d th d b t h t dcp cc ch dn v thc y d n, bo co tnh trng d

n cho cp qun l cao hn.

37

M HNH T CHC KIU HNG D N

Khi mt d n cc k phc tp, thi gian ko di, gm mt s t chc khc nhau cn giao cho mt ngi chumt s t chc khc nhau, cn giao cho mt ngi chu trch nhim chnh, kim sot ton b cc n v trong d n hon thnh mc ch ra.

V d: Khi Rockwell International c trao cc hp ng 2 triu USD biNASA, 02 chng trnh c thit lp 02 v tr t chc khc nhau. Michng trnh chu s ch o ca mt ph TG v c i ng chuyn gia vg p g y gnh my. Nh th mt s dn xp kin ca t mi nhm dn ti mt mc co nht th gi l t chc hng d n.

6 nhim v c bn

Q l h i d - Qun l phm vi ca d n

- Qun l ti nguyn con ngi

- Qun l thng tin

Qun l thi gian- Qun l thi gian

- Qun l cht lng

- Qun l chi ph

38

Ky nang ieu o va Ky nang ky thuat

iu quan trng:y g quan ly thi gian Ky nang ky thuat

Ky nang lanh ao

Ky nang quan ly tainguyen va quan he

Ky nang marketing, kyhp ong, quan he

Ky nang hoach nhngan sach

- C ci nhn ton cnhnhng khng b qua cc chi tit nh

- C kh nng tm ras cn bng gia ccmc tiug y q

nhan s

Ky nang thong tinKy nang am phan

p g qkhach hang

- C kh nng quyton, x l ng nv kip thi.

Hiu qu:

- K nng TV

-Thi ; dng iu; s tp trung; tun th thi gian; quan tm mc tiu, cng vic, tng lai v

Yu t Xy dng nhm

- Chn ng vic phi hp

- T chc nhm hon thnh NV

Kh khn

-Tn thi gian & cng sc

-Ra q. nh chm

Tht bi-Mu thun ni b -Cc TV u lo lng & nn lng (tm trng mun thot khi nhm)g g

con ngi

- Gii quyt mu thun

- Cu trc t chc

- Kiu Ql

Li ch

- Nng cao thnh qu

- XD hiu qu tng hp

- Chn ng kiu lnh o

-Xu hng tch ri khi t chc M

-Hnh thnh b phi

Phm cht ngh nghip ca TV trong nhm

thot khi nhm)-Cc Q tu tin bi 1 ng/1s ng khg c s chp nhn ca nhng ngi khc

-Nng cao kh nng sng to

-Gim cng thng & mu thun

-Gii quyt V h.qu

-Nng cao yu t o c, tinh thn, s quan tm v tin tng ln nhau

-ng u vi thch thc

- Quan tm v chu trch nhim

- Chu s kch thch ca m.trng lm vic

- Cu tin trong ngh nghip

- Lnh o tng quan: KT, Th.tin, giao tip, ra q

Nhm lm vic hiu qu

39

Quan im c Quan im mi

Tm cch trnh mu thun Khng th trnh c mu thun cn phi ng u vi mu

thunMu thun l do sai lm ca qun l

Mu thun l do nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau

Mu thun l mt du hiu xu Mu thun c th tt, c th xu

Mu thun cn phi c loi b Mu thun cn phi c qun l v kim sot

Bin php tng qut-Mi vic phi c hoch nh v

Cc vn cn quan tm-Thng tin hiu qu gia cc thnh

Xy dng nhm:

Mi vic phi c hoch nh v thc hin cn thn. Nhng vn khng r th nh t vn/chuyn vin.

-Thu thp thng tin y .

-Phi c qu trnh t nh gi.

iu kin d thnh cng

Thng tin hiu qu gia cc thnh vin trong nhm

-Cch gii quyt hiu qu

-Cch gii quyt mu thun

-Tnh sng to trong nhm

-Khng kh lm vic tin cy v h tr

-Phi r c mc tiu ca nhm v vai tr ca cc TV trong nhm -c s h tr t cc nh qun l

-S t nguyn tham gia ca cc thnh vin trong nhm

vai tr ca cc TV trong nhm

40

Lnh o: L hnh ng ng vin hay cng p ngi khc hon thnh mt nhim v c th t ti mc tiu ca t chc.

Quyn lc: l kh nng ca mt ngi ny nh hng ti hnh vi caQuyn lc: l kh nng ca mt ngi ny nh hng ti hnh vi ca ngi khc

Ngun gc quyn lc:

-Chnh thc

-Do s tng thng

-Do cng bc (hnh pht)

Ch -Chuyn mn

-Tn phc (uy tn)

-Ngoi ra trong thc t cn c cc loi quyn lc do: thng tin; thuyt phc, lin kt

M u: Cc gim c d n, theo chuyn mn ca h, tc ng n cht lng cuc sng ca tt c mi ngi cc cng vic ng qui tc v tm kim, duy tr s tin cy cc thnh vin ca nhm, ng nghip, nhn vin, khch hng v cng chng.iu 1: Gim c d n s duy tr mc tiu chun cao cho con ngi v cc quyt nh mang tnh chuyn mn-Chu trch nhim v hnh ng ca mnh-m nhim v chu trch nhim ch khi c o to, hay c kinh nghim; c y bng cp cn thit-Duy tr kin thc chuyn mn nh cao v nhn thc tm quan trng ca vic pht trin nhn s v gio dc-Nng cao uy tn chuyn mn bng cch rn luyn

H t i t kh kh h hi h th- H tr qui tc ny v khuyn khch ng nghip v nhn cng cng thc hin-H tr cng ty bng cch tham gia v khuyn khch ng nghip v nhn cng cng thc hin-Tun theo cc qui nh lut php ca nh nc m cng vic ang c tin hnh

41

iu 2: Gim c d n s thc hin cng vic:Th hin tinh thn lnh o cn thit thc y nng sut trong khi c ging cc tiu chi php dng cc cng c v k thut qun l d n hin i m bo iu p dng cc cng c v k thut qun l d n hin i m bo iu ng hn vi k hochi x cng bng vi cc thnh vin nhm, ng nghip, cng nhn bt chp quc tch, tui tc, gii tnh, chng tc.Bo v cc thnh vin nhm trc s xm hi v th cht v tinh thnCung cp iu kin v c hi lm vic tt nht c th Phn cng cng vic cho thnh vin nhm ph hp vi chuyn mn.

iu 3: Gim c d n v mi quan h vi nhn vin, khch hngiu 3: Gim c d n v mi quan h vi nhn vin, khch hngTrung thnh vi cc i l hay ngi u thc, nhn vinDuy tr thng tin vi cc thnh vin mt cch tin cyBo cho cc thnh vin nhng thng tin cn thitVi nhng rc ri

VAI TR CA GIM C D N V LA CHN GIM C D N

Gim c: V i lVai tr quan trng - v tr trng tm ca cng tc qun l DA;Trng tm: t chc, gn vi vic phn phi, qun l cc ngun lc v iu phi cc hot ng;Ngi i din hp php trong cc hp ng kinh t, k thut;

42

La chn gim c:

VAI TR CA GIM C D N V LA CHN GIM C D N (TT)

Phm cht c nhnNng lc qun l iu hnhNng lc lm vic vi con ngi;B dy thnh tch

La chn gim c (tip): Kh nng gy nh hng n ngi khc;Kh khi d i ti i kh


Kh nng khi dy nim tin ngi khc;K nng qun l (phn cng, hun luyn, h tr, giao tip, lm gng, ...);Kin nh;ng tin cy; chnh trc; cng bng; bit lng nghe; nht qun; quan tm n mi ngi xung quan mt cch chn thnh;Bc l s tin tng vo tp th;nh gi cng trng ng; St cnh cng tp th lc kh khn;Lun cung cp v tip nhn thng tin kp thi;

43

La chn gim c (tip):

H d i kh


Hng dn ngi khc;

To mi trng khuyn khch nhn vin ch ng, sng to;

Xy dng lng tin;

Quan tm hng u n nhu cu ca khch hng;

Tm ra cc phng thc lm vic tt hn;

Ph v cc ro cn i vi pht trin.

NHN S CHO D NSau khi la chn c gim c d n v chnh thc b nhim th mt trong nhng cng vic u tin phi lm ca G DA l xy dng i ng nhn s cho d n.Nhn s cho d n nn c la chn trn c s nhng k nng theo yu cu ca DA, nng lc v phm cht c nhn.Nhn s c th tuyn t bn trong hoc bn ngoi t chcchc.M t vn tt v mi v tr nn c chun b kNhng thng bo tuyn dng chnh thc cn c pht i rng ri v hp ng trc tip nn cho cc b phn phng ban chc nng k trc vi ngi lao ng.

44

Khi khng c ng c vin no p ng cc yu cu theo thng bo tuyn dng th cn ngh n

NHN S CHO D N (TT)

cu theo thng bo tuyn dng th cn ngh n vic g?

Phi chng l tuyn vo ri tin hnh o to?

Mi hc vin cho kin!

Cc v tr nhn s c bn ca mi d n l:Gi d

NHN S CHO D N (TT)

Gim c d nGim c (ph) hnh chnh, nhn s, ti chnh,chng trnh.Tr l (ban)/Th k gin c iu phi vinPh trch k thut Tr l k thutNhn vin cc b phn chc nng.

45

Khi nh gi cc ng c vin, c bit l nhng ngi t bn ngoi t chc, cn ch cc yu t c bn sau:

NHN S CHO D N (TT)

S thiu cn thn trong chun b h s;

Yu cu v mc lng v cc khon thu nhp khc;

Yu cu v iu kin lm vic;

Trnh o to, kinh nghim lm vic c;

Kh nng ng ph vi cc tnh th;

S ln thay i cng vic/ngh nghip;

Yu t a l ca ng c vin;

Thi gian sn c cho cng vic (c ngy hay na ngy,.)

Bng vic xem xt cc yu t trn ngay t ban u s trnh c vic c qu nhiu ng c vin trong cc vng sau.

NHN S CHO D N (TT)

q g g g

Phng vn trc tip l khu khng th b qua v trong nhiu trng hp, ng c vin giu kinh nghim s gi n mt h s vi nhng g m nh tuyn dng mong mun v c th nng lc thc t ca h khng ng nh vy.

Thn na l cn bit c ng c vin c thc s yu thch v tr hay khng? Mc sn sng? Nhng k nng th mnh?

46

Vic quyt nh la chn ai cn cn c trn ton b cc mt, mt cch ton din.

NHN S CHO D N (TT)

Kt qu tuyn dng cn c thng bo cho c ngi c tuyn v khng c tuyn sm nht c th trn c s nhng quy nh hnh chnh hin hnh.

Trong nhiu lnh vc k thut c th vic thiu ht cn b l kh khn ht sc nghim trng.

Trong nhng tnh hung nh vy, vic tuyn dng gp nhiu kh khn nn m rng i tng tuyn dng. Thm vo l tp trung

NHN S CHO D N (TT)

vo mt s ng c vin tim nng.

Di y l mt s cch thc b sung thiu ht v nhn lc c trnh cao:

o to ti ch cho i ng nhn lc miS dng cc chuyn gia t vn tm thiLun chuyn, trao i gia cc nh s dng/cc b bn/cc d n theo cc chng trnh c trco to nng cao cho s ngi hin cThc hin a dng ho cc k nng ngh nghip

47

T CHC CC BUI HP

T chc qun l c hiu qu cc bui hp l mt k nng v cng quan trng i vi mi cn b t chc s g v c g qua t g v c b t c c skin.

Rt nhiu nh qun l v cn b nhn thy rng nhiu cuc hp l mt s lng ph thi gian. Nguyn nhn l do cc bui hp y khng c t chc tt, qun l hiu

kh thi i th h kh thitqu, khng ng thi im v thm ch khng cn thit.

Trong nhiu trng hp, cc bui hp c t chc l theo lch trnh thng qua m b qua s cn thit ca n.

V c bn, cc cuc hp l phc v cho trao i, giao tip v ra quyt nh.Tht t nu khi kt thc m khng t c iu g v lm lng

T CHC CC BUI HP (TT)

Tht t nu khi kt thc m khng t c iu g v lm lng ph thi gian ca mi ngui v cc ngun lc khc.Di y l mt s ch dn lm cho cc bui hp tr nn hiu qu hn:

T chc bui lm vic trc bui hp chnh thc: Lm r cc ch cn tho lun; D kin nhng kt qu ca mi ch ;

h l h k hXc nh xem l th no cc kt qu c thng qua; Lm r cc thnh phn tham gia bui hp; Xc nh s ph hp v thi gian v a im; Phn chia cc ch ; Xc nh thi gian cn thit cho mi ch ;

48

Thuyt phc c chnh bn thn bn v s cn thit ca bui hp;


bui hp;

Xem xt nhng kh nng thay th cho bui hp (hp trc tip hay trc tuyn, hay ch cn trao i ngn,.);

Xem xt k lng chng trnh ngh s ca bui hp;

Bt u bui hp ng thi gian nh;

Mi cc thnh vin tham d, nu cn trc tip gp mt;

Tun th chng trnh ngh s; khng thm bt tu tin, tr ph l ci cc k quan trng, c bit;

Tm ra nhng nhn t kch thch tho lun;Trnh mu thun nhm;


Trnh mu thun nhm;Hng cc tho lun vo cc ch ca bui hp;Duy tr vic kim sot v iu hnh bui hp;Tng kt li mi ch trc khi bt u mt ch tip theo;p ;Kt thc bui hp ng k hoch thi gian;Tng kt v nh gi mi kha cnh ca bui hp.

49

Quan lycap cao

Cac c quanchnh phu Cac co van

Cac giam occhc nang

Cac giam ocd an Khach hang

Nhom d an Cac tochc khac Nha thau phu

1. Nhim v v mc ch ca d n2. S h tr ca qun l cp cao2. S h tr ca qun l cp cao3. Lp k hoch d n4. Tham kho kin khch hng5. Nhn s6. K thut7 S ng tnh ca khch hng7. S ng tnh ca khch hng8. Kim sot d n9. S truyn t10. X l s c

50

Cc bc xy dng cy quyt nh1. Xc nh cc im quyt nh v cc phng n kh d ti mi imXc nh cc im khng chc chn v cc kt qu c th ti mi im (layout of decidion floe network)2 c lng cc gi tr a ra phn tch c bit l cc xc sut tng2. c lng cc gi tr a ra phn tch, c bit l cc xc sut tng ng vi cc kt qu khc nhau v chi ph/li nhun cho cc kt qu cng nh qu trnh din tin phng n3. Phn tch cc phng n, bt u vi im quyt nh xa nht v tnh tr li, chn quyt nh c khi u tt nht.

Cc nguyn tc c bn trong vic v cy quyt nh.1. Tt c phng n u tin hay gn gi nm trong s nhng mong mun m ngi ra quyt nh chn 2. Ngi ra quyt nh mong mun xem xt tt c cc kt qu khng chc chn v cc phng n trong tng lai v chng c th tc ng trc tip n cc kt qu cc phng n ban u3. Ngi ra quyt nh mong mun xem xt tt c cc kt qu khng chc chn bi v chng c th cung cp cc thng tin cho anh/ch ra quyt nh chn cc phng n trong tng lai v v vy, tc ng trc tip n cc kt qu cc phng n ban u.

51

S cn thit ca vic phn tch tnh kinh t.

xem vic b vn ra u t vo d n c em li ch v kinh t khng?

Vic phn tch ch u t c th ra quyt nh thng qua vic tr li 02 cu hi c bn nht:

1 Li ch c ng b cng sc v tin ca vo1. Li ch c ng b cng sc v tin ca vo khng?

2. Gia cc d n hay cc phng n ci no c li nht?

52

Cc ch tiu thng s dng- Gi tr hin ti (Present value)

-T l thu hi vn (Rate of Return)

-Thi gian hon vn (Payback Period)

-Li ch chi ph (Benefit/cost)

P: Gi tr hin ti (Present value)

F: Gi tr tng lai (Future value)

A: Gi tr bnh qun hng nm (Average value)

G: Gi tr hng u hng nm (Gradient value)

n: S thi on ca d n

r (%): t sut chit khu l t l dng nh gi d n theo ch h tquan ca ch u t

i (%): Li sut hay t sut li nhun, do ngi cho vay quyt nh

MARR: t sut thu hi ti thiu

IRR: t sut thu hi ni ti

53

(F/P, i, n) H S Gi Tr Ly Tch n

Single payment compound amount factor

(P/F, i, n) H S Gi Tr Hin Ti n

Single payment present worth factor

ni + )1(

ni)1( +

n worth factor

(F/A, i, n) H S Gi Tr Ly Tch Chui Phn B u

Uniformseries compound amount factor

(A/F, i, n) H S Vn Chm Uniform series sinking fund factor

(P/A, i, n) H S Gi Tr Hin Ti Chui Phn B u

Uniform series Present worth factor

( )

( )( )n

n

iii+

+1

11

( ) 11 + nii

( )ii n 11 +

(A/P, i, n) H S Tr Vn Uniform series capital recovery factor

(P/G, i, n) H s Chui Gradient s hc hin ti

Arithmetic gradient present worth factor

(A/G, i, n) H s Chui Gradient s Hc u

Arithmetic gradient uniform worth factor ( ) 11

1+

nin

i

( )( )

++

nii

ii

n

n

111

1

( )( ) 11

1+

+n

n

iii

F

P

A A A A A

i%

G2G (n-2)G

(n-1)G

n-1 n

54

Gi s mt chi tit gi 20000 USD, s dng

trong 5 nm v tit kim c 4000 USD ti

cui nm th nm. Nu i=15%, tnh A v P.

V d 1:

Mt d n chnh ph c d kin nh sau:

Chi ph ban u chnh ph phi tr l 100.000 USD

Gi tr hin ti ca chnh ph bo tr trong tng lai l 40.000 USD

Gi tr hin ti ca li ch chung l 300.000 USD

Gi tr hin ti ca chi ph pht sinh ca ngi s dng l 60.000 USD

Cc cch tnh B/CCch 1: B/C=(Tt c li ch)/(Tt c chi ph)= (300)/(100+40+60)=1.5Cch 2: B/C =(Li ch chung chi ph chung)/(chi ph ch nh ph )=1 7Cch 2: B/C =(Li ch chung chi ph chung)/(chi ph ch nh ph )=1.7Cch 3: Nu xem chi ph bo tr khng mang li li ch th:

B/C = (Li ch chung chi ph chung-chi ph bo tr)/(chi ph chnh ph )= 2

NPV = PW ca li ch - PW chi ph = 300-60-40-100 = 100 gi tr NPV khng thay i.

55

A B C DGi mua my 20.000 30.000 35.000 43.000Thi gian hot ng (nm) 5 10 5 5Gi thanh l my 4000 0 4000 5000Gi thanh l my 4000 0 4000 5000Doanh thu hng 10.000 14.000 20.000 18.000Chi ph SX hng nm 4.400 8.600 9.390 5.250Doanh thu chi ph 5.600 5.400 10.610 12.750

GiiA A B A C C D

gi mua my 20.000 10.000 15.000 8.000Gi thanh l 4.000 - 4.000 0 1.000B= (Doanh thu chi

ph nm)5.600 - 200 5.010 2.140

CR 5.373 605 4.477 2.386B/C= B/ CR 1,04 - 0,33 1,12 0,9

Thay i PA u t C khng C khng

Tm li c 2 cng thc tnh B/C

1. Truyn thng

B/C=PW(B)/PW(CR+O+M) hoc B/(CR+O+M)

2. Sa i

B/C=PW[B-(O+M)]/PW[CR] hoc B/C = (B-(O+M))/(CR)

Vi B: Li ch hng nmB: Li ch hng nmO: Chi ph hot ng hng nmM: Chi ph bo tr hng nmCR: Khu hao hng nm ca chi ph u t

Vi mi d n m B/C >1 th d n nn u t

56

Ri ro xut hin trong nhiu trng hp nh: nu l pht trin sn phm mi th xc sutnu l pht trin sn phm mi th xc sut thnh cng ca sn phm ny trn thng trng l mt vn ch yu cn quan tm hay khi p dng mt cng ngh mi chng ta phi xem xt n xc xut thch ng v k thut, v con ngi, ngun lc l bao , g , g nhiu.Nhng d n c ri ro cng cao th c li tc cng ln (nhm thu ht vn u t).

BNG PHNG PHP GI TR HIN TIBNG PHNG PHP GI TR HIN TI THUN

NPV Net Present Value

NPV ca d n no c gi tr ln hn v ln hn KHNG s c xem xt

SUT THU HI NI TI IRR CNG THNG C S DNG (CN GI L CH S LI NHUN CA D N)

57

NPV=f(n,r)NPV = f (n IRR) = 0NPV = f (n,IRR) = 0

IRR MARR OK

IRR(1) IRR(2) IRR(1) OK

IRRT suat chie

khau r

A B C DGi (USD) 20 000 30 000 35 000 43 000Gi mua my (USD) 20.000 30.000 35.000 43.000Thi gian hot ng 5 nm 10 nm 5 nm 5 nm

Gi thanh l my 4.000 0 4.000 5.000Doanh thu hng nm

10.000 14.000 20.000 18.000

Chi ph sx hng nm 4.400 8.600 9.390 5.250

(Doanh thu-chi ph) 5.600 5.400 10.610 12.750

V CASHFLOW , TNH IRR , NPV V BN LUN

58

Xt bi ton u t h thng vin thng vi cc chi ph sau:Trng hp A: Chi lm hai giai on:Trng hp A: Chi lm hai giai on:

Giai on 1: 100000$Giai on 2: 120000$

Trng hp B: u t mt ln 140000$Thng tin:u t c hai phng n u ko di 40 nm k t thi im hin ti Chi ph hot ng v bo tr hng nm hai phng n nh nhauMARR%=8%

250.000

im ha vn

100.000

150.000

200.000

1 giai on

(Breakeven point

50.000

15

59

iu kin 1 iu kin 2 iu kin i

Phng n 1 Phng n 2 Phng n i

Mi trng thng tin khng chun

Lit k cc trng s v xc sut

cc PA

nh gi ri ro, kinh

nghim

S d dng nu mc tiu ch l cc i li nhun

hoc cc tiu chi ph

TRNG HP

L thuyt h dKH KHN

PHC TPhu dng

(Utility Theory)

Hm hu dng D dng hnRa

quyt nh

nh lng h dng

nh lng Kt qu u ra

ngu nhin

60

Sn lc cng vic

D n gp

Yu cu cho cc xut Pht tng

Thu thp d liu

Tip tc theo tng B tngLu li tng

Hon

Khng Khng

C

Xc nh th t u tin

XD, xut DA

Tip tc theo tngM rng xut

Gn u tin

Xem xt cc xut

Khng Khng

C

nh gi

Phn tch ti liu d n

XD ti liu DA

Gn ti nguyn

Xem xt ti liu DA

Chp nhn

Khi u thc hin

Cp nht v phc hiKhng Khng

C

D n

TIU CHUN

TngC li Thi gian

a ra th ri ro S thnh

cng vD n Tng im

a ra th trng

cng v thng mi

3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1

D n A X X X X 10

D n B X X X X 6

D n C X X X X 8

Mi DA c nh gi cc ch tiu bi 3 mc, gi s trng s cc tiu ch bng nhau ta s c im tng nh trn.

Xy dng mt ngng di loi b d n.

61

Co lai

D an C3

2

Bng trc quanGin polar

Thi giana rath trng

S thanhcong vethng mai

3 3

2

22 1

1

1

1

phiu qu

hn dng bng

o rui ro

D an BD an A

3

2

Tiu chun

Xp hng

Trng s tng i

Xut sc (30)

Tt (20)

Kh (10)

Ngho nn (0)

im h s

=i

ijij swT

(0)C th tiu th c 0,20 X 6

Ri ro 0,20 X 4

Canh tranh 0,15 X 3

Gi tr gia tng 0,15 X 0

Cc c hi k thut 0,10 X 3

Tnh sn sng ca vt liu

0,10 X 1

Bo v quyn sng ch

0,05 X 0

Sn phm hin ti 0,05 X 1

1,00 18

62

Phng php Eff i

Sn sng

Tin cy

Ngun ngn

Effective-costy

Nng lc

Tnh hiu qu l kh nng thc hin chuyn mn, trong :ngn

sch b gii hn

thc hin chuyn mn, trong : gi tr, ti sn, hu dng, kh nng

khng th o bng tin v cng khng c php o

thc cht i din.

Cc c quan chnh ph M a ra 8 bc thc hin chi tit k hoch nghin cu C-E

1. Xc nh mc tiu yu cu

2. Xc nh nhim v

3. Pht trin phng n

4. Xy dng cc tiu chun nh gi h thng

5 Xc nh kh nng cc phng n5. Xc nh kh nng cc phng n

6. Phn tch hnh ng c mi phng n

7. Phn tch nhy

8. Bo co kt qu v a ra kin ngh

63

Hiu qu (effective)

ng ranh gii hiu qu (Effective frontier)

A1 A3

A2

A4

A5

A6

A7

F

A1A3

A0

K0 K1 K2 K4 K5 K6 K7

K

Chi ph (Cost)

Min khng chp nhn (Unacceptable

A2, A5, A7 b tri:

A2 b tri bi A3, A5 b tri bi A4; v A7 b tri bi A6

Min di phng n tri l khng chp nhn

Cc d n nm trn ng ranh gii l khng b tri

Vy nu bit K, bit F hoc bit c 2 thng s ny th s suy ra c phng n chn la

64

Trong thit k, xy dng cc h thng ln, ngi k s thng phi i mt vi nhiu cuu tr li nh:

Ci g c th sai?

N xy ra nhu th no?

Khi no xy ra?

Mc nghim trng ca n ra sao?

Lm cch no ngn nga hoc hn ch?

ri ro bao nhiu l c th chp nhn c?

Lm cch no o gim v qun l ri ro?Lm cch no o, gim v qun l ri ro?

Bc u tin: Xy dng bng biu c nhiu giai on cho nhim v h thng, lit k nhy ri ro mi v v yu t con nghi hoc kinh t, xc nh thi gian m khi xy ra s c gim nh

Bc k tip: Th hin cc hot ng v mi quan h logic gia cc thnh phn gia cc h thng con ln th

Chp nhn v qun l ri ro

Khi ri ro c xc nh, nh qun l phi quyt nh mc ri ro l bao nhiu c th chp nhn c trn c s nh gi kinh t, chnh sch v k h Q h h h i bi hi i h ithut. Quyt nh c th gy ra tranh ci bi v n cn thit trong vic nh gi

d n v mt chi ph v li nhun, n c th lm cho t chc tt hn v cng c th ph hu t chc.

M phng vi s khng chc chnMt h thng l hon ton mi, chng ta c rt t hoc thm ch khng c d liu c ghi nhn, chng ta c th tham kho tp d liu t mt h thng tng t cho vic xc nh ri ro.H h i i l kh th d h t h th kHnh vi ca con ngi l khng th d on nh ca mt h thng k thut. Ngy nay c nhiu k thut cho vic nh lng ng tin cy cho xc sut ca s sai st, s nhm ln ca con ngi. Tuy nhin vn cn nhiu iu khng chc chn trong vic d bo hnh vi ca cc c th m iu l mt trong cc yu t ca ri ro trong tt c h thng v d n.

65

Phn tch ri ro v li nhun

LP K HOCH CHO D N

Cc dng k hoch t chc thc hinCc dng k hoch t chc thc hin

Cc k thut lp k hoch cho d n

Lp k hoch ngn sch thc hin

66

K hoch tt l c s cho vic t c cc mc tiu ca d n

LP K HOCH CHO D N (TT)

Khng c nhn thc ng n v vic lp k hoch, qun l d n s tht bi trong vic trin khai cc chin lc cn thit t c cc mc tiu chnh.

Cc dng k hoch t chc thc hinK hoch chin lc;K hoch trung hn;K hoch hot ng (ngn hn)

Tm lc 03 dng k hoch t chc thc hin

KH chin lc KH trung hn KH hot ng

C Q


Cp QL

QL cp cao:CEO; Tng Gim c; Ph TG; cc gim c; trng cc b phn

Cp QL trung gian:Gim c cc n v chc nng; Trng cc phng ban

Cp QL thp hn:Ph trch cc b phn t, i;T vn

Khung t.gian Di hn (5-10 nm) Trung hn (6 thng 2 nm)Ngn hn (1 tun 1 nm)

Tm nhn ca t chc: Trit l hp tc; Nht bit nhim

Thit lp: Mc tiu cho h.ng hp tc; Chin lc R&D; H dn lp

Quyn hn:Gim st b phn c.nng,

Ni dung

p ; v; Cc n v chin lc; To dng ngn sch cho cc qu c.lc v h.ng; Phn b cc ngun lc.

lc R&D; H.dn lp KH; C.trnh h.ng ca ban l.o; Ngn sch cho h.ng.

p g,chi ph v h.thng k.sot;Trch nhim gii trnh cho cc h.ng/c.trnh theo chun.

PP tip cn Chun tc, km linh hot, khng thay i cChun tc, c th thay i, km

Chun tc; linh hot, ph thuc v s cp nht c nh

67

K thut lp k hoch cho d nLp KH cho d n cn phi cp n nhng vn sau:

M ti hi l DA


Mc tiu v chin lc ca DA;Mt chu k vng i;Chun b mt k hoch tm tt v d n

Do vy, t c hiu qu trong vic xc nh ci g cn c hon thnh?, bi ai?, khi no? v trong vic hon thnh , , g cc trch nhim c giao ca mt ai , lp KH cho DA phi bao gm:

Xc nh c th v m t hot ng trn cc phng din k thut, yu cu v mt vt l v cht lng cng nh thi hn hon thnh nhim v v mc tiu chi ph.

K thut lp k hoch cho d nCc cch thc t c cc mc tiu vi nhng k hoch d phng cho nhng hot ng c ri ro cao;


d phng cho nhng hot ng c ri ro cao;D bo tt c thi im hon thnh d n v ch ra mc tin cy ca nhng d bo y;Mt s t chc vi nhng trnh by chi tit v quyn hn, trch nhim, v ngha v tng ng ca cc c nhn - qun l, chuyn mn, h tr;

i h h h i h h h iTin trnh v ngn sch cho vic hon thnh cc cng vic phi phn nh tt c cc mt ca DA, gm c d phng, hi hp v thi hn trnh bo co;Cc tiu chun nh gi hot ng ca cc c nhn v t chc.

68

Lp k hoch ngn sch thc hinSau khi hon thnh vic lp KH cho mt d n, bc tip theo


l phn b cc ngun lc cho trin khai thc hin k hoch;

Vic ny c gi l phn b/lp k hoch ngn sch;

y l mt quy trnh phn b cc ngun lc khan him cho cc hot ng ca t chc qun l d n;

Ngn sch lun lun c hn. Nhng hn ch v ngn sch c th do khng ch chi tiu vn, thiu ht lao ng c k nng, thiu nguyn liu, .

Lp k hoch ngn sch l mt hot ng thit lp cc quy nh chnh sch v mt t chc ti chnh.

Ngn sch p ng cho nhiu mc ch sau:

Xy dng chnh sch ca d n;


Xy dng chnh sch ca d n;

C ch kim sot cho cc gim c;

nh gi hot ng;

Ti h h h t t t kh thi iTiu chun ho cc hot ng trong mt khung thi gian;

H tr cho nng cao nng sut;

Khch l hiu qu

69

LP K HOCH TRIN KHAI CC HOT NG CA D N

S GranttS Grantt

S mng (PERT/CPM)

K hoch nhn lcK hoch nhn lc

S Grantt hay S gngL mt k thut th hin k hoch trin khai thc hin cc

LP K HOCH TRIN KHAI CC HOT NG CA D N (TT)

hot ng ca mt d n.S dng loi s ny lm cho cc nh k thut ca d n c th c thi gian bt u sm hay mun v thi gian kt thc sm hay mun ca mi mt (hoc mt tp hp) cng vic/hot ng trong d n.Cho thy k hn tin trnh v nhn mnh ng gng. Khng cho thy th t v mt thi gian ca cc cng vic.

Ch :Ch :Hc vin tham gia trn lp vo ni dung ny theo hng dn ca

ging vin!

Trnh by trc tip

70

MINH HA S GRANTT

TT Cng vicTun

1 2 3 4 5

Mt d n: 05 hot ng, trong 05 tun

1 2 3 4 5

1 A

2 B

3 C

4 D

5 E

S mng (PERT/CPM)L mt cch khc th hin mi quan h gia cc cng


q g gvic/hot ng trong lp v qun l k hoch trin khai dn

L mt k thut m trong mi mt hot ng/cng vic c th hin bng mt mi tn (Activity-On-Arrow, AOA))

Mi vng trn th hin l im ni/s chuyn tip ca hai hot ng/cng vic ca d n.

71

S mng (PERT/CPM) (tip)Vng trn u tin lun lun th hin cho s bt u d n v


vng trn cui cng th hin s kt thc.

Li ch ca vic s dng s mng l kh nng cho php tnh ton n gin thi gian thc hin d n. Bi v c nhiu hot ng c th c tin hnh ng thi/song song, do thi gian tnh ton s nh hn so vi tng cc thi gian hon thnh tng phn vic.g p

Ch :Ch :Hc vin tham gia trn lp vo ni dung ny theo hng dn ca

ging vin!

S MNG (PERT/CPM) (TIP)

Cch biu din mt cng vic:Cc biu din im ni tip:

A

1Ch : im ni khng cha ng yu t thi gian

Th hin cc cng vic theo trnh t trc sau:

Tin trnh theo chiu mi tn;Mi cng vic bt u im bn tri,

1

1A B

Mi cng vic bt u im bn tri, kt thc u mi tn (im bn phi ca mi mi tn);Chiu di mi tn khng th hin cho khong thi gian ca cng vic.

Trnh by trc tip

72

CC TRNG HPBt u cc hot ng:

1 A 1 A

B

Kt thc cc hot ng:

Cc trng hp c th:

NA NA

B

a b

a b

iA B

C

iA

BC

iA

B C

D

a b c

THI GIAN SM NHT V MUN NHT

Thi gian sm nht ti mi im:

TI = Max (Ti-k (k=1, 2, 3, ...))

Thi gian mun nht ti mi im:

TJ = Min (Tj+k (k=1, 2, 3, ...))

ng gng (critical path)g g g ( p )

Cng vic v im trn ng gng

Phn tch qua v d c th

73

PHN TCH V DXc nh ng gng trong trng hp sau

53

1

2

4 7 9

2

3

10

4

4

5 7

ng gng l gm cc cng vic v s kin sauCng vic: S kin:

3 68

8

PHN TCH V DXc nh ng gng trong trng hp sau

53

55 14

1

2

4 7 9

2

3

10

4

4

5 70 0

3

6

2

9

11

2

6

5

1818

18

25

25 2518 1813

14

13

14

11

9

10

9

0

7


3 68

8

10

1018

18

18

10

101810

74

2

5

2 4

3

42

5

2

5

14

14

11

9

PHN TCH V D

1

3

4 7

6

9

2

3

108

8

4

5 70 0

10

3

6 9

11

10

6 18

18

18

18

18

25

25 2518 18

18

10

10

1313

1810

9

10

0

7

Xc nh ng gng trong trng hp sau

ng gng l gm cc cng vic v s kin sauCng vic: 1-3; 3-6; 3-7; 7-9 S kin: 1,3,6,7,9.

10

K hoch nhn lc


S Grantt l mt cng c hu ch trong vic lp biu k hoch nhn lc.

Ch :Ch :Hc vin cng tham gia trn lp vo ni dung ny theo

hng dn ca ging vin!

75

TIP V D TRC

TT Cng vicTun vi s cng ca cc cng vic

1 2 3 4 51 A 10

2 B 15

3 C 25

4 D 40

5 E 20Cng: 35 9090 8585 35 2020

TIP V D ANG NGHIN CU

Biu Nhn Lc

20406080

100

Cn

g

020

1 2 3 4 5

Tun

76

PHN B CC NGUN LC CA D N

Nhng hn ch v ngun lcNhng hn ch v ngun lc

N t ti h t Nguyn tc u tin cc hot ng

Nhng hn ch v ngun lcS mng da trn gii nh l mi ngun lc c sn khng b gii hn.

PHN B CC NGUN LC CA D N (TT)

g

Mc d gii nh ny nhm n gin ho quy trnh lp k hoch trin khai d n nhng trong thc t thng khng phi vy trong hu ht cc trng hp.

Trong thc t hu ht mi d n kh thi u phi i mt vi g p vn ngun lc c hn.

iu ny thm ch cn tr nn nghim trng hn trong cc d n cng gh cao do khan him nhn lc chuyn mn cao v thit b c chng.

77

Nhng hn ch v ngun lc (tip)


Trong thc t mt d n kh thi c trin khaithc hin trong iu kin b hn ch v 03 yu t:thi gian, cc ngun lc, v cc yu cu thchin.

thnh cng, gim c d n phi hc cch lm sao vt qua c 03 hn ch ni trn.

Kim k ngun lcCung cp nhng thng tin chi tit v cc mc yu cu v ngun lc theo thi gian ca k hoch trin khai d n


v ngun lc theo thi gian ca k hoch trin khai d nVic ny cung cp mt bc tranh khi qut v vic s dng cc ngun lc ca d n theo a l khng gianVic ny c th coi l lp k hoch v s dng ngun lc cho d n trong trin khai thc hinNh vy, cc nhu cu v ngun lc t giai on ny sang giai ki ( i i ) d h hon kia (qua cc giai on) ca d n c xc nh v c th b tr cung cp khi cn

78

D kin mc yu cu v ngun lc


L mt quy trnh gim thiu nhng bin ng v nhu cu s dng ngun lc ca d n qua cc giai on trin khai nh ch ra trong trnh by chi tit v ngun lc.

Cn lp k hoch tt bit c cc thi im s dng ngun lc cng thng.

Nguyn tc u tin cc hot ng


Vn ny t ra khi m ngun lc sn c khng p ng nhng yu cu s dng ca cc hot ng hin ti.

Nguyn tc u tin cn c a ra xc nh xem nhu cu s dng no cn c yu tin hn.

79

Nhim v ca iu l thc hin cc cng vic

Lp k hoch

Thi gian biu

Hon thnh d n

-Khi no d n hon thnh;thc hin cc cng vic

c lng thi gian s dng ngun lc

Xc nh cc mi

quan h

trc

Tnh sn sng ca ngun lc

Ngy ti hn

Nhm tr li cc cu hi

-ng gng u;

-Cng vic no c th tr hon, trong bao lu;

-Thi gian bt u v kt thc cng vic;

-Cng tc chi tr cho d n;

Bi tnh cht quan trng

Son tho thnh hp ng gia cc bn

trc sau

ngun lc -C ng ng tin khi rt ngn thi gian khng?

Trong mt s d n ln cch tp cn Modular trnh c vic qu sa ly vo cc chi tit nh vc qu yu cu ca d n. tip cn c ngi ta chia cng vic theo tng gi cng vc (WBS-Work g g g g g (Breakdown Structure)

CHIA NH CNG VIC CA D N MY TNH

80

MODULAR CHO D N MY TNH

HOCH NH D N THEO S GANTT (S thanh ngang)

Cng tc M t Cng tc trc Thi gian(Ngy)

A S h l i b h b 3A Sa cha li b phn bn trong to nh

- 3

B Mua dy tn hiu v dy ngun v cc thit b my ch v my ph

- 6

C Lp t my mc thit b A,B 6

D i dy tn hiu v dy ngun

A,B 4

E Lp t v kt ni cc thit b v ng tn hiu

C,D 3

F Kim tra v kt ni ngun E 1

G Kim tra v th nghim F 3

H Kt thc cng vic G 1

81

S GANTT

A

B

C

D

E

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21

F

G

H

S GANTT (Theo trin khai chm)

A

B

C

D

E

0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21

F

G

H

82

ji ji

Nguyn tc lp s mng1. nh s t nh n ln theo hng t tri qua phi v t trn

xung. Mi s kin u phi c cng tc n v i ngoi tr im cui

2. ng cng tc ch theo hng t tri qua phi khng quay ngc tr li

3. Nhng cng tc ring bit khng c k hiu cng mt s

4. n gin, khng nn c nhiu ch ct v giao nhau

5. Phi phn nh c trnh k thut v quan h k thut gia chng

3

2 4

6

A2 4

5

7

8

9 10

12 13B

13A8

11

12 14B

A

83

3

3

2 4

2 4

5

2 4

5

Cng tcA

Cng tc i trcKh 3

1 2 5A C D

ABCDE

Khng cKhng c

AC

B,c

32

4

5

B E

BI TP

A

84

a .Start: 04/14/07 ID: 1 .Finish: 04/17/07 Dur: 2 days

d .Start: 05/02/07 ID: 4 .Finish: 05/06/07 Dur: 5 daysR

yRes

b .Start: 04/14/07 ID: 2 .Finish: 04/19/07 Dur: 4 daysRes

c .Start: 04/20/07 ID: 3 .Finish: 04/28/07 Dur: 7 daysRes

Res

e .Start: 05/02/07 ID:1 .Finish: 05/05/07 Dur: 3 daysRes

Tn cng vic

a .Start: 04/14/07 ID: 1 .Finish: 04/17/07 Dur: 2 daysRes

T ngy

n ngy

Ngun lc

Thi gian thc hin cng vic

Th t cng vic

Phn tch s mng thng dng 02 phng php sau:

CPM (Critical Path Method) : Dng m hnh tt nh (xc nh) - thi gian hon thnh cng vic l hng sgian hon thnh cng vic l hng s.Phng php ny c pht trin cng thi vi PP PERT ca Cng ty Dupont v Remington Rand gip qun l xy dng v bo tr nh my ha cht.

PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Techniques) : Dng m hnh xc sut - thi gian hon thnh cng vic cho di dng hm phn phi xc sut.

K thut tng quan v nh gi d n c s dng u tin trong Hi qun M vo nm 1958 lp k hoch v pht trin tn la xuyn lc a. Tham gia chng trnh c 200 nh cung ng, 9000 nh thu, hng ngn nh Bc hc v cng nhn k thut cao. D kib chng trnh l 7 nm, nhng nh p dng k thut qun l ny nn gim cn 4 nm.

02 PP ny u ch r mi quan h lin tc gia cc cng vic v tnh ton ng gng, cng ch ra thi gian d tr cng vic thng c trnh by song hnh PERT/CPM

85

D tnh thi gian thc hin cng vic:

1. Phng php ngu nhin

Gi tr trung bnh thi gian hon thnh cng vic theo quy lut phn phi :

4 bma ++ 6

4 bmaTe++

= a: thi gian cc i thc hin cng vic

b: thi gian cc tiu thc hin cng vic

m : thi gian bnh thng thc hin cng vic

Gi s thi gian hon thnh cng vic c phn b theo quy lut chun v gi tr thi gian trung bnh l thi gian k vng theo ng gng th i lng z trong phn phi chun c tnh nh sau:

DSZ =S: thi gian d kin hon thnh ton b d n

D : di thi gian hon thnh cc cng vic gng

632 baTe

+=

d t g a o t cc c g c g g

: lch chun ca thi gian hon thnh cc cng vic gng.=

n

iiTeD

Gi s cc cng vic c lp nhau th thi gian hon thnh d n l tng thi gian k vng cc cng vic thc hin trn tuyn gng v phng sai hon thnh cng l tng phng sai cc cng vic trn tuyn gng .

22

6

=

abi

V d hy tm xc sut hon thnh d n sau trong vng 14 ngy

2 5a

d

eg

1

3

4

6

7

a

b

c

e

fh

Cng vic Tmax Tmin T Ttb( ) (b) ( ) (T )(a) (b) (m) (Te)

ng a-d-g di 11,16 ngy

a 5 1 3 3

d 6 2 4 4

g 6 3 4 4,166

86

Cng vic Tmax Tmin T Ttb(a) (b) (m) (Te)

ng Gng b-e-g di 13,16 ngyg g g , g y

b 7 1 4 4

e 8 2 5 5

g 6 3 4 4,166

ng c-f-h di 10,83 ngy

c 4 2 3 3

f 5 3 4 4

h 5 3 4 3,83

Z= 0,4545 P = 0,6736

Tnh ton s mng

2

a (5) c (8)

ti Ti0+5 5

ti TiMax( 5+8, 13

3+7,t T t T

1 3 4 5 6

a (5)

b (3)

e (7)

c (8)

f (4) g (5)d (7)

t T

0 00+7) =13

ti Ti13+4=17 17

ti Ti22 22

ti TiMax( 0+3, 6

5+0)=5

d1

Tnh thi gian sm tj = maxi [ ti+Lij ]

Tnh thi gian tr Ti = minj [ Tj - Lij ]

87

Thi gian d tr cng vic

ES(a) : Thi gian bt u sm ca cng vic a.

EF(a) : Thi gian kt thc sm ca cng vic a.

t( ) : di thi gian thc hin cng vic at(a) : di thi gian thc hin cng vic a

LS(a) : Thi gian bt u mun ca cng vic a

LF(a) : Thi gian kt thc mun ca cng vic a.

LFcc : Thi gian kt thc mun ca cng vic cui cng.

EF(a) = ES(a) + t(a)

ES(a) = Max (EFi) i l cng vic trc a v ES(a) =0

LF(a) = Min (LSj) j l cng sau a

LS(a) = LF(a) + t(a) LFcc = Thi gian thc hn d n

Thi gian d tr ton phn = LS(a) ES(a)

Thi gian d tr t do = Min (ES ca tt c - EF(a)

cng vic sau a)

Cng vic Thi gian bt u

sm (ES)

Thi gian hon thnh

sm (EF)

Thi gian bt u mun (LS)

Thi gian hon thnh mun (LF)

Thi gian d tr

ton phn

Thi gian d tr t

do

( )a 0 5 1 6 1 0b 0 7 0 7 0 0c 0 6 7 13 7 0d 5 10 6 11 1 1e 7 11 7 11 0 0f 7 10 16 19 9 9g 6 12 13 19 7 7g 6 12 13 19 7 7h 11 19 11 19 0 0i 11 16 21 26 10 10k 19 26 19 26 0 3m 26 29 26 29 0 0

88

BI TPa

89

BI TP B TR S 02Xc nh ng gng trong trng hp sau

2

5

3

83

9

6

2 12


9

KIM SOT V GIM ST

S cn thit phi kim sot

K hoch kim sot

Gim st v kim sot hot ng

Kim sot chi ph

H thng thng tin qun l d n

90

S cn thit phi kim sotThi gian, ngn sch v yu cu hot ng l 03 yu t hnh thnh c s cho nhng c trng ca mt d n v cng l c s

KIM SOT V GIM ST (TT)

thnh c s cho nhng c trng ca mt d n v cng l c s cho vic kim sot d n.

Kim sot d n l mt quy trnh gim thiu nhng sai lchgi thc hin v k hoch.

h ki h i c th kim sot chng ta cn phi o lng c.

Vic o lng cn c thc hin cho c ba yu t ni trn.

K hoch kim sot Theo tin trnh ca d n v cc hot ng trin


khai

Theo thi gian thc hin

Thi im thi gian tin hnh cc hot ng gimThi im, thi gian tin hnh cc hot ng gim st

Phng thc thc hin

91

Kim sot hot ngHu ht cc vn v trin khai d n khng ni ln cho n khi d n c hon thnh


n khi d n c hon thnh.

Vic ny lm cho cng vic kim sot tr nn rt kh khn.

Mt s vn v trin khai thc hin d n c th c pht hin qua nhng sai lch v thi gian v ngn sch.

Do vy, thi gian v ngn sch thc hin c vn th cn tin hnh nh gi phn tch xem cc vn nh hng nh th no n hot ng.

Kim sot hot ng (tip)Phn tch hot ng bao gm vic kim tra cc yu t quan trng nh:


trng nh:Phm vi: hp l hay cha trong mi trng d n; Mc tin cy theo yu cu c th t c khng trong iu kin ngun lc hin ti.

Ti liu: c d hiu v r rng hay khng? Chi tit hp l h ?cha?

Yu cu: cn c k thut cho vn c th c r rng, thuyt phc hay khng? Cc yu cu c t chc hp l khng? Tng tc gia nhng yu cu c th l gi?....

92

Kim sot hot ng (tip)


Bo m cht lng: ai chu trch nhim gim st? Quy nh v phng php kim tra?...

Ch S h t h hChc nng: Sn phn u ra c cc tnh nng nh thit k hay khng?

Kim sot chi phy l mt ch rt rng.Qun l chi ph y bao gm vic kim sot tt cc ni


Qun l chi ph y bao gm vic kim sot tt cc ni dung nh sau:

Tnh ton chi phHch ton chi phDng tin mt ca d nDng tin ca n vChi ph nhn cng trc tipT l chi ph tr trcKhuyn khch, khen thng v x phtThanh ton ngoi gi

93

H thng thng tin qun l d n

Khi s phc tp ca h thng tng ln th yu cu v thng tin


Khi s phc tp ca h thng tng ln th yu cu v thng tin cng theo tng ln.

Qun l d n ang ngy cng tr nn quan trng hn trong nhiu t chc v n em n mt cch tip cn h thng trong vic trao i v s dng thng tin.

Bo co v cc yu t ring r ca d n phi cht ch, theo mt phng thc l gc h tr vic kim sot qun l.

H thng thng tin qun l d n (tip)


H thng thng tin qun l d n ang pht trin nh l gii php cho vn kh khn trong gim st, t chc, lu tr, v truy cp thng tin d n.Nhiu h thng phn mn thng mi ang c pht trin cho vic trin khai h thng ni trn.Cc thnh t cn bn ca h thng ny l:Cc thnh t cn bn ca h thng ny l:

Cc bo co ti chnhThng tin cp nht k hoch

94

H thng thng tin qun l d n (tip)S Grantt


Sai lch v thi gian gia thc t v k hoch ca cc hot ngSai lch v chi ph gia thc t v k hoch ca cc hot ngSai lch v nh gi cc yu cu hot ngBo co tin K hot cung cpK hoch phn phiK h h h th h t h t h t K hoch nh thu ph v tnh trng hot ngK hoch hi tho v nh gi

C nhiu dng chun ang c pht trin h tr quy trnh bo co.

T CHC VIT BO CO XUT D N

Xy dng cng

X h Xc nh cc yu cu

Lp nhm chun b bo co

Bo co v k thut

Bo co v qun lBo co v qun l

Bo co v chi ph

nh gi bo co

95

Xy dng cng

Kt cu/b cc

T CHC VIT BO CO XUT D N (TT)

Kt cu/b cc

Ni dung: c s, mc tiu, u ra, cc hot ng, thi

gian, ngun lc, cch thc t chc, trin khai, kim

sot, ri ro, ....

Tham chiu

Nhng ch dn, ch

Xc nh cc yu cu

Mt bo co xut d n gm:


M t hot ng/cng vic

Lit k danh mc cc khon nh phn cng, phn mn, bo co,...

Nhng ch dn v k thut, qun l, xut v chi ph nn bao gmbao gm

Cc quy nh v iu chnh phi tun th

Can kt v chng nhn hp tc

....

96

Lp nhm chun b bo co

Nhm chun b bo co xut d n phi gm cc


Nhm chun b bo co xut d n phi gm cc chuyn gia gii trong cc lnh vc k thut, qun l v ti chnh (chi ph).

Nu c th th gim c d n tin nng sau ny nn l trng nhm chun b bo co xut d n.

Bo co v k thut

Phn quan trng nht ca xut d n


Phn quan trng nht ca xut d n

Cung cp nhn thc v vn

M t mt s cch thc c th v phn tch k cng cch tip cn c xut

Cng bao gm c cc k hoch v ni dung tin Cng bao gm c cc k hoch v ni dung, tin , ngun lc s dng,...

Phn tham kho cho phn m t cng vic

97

Bo co v qun l

Khng quan trng nh bo co k thut, nhng khng th coi


nh nht l khi phi cnh tranh hp ng

Minh chng nng lc qun l, p ng nhng yu cu c th v thi gian v chi ph

Gii thch nhng k thut qun l c s dng kim sot d n

M t cch thc t chc c th

Bo co v chi ph

Bo co chi ph cho thy kt cu cc thnh phn chi ph


Th hin cc chi ph trc tip v gin tip

Chi ph nhn cng theo thi gian v cng vic

Chi ph vt t

Chi ph bo co

C hi h i l iCc chi ph i li

Chi ph kim sot, nh gi

....

98

nh gi bo co xut d nL bo co ca hi ng nh gi bo co xut d


L bo co ca hi ng nh gi bo co xut d n

Phn nh kt lun ca hi ng v cht lng ca bo co xut

nh hng hnh ng tip theo sau bo co xutnh hng hnh ng tip theo sau bo co xut d n ca n v xut.

T CHC VIT BO CO KT THC D N

Xy dng cng ca bo co

M t vn tt d n

nh gi li vic lp v trin khai thc hin d n

nh gi cc hot ng ca d n

nh gi tng th v khuyn ngh

Kt lun chung

Xc nh cc yu cu ca bo co

Lp nhm vit bo co

nh gi bo co

99

REFERENCE MATERIALS

PROJECT MANAGEMENT Engineering, Technology, and

Implementation Avraham Shtub, Ionathan F.Bard, ShlomoImplementation Avraham Shtub, Ionathan F.Bard, Shlomo

Globerson (Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ 07632)

Project management handout of Master Vu Ngoc Thanh.

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Quan ly du an - (2015)