Review Biochemistry Tutorial

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Biochemistry

Biochemistry is the chemistry of living

organisms. All living things are organic: carbon-based

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There are four types of organic (carbon-based) molecules:

•Carbohydrates•Lipids (fats) •Proteins •Nucleic Acids

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The four types of organic molecules are:

1. Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, and sugars

2. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleotides

3. Carbon, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

4. Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

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Right! Carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are

the four types of organic (carbon-based) molecules.

All the organic molecules are polymers, meaning that they are large molecules built

from smaller ones. Each type of organic molecule has a specific building block.

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These are the building blocks:

•Carbohydrates: monosaccharides•Lipids: Fatty acids •Proteins: amino acids •Nucleic Acids: nucleotides

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Which pair of organic (carbon-based) molecule is paired with the wrong

building block:

1. Carbohydrates: monosaccharides

2. Nucleic acids: amino acids

3. Lipids: fatty acids

4. Proteins: amino acids

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Right!

The building block for nucleic acids is actually nucleotides. Notice the first 5

letters are the same for each.

Now let’s read about each category of organic molecules

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Carbohydrates• Carbohydrates come from

plants and include starches, sugars, and fiber

• Carbs provide quick energy and give structure to plants

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Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are polymers of monosaccharides (sugars) that

form a ring-shaped structure

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What kind of organisms do carbohydrates come from?

1. Animals

2. The sun

3. Plants

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Right!

Plants make carbohydrates though photosynthesis.

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

1. Energy and plant structure

2. To change the rate of chemical reaction

3. To build muscle

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Proteins build muscle!

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Enzymes are proteins that change the rate of chemical reactions

Right!

Carbohydrates provide quick energy, especially for athletes before a race or game,

and provide structure for plants, like the stringy fibers in celery and the bark in trees.

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• Monosaccharides are the building block of sugars.

• When two monosaccharides are bonded together, a disaccharide is formed

• Many monosaccharides bonded together form a polysaccharide. Carbs are polysaccharides

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Which of the following is not a carbohydrate?

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This is a monosaccharide!

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This is a disaccharide!

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This is a polysaccharide!

Right!

Carbohydrates are made of rings. Proteins have the N-C-C backbone shown in this picture.

What is the structure shown here:

1. A monosaccharide

2. A disaccharide

3. A polysaccharide

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Right! Disaccharide means “two sugars” and this

has two rings

• Carbs are found in many types of food, mostly in fruits, vegetables, and starches (bread, pasta, rice…)

• Reagents can be used to find out if certain carbohydrates are in specific foods

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Testing for Carbohydrates

• Testing for simple sugars: Add Benedicts reagent (blue) to the food and heat in a water bath. A positive test will turn red/orange.

• Testing for starches: iodine will turn black when added to a food sample that contains starch.

• Foods positive for simple sugar include fruits, sweets, milk

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Testing for Carbohydrates

• To test for starch, iodine is added to the food. If the reagent changes to black, then starches must be present.

• Starchy foods include breads, rice, beans, pasta, rice, crackers.

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If you add iodine to a food substance and it turns black, then

the food must contain:

1. Simple sugars

2. Starches

3. Protein

4. Lipids

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Right!

Iodine is the solution used to test for starches.

If you add Benedict’s solution to a sample and heat it, what color will it turn if it

contains simple sugars?

1. Blue

2. Black

3. Red/orange

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Right!

• Benedict’s + heat red/orange = simple sugars

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LipidsLipids include fats & oils. Their

function is to store long-term energy in the body.

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Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids. A fatty acid is a chain of carbons with hydrogen

attached to each side.

• Fatty acids that are full of hydrogen are “saturated” – these are the unhealthy fats, like crisco, butter, and lard

• Fatty acids that are missing at least one hydrogen are “unsaturated” – these are kinked, and are healthy (oils).

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What is the building block of lipids?

1. Monosaccharide

2. Amino acids

3. Nucleic acids

4. Fatty acids

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• Monosaccharides are the building blocks of carbohydrates

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• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

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• Nucleic acids are one of the four main types of organic molecules (along with lipids, proteins, and carbs).

Right!

Fatty acids are the building blocks of lipids.

Which type of fatty acid is this?

1. A oil

2. A saturated fat

3. An unsaturated fat

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Right!

Each carbon in a saturated fat is attached to two or more hydrogen. These are the

unhealthy solid fats.

What is the main function of lipids?

1. Long-term energy storage

2. Quick energy

3. Muscle building

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• Quick energy is the function of Carbohydrates

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• Muscle building is a function of proteins

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The body stores lipids as fat that can be broken down for energy when no sugars

are available.

Which below is not a lipid?

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• Remember that the building block of lipids are fatty acids

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• Remember that lipids have carbon backbones with hydrogen attached from both sides

Right!

This is a disaccharide, which is a carbohydrate.

Now we are going to move on to proteins!

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Protein• Muscle, enzymes

• Made from amino acid chains

• Found in meat, beans, dairy

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Building Blocks of Protein

• Proteins are made from amino acids

• There are 20 possible amino acids

• The amino acids in a protein are joined together by peptide bonds

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What is the building block of protein?

1. Monosaccharide

2. Fatty acids

3. Amino acids

4. Nucleotides

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• Monosaccharides are the building block of carbohydrates

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• Fatty acids are the building block of lipids

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• Nucleotides are the building block of nucleic acids

Right!

The building blocks are proteins are amino acids

Where can you find protein?

1. Meat, beans and dairy2. Enzymes3. Tissues and muscles4. All of the above

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You are not wrong, but you can do better!

Right!

Foods with proteins are meat, beans, and dairy. Proteins are also found in your body

in the muscles and tissues, and in enzymes.

Enzymes are important because they help chemical reactions to happen faster.

Without enzymes, not much would get done in your body.

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How many different amino acids are there?

1. Three

2. Four

3. Twenty

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Right! There are 20 different amino acids. The type

and order of amino acids determine the shape of the protein. The shape of the protein determines its function (what it

does).

What would happen if a protein was made with the wrong amino acids?

1. Its shape would be wrong2. It wouldn’t be able to function correctly3. Both 1 and 2 are true

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This isn’t the whole answer

Right!The amino acid sequence is responsible for the

shape and function of the protein.

Here are a couple of amino acids:

To recognize an amino acid chain, look for the N-C-C in its backbone.

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Which picture below shows a protein?

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This is a lipid

Right!

The N-C-C backbone gives it away.

What type of bond joins these amino acids together to make a protein?

1. Peptide bonds2. Hydrolytic bonds3. Decompensation bonds4. Protein bonds

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Right!

Peptide bonds join the amino acids together to make a protein.

We can test for proteins in foods by adding Biuret solution to a substance. If the

reagent turns purple, then protein must be present.

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Benedict’s + heat turns red/orange means that:

1. Simple sugars are present

2. Proteins are present

3. Starches are present

4. Lipids are present

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• Biurets indicates the presence of protein

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• Lipids are determined by the paper test!

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• Iodine is used to find out if a food has starch

Right!

If Benedict’s solution is mixed with a substance that contains simple sugars, it

will turn reddish-orange when heated

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How can you determine if a food contains protein?

1. Add Biuret and look for a color change to black

2. Add Benedict’s and look for a color change to purple

3. Add Biuret’s and heat and look for a color change to black

4. Add Biuret’s and look for a change to purple

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Right!

Biuret’s turns purple in the presence of proteins, like in meats, dairy, and beans.

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Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA, which provide instructions for making proteins

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The building blocks of nucleic acids are

Nucleotides

The building blocks of nucleic acids are

NucleotidesA nucleotide has three parts:• A sugar• A phosphate group• A nitrogen base

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The Bases• In DNA, the sugar and phosphate are always the

same, but there are four types of nitrogen bases:

A, G, C, and T.

• RNA also has four different bases:

A, G, C, and U

Notice that DNA and RNA have 3 bases in common.

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What is the building block of nucleic acids?

1. Monosaccharide

2. Fatty acids

3. Amino acids

4. Nucleotides

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Monosaccharides are the building block of carbohydrates

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Fatty acids are the building block of lipids

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Amino acids are the building block of proteins

Right!

Nucleotides are the building block of nucleic acids.

Which is not one of the three parts of a nucleotide?

1. Fatty acid

2. Sugar

3. Phosphate

4. Nitrogen base

Try again!

Try again!

Try again!

Right!A nucleotide is a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen

base.

DNA is called a double helix because it looks

like a twisted ladder. The rails of the ladder are made of alternating

sugars and phosphates.

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The Double Helix of DNA

The rungs of the DNA ladder are made of the

nitrogen bases, one from each side. The bases hold the two strands together.

Notice how A always pairs with T, and C

always pairs with G.

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What are the rails in DNA made from?

1. Nucleotides

2. Amino acids

3. Sugars and phosphates

4. Sugars and bases

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Right!The rails are made of sugar and phosphate.

What are the rungs made of?

1. Two nitrogen bases, one from each side

2. One nitrogen base that joins to each side

3. Two phosphates, one from each side

4. One sugar that joins to each side

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Right!

The rungs are made of two bases, one from each side. The bases bond to join the rails

together. “A” always bonds with “T”, and “C” always bonds with “G”.

What is the function of DNA?

1. It makes RNA

2. It carries genetic information

3. It is found in muscles and tissues

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Right!

DNA carries information for making proteins in the body.

RNA is a copy of DNA, and it also carries information. It carries the same information

that is in the DNA that it has copied.

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The Single Helix of RNA

RNA is is smaller than DNA because it only has one

strand. The strand has a rail of sugar and phosphate, and

½ a rung made of one nitrogen base.

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How is RNA different from DNA?

1. It is a copy of DNA

2. It has only one strand

3. It has a “U” instead of a “T” for a nitrogen base

4. All are correct

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You didn’t tell the whole story

Right!

You are done!!!!

Great Job!!!!!!

If you have any questions, go ask Mrs. Brown.

What kind of molecules are these?

Testing for Carbohydrates

• To test for starch, iodine reagent is added to the food. If the iodine turns black, then starch must be present.

Starches include such foods as potatoes, rice, pasta, and bread.

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If you add iodine to a food substance and the iodine turns black, the food must

contain:

1. Simple sugars

2. Starches

3. Lipids

4. Proteins

Try again!