THE CIVIL WAR 1861-1865Chapter 21

TWO SIDES The Union (Blue)

Northern states and the US Federal government

West Virginia broke off from Virginia to stay in the Union

The Confederacy (Grey) Southern states fighting

for independence and keeping slavery

Union

Confederate

RESOURCES FOR EACH BEFORE THE WAR

Manpower: North: 22 Million people South: 9 million people

Industry: used for making supplies and transporting on railroads

North: 90% of factories and industry South: 10%

Railroads: To move goods and people

North: 21,000 miles of track South: 9,000 Miles of track

North also had more of the banks and gold

More farms to produce more food in the North (South’s farm had too much cotton

No

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESS: THE UNION Strengths:

Industry and resources Manpower/Population

Women worked Railroads Abraham Lincoln

Weaknesses: Lack of military officers and leadership Lincoln searched for officers Most of war fought in the South

http://infogr.am/1350234120-048968

STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES: CONFEDERACY

Strengths: Military leadership

Many officers from WestPoint

Fighting on own territory Weaknesses

Economy couldn’t handle a long war Union ships blocked cotton from being sent to

Europe Most of the money was invested in land and

slaves Lack of rails and transportation Couldn’t be united as states of one cause

UNION STRATEGY OF THE WAR Union’s war strategy: “Anaconda Plan”

1. Surround the South by land and sea to cut off trade

2. Divide the Confederacy so they couldn’t help each other

3. Capture Richmond, VA (Confederate capital) and destroy its government

Spies were used by both sides to seek out enemy plans

Rose Greenhow worked against the Union

BATTLE OF BULL RUN Spies were used by both sides to seek out

enemy plans Rose Greenhow worked against the Union

She figured out that the Union was going straight for Richmond and they were cut off by the Confederates at Bull Run Confederates able to “Stonewall” the Union until

troops arrived What is “Stonewalling”?

This battle showed the Union that the South was not going to be a quick defeat

WOMEN OF THE WAR Women picked up the slack as men left to

fight, in the North and the South The worked in factories and shops The worked as government employees and

teachers They were nurses in hospitals and on the

battlefield This was the first time many women had ever

worked outside the homeDragon Dix was a Union nurse in the Civil War known for her bravery and toughness

1861-1862 1861: Southern ports had been blockaded by

the Union Britain refused to help the South with its ships

Union worked to divide the South at the Mississippi by taking New Orleans first

Ulysses S Grant led the way to take most of KY and TN from the Confederate

The Union tried to take Richmond again in 1862, but again failed

ANTIETAM Gen. Lee was trying to push

Confederate troops into Maryland (Union state) to get them to join the South and convince Europe to help CSA

Lost the battle, but was one of the bloodiest day in American history Union lost 2,100 of the 75,000 men C.S.A. lost 2,770 men of the 52,000 11,000 were wounded/missing

CHANGES IN WARFARE Because of better artillery, killing could

be done at a distance Guns improved too

Medical care was weak. Infections were too common No anesthetics were used More died from disease than wounds

3:1 died from disease for each battle death

EMANCIPATING Although Lincoln didn’t like slavery, the

reason he wanted to fight was to preserve the Union

Emancipation Proclamation: Jan 1, 1863 Declared all slaves in the Confederacy free

Meant to deprive the South of their workers Confederacy ignored it, so it didn’t free anyone Slave in Union’s border states even remained

slaves “Slavery must die, (so) that the nation might

live” -Abe Lincoln

DRAFTING MORE TROOPS Both sides tired of war, so they

set up a draft: system for requiring citizens to join the army

Confederates did it first in 1862, for men ages 18-35 having to serve 3 years

Union followed a year later making it 20-45 year olds

You could pay someone to fight for you “Rich man’s war and a poor man’s fight”

Riots ensued about not wanting to fight in NYC

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG Lee and Confederates tried to invade

the North again to try and seek peace Union had the high ground with 90,000

troops 75,000 Confed. troops tried to break

the lines, but failed 40,000 people died in three days

17,500 for the Union, 23,000 for Confederates

Lee retreated to fight a defensive war in South

LINCOLN GOES TO GETTYSBURG After the battle, a new burial ground

was dedicated. Lincoln went to give a speech The first man took an hour, and 15,000

people were unable to hear Lincoln, but his words spoke deep about enduring for the cause of liberty

GETTYSBURG ADDRESS Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this

continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.

Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this.

But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

NEW TECHNOLOGY Civil War’s firsts:

First to use railroads to move goods and troops

First to use telegraphs First war recorded in photographs Ships covered in iron better than wooden

ships Merrimac/Virginia- Confederate ship that the

Union had left behind in VA Monitor- Union ship with turret

VICKSBURG, MISSISSIPPI Key city in control of the Miss. River Hard to capture because of its elevation Union Navy fired cannons and Gen. Grant led

the army to capture the hill People ate horses and mules for 6 weeks while

under attack City fell and Union not only controlled the

Miss. River, but had divided the Union Life was becoming grim for the Confederacy

AFRICAN-AMERICANS IN THE WAR Before 1862, even northerners saw it as a

“white man’s war” 210,000+ blacks joined the Union Army/Navy *Massachusetts 54th Regiment*

Earned equal pay, after protesting Fought at Ft. Wagner to even though losing might

mean being captured into slavery Lost the fight, but showed great bravery

166 regiments (1000 men) fought in 500 battles

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=22AKunA1_Bw

Ft. Wagner Battle Scene

UNION’S END OF THE WAR STRATEGY Gen. Grant takes over all Union forces

He and Gen. Bill Sherman map out an attack to end the war (Take Richmond and Atlanta)

Tough fighting went on between Lee and Grant, but Grant was able to refresh his troops, Lee’s army was too defeated Grant believed in total war and destroying

everything that the enemy could use for war Sherman and Grant plowed through the South

destroying everything in sight

CONFEDERATE SURRENDER AT APPOMATTOX

Once Richmond was lost,Lee agrees to surrenderApril 9, 1865

Grant was generous withthe terms of the surrender Confederates could go home if they promised not

to fight Could take horses and mules, swords and

weapons Grant sent food to troops even.

“The Rebels are our countrymen again”

AFTERMATH OF THE WAR… President Lincoln was killed just five

days after the Confederates surrendered by John Wilkes Booth

Country had to rebuild without slavery and re-unite the United States

South as we knew it was over, so they had to start all over.

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