The Civil War Begins1861-1865

Chapter 20Page 499

The Call to ArmsSection 1

• Following fall of Fort Sumter, the country is buzzing with excitement

• All are ready for a fight- however, most think it will be a short war

• Lincoln, with this in mind, calls for 75,000 militiamen for 90 days.

• Should be able to win war within 90 days

Choosing Sides

• South angry- just want to be left alone• Virginia chose Confederacy- gave south much

better chance of winning• A lot of money and people• Robert E. Lee of Virginia fights for the South• Lincoln had asked Lee to be commander of

Union• Huge loss

• Border states are crucial• Arkansas, Tennessee, and Virginia secede • Missouri, Kentucky, West Virginia, and

Maryland don’t• West Virginia breaks off of Virginia to stay in

Union• Maryland Congressmen for secession arrested

so Maryland can’t secede. • Why so important to keep Maryland • Issue divided families

Strengths and Weaknesses• North- 22 million people – Most of mineral deposits– 86% of factories– 90 ship Navy

• South- 9 million people- 3.5 of that slaves– Better generals– Fighting defensive war– Just had to not lose war, north had to win

Strengths

• North

• South

Strategy

• North must invade and conquer the South– Anaconda Plan– Also blockaded the south with Navy

• South must not lose– Fight defensive war– Get Europe to recognize them as country• Burned their cotton rather than sell to Great Britain to

pressure Britain into helping them---back fired

– Prolong war, get the North to quit

Preparing for Hostilities

• Preparing for first Battles– Southern army better trained- accustomed with

living outdoors and firing weapons– Southern army better led– Northern Army larger– Northern army better armed

• Hostilities ready to start as North prepares to invade Virginia

Section 2Agony of War: 1861

• Northern Public outcry wanted a decisive battle

• General Winfield Scott- Very Old- Invades the South at Manassas Junction

• July 21, 1861 union army marches• Northern Army NOT ready• Union 30,000 vs. South 20,000

• On lookers from the city came to watch• After initial success, Union pushed back by

Virginians and General Stonewall Jackson• Northern Army defeated- Run back to

Washington leaving everything- called battle of Bull Run

• Lincoln realizes he needs a “real” army and will be a long war

• Called for an army of 500,000 to be raised• Called for another 500,000 volunteers

Blockade

• July of 1861- Union blockade of south officially starts

• Southern blockade runners were very successful at first

• As war progressed, the blockade would get better

• By end of war 1 in every two ships captured

Rest of 1861

• No large battles took place for the rest of 1861• General George McClellan was put in Charge

of Army of the Potomac• Very cautious• Spent rest of 1861 training, but refused to

invade south• 1862-63 would be much more bloody

Section 2Civil War in 1862

• A. Naval War: Virginia and the Monitor– Confederates capture a Union frigate Merrimack– Give it iron sides– Destroyed two union war ships– Union makes its own iron sides– New ships face off, shoot at each other for 2 hours– Neither side wins, but new age in ship warfare

Battles in the West

• 1862 Ulysses S. Grant made move to take Tennessee

• Captured Fort Henry and Fort Donelson• Opened up way for Union gunboats to harass

the South

Battle of Shiloh: April 1862

• South under General Johnston attacks Grant at Shiloh in Tennessee

• Fierce fighting- General Johnston killed– William Tecumseh Sherman had three horses shot

out from underneath him– Both sides thought morning would bring victory– Grant gets fresh troops from gunboats- defeats

the South– Union loses= 13,000 Southern loses= 11,000

Fall of New Orleans: April 1862

• Union fleet under David Farragut took New Orleans

• Now only 150 miles of the Mississippi remained in Confederate hands

• Vicksburg fort was last confederate defense of the river

Peninsula Campaign

• Back east, McClellan floats south and attempts to take Richmond from the South

• General Stuart- In charge of confederate cavalry, attacks all the way around McClellan

• Seven Day’s Battle- McClellan- although he had much more troops, was forced to withdraw back across the Potomac

• Halfway through 1862, Confederates would once again control south bank of Potomac

Section 3Second Half of 1862

• South under General Lee defeated Union army during Seven Day’s battle

• August 1862, North invades South again at Manassas

• Again, South routes the North- second battle of Bull Run

• September, South wins again at Harpers Ferry

South Invades

• General Lee decided to invade the North during fall

• Give farmers in Virginia a chance to harvest• Southern army fill up on Northern food• Also, hoping to get support of Europe • Armies would converge on Antietam near

Sharpsburg Maryland

Antietam

• Lee’s battle plan fell into hands of McClellan• McClellan attacked Lee on September 17,

1862• Bloodiest day in the Civil War• 23,000 soldiers dead or wounded• Lee lost 1/3 of his army• However, McClellan did not follow Lee back

into Virginia to finish him off

Battle of Fredericksburg• December 1862- Lincoln replaces McClellan

with General Ambrose E Burnside• Burnside waited for Pontoon Bridges to cross

River• Lee entrenched on other side• Union army slaughtered as they tried to attack

the South• Union casualties-13,000 South casualties-

4,000• Burnside replaced with General Joseph

Hooker

Emancipation Proclamation

• January 1, 1863- After Battle of Antietam, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation on New Years day

• Only freed the slaves in the South- Prez didn’t have power to free slaves in North

• Made the war about Slavery instead of preserving the Union

Life during the warSection 3

• A. March 1863, Lincoln announces first Draft• All men between ages 20 and 45 can be called

for military service• Service could be avoided by paying fee or

finding a substitute• Draft riots in North, especially New York

Legislation

• First Income tax passed to help pay for the war• Bonds sold to the people• Legal Tender Act to issue “Greenbacks” • TCR route proposed and passed• Homestead Act passed

Civil Liberties

• Copperheads begin to oppose the war• Lincoln suspends Habeas Corpus • Many sent to jail without a trial

Home Front in the South

• South lacking resources as union blockade tightens

• Jefferson Davis lacked money to fund the army or gov’t

• Paper money issued led to inflation • Leadership begins to break down. EX. Georgia

Battle of Chancellorsville

• May 1863, General Hooker attacked Lee’s forces

• Lee, who’s army was much smaller, split his army into three smaller armies

• Attacked Hooker• Union retreated giving the victory to the South• Jackson Killed, devastating for the South

Gettysburg

• After Victory at Chancellorsville, Lee decided to invade North again

• Needed one more decisive victory• Armies would meet in Gettysburg

Pennsylvania• Invading would allow Lee to replenish his army

with supplies• Victory could end the war

• July 1st, the armies meet• Lincoln had replaced Hooker with Meade• 3 day battle• First two days almost fought to a stalemate• Day three- Lee decided to attack Union center• George Picket lead charge of 13,000 at Union

center over wide open field• Charge was destroyed• This defeat broke back of Confederate army• 6,000 were killed in the battle

Vicksburg

• Vicksburg last Confederate stronghold on Mississippi

• In may, Grant began sieging the city• July 3rd, 1863, the city fell cutting the

Confederacy in half• Lincoln puts Grant in charge of the army

Section 5Union Victorious 1864-65

• A. Grant was given control of Union army in spring of 64 after Taking Chattanooga, Ten.

• Spring 1864 Farragut would take Mobile Al.• The South was crumbling, but Lee still held

Richmond

Sherman’s march to the Sea

• William Tecumseh Sherman was put in charge of Western Army after Grant went east

• September 1864, Sherman takes Atlanta Georgia

• Wages total war in his march to Savannah• Burned farms, towns, destroyed rail roads, ate

all the food in sight• 300 mile long by 60 mile wide path of

destruction

End of the War

• Grants army- 120,000 Lee’s army- 55,000• General Sheridan approaching Richmond

through Shenandoah Valley• Lee decides to abandon Richmond and head

for the mountains• Army could hold out for years in mountains• Sheridan cuts off Lee’s escape route

Surrender at Appomattox

• April 9th, 1865- Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox courthouse

• Grant gives generous terms• Why?• War is over • 620,000 killed• 360,000 Union• 260,000 confederate

Lincoln Slain

• April 14th- Attending play “Our American Cousin”

• Secretary warned not to go• John Wilkes Booth shot Lincoln in back of Head• April 15th, Lincoln dies• Was a conspiracy to cause chaos. William

Seward also attacked, but other conspirers did not fulfill mission.

Why the North Won

• Larger population- could call for fresh troops• Industry to supply the troops• Determination not to lose• Great leadership under Lincoln

• South, once resources used up could not replenish like North

• Couldn’t get a European ally

Lasting Impact

• 600,000 Americans killed• Hundreds of thousands maimed• Americans saw for themselves horrors of war-

Mathew Brady?• Industry boomed after the war• South lay in ruins• Southerners and Africans Americans

uprooted.• What should they do now

More effects

• Political landscape would settle after War• Had plan to bring the South back into the

union peacefully• Too late• Reconstruction would begin. • 13th Amendment- ended slavery