TheCold War

1945 - 1975

The Cold War

• USSR vs. USA• United Nations– Security Council– General Assembly

• Potsdam– Satellite nations– Germany Divided– Truman, Stalin, Atlee

Churchill• British PM• 1946 Iron Curtain”speech

• “Iron Curtain” = line of eastern European nations under control of the USSR after WWII

George F. Kennan“Containment”

• U.S. diplomat• Coined the phrase• Basis of Truman Doctrine

Truman Doctrine (1947)• President Truman: U.S. will support any nation that the U.S. government believes is threatened by communism

• Immediate objective: send U.S. aid to anti-communist forces in Greece and Turkey

Marshall Plan (1947)

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-1949)

• 11 month operation

• Cargo planes dropped goods to negate Soviet blockade of West Berlin

Alliances

• NATO• Warsaw Pact

China, 1949

• Mao’s forces prevailed in Chinese civil war

• Chiang Kai-Shek forced to Taiwan

Best Years

• The Century Part 1

The Forgotten WarKorea (1950-1953)

• June 25, 1950: N. Korea invaded S. Korea– U.S. troops joined UN effort– Douglass Macarthur– “police action”

• October 1950: China joined the war on N. Korea’s side

• July 27, 1953: armistice• Eisenhower• Today: divided Korea, DMZ

After Korea

• Arms buildup• Major increase in U.S. defense spending

Eisenhower Doctrine

• Under the Eisenhower Doctrine, a Middle Eastern country could request American economic assistance or aid from U.S. military forces if it was being threatened by armed aggression from another state

Suez Crisis

• Nasser takes over Suez Canal• British have Israel invade• USA and United Nations against Britain• Israel leaves• Egypt controls Suez Canal

Best Years

• The Century Part 2

HUAC

• Set up in 1938• Senator McCarthy• 1947-1949: witch hunts– Hollywood Ten

• 1948-1949: Nixon– Hiss Case

The 2nd Red Scare

• Red Scare– Fear of communism– Fear of atomic bomb

• Bomb shelters• Civil Defense drills

• McCarthyism & Senator McCarthy– Accusing without facts– HUAC– Arthur Miller

• Wrote The Crucible

Society & the Red Scare

• Movies• Books• Television• Comic books• Schools• Public Service Announcements• “Under God” added to Pledge of Allegiance

McCarran Internal Security Act

• Truman veto over rode• Monitored communists in U.S.• Government workers fired

U.S. Foreign Policy

•Massive retaliation•Brinkmanship•Mutually assured destruction•Military Industrial Complex

Arms Race•1952 USA- Hydrogen Bomb•1955 USSR- Hydrogen Bomb•ICBM•Sputnik 1957•1962 U-2 Spy Plane

DUCK AND COVER

Best Years

• The Century Part 3

1960

• Kennedy defeats Nixon• Space Race– NASA– USSR man in space– John Glenn– July 20, 1969 • Neil Armstrong• Allen Sheppard• Michael Collins

Cuba and Castro• Revolucion! (1959)• Bay of Pigs• 1962: Russians plan missile sites• October 1962: JFK establishes naval blockade– Russian convoy on the way

• Cuban Missile Crisis

Germany

• Kennedy• Nikita Khrushev• Berlin Wall Built

Vietnam (1954-1975)

• France, Japan, France controlled Indochina• Truman and Eisenhower send money to France• Ho Chi Minh- Free Vietnam, Vietminh• 1954: Dien Bien Phu fell

– End of French Indochina War, French lost

• Geneva Accords– Vietnam partitioned (17), communist north, democratic south under Diem

• 1956: South refused to hold elections– Ho Chi Minh would have won

• North Vietnamese invade S. Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh Trail)

• Vietcong (VC)• Kennedy send advisors to South Vietnam• 1963: President Diem (South) assassinated

Tonkin Gulf Resolution1964

• “Attacks” on U.S. destroyers• August 5: LBJ asks Congress for war powers authorization

• August 7: Joint Resolution– LBJ authorized to protect US interests in Asia

Vietnam

• U.S. troop build up begins 1965• Domino Theory• Strong support for war• Ballad of the Green Berets (JFK)• General Westmoreland• ARVN• 1967- 500,000 troops

Troop Deployment

Vietnam

• VC used guerilla tactics• War of attrition• Keep support of the South Vietnamese,

“hearts & minds”, failing• Napalm• Agent Orange• Search and destroy missions, zippo raids

Napalm

Vietnam

• U.S. Soldiers– Morale low– Drugs– Fragging– Homefront turning against war– Living Room war, televised war– Credibility gap– P.O.W’s• John McCain

Vietnam Protest

• Draft• Rich man’s war, poor man’s fight (CCR)• Blacks served disproportionate to whites– 20% died only made up 10% of population– MLK spoke out– Black Panthers

Vietnam Protest

• The New Left- sweeping change– Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

• Tom Hayden• Participatory democracy

– Free Speech Movement• Berkeley• “machine”

• Campus Activism– Columbia, Berkeley, Kent, dress codes, classes, Vietnam

• Doves vs. Hawks

Vietnam Protest• Civil Disobedience

– Go to Canada– Burn draft cards

• Teach-Ins• Marches• Music

– Country Joe and Fish Fixin to Die Rag– Bob Dylan Masters of War Blowin in the Wind– Joan Baez– Peter Paul and Mary The Cruel War– CCR Fortunate Son– Barry Mc Guire Eve of Destruction– Jefferson Airplane Volunteers– Lyndon Johnson Told the Nation Tom Paxton

1968

• Tet Offensive• Walter Cronkite• Johnson doesn’t run• MLK assassinated• Robert Kennedy assassinated• Democratic National Convention in Chicago• Nixon Elected

Richard Nixon

• Vietnimization• Henry Kissenger• Invades Cambodia

My Lai

Kent State

Pentagon Papers (1971)

• State Department analyst Daniel Ellsberg leaked documents to New York Times– revealed U.S. govt. lied about Tonkin Gulf

“Peace with Honor”

• 1973: Nixon negotiated with Ho Chi Minh to withdraw US troops

• POWs come home• 1975: Saigon fell after Ho Chi Minh’s continued attacks

Vietnam Timeline Recap• 1945-1955 (Truman)– U.S. sends money to France – France out of Indochina

• 1955-1961 (Eisenhower)– Money and weapons and advisors to South Vietnam

• 1961-1964 (Kennedy)– Advisors

• 1964-1969 (Johnson)– Combat Troops

• 1969-1975 (Nixon)– Vietnamization

• 1975– Saigon collapses, Vietnam unified

Vietnam Memorial

• Maya Ying Lin• 1982• 58,000 names

Results of Vietnam

• PTSD• War Powers Act• Cynicism• Back lash against liberals• Cambodia will fall to Communism