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Ch. 30 All

The Cold War1945- 1991

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Section 1

The Cold War Unfolds

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United States vs Soviet Union post WWIIOnly two superpowers that remained

US led NATO/ SU led Warsaw Pact

“Iron Curtain” divided democratic West from communist East

Soviet Union builds the Berlin Wall

The Two Sides

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Democratic West and communist east

Low paid East Germans, unhappy with communism, fled to West Berlin

Soviet Union built the Berlin Wall to prevent people moving west

Built in 1961: showed workers that already didn’t like communism, now they were forcibly kept from fleeing

The Wall that divides Berlin

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East Germany, Poland, Hungary, and Czechoslovakia revolted against Soviet domination

Hungary even tried to pull of out Warsaw pact

Each region attempted to overthrow Soviets in their area, but were unsuccessful

Eastern Europe Resists

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One of the most terrifying aspects of the Cold War was the arms race post WWII

US was the only nuclear power at first

By 1949 Soviet Union had also developed nuclear weapons

Both sides began to race to match the other’s new weapons

Result: “balance of terror”- discouraged nuclear war

Nuclear Weapons Threaten the World

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To reduce the threat both sides met at disarmament talks

Mutual distrust but did reach an agreement1969: SALT: Strategic Arms Limitation

TalksLimited number of arms on each sideLimited ABMs anti-ballistic missiles

The agreements led to a time of détente during the 1970sEnded in 1979 when SU invaded

Afghanistan1960s: Brit, FR, & China developed nuclear

weapons1968: These nations signed Nuclear Non-

Proliferation Treaty (NPT)

Limiting Nuclear Weapons

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Began in Central Europe- spread worldwide

US sees relationship of Soviet supported China and Korea

Developed policies to respond to challenges anywhere in the world

NATO was only one of many of several regional alliances

Cold War goes Global

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South-East Treaty OrganizationSEATO: US, Brit, FR, Australia,

Pakistan, Thailand, New Zealand, and Philippines

Central Treaty OrganizationCENTO: Brit, Turkey, Iran, and Pakistan

Also formed individual alliances with such as Japan and South Korea

Established army, navy, and air force bases around the world

Soviets made alliances with governments in Africa, Asia and China- Soviet Bloc

Treaties

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Local conflicts around the world played into cold war

US and Allies support one side/ Soviet bloc supported the other

Political shifts added to Cold War tensionsKorea and Vietnam were torn by

conflictMore commonly, superpowers

provided weapons, training, or other aid

Cold War gets Hot

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1950s: Fidel Castro organized an armed rebellion against the dictator of CubaBy 1959: Castro controlled Cuba and wanted to

transform the country (Cuban Revolution)Castro sought support from Soviet Union

US attempted to bring down the regime1961: John F. Kennedy supported Bay of Pigs

invasionUS then imposed a trade embargo on Cuba (still

today)1962: Soviet Union sent missiles to Cuba

Kennedy imposed Naval Blockade and demanded missiles be removed

Premier Nikita Khrsuschev agreed to remove the missiles

Cuba Goes Communist

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Victory in WWII did not bring many rewards for Soviet peopleCommand EconomyStalin continued plans for more purges before

his death in 1953Nikita Khruschev became new Soviet leader

Denounced Stalin’s abuse of power- closed prison camps and eased censorship

Called for a “peaceful coexistence” with the West

Some citizens were still punished for speaking out against the government

Soviet Union in the Cold War

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Joseph Stalin (1941-1953)

Nikita Khrushchev (1953-1964)

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Gave citizens freedom to make economic and political choices.Valued freedom and prosperityMarket Economy

Prices are based on supply and demand Policy towards communism: Containment

including any government facing invasion or internal rebellion by communists

Nuclear threat caused people to build fallout sheltersReached its peak in 1962 with Cuban Missile

Crisis1950-1970s schools practiced air-raid drills

United States in the Cold War

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Cold war fears leads to a “red scare” in the US

Americans feared communist inside the US might undermine the US government

1950 Senator Joseph McCarthy led a hunt fro suspected American CommunistBecame known for unproven charges, accusing

innocent people and that fear created McCathyism

Even accused US ArmyHUAC House Un-American Activist

Committee sought to expose communist sympathizers, even in Hollywood’s movie industry

Red Scare in the US

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Communism Spreads in East AsiaSection 3

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By end of WWII, Chinese Communist had gained much of northern ChinaAfter Japan’s defeat, Communists led by Mao

Zedong fought a civil war against Nationalists led by Jiang Jieshi

With Mao’s victory he set up People’s Republic of ChinaDefeated nationalists fled to Taiwan

China was finally under Communist control

China’s Communist Revolution

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Reasons Mao’s Communists triumphedMao won support of China’s huge peasant

populationCommunists redistributed land to poor

peasants and ended oppression by landlordsMany Chinese resented Jiang’s government

and its reliance on Western “imperialist” powers

Support of the Communist helped Nationalists capture rail lines and Nationalist-held cities

After Communists won China over Nationalists, they conquered Tibet (1950)1959: Dalai Lama was forced to flee the

country

How the Communists Won

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Mao built a Communist one-party totalitarian state Became People’s Republic of China (PRC)Communist ideology guided the government’s

efforts to reshape the economy and societyDiscouraged practice of Buddhism,

Confucianism, and other traditional beliefsGovernment seized property of landlords &

urban business ownersOpponents of Communism became

“counterrevolutionaries” – then beaten, sent to labor camps, or killed

Changing Chinese Society

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Chinese built dams and factories with Soviet helpFirst Mao distributed land, then called for

collectivization in an attempt to increase productivityCreated communes- agricultural and industrial

Proved to be a dismal failureTurned out low-quality, useless goodsCut out food output by removing incentives for

individual farmers and families Bad weather led to a famine (1959-1961)

55 million Chinese are predicted to have starved to death

Great Leap Forward 1958-1960

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Slowly recovered from Great Leap Forward- reduced size of communes & a more practical approach to the economy

1966: Mao launched Great Proletarian Cultural RevolutionGoal: Purge China of “bourgeois” tendenciesUrged young Chinese to experience revolution

first generationTeens formed Red Guards- attacked those

considered bourgeois Mao had the Army restore order

Cultural Revolution Disrupts Life

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Communist victory: more for Soviets and less for USNumber of people under Communism tripled

PRC and SU were uneasy allies in 1950sDistrust led to tensions

By 1960: border clashes and ideology disputes led Soviets to withdraw all aid and advisors from China

China- Cold War’s “Wild Card”

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US supported Jiang Jieshi and Nationalists as rightful representative China

Washington refused diplomatic recognition of People’s Republic of China

As Cold War dragged on, US took a second look at PRCStrategic advantages befriending Communist ChinaAn attempt to isolate SU between NATO in West and

hostile China in East1971: PRC replaced Taiwan in UN1979: US set up formal diplomatic relations with

China

Washington Plays the China Card

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Japan conquered the independent Korea in early 20th century After Japan’s defeat in WWII- SU and US

decided to divide Korea temporarily along 38th parallel

North Korea ruler Kim Il Sung became Communist ally

US supported dictator but non-communist Syngman Rhee in South Korea

June 1950: Kim Il Sung attacked the south as part of his “heroic struggle” to reunite KoreaUS organized a UN force to help South Korea

War comes to Korea

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Northern forces were not stopped until Pusan Perimeter

Arrival of UN troops in Sept. 1950- US led troops captured Korea’s north/south rail lines and cut off north’s troops from supplies/ammunition

By November UN forces had advanced north to Yalu river- alarmed Chinese

Late Nov. Mao sent hundreds of thousands of troops to help the north- forced UN back south of 38th

Turned into a stalemate (Demilitarized Zone) – 1953: signed an armistice

War in Korea con’t

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North and South developed separately after armisticeNorth: Communist command economy (SU

supported)Command economy increased output for a timeLate 1960s that growth slowedKim’s self-reliance kept North isolated and poor

South: Capitalist market economy (US supported)Slowly rebuilt its economy after the warDespite dictatorial rule the prosperous middle class led

to fierce student protests- pushed gov. to hold elections (1987)

Many North and South Koreans wanted to be reunited

Two Koreas

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Kim Il SungCommunist North

Korea

Syngman RheeNon-Communist

South Korea

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War in Southeast AsiaSection 4

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Liberation struggle tore apart region known as French Indochina

1946-1954: war against the French1955-1975 Cold War conflict, involved USFrench conquered Indochina during 1800s-

then overran by Japanese during WWII, but faced resistanceEspecially in Vietnam by guerrillas- determined

to be free of all foreign ruleInfluenced strongly by communist opposition to

Euro powers

Indochina After WWII

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After Japanese were defeated, French tried to re-establish their authority in Indochina (1946)

Ho Chi Minh led guerrilla forcesNationalists and Communist who had

fought JapaneseThen fought French in 1st Indochina War

1954: Dienbienphu- unexpected Vietnamese victory convinced French to leave Vietnam

Cambodia & Laos gained their independence about the same time

Ho Chi Minh Fights the French

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1954: Struggle for Vietnam became part of Cold War

At international conference Western and Communists agreed to temporarily divide VietnamNorth: Controlled by Communist Ho Chi Minh,

supported by Soviet UnionSouth: Led by Ngo Dinh Diem supported by

United StatesThe agreement called for elections to reunite

the two VietnamsOut of fear of communist victory elections were

never held

Vietnam is Divided

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Ho Chi MinhCommunist

North Vietnam leader

Ngo Dinh DiemUS Supported S Vietnam leader

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Some south Vietnamese wanted Ho Chi Minh (national hero) over US backed (foreign power)Minh’s communist rule in North

forced many Catholic and pro-French Vietnamese to the south

1960s Diem faced northern supported guerrillas who opposed foreign dominationMany were southern Vietnamese

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US foreign policy planners saw the situation in Vietnam as part of the global Cold WarDeveloped the Domino TheoryUS leaders wanted to prevent the spread of

CommunismHo Chi Minh remained determined to unite

Vietnam under communist ruleHe continued to aid the National Liberation

Front or Viet CongInitially US only sent supplies and advisors to

SouthLater sent thousands of troops

America Enters Vietnam War

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Aug. 1, 1964: South Vietnamese conducted raids on North Vietnamese islands in Gulf of Tonkin

Aug. 2: North attacked a nearby US Navy destroyer MaddoxPresident Johnson reported to Congress the

attacks without mentioning the South attacked first

Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Aug. 7, 1964

Allowed President to take all necessary measures to prevent further aggression in SE Asia

US began bombing targets in North Vietnam

Vietnam War

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While US sent troops to aid South, SU and China sent aid to NorthMany young men felt it their patriotic

duty to fightOthers sought refuge in other countries

Americans were at a disadvantage fighting local guerrillas in a foreign land

Guerrillas received aid from the North through trails in neighboring Cambodia and LaosUS crossed borders to stop the trade

network, bringing them into the war

Vietnam War Con’t

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By 1968 guerrilla forces came out of the jungles and attacked South Vietnamese forces in cities all around the southAssault was unexpected- during Tet (Vietnamese New Year)

Communists lost many of their best troops and failed to hold any cities against US counterattacksTurning point in US public opinion of the war

Tet Offensive

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Many Americans opposed the Vietnam War because of the number of POWs and MIAs US became bitterly divided over the struggle “I want to get out, but I don’t want to give up”

American leaders decided they had to pull out of Vietnam

Lyndon Johnson decided not to run for a second term

President Nixon was under pressure to terminate American involvement

Paris Peace Accord 1973 US would leave if North did not attack again, left South

to determine its future and hope of reunification

Vietnam War Ends

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Two years after American removal North Vietnam conquered South VietnamSouth Vietnamese capital, Saigon, renamed Ho Chi Minh City (1976) in honor of late leader

North Vietnamese capital, Hanoi, became the capital of the reunited nation

North Vietnam Wins the War

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After American withdrawal a few dominoes did fall Cambodia and Laos ended up with governments

dominated by Communist VietnamDominoes were stopped at previous territory of French

IndochinaFighting during Vietnam War overflowed into

Cambodia- US bombed North Vietnamese supply routes, the briefly invaded the countryKhmer Rouge (communist guerillas) gained the

ground and in 1975 overthrew Cambodian governmentUnder Pol Pot, reign of terror to destroy Western

influence

Southeast Asia After the War

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In newly reunited Vietnam, communist imposed harsh ruleHundreds of thousands of

Vietnamese fled- most in small boats (boat people)

Some settled in the USCountry had to rebuild land destroyed

by warRecovery slow due to lack of

resources & US led embargoFor years country remained in

poverty

Vietnam Under the Communist

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Section 5

End of the Cold War

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Early signs of the weakness of Soviet Union, despite superpower status post WWIIA Hollow victory- still a harsh rule and rewards

for the peopleReforms give way to repression- Khrushchev

shifted from economy but remained a command economy

Command economy stagnates- collective agriculture remained unproductive- could not match quality of Western goods

Cracking under the burden of Military Commitments- Arms race against US put a strain on command economy

Soviet Union on the Decline

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Had a “Vietnam” in Afghanistan- Soviets got involved in a long war in Afghanistan: years of casualties, high costs, few successes caused division at home

Gorbachev tries Reforms- (1985) his attempted changes spiraled out of control: signed arms control treaties with US pulled troops out of Afghanistan called for glasnosturged perestroikaallowed goods to be sold on a free

market

Further examples of decline

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Gorbachev’s reforms brought economic turmoilFactories were forced to close without

government aidPoland to Bulgaria broke out of Soviet

orbit 1989Baltic States regained full independence

in 1991Extremists tried to overthrow

Gorbachev to restore old orderGorbachev resigned, at end of 1991

Soviet republics separated to form 12 independent nations

After 69 years of power, Soviet Union ceased to exist

An Empire Crumbles

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With glasnost and perestroika in Soviet Union, East Europeans sought greater freedoms and demanded end to Soviet dominationHungary quietly reforms: through years of

progressively moving away from communism1988-1989: communist government allowed

greater freedoms, new political parties allowed to form

Poland embraces Solidarity: 1980 ignited strikes that helped to shatter Soviet satellite empires- organized Solidarity and demanded changePoland had to outlaw the union and arrest its

leaders, but unrest continued Pope John Paul II’s visit denounced

communist policies

Changes Transform Eastern Europe

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East Germans Demand Change: resisted Gorbachev’s calls for change, banned Soviet publications, & blocked moves towards a market economyMany fled to West Germany by going through Hungary or

Austria, other held major demonstrationsBy 1989 a democracy movement swept across

Eastern Europe – communist governments began to fall one by oneCzechoslovakia: Vaclav Havel elected PresidentGermany: Berlin Wall gates were opened and

movement towards unification Romania’s dictator overthrown and executedWarsaw Pact dissolved 1991

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During WWII Nazi Germans divided Czechoslovakia

Was reunified under communist rule after the war

1989 when communist lost power some Slovaks began to call for independence

1992 Slovaks and Czechs peacefully agreed to divide Czechoslovakia into Slovakia and Czech Republic

Split of Czechoslovakia

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China builds on Deng’s Reforms: People’s Republic of China accelerated compromises with capitalism introduced by Deng XiaopingEconomic boom China remained Communist and worked to

preserve one-party rule and their own powerVietnam and North Korea differ:

1990s: Communist Vietnam opened up to the worldEstablished diplomatic relations with US

North Korea refused to reform its economy or political systemHundreds of thousands of N. Koreans died of

starvation or malnutrition during 1990s

Communism Declines Around the World

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Now, only US could project its power around the worldSeemed unsure of their proper role

in the world“world’s policeman”- some for it,

others opposed the ideaMany people around the world

were not as pleased to see how powerful the US had become

Produced mixed reactions with in the US as well as around the World

The US as Sole Superpower