Luther and the Reformation in Europe isoo-64 RUSSEL TARR AND KEITH RANDELL

FOURTH EDITION

i7 HODDER EDUCATION AN HACHETTE UK COMPANY

Russel (a tepid English Anglican) dedicates this book to the wonderful Marie-Anne (a fiery French Catholic) and their three lovely children: Amelie, Jacques and Alex

The Publishers wou ld like to thank Robin Bunce, Nicholas Fellows, David Ferri by and Sarah Ward for their contribution to Study Guide.

The Publishers would like to thank the fo ll owing for permission to reproduce copyright materia l:

Photo credits: p2 DeAgostini/Getty Images; p6 Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-106322; plO Martin Luther in front of Charles V (1500-58) at the Diet of Worms, 16th April 1521, from 'History of Germany' (engraving) (b/w photo), German School, (16th century)/Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France/Bridgeman Images; p17 Mary Evans Picture Library; p25 The Dead Christ, 1521 (tempera on panel), Holbein the Younger, Hans (1497/8-1543) (after)/Kunstmuseum, Basel, Switzerland/Bridgeman Images; p46 Philip Melancthon, Passional Christi and Antichristi, Wittenberg, 1521 (woodcut), Cranach, Lucas (1472-1553) (studio of)/© Lambeth Pa lace Library, London, UK/Bridgeman Images; p61 Library of Congress, LC-USZ62-17284; p70 Luther and Zwingle discussing at Marburg, illustration from 'The History of Protestant ism' by James Aitken Wylie (1808-1890), pub.1878 (engraving), English School, (19th century)/Private Collection/The Stapleton Col lection/Bridgeman Images; p96 Library of Congress,

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LC-USZ62-113618; plOS Topham Picturepoint; pl20 The Jurist , 1566 (oi l on canvas), Arcimboldo, Giuseppe (1527-93)/© Nationalmuseum, I Stockholm, Sweden/Bridgeman Images; pl33 Roger Viol let Collection/Getty Images; p137 Hulton Archive/Getty Images; pl44 Library of Congress, LC-DIG-det-4al3084.

Acknowledgements are listed on page 185.

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©Russel Tarr and Keith Randell Fourth edition© Russel Tarr and Keith Randell 201S

First published in 1989 by

Oeocg-Eckert-Jnstitut­Leibniz-Institut fiir intemationaf.e

Schulbuchforschunc

Hodder Education An Hachette UK Company 338 Euston Road London NWl 3BH

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ISBN 978 1471838538 6B

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11

Contents

c;:@Q@I• Luther's protest 1 The indulgences controversy 2 Attempts to silence Luther 1517-21 3 Key debate 4 The main disagreements between Lutherans and Catholics

Cll:t4Q@fj Causes of the Reformation 1 Religious factors: heresy 2 The key debate 3 Social and economic factors: anticlericalism 4 Political factors: developments in Europe and Germany 5 Cultural factors: Erasmus and humanism

ClllMQWI• Luther's social, cultural and political impact 1 Clarifying and spreading the message 2 The Knights' and Peasants' Wars 3 The key debate 4 Impact on the Church 5 Impact on social practices

C3:t4QWI• Zwingli and the Reformation in Zurich 1 Background to Zwingli's Reformation 2 The Reformation in Zurich 3 Attempts to spread the Zurich Reformation 4 Zwingli and Luther: agreements and disagreements 5 Why Zwingli is less historically significant than Luther

ClllMQWJt The Radical Reformation 1 Switzerland: Zwingli and the Anabaptists 2 Germany: Luther and Thomas Muntzer 3 Reasons for the persecution of the Radicals 4 Reasons why the Radicals were crushed so effectively 5 Legacy of the Radical Reformation 6 The key debate

CHAPTER 6 The politics of Lutheranism 1 The spread of Lutheran ism across Germany 1522-30 2 Explanations for the spread of Lutheran ism 1522-30 3 The key debate 4 Compromise fails 1522-30 5 Protestantism on the offensive 1531-40 6 Catholicism on the offensive 1541-7 7 Compromise succeeds 1548-55

1 2 5

13 15

23 24 27 29 31 34

40 40 47 52 54 55

59 60 62 64 66 71

75 76 77 80 83 84 86

90 91 93 97 99

103 104 106

v

CHAPTER 7 Calvin and the Reformation in Geneva 1 Calvin's first stay in Geneva 2 The key debate 3 Calvin's second stay in Geneva 4 Calvin and his opponents 5 Causes of Calvin's success 6 The spread of Calvinism

CHAPTERS The Catholic and Counter-Reformations 1 Reform before 1545 2 The Council of Trent 3 Key debate 4 How the Tridentine Decrees were applied 5 The role of the Jesuits

Study guide

Glossary of terms

Further reading

Index

Dedication

Keith Randell (1943-2002)

Contents

110 111 116 117 119 123 125

130 130 134 139 141 143

149

174

178

181

The Access to History series was conceived and developed by Keith, who created a series to 'cater for students as they are, not as we might wish them to be'. He leaves a living legacy of a series that for over 20 years has provided a trusted, stimulating and well-loved accompaniment to post-16 study. Our aim with these new editions is to continue to offer students the best possible support for their studies.