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The “stuff” of life
Living Organisms Are Chemical Factories All life is based on organic molecules
- molecules that are built on a backbone of CARBON.
- also contain Hydrogen
- and many also have Oxygen
- often contain functional groups – smaller molecules which are part of a larger molecule and give it unique properties
Why are Organic Molecules based on Carbon? Carbon has unique properties
- carbon is abundant – there’s lots of it
- can bond with up to 4 other atoms
- can bond readily with itself and other elements
- makes chains with different shapes
- shape determines function
- forms bonds with different strengths
Carbon can bond with up to four other atomsCarbon has 4 valence
electrons
Allows it to bond with 4
other atoms
Carbon Bonds Readily with Itself
This allows carbon to be the backbone of large and complex molecules.
C C C C C C C C C C C
Carbon bonds readily with other elements
- in living things: Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, & Hydrogen (SPONCH)
Carbon Bonds to Build a Variety of Shapes Straight chains
Branched chains
Rings
Carbon Forms Bonds of Different Strengths
Single Bonds
Double Bonds
Triple Bonds
Biomolecules are Macro(big)moleculesAll biological molecules (biomolecules) are
large complex molecules – made of chains of smaller molecules
4 Types of biomolecules
- Carbohydrates – sugars and starches
- Lipids – fats and oils
- Proteins
- Nucleic Acids – DNA, RNA, ATP, ADP
Biomolecules are Polymers Polymer –(poly = many mer = part) -Large molecules
made of smaller molecules called monomers (mono = one mer = part)
Polymer
Each type of biomolecule has its own monomer Biomolecule Monomer_________ Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Lipid Fatty Acid and Glycerol Protein Amino Acid Nucleic Acid Nucleotide
Condensation Reactions
Condensation Reaction – Reaction which
joins monomers together to form a polymer
- called condensation reaction because a molecule of water is removed from the polymers during the reaction.
- also called dehydration synthesis
Condensation Reaction
Hydrolysis Breaks Apart Polymers Hydrolysis – reactions which break the
bonds between monomers in a polymer.
Called hydrolysis because water is added at each broken bond
Hydrolysis
What should you know?
Organic molecule Characteristics of carbon Biomolecule Macromolecule 4 types of biomolecules Monomer Monomers of each type of biomolecule Polymer Condensation reaction Hydrolysis