UCP_VG_Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections and Articles

8/10/2019 UCP_VG_Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections and Articles

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PREPOSITIONS,

CONJUNCTIONS,ARTICLESAND

INTERJECTIONS


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@ PREPOSITIONS@Preposi t ionsare a class of words that

indicate relationships between nouns,

pronouns and other words in a sentence.

Most often they come before a noun.The good news is that they never change

their form, regardless of the case, gender

etc. of the word they are referring to.

Prepositions are classified

as s impleor compound.


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Simple prepositions are single word prepositions -across , after, at, before, between, by, du ring, from , in,into , of, on, to, under, w ith and w ithout are all singleword prepositions.

For example:- The book is onthe table.

Is there something underyour chair?

Compound prepositions are more than one word - inbetweenandbecause of- are prepositions made up oftwo words - in fron t of, on behal f of - are prepositionsmade up of three words. For example:-

The book is in b etweenWar and Peace and The Lord of theRings.

Who is the person in front of you?

* CLASSIFICATIONOF

PREPOSITIONS


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*PREPOSITIONSOFMOVEMENTPrepositions are used to show movement to

or from a place. (e.g. to, th rough, acro ss )

We use toto show movement with the aimof a specific destination.

For example:-

I moved toGermany in 1998.

He's gone tothe shops.Where will you go toafter class?


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We use th roughto show movement from

one side of an enclosed space to theother. For example:

The limousine went th rough the tunnel.

Where will the passengers pass th roughto checktheir luggage?

We use acrossto show movement from one

side of a surface or line to another. For example:

She swam across the river.

What subdivision is acrossthe UCP?


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More prepositions of movement

She ran...

across the road. (from one side to the other)

along

the road. (The length of the road.)around the playground.

away from the policeman.

back to the shop.down the hill.into the room.o ff

the stage.

onto (on to)the platform.

out of the theatre.

overthe bridge. (from one side of an open space tothe other)

past

the opening.round the track.th rough the tunnel.to the door.towards the bus stop.under

the shelter.

up

the hill.


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Atand incan also be used as prepositions of

movement, but they're used to show the

purpose of the movement. For example:

I threw the paper inthe bin.

Let's have dinner atmy place.

When used after some verbs, the

preposition atalso shows the target of an

action: The bowler was sent off for throwing the

ball atthe umpire, instead of tothe batsman.


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*PREPOSITIONSOFPLACE

Prepositions can be used to show where something islocated.

The prepositions at, on, and in

We use atto show a specific place or position.

For example:Someone is atthe door.They are waiting atthe bus stop.I used to live at51 Portland Street.

Where you at?

We use onto show position on a horizontal or verticalsurface.

For example:The cat sat onthe mat.The satellite dish is onthe roof.

Is my laptop on the table or onthe rack?


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We also use onto show position on streets, roads,

etc.

For example:

I used to live onPortland Street.

We use into show that something is enclosed or

surrounded.

For example:The dog is inthe garden.

Put your tools inthe box.

We also use into show position within land-areas(towns, counties, states, countries, and continents).

For example:

I used to live inNottingham.


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on

The painting was hanging on the wall.

The boy was sitting on the chair.

over/above

The sign hanging over/abovethe door read 'No

smoking'.

I put the tablecoth over the table.

I enjoy watching the planes fly above me.

under / below

The temperature outside wasunder/belo

w0.

The woman was sheltering under a tree.

When flying I enjoy watching the clouds below me.


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@ ARTICLES@First the good news:There are only three articles in

English: a, an and the.

There are two typesof articles indef ini te 'a' and

'an 'or defini te ' the'.You also need to know whennot to use an article.

The bad news is that their proper use is complex,

especially when you get into the advanced use of

English. Quite often you have to work it out by

what soundsright, which can be frustrating for a

learner.


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INDEFINITEARTICLESAANDAN

(DETERMINERS)

Aand anare the indefinite articles. They refer to

something not specifically known to the person you are

communicating with.

Aand anare used before nouns that introduce something

or someone you have not mentioned before

For example

"I saw anelephant this morning."

"I ate abanana for lunch."

Aand anare also used when talking about yourprofession:-

For example

"I am anEnglish teacher."

"I am a builder."


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You use awhen the noun you are referring to begins witha consonant(b, c, d , f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w,x, y or z), for example, "acity", "afactory", and "a hotel".

You use anwhen the noun you are referring to begins witha vowel(a, e, i, o , u)

Pronunciation changes this rule. It's the sound thatmatters, not the spelling.

***Note! In some cases, nouns or adjectives, althoughstarting with a consonant letter, use an if the initial

syllable takes a vowel sound (e.g. an hour). Similarly,nouns or adjectives, use a if the initial syllable soundslike a consonant even if they begin with a vowel (e.g. auniversity.


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We say "university" with a "y" sound at thebeginning as though it were spelt

"youniversity".

So, "auniversity" IS correct.

We say "hour" with a silent h as though it

were spelt "our".

So, "anhour" IS correct.


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DEFINITEARTICLE- THE(DETERMINERS)

There are two ways to pronounce "the".

One "thuh" and the other "thee". To learn how to

pronounce them see the pronunciation files: How

to pronounce " the" .

We use thewhen you have already mentioned the

thing you are talking about.

For example:

"She's got two children; agirl and aboy. Thegirl's eight

and theboy's fourteen."We use theto talk about geographical

points on the globe.

For example:

theNorth Pole, theequator


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We use theto talk about rivers, oceans and seas.

For example:

theNile, thePacific, theEnglish channel.

We also use thebefore certain nouns when we

know there is only one of a particular thing.

For example:

therain, thesun, thewind, theworld, theearth, theWhite Houseetc..

However if you want to describe a particular

instance of these you should use a/an.

For example:

"I could hear thewind." / "There's acold wind blowing."

"What are your plans for thefuture?" / "She has apromising future

ahead of her."


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Theis also used to say that a particular person or

thing being mentioned is the best, most famous,

etc. In this use, 'the' is usually given strong

pronunciation whether or not it precedes a vowel:

For example:

"Harry's Bar is theplace to go."

"You don't mean you met theTony Blair, do you?" !Note - Thedoesn't mean all:-

For example:

"Thebooks are expensive." = (Not all books are

expensive, just the ones I'm talking about.) "Books are expensive." = (All books are expensive.)


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NOARTICLE

We usually use no article to talk about things in general:

Inflationis rising.

Peopleare worried about rising crime. (Note! People generally, so no

article)

You do not use an article when talking about sports. For example:

My son plays football.

Tennisis expensive.

You do not use an article before uncountable nouns whentalking about them generally.

For example:

Information is important to any organization.

Coffee is bad for you.


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You do not use an article before the names of

countries exceptwhere they indicate multiple areas or

contain the words (state(s), kindom, republic, union).

Kingdom, state, republic and union are nouns, so they need

an article.

For example:

No article - Italy, Mexico, Bolivia, England

Use the - theUK (United Kingdom), theUSA

(United Statesof America), theIrish Republic

Multiple areas! theNetherlands, thePhilippines, theBritishIsles


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@ CONJUNCTIONS@ You can spend your life writing or speaking short

sentences, but (and that's a conjunction) if you want yourEnglish to flow a bit more naturally you need to learn howto join sentences together and (another conjunction) youneed some linking words to do this.

Basically a conjunction connects two words, sentences orclauses together:

although, and, because, but, if, or, so, unless, when,while ...

There are two types of conjunction: coordinatingconjunctions and subordinating conjunctions.

You can also use conjunctions in pairs, these are calledcorrelatives.


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COORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS

A coordinating conjunction, also called a coordinator, links

parts of a sentence. This could be two independent (main)

clauses, two noun phrases, adjectives, adverbials etc of

equal importance.

They include: for, and, nor, but, or, yet and so,

There's a mnemonic for remembering them: FANBOYS.

For example:-

It was cold. I wore a coat. Both sentences are valid on their own, but they can be

written so that they're obviously linked;"It was cold, so I wore

a coat."


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The three most used coordinating

conjunctions are and , or, andbut.

The coordinating conjunction andusuallyexpresses addition or combination.

For example:-

I attended the meeting. + My friend attended the

meeting. = My friend andI attended the meeting.

The coordinating conjunction butexpresses a

contrast.

We were tired. + We were happy. = We weretired bu thappy.


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The coordinating conjunction orexpresses

choice.

For example:-Would you like tea? + Would you like coffee? = Would

you like tea orcoffee?

There are two negative coordinating

conjunctions: neither and nor.

For example:-

She spoke neitherGerman norFrench.("nor" must

always be part of the "neither ... nor" construction).

!Note - nor, for, and so can only

join independent c lauses.


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SUBORDINATINGCONJUNCTIONS

A subordinating conjunction, also called a

subordinator, joins a dependent / subo rd inate

clauseto a main verb. They are used to show any

relationship between them and they turn the clauseinto something that is dependant on the rest of the

sentence for its meaning.

For example:-

Because it was snowing ... makes no sense on its own.

We went skiing, because it was snowing.Aha!


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Subordinating conjunctions include: after,

although, because, before, if, in case, so that,

therefore, unless, when, while ... For example:

Beforeyou came here, you thought you

understood English grammar.

We left the party whenthe police arrived.

!Note - The subordinate clause sometimes

comes at the beginning of a sentence.


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CORRELATIVES

Some conjunctions are used in pairs, they are

called correlative conjunctions. They are used to

show the relationship between ideas expressed in

different parts of a sentence.Most are coordinating correlatives including:

both ... and

either ... or

neither ... nornot only ... but also

For example:-

He was not on lya scoundrel, bu t alsoa cruel man.


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We use eitheror together when we want to

link two positives:-

For example:-Eitherthe president orthe vice-president will go to the

conference.(The president will go to the conference, or

the vice-president will go, not both of them though.)

We use neithernor together when we want

to link two negative ideas:-

For example:-

Neitherthe president northe vice-president were ableto solve the problem.(The president couldn't solve the

problem and the vice-president couldn't solve it either.)


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Some are subordinating correlatives.

if ... then

less ... than

more ... than

so ... that

For example:-

She was sohungry thatshe could have

eaten a horse.


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ENDOFPRESENTATION

Special credits to http://www.learnenglish.de

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UCP_VG_Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections and Articles