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Bruce Ebzery, VP of Business Development, RedFlow delivered this presentation at the Remote Area Power Supply Conference. The conference brings together remote communities, mine sites and industrial operations and the renewable energy sector to outline the opportunities and barriers for solving off-grid energy challenges with renewable and hybrid energy solutions. For more information, please visit http://www.informa.com.au/remotepower
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Energy Storage Off Grid The role of Advanced Ba9eries in RAPS
Bruce Ebzery
18th Mar 2014
RedFlow overview Demonstra2on installa2ons
Queensland
GCI Centre at UoQ (36 ZBMs)
The University of Queensland (24 ZBMs)
USA
Sandia NaNonal Labs (2 ZBMs)
DoD Supplier (16 ZBMs)
Global Manufacturer
Australasia
EMERSON
Ownership
Widely held, approx 1,300 shareholders (largest at 15%)
Listed in Australia (ASX:RFX)
42 staff
Loca2ons
Albuquerque (US technical services)
Mexico (commercial producNon)
Brisbane, Australia (IP development & prototyping)
One of the world’s first packaged flowing electrolyte baEeries
Primary materials are plasNc.
Ultra low cost with maturity.
Over 600 produced
Inverts regular baEery concepts:
a) Start with zero charge and store energy; and
b) Discharge fully to 100% discharged.
Electrical performance
Charge at 2 to 5 kW (3 to 7 hours), 63 volts nominal.
Discharge at 1 to 5 kW (2 to 10 hrs), 48 volt nominal.
Moderate round trip efficiency.
Tolerates up to 45oC.
Target life of 2000 plus cycles (full cycles =20MWh)
Packaged with:
Ba9ery management system (Modbus®); and
InstallaNon and OperaNng Manuals.
Shipped directly from Singapore factory.
Independent Report’s
Report from SANDIA on ZBM supported by DOE and Sprint.
Phase 2 Diesel MinimisaNon – BCIL Project for DoD
Phase 3 Manufacturability for DoD
3
1. Lead acid – mature, recent advance Ecoult combines tradiNonal Ba9ery and Capacitor a9ributes.
2. Li-‐Ion number of different chemistry’s and suppliers – Kokam, SAFT.
3. Sodium Salt -‐ NRG, FIAMM, GE.
4. Flow – VRD, Iron Chromium, Zinc Bromine.
A number of ApplicaNons
Off grid doesn’t appear as a single use on Storage applicaNon charts
1. Lead acid tradiNonally the mainstay as a ba9ery technology for Off Grid, small and large
2. Diesel and Gas fired generaNon 3. Solar & Wind emerging.
4. The need to examine storage due to the heighten role of Renewables.
1. TradiNonal users Mining and other primary producers
2. Military -‐ OPEX
3. Telco – OPEX, security of supply 4. Villages – UN programs “energy4all”
5. Fringe of grid and off grid UNliNes – Ergon, Horizon, Western Power etc via Distributed GeneraNon and Micro Grids
• When does RAPs with Storage become applicable?
• Two greatest determinates are Capital Cost and Life Cycles
• Hardest evaluaNon due to Apples to Apples
• What is meant by Cell vs System data
• LCOE – Levelised Cost of Ownership
• What does current RAPS generaNon cost – varies from $0.70 -‐ $2.40/kWh dependent on locaNon technology etc
• Ba9eries fills the gap between the generator and use variability
• Ba9ery cost simply
• Cost $1000/kWh
• Cycles 1000 (100%)
• Cost 1 x kWh = $1/kWh + energy charge
• $1/kWh is the usage charge to pass a kWh thru the ba9ery (due to wearing out and need to replace)
• Hence need to be wary of Cycle Life (In System configuraNon), Depth of Discharge (ba9ery chemistry) and Efficiency (whole of System%)
• Lithium
• 11.2 kWh ba9ery $9000, 2500 Cycles
• Lead Acid
• 46 kWh ba9ery $15,000, 2500 Cycles
• Flow Ba9ery
• 8 kWh ba9ery $7000, 1500 Cycles
• Based on info and formula
• Lithium
• $0.45/kWh (80% DoD)
• Lead Acid
• $0.87/kWh (15% DoD)
• Flow Ba9ery
• $0.58/kWh (100% DoD)
1. Requirements
• ApplicaNon needs to evolve from powering cell tower to powering a village
• Chemistry is an issue
• IntegraNng Renewables
• OEM’s looking for advantages
2. Choices currently being considered VR, Salt and ZnBr also Fuel Cells
1. Difference between a Loaded and Lightly Loaded Genset
• Red Line, loaded genset fuel consumpNon
• Green line, lightly load
2. Storage is needed to exploit the difference
1. Compelling Financial Case
• USD$2.65 -‐ $3.96/ Litre
• One injury every 50 Convoys
14
Energy Safe Victoria Trial 5kW PV panel
2 x 5kW / 10kWh ZBM 2kWh LA ba9eries
7kVA diesel generator Average Australian household load
10 off-‐grid rural sites ResidenNal loads Diesel generator Solar panels RedFlow hybrid ZBM
+ LA ESS RedFlow EMS
Supply household loads
Maximise value to customer of solar generaNon
Minimise diesel generator run-‐Nme
Control diesel generator operaNon
Store surplus energy in LA and ZBM storage
1. The household loads must be saNsfied under all circumstances.
2. Power will first come from solar panels.
3. If solar is not sufficient, the ZBM will discharge. If generaNon exceeds load consumpNon, the surplus power will be used to charge the ZBM.
4. If generaNon is not sufficient and the ZBM is completely depleted, LA ba9eries will discharge.
5. If generaNon is not sufficient and ZBM and LA ba9eries are near depleNon, diesel generator will start. Diesel power will first supply household load then recharge LA ba9eries.
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LA SOC Smoothing due to ZB Use
LA SOC ZB SOC Diesel Generator OperaNon (High = On, Low = Off) Solar Exposure (MJ/m2)
High Solar days correlate to low diesel runNme days
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Average Diesel Generator Run Time (hrs/week) Solar Exposure (MJ/m2)
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The importance of informing the customer/parNcipant prior to the commencement of the trial of realisNc outcomes to expect in terms of solar generaNon and diesel generator use. Customers/parNcipants should also be made aware of the possible changes to their electricity usage behavior that may be required in order for the RAPS system to operate most effecNvely.
The significant effect that reduced solar exposure during winter, as well as poor locaNons of solar panels during installaNon can have on the performance of the enNre RAPS system.
The need for a diesel generator to back-‐up the solar generaNon.
The effecNveness of the RAPS system in greatly reducing the diesel run2me of each generator to below 15% of the Nme for most sites.