Taxonomy How do we classify?. Why Classify? Study unity & diversity in an organized manner...

Taxonomy

How do we classify?

Why Classify? Study unity & diversity in an

organized mannerUnderstand relationships

between organisms

How do we classify?Grouped by similar structures,

embryonic development, or genetics

Suggests that related organisms shared a common ancestor

System most often used (but often disputed) – 5 Kingdoms

How do we classify?Kingdoms – Monera, Protista,

Fungi, Plantae, AnimaliaFull classification system

(most general to most specific):

How do we classify?KingdomPhylumClassOrderFamilyGenusSpecies

As we move down the system, we are more specific in our classification

How do we classify?

Way to remember:

Kings Play Chess On Fridays, Generally Speaking

Kelly Phillips Came Over For Girl Scouts

How do we classify?

Kingdoms based on following:Presence or absence of

nuclear membraneUnicellular or multicellularType of nutrition

Members of each kingdom share major characteristics

How Do We Name Organisms?

Binomial NomenclatureTwo-name system Designed by

Carolus Linneaus

I love to classify

organisms

How Do We Name Organisms?First part of name – Genus – it is

CapitalizedSecond part – species – lowercase

– SpeciesSpecies: group of organisms that are similar in structure; can mate & produce FERTILE offspring

Same species?

•End result of mating = mule

•Mule is sterile

•Therefore, no FERTILE offspring can be produces, so not the same species

Same species?

•Since normally these offspring are fertile, the parents are the same species

How Do We Name Organisms?Humans : Homo sapiens or

Homo sapiensName must be underlined or

italicizedHousecat: Felis domesticaMinnow: Cyprinodon variegatus

Full Classification - HumanKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataSubphylum VertebrataClass MammaliaOrder PrimatesFamily HominidaeGenus HomoSpecies sapiens

The Five Kingdoms

Let’s go through them all!

KINGDOM MONERA

Primitive cell structureLack of membranes &

organelles

KINGDOM MONERA

Examples:Bacteria

Blue-Green Algae

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Predominantly unicelluarPlant-like OR animal-like

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Protozoa: Animal-like nutritionAmeba

Paramecium

KINGDOM PROTISTA

Algae: Plant-like nutritionAlgae

Euglena

KINGDOM FUNGI

Cells are branched fibers with many nuclei

Food absorbed from environment

Non-photosynthetic, but have cell wall

KINGDOM FUNGI

Yeast

KINGDOM FUNGI

Bread Mold

KINGDOM FUNGI

Mushrooms

KINGDOM PLANTAE

MulticellularPhotosynthetic

Let’s look at two different phylum – more specific

Kingdom Plantae – Phylum Bryophyta

No vascular tissue (no true roots, leaves, stems)

Moss

K. Plantae – Phylum TracheophytaHave vascular tissue – true

roots, leaves, & stemsFern, pine tree, maple tree,

beans, corn

Kingdom Animalia

MulticellularHeterotrophic

K. Animalia – Phylum PoriferaSponges?

K. Animalia – Phylum PoriferaOh…sponges!Body full of pores

K. Animalia – Phylum Coelenterata

Two cell layers, hollow body cavity, one opening

Hydra, Jellyfish, Sea anemone

K. Animalia – P. PlatyhelminthesBilateral symmetry, no real

body cavityFlatworms (Planaria),

tapeworms

Liver fluke - parasite

K. Animalia – P. Platyhelminthes

Tapeworm

K. Animalia – P. Platyhelminthes

K. Animalia – Phylum NematodaUnsegmented wormsBilateral symmetryRoundworms

K. Animalia – Phylum AnnelidaSegemented body wallsBilateral symmetryEarthworm

K. Animalia – Phylum MolluscaHave a muscular footSnails, Scallops, Squid,

Clams, Slugs

K. Animalia – Phylum ArthropodaJointed appendages,

exoskeletonPhylum is 90% of entire

animal speciesGrasshopper, Lobster, Spider,

Insects

K. Animalia – P. EchinodermataRadial symmetry, spiny

coveringStarfish, Sea stars, Sea

urchins, Sea cucumbers

K. Animalia – Phylum ChordataDorsal nerve cord with

supporting rod of cartilage (notochord)

In development, have tail and gill slits

Shark, Frog , Human