BICAMERALIDAD EN EL SISTEMA CONSTITUCIONAL PERUANO

7/23/2019 BICAMERALIDAD EN EL SISTEMA CONSTITUCIONAL PERUANO

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PDKR@_SKNLN Y_KRLNL LD^JDKJ

EPKMM@_GJ P__@MJ

BLCPM^LN N@ N@_@CHJ [ CK@DCKLSYJM^KCLS

ML OKCLG@_LMKNLN @D @M SKS^@GL

CJDS^K^PCKJDLM Y@_PLDJ

CP_SJ 6 N@_@CHJ CJDS^K^PCKJDLM Y@_PLDJ

NJC@D^@ 6 N_. FHJD[ _PO@D LMCLMN@ HPLGD

LMPGDJS 6 HPLGLD _LCCHPGK, ULM^@_ EKJRLDDK

GLDJSLMRL HJ[JS O@^S[ FLC\P@MKD@

J_NJ@V LS^JYKMCJ, CL_MJS LMO@_^J

CJMJDKL CJ_NJRL, BMJ_ VPM@GL

GLD^KMML \PKMKCH@, FLKG@

B@_DLDN@V LOLD^J, GL_KJ

KV\PK@_NJ CLS^_@FD, _JSL

CKCMJ 6 KR

Y_JE_LGL 6 YCL

CLFLGL_CL, FPMKJ ?9


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OKCLG@_LMKNLN @D @M SKS^@GL

CJDS^K^PCKJDLM Y@_PLDJ

K. @RJMPCKD N@M YL_MLG@D^J


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Ml lutjrknln supr`gl n`m @stlnj rlnkclol `d ml Lslgom`l, qu` `stlol bjrglnl pjrtjnjs mjs ckunlnldjs, cuyls n`ckskjd`s t`dld bu`rzl n` m`y. Ml bksclmkzlckd n` mjslctjs lngkdkstrltkvjs r`cll `d `m mmlglnj Cjds`fj n` mjs \ukdk`dtjs, cuyjsgk`gorjs s` `mèld pjr sjrt`j `dtr` `m cjdfudtj n` mjs ckunlnldjs. Mllngkdkstrlckd n` ml fustkckl s` mm`vlol l cloj pjr glekstrlnjs, mmlglnjs `d Lt`dlslrcjdt`s.

Alrm Mj`w`dst`kd, s`lml qu` Nurldt` njs or`v`s y orkmmldt`s c`dturkls `xkstk `dEr`ckl ud rekg`d pjmtkcj losjmutlg`dt` cjdstktuckjdlm. L trlvs n` udj n` `sjsgkmlerjs, br`cu`dt`s `d ml hkstjrkl n` mls bjrgls n` ejok`rdj, `stl dlckd,`xc`pckjdlmg`dt` njtlnl, lmcldz clsk n` ud sjmj plsj `m tkpj gs lvldzlnj nèjok`rdj cjdstktuckjdlm6 ml n`gjcrlckl cjdstktuckjdlm.

Ml n`gjcrlckl nkr`ctl n` mls Ckunln`s-@stlnjs erkèls `d `m skemj R `s `m dkcj`f`gpmj cjdjcknj n` ud skst`gl pjmtkcj cjd pm`dl kn`dtknln `dtr` ejo`rdldt`s yejo`rdlnjs, `d `m culm `m pjn`r pjmtkcj `st keulmg`dt` nkstrkouknj `dtr` tjnjs mjsckunlnldjs lctkvjs, tjgldnj plrt` `d m tjnjs pjr keulm.

Lskgksgj, tjnls mls kdstktuckjd`s pjmtkcls n` mjs erkèjs r`bm fld su prjbudnl lv`rskdl tjnj tkpj n` pjn`r cjdc`dtrlnj y lroktrlrkj. Ln`gs, n` su n`vjckd clsk bldtkclpjr mjs prkdckpkjs n`m @stlnj n` n`r`chj n` ud jrn`d rèumlnj n`gjcrtkcl ycjdstktuckjdlmg`dt`, ls cjgj pjr ml keulmnln y fustkckl. Mls nkb`r`dt`s budckjd`s`stltlm`s bu`rjd lgpmklg`dt` nkstrkouknls `dtr` nkv`rsjs n`t`dtlnjr`s, sk`dnj mjclrlct`rstkcj `d mls pjmks su bjrgl n`gjcrtkcl.


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trldsb`r`dckl hkstrkcl l ml r`pomkcl, cuyl `tkgjmjel gksgl6 r`s, cjsl, y puomkcug,puòmj1 `s n`ckr cjsl n`m puòmj, `xpmkcl ml erld kgpjrtldckl n`m clgokj.

@dtjdc`s, `m `dbr`dtlgk`dtj `dtr` pltrkckjs y pmò`yjs nur hlstl qu` `stjs mtkgjsmjerlrjd ml keulmnln pm`dl n` n`r`chjs pjmtkcjs cjd lqu`mmjs `d `m skemj KKK l.C. N`sn``s` gjg`dtj, `m skst`gl pjmtkcj rjgldj s` cjdvkrtk `d udl _`pomkcl, qu`budckjdlol n` bjrgl qu` `m pjn`r pjmtkcj s` r`plrtl `dtr`6


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.

?.- ML OKCLG@_LMKNLN @D @M SKS^@GL LDEMJSLFD

?.< KDEML^@__L

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mjs Cjgud`s r`pr`s`dt l ml oureu`sl n` ml cmls` g`nkl y lmtl, hlstl qu` budckjdpm`dlg`dt` ml r`bjrgl `m`ctjrlm n`m skemj XKX. Ml `strltkbkclckd sjckjmekcl n` lgolscglrls cjdnufj l qu` mjs Mjr`s r`pr`s`dtlrld mjs `m`g`dtjs cjds`rvlnjr`s y mjsCjgud`s l mjs `m`g`dtjs prjer`skstls n`m pls. @m skst`gl okclg`rlm orktdkcj s`cjdvkrtk `d ud lrqu`tkpj cjpklnj pjr tjnls mls gjdlrquls cjdstktuckjdlm`s1 `d ml glyjrplrt` n` mjs pls`s, ml cglrl lmtl, njdn` ml culmknln n` sus gk`gorjs s` budnlg`dtlolok`d h`r`nktlrklg`dt`, ok`d pjr djgorlgk`dtj n`m ejok`rdj, s` cjdstktuy cjgj `mcjdtrlp`sj cjds`rvlnjr br`dt` l ml cglrl olfl, qu` lm prkdckpkj bu` `m`eknl `d ols` lculmkbkclckjd`s `cjdgkcls, y gs tlrn` mj bu` `d ols` l ud subrlekj gs j g`djsudkv`rslm. @m skst`gl okclg`rlm bu` lnjptlnj tlgokd pjr ml glyjr plrt` n` mls r`pomkclsplrmlg`dtlrkls skd hlo`r g`nktlnj guchj sjor` su utkmknln

?.


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e`d`rlm`s p`rj tlgokd lpruòl `d clnl mèksmlturl ck`rtjdg`rj n` m`y`s skdeumlr`sn` clrct`r mjclm y p`rsjdlm. @stl loudnldckl r`mltkvl n` mèksmlckd skdeumlr s` hl nòknjclsk sk`gpr` l ml kd`xkst`dckl n` ml r`vkskd funkcklm n` ml mèksmlckd.

Ml Cglrl n` mjs Cjgud`s `f`rc` udl budckd n` cjdtrjm n` ejok`rdj `d nkv`rsjst`rr`djs. @d `m `strkctlg`dt` pjmtkcj, mjs Cjgud`s lpmkcld `m prkdckpkj n` r`spjdslokmknlncjm`ctkvl n`m Elokd`t`. Nlnj `m skst`gl n` glyjrls plrmlg`dtlrkls, `xkst`d mls bkeurlsn`m vjtj n` cjdbkldzl y ml gjckd n` c`dsurl, `d r`lmknln ml vjtlckd n` clnl prjpu`stln` m`y `s ud vjtj n` cjdbkldzl. N` lh qu` pjr cjdv`dckd plrmlg`dtlrkl, `m ejok`rdjst` sk`gpr` nkspu`stj l r`tkrlr ud prjy`ctj n` m`y qu` n`spk`rt` hjstkmknln e`d`rlmkzlnl`d ml Cglrl.

Ml Cglrl n` mjs Cjgud`s `f`rc` udl `vkn`dt` budckd n` nkr`cckd u jrk`dtlckdpjmtkcl, lm cjdc`dtrlr sus nòlt`s `d mjs lsp`ctjs e`d`rlm`s n` ml mèksmlckd. [l qu` mjslsp`ctjs tcdkcjs qu`nld clsk pjr `dt`rj r`su`mtjs `d mls cjgkskjd`s. @mplrmlg`dtlrksgj orktdkcj, `s sgojmj n` ml kgplrcklmknln y ml dùtrlmknln d`c`slrkl `d mlcjdnucckd n` mjs nòlt`s pjmtkcjs.

ML CLGL_L N@ MJS MJ_@S

Ml Cglrl Lmtl n`m Ylrmlg`dtj `s hjy, `d guchjs lsp`ctjs, dkcl `d `m gudnj, cjd udlcjgpjskckd dj `m`ctkvl y guy dug`rjsl (sus gk`gorjs n` n`r`chj sjd gs n` gkm). @dr`lmknln, `m h`chj n` qu`, l p`slr n` tjnls mls r`bjrgls, skel budckjdldnj `s ud cmlrjkdnkckj n` ml p`rèrkdl clplcknln orktdkcl plrl ludlr trlnkckd y gjn`rdknln, plrlcjds`rvlr `m plslnj cjgj `m`g`dtj n` `qukmkorkj n`m pr`s`dt`.

Ml cjgpjskckd n` ml Cglrl n` mjs Mjr`s `st kdtèrlnj pjr6


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m`y`s n` r`bjrgl n`


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^lm sktulckd s` clrlct`rkzlol pjr njs h`chjs skdeumlr`s6 `d prkg`r muelr, `mkgkdlol mlskdbmu`dckls gjdrqukcls, cjd ml cjdskeuk`dt` lplrkckd n`m `sprktu ` kn`lm n`gjcrtkcjs, y`d s`eudnj muelr nlol pk` lm surekgk`dtj n`m @stlnj b`n`rlm. Rjd _lda` lbkrgl6 `stjsh`chjs tuvk`rjd udl `xtrljrnkdlrkl r`p`rcuskd `d @urjpl, (...) guchls e`dt`s n`m vk`fjcjdtkd`dt` `gp`zlrjd l p`dslr qu` `rl lqu`mml ml bjrgl n` ejok`rdj gs olrltl ylp`t`ckom` qu` pjnl jreldkzlrs`, pu`s gk`dtrls `d @urjpl mjs sonktjs t`dld qu`jo`n`c`r n` ud gjnj kdcjdnkckjdlm, `d ml du`vl r`pomkcl djrt`lg`rkcldl dj s`r`cjdjcl gs vlmjr qu` `m n`m hjgor`.

Mjs r`vjmuckjdlrkjs prkdckpkjs s` ruorkclrjd `d ml Cjdstktuckd n` mjs @@.PP, qu` bu``xp`nknl `d ml Cjdv`dckd n` Bkmln`mbkl `d


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Ylrl ml budckd mèksmltkvl, ml Cglrl n` _`pr`s`dtldt`s s` vlm` n` mjs g`nkjs jrnkdlrkjs`d rekg`d plrmlg`dtlrkj, t`rkclg`dt` m` `st r`s`rvlnj ml prctkcl tjtlmknln n` mlkdkckltkvl mèksmltkvl (sk`gpr` qu` mmèu` l lmeudl bjrgl n` lcu`rnj cjd `m Yr`skn`dt`),`stj `s, trlolfl cjd mjs g`nkjs n` kdbjrglckd n` qu` s` vlm`d mjs reldjs mèksmltkvjs, ys` nkvkn` `d cjgkskjd`s n` clrct`r luxkmklr. Ln`gs n` ml budckd mèksmltkvl, ml Cglrln` _`pr`s`dtldt`s, `f`rc` jtrl `cjdgkcl (pjr culdtj lpruòl j gjnkbkcl `m pr`supu`stjpr`s`dtlnj pjr `m Yr`skn`dt` n` ml Pdkd), n` cjdtrjm n` Ejok`rdj (yl qu` pu`n` r`clolrml pr`s`dckl n` mjs gk`gorjs n`m Ejok`rdj ldt` mls Cjgkskjd`s n` kdv`stkelckd, sk ok`dn` lqu dj s` n`rkvld cjds`cu`dckls bjrglm`s) y funkcklm`s (`d `m clsj n` ml kdhlokmktlckdn`m Yr`skn`dt` y cjdfudtlg`dt` cjd `m S`dlnj).

@s cjgp`t`dckl `xcmuskvl n` ml Cglrl n` _`pr`s`dtldt`s, `mèkr lm Yr`skn`dt` yRkc`pr`skn`dt`, `d `m clsj, guy kdbr`cu`dt`, n` qu` dj huok`rl jot`dknj `m prkg`rj mlglyjrl losjmutl n` mjs vjtjs pr`skn`dcklm`s.

Ml Cglrl n` _`pr`s`dtldt`s tk`d` erld plrt` n` sus budckjd`s cjgplrtknls y, hlstlck`rtj pudtj, suojrnkdlnls lm S`dlnj, pjrqu` tk`d` ud or`v` p`rkjnj `d su gldnltj. Ml

mèksmlturl `d mjs @stlnjs Pdknjs `s n` njs ljs, mj qu` quk`r` n`ckr qu` mjsdjrt`lg`rkcldjs tk`d`d qu` vjtlr clnl njs ljs l sus r`pr`s`dtldt`s `d ml Cglrl.

Ml Cglrl n` mjs _`pr`s`dtldt`s, dj budckjdl sk`gpr` pjr `strkctjs crkt`rkjs plrtknlrkjs,cjgj su`m` s`r `m clsj `d mjs skst`gls plrmlg`dtlrkjs, `s n`ckr, `d mjs @stlnjs Pdknjsdj hly nksckpmkdl plrmlg`dtlrkl n` vjtjs. Nlnj `m prkdckpkj n` reknl s`plrlckd n`pjn`r`s, mls r`mlckjd`s `dtr` ml Cglrl n` _`pr`s`dtldt`s y `m Yr`skn`dt` j `m Ejok`rdjsjd guy `sclsls, lm tk`gpj qu` cjgpm`fjs. @m Yr`skn`dt` n` mjs @stlnjs Pdknjs, djpu`n` nksjmv`r mls Cglrls y tlgpjcj pu`n` v`tlr n` gjnj `b`ctkvj ml mèksmlckd. @mYr`skn`dt`, g`zcml n` F`b` n` @stlnj y Yrkg`r Gkdkstrj, njtlnj n` udl mèktkgknln`sp`cklm pjr `m`cckd pjpumlr, tlgpjcj `s r`spjdslom` ldt` mls Cglrls, `xc`ptjp`dlmg`dt`, pjr ml vl n` ml kdhlokmktlckd.

Ml Cglrl n` _`pr`s`dtldt`s pu`n` t`d`r glyjrl n` ud plrtknj cjdtrlrkj lm Yr`skn`dt`y `m Yr`skn`dt` l ml kdv`rsl pu`n` v`rs` jomkelnj l cj`xkstkr y ejo`rdlr cjd `m Mèksmltkvjhjstkm. @stl sktulckd pjd` sk`gpr` `d t`dskd tjnls mls pjskokmknln`s n` ml `structurlcjdstktuckjdlm djrt`lg`rkcldl.

@M S@DLNJ.

@m S`dlnj kdcjrpjrl `m prkdckpkj n` r`pr`s`dtlckd t`rrktjrklm n` mjs @stlnjs, l rlzd n`njs S`dlnjr`s pjr clnl @stlnj. Ml udkd s` cjgpjd` n` ckdcu`dtl @stlnjs, `dtjdc`s `mS`dlnj cu`dtl cjd ck`d gk`gorjs. Ylr`c` chjcldt` qu` s`ld njs S`dlnjr`s pjr clnl@stlnj, pjrqu` supjd` udl bmlerldt` vkjmlckd n` ml prjpjrckjdlmknln `d ml

r`pr`s`dtlckd.

Hlstl


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bksclmkzlr n` gjnj gs `strkctj `m Cjder`sj, p`rj ln`gs `m Cjgkt n` _`mlckjd`s@xt`rkjr`s n`m S`dlnj hl cjg`dzlnj l `f`rc`r sus budckjd`s n` bksclmkzlckd cjd guchlglyjr kdt`dsknln qu` ldt`s. @stj hl h`chj qu`, `d ck`rtls jclskjd`s, mjs S`dlnjr`sjst`dt`d udl r`pr`s`dtlckd kdstktuckjdlm culdnj vklf`d lm `xtrldf`rj, y hlstl `s pjskom`qu` `m Yr`skn`dt` m`s `dcjgk`dn` lmeudl gkskd n`mkclnl qu` `m S`dlnj hlor n`cugpmkr cjd ud `sprktu dj plrtknkstl, prjcurldnj t`d`r `d cu`dtl mj qu` `s p`rckoknjcjgj `m kdt`rs n` ml dlckd.

@m S`dlnj tk`d` ud gldnltj n` s`ks ljs y `s r`djvlom` clnl njs pjr t`rckjs l bkd n`hlc`r cjkdcknkr, pjr tldtj, `d ud t`rckj n` mjs @stlnjs, mls `m`cckjd`s n` _`pr`s`dtldt`scjd mls n` S`dlnjr`s. @st` gldnltj n` s`ks ljs, njs gs qu` `m Yr`skn`dt` r`v`mlcjgj `d ml g`dtlmknln n`m m`eksmlnjr cjdstktuy`dt`, `m S`dlnj `rl ud reldj n``xtrljrnkdlrkl kgpjrtldckl, ls cjgj udl `sp`ck` n` Cjds`fj n` ldckldjs qu` t`dnrl ud`b`ctj gjn`rlnjr pjr ml cjdtkduknln sjor` ml Yr`skn`dckl y ml Cglrl n`_`pr`s`dtldt`s, ml culm `rl vkstl cjd lmej n` n`scjdbkldzl. ^`d`gjs qu` s`lmlr qu` lnkb`r`dckl n` ml Cglrl n` _`pr`s`dtldt`s cjd sus `sclsjs njs ljs, `m S`dlnj, cjdsus s`ks, r`sumtl s`r udl Cglrl gs r`pjslnl, `d ml qu` mjs prjy`ctjs pu`n`d glnurlr

gs.

3.- ML OKCLG@_LMKNLN @D @M SKS^@GL @P_JY@J

3.< B_LDCKL

3.


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rjgldl, qu``d ckrcudstldckls n` p`mkerj plrl ml _`pomkcl lsug` ml pm`dktun n` mjspjn`r`s.

3.


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Nlnj qu` `m Ylrmlg`dtj `st mèktkglnj plrl tjglr ml kdkckltkvl `d glt`rkl n` r`bjrglcjdstktuckjdlm, lm Yr`skn`dt` smj m` qu`nlrl `m r`cursj n` prjgjv`r udl cjdtrlrr`bjrglcjdstktuckjdlm, ls cjgj mj lork `m E`d`rlm N` Elumm`. ^lgokd s` nl m clsj n` qu`cj`xkst`d ud Ylrmlg`dtj y ud Yr`skn`dt` n` plrtknjs jpu`stj, yl qu` `d `m cursj n` ml`f`cuckd n` mjs r`sp`ctkvjs prjerlgls hld n` `dcjdtrlrs` d`c`slrklg`dt` `dsktulckjd`s ldtledkcls.

@M S@DLNJ.

Cjdcòknj cjgj udl Cglrl n` gjn`rlckd n`sn` ud prkdckpkj, `m S`dlnj hl t`dknjqu` muchlr cjdtrl udl s`rk` n` blctjr`s lnv`rsjs qu` m` hld r`stlnj ou`dl plrt` n` mlhè`gjdl kn`jmekcl. ^rls ml mtkgl r`bjrgl `m`ctjrlm n`


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g`dtlmknln kdn`p`dn`dtkstl `dtr` ml pjomlckd crkjmml) y suprkg` mls s`cu`mls n`m Ldtkeuj_ekg`d `d @spll.

Mu`ej n` vlrkjs trdsktjs qu` kdcmuy`d muchls n` b`n`rlm`s y c`dtrlm`s, cjdcmuknl mlnkctlnurl n` Brldcj, s` kdkckl udl trldskckd n`gjcrtkcl y `m r`tjrdj n` ml gjdlrqulplrmlg`dtlrkl y `m ?; n` nkck`gor` n`


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r`spjdslokmknln pjmtkcl n`m Ejok`rdj. Sk `m Ejok`rdj tk`d` `m nò`r n` cjgplr`c`r j `mr`qu`rkgk`dtj n` culmquk`rl n` mls njs Cglrls, smj r`spjdn` pjmtkclg`dt` ldt` `mCjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs.

@d culdtj lm c`s` n`m Ejok`rdj, tlgokd cjrr`spjdn` lm Cjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs.@dtjdc`s, `s ml Cglrl olfl ml qu` s` `dclrel n` kdt`rpjd`r ml gjckd n` c`dsurl y mlqu` hlc` ml vjtlckd n` cjdbkldzl, (sk ok`d n` stl dj tk`d` pjrqu` n`rkvlrs` d`c`slrkl ybjrglmg`dt` ml nkgkskd n` Ejok`rdj). @d culdtj l ml r`mlckd `dtr` ml supr`glcl n`mCjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs y `m prjc`sj mèksmltkvj `s pr`cksj r`cjrnlr qu` ml Cglrlolfl pr`s`dtl njs kgpjrtldt`s v`dtlfls `d r`mlckd lm S`dlnj6

l) @m Cjder`sj n` mjs nkputlnjs tk`d` r`s`rvlnj ml blcumtln n` lprjolr m`y`sjredkcls pjr glyjrl losjmutl `d udl nkscuskd bkdlm sjor` ml tjtlmknln n`mprjy`ctj. @mmj hlc` qu` `m Cjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs lnquk`rl djtlom`s r`mk`v``d r`mlckd cjd `m S`dlnj, pjrqu` pu`n` lprjolr j dj djrgls cjgj mls m`y`sjredkcls.

o) @m Cjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs `st blcumtlnj plrl m`vldtlr ud pjskom` v`tjmèksmltkvj kdt`rpu`stj pjr m S`dlnj, d ck`rtls ckrcudstldckls.

Ml supr`glcl pjmtkcl n`m Cjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs `s kdcu`stkjdlom` pjr `stl rlzd6mjs nòlt`s sjd sjor` lsudtjs qu` kdt`r`sld n` gjnj nkr`ctj l ml cjm`ctkvknln ylnquk`r`d pjr `mmj glyjr nkbuskd. @s pr`ckslg`dt` `stl supr`glcl pjmtkcl n`mCjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs ml qu` cjdc`dtrl sjor` st` ml glyjr plrt` n` ml lctkvknln n`mjs plrtknjs pjmtkcjs.

@M S@DLNJ.

@s ml Cglrl lmtl, ml qu` cjgpm`g`dtl `m skst`gl okclg`rlm `spljm p`rj tk`d` g`djrkgpjrtldckl pjmtkcl qu` `m Cjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs. @m S`dlnj tk`d` udl cmlrl budckdcjmèksmlnjrl `d `m skst`gl pjmtkcj `spljm. Cjgplrt` ml kdkckltkvl mèksmltkvl cjd `mCjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs y cjd jtrjs reldjs, y plrtkckpl tlgokd `d `m prjc`sjmèksmltkvj t`dk`dnj qu` lprjolr mjs prjy`ctjs j prjpjskckjd`s n` m`y qu` m`s r`gkt` `mCjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs.

Yu`n` kdt`rpjd`r su v`tj l tlm`s prjy`ctjs j prjpjskckjd`s, v`tj qu` l su v`z `mCjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs pu`n` m`vldtlr. Dj `s br`cu`dt` qu` `m S`dlnj kdkck`mèksmlckd, `d cjds`cu`dckl, mj qu` `m S`dlnj r`lmkzl cjd ck`rtl `bkclckl `s lyunlr lr`cjdskn`rlr mls prjpu`stls mèksmltkvls, mls pum` y mls lfustl l mls `xke`dckls y n`gldnls

n`m cu`rpj sjcklm qu` hld n` rèumlr.

@m S`dlnj cugpm` tlgokd, `d guy erld g`nknl udl budckd n`mko`rldt`. @stl budckdtlgokd `s cjgplrtknl cjd `m Cjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs. Ln`gs, `m S`dlnj, lm t`d`rud vjmug`d n` trlolfj g`djr y `stlr g`djs lcucklnj pjr mls cjdtrjv`rskls pjmtkcls, `stlr`stldnj ml cjdv`dckd plrmlg`dtlrkl n` gldt`d`r nòlt`s sjor` lsudtjs sustldtkvjs n`ml pjmtkcl e`d`rlm cjd ml `mlojrlckd n` kdbjrg`s qu` hld n` jrk`dtlr n`spus ml lcckdn` mjs pjn`r`s pomkcjs, `d `m clsj n` qu` stjs n`cknld lnjptlr lmeudl g`nknl. (Ls,cjgj lsudtjs n` trlsc`dn`dckl cjyudturlm plrl ml cjm`ctkvknln, cjgj ml fuv`dtun, mln`mkdcu`dckl, `m t`rrjrksgj, ml nrjel, `tc.).

@m clrct`r kgp`rb`ctj n`m prkdckpkj n` r`pr`s`dtlckd n`m S`dlnj y n` su r`mltkvlsuojrnkdlckd pjmtkcl lm Cjder`sj n` mjs Nkputlnjs sjd mls rlzjd`s qu` `serkg`d mjsplrtknlrkjs n` ml r`bjrgl n` ml Cglrl lmtl. N` h`chj, ml cjdbkeurlckd n`m S`dlnj `d


16/33


17/33

kdem`sls dj gjnkbkclrjd `m jrn`d `stlom`cknj, skdj qu` r`stlom`ck`rjd mls nkspjskckjd`scjdsu`tunkdlrkls.

@m Ylrmlg`dtj lplr`c` cjgj ud cu`rpj nkstkdtj n` mjs nkv`rsjs jreldksgjs `stltlm`s,ludqu` clr`zcl n` mjs rlsejs `s`dcklm`s n`m reldj mèksmltkvj. Muèj, `s` Ylrmlg`dtjt`dnk l nkvknkrs` `d bjrgl trkplrtktl, pjrqu` ml djom`zl, `m cm`rj y ml oureu`sl pr`t`dnldkdtèrlr `d bjrgl s`plrlnl sus cu`rpjs r`pr`s`dtltkvjs, cjgj suc`nl `d Brldckl cjdmjs @stlnjs E`d`rlm`s. Ludqu` `sl kdkckltkvl dj mmè l cjdcr`tlrs`, l cjgk`dzjs n`skemj XKR s` prjnufj ml nkvkskd n`m Ylrmlg`dtj kdems `d njs cglrls6 ml prkg`rl,cjgpu`stl pjr mjs mjr`s j Ylr`s n`m r`kdj y ml sèudnl, pjr mjs olrjd`s. Yjst rkjrg`dt``stl mtkgl lslgom`l s` vkdj l cjdv`rtkr `d Cglrl n` mjs Cjgud`s.

Nòknj l mjs cjdtkdujs cjdbmkctjs jcurrknjs `dtr` ml Cjrjdl y `m Ylrmlg`dtj, pjcj l pjcjs` vld lbkrgldnj y lgpmkldnj sus n`r`chjs. @d `m skemj XRKK, cjg`dz l p`rbkmlrs` mlbksjdjgl n`m gjn`rdj Ylrmlg`dtj y cjd `mml n` ml gjdlrqul mkgktlnl. Mls r`bjrgls gskgpjrtldt`s `d `m Ylrmlg`dtj kdems s` v`rkbkclrjd nurldt` `m skemj XKX, plrtkcumlrg`dt``d


18/33

ldtledkcjs, pu`stj qu` mls djtls n` r`pr`s`dtlckd nl udls lrgls cjmjslm`s l mlsglyjrls plrl lpmlstlr l mls gkdjrls, gk`dtrls qu` ml djtl n` n`mko`rlckd supjd`sk`gpr` udl lrgl plrl mls gkdjrls cjdtrl mls glyjrls. @m Ylrmlg`dtj, pjr tldtj, nò`gldt`d`r ud `qukmkorkj fustj `dtr` lgols djtls n` r`pr`s`dtlckd y n`mko`rlckd. Ck`rtj`s qu` plrl n`mko`rlr `s pr`cksj qu` mjs Ylrmlg`dtjs t`deld udl cjgp`t`dckl guye`d`rlm, cjgj hl v`dknj jcurrk`dnj trlnkckjdlmg`dt`, p`rj `d ml lctulmknln, mjsYlrmlg`dtjs mèksmld sjor` glt`rkls clnl v`z gs `sp`cklmkzlnls y tcdkcls, n`fldnj lud mlnj `d lmeudjs clsjs ml n`mko`rlckd.

3.- OKCLG@_LMKNLN

@s ml prctkcl n` t`d`r njs cglrls mèksmltkvls. @d `s` s`dtknj, ud plrmlg`dtj okclg`rlm`s ud plrmlg`dtj j cjder`sj qu` pjs`` njs cglrls6 udl Cglrl olfl, e`d`rlmg`dt`n`djgkdlnl Cglrl n` Nkputlnjs, y udl Cglrl lmtl,hloktulmg`dt` mmlglnl S`dlnj.

3.< CGL_L OLFL

S` n`djgkdl ls lm reldj n`m pjn`r mèksmltkvj qu`, `d ud skst`gl pjmtkcj okclg`rlm,r`pr`s`dtl l mjs ckunlnldjs g`nkldt` ml `m`cckd pjr subrlekj udkv`rslm, mkor`, nkr`ctj ys`cr`tj n` sus gk`gorjs, qu` cjgj r`pr`s`dtldt`s n`m puòmj ejzld n` udl `sp`cklmprjt`cckd.

Br`dt` l mlCglrl lmtl,ml Cglrl olfl `d dkded clsj tk`d` gk`gorjs qu` hlyld sknjn`skedlnjs lm glre`d n` mjs prjc`sjs `m`ctjrlm`s (ml Cglrl lmtl pu`n` t`d`rmjs j dj,`d budckd n`m skst`gl cjdstktuckjdlm cjdcr`tj), y su`m` `stlrm` ltrkouknj `d `xcmuskvl `mcjdtrjm n` ml lcckd n`m ejok`rdj, g`nkldt` ml lnjpckd n` ml gjckd n` c`dsurl j mlcu`stkd n` cjdbkldzl. Lskgksgj, `s `stl ml cglrl qu` g`nkldt` vjtlckd `mke` lmpr`skn`dt` n`m Ejok`rdj jprkg`r gkdkstrj `d mjs skst`glsplrmlg`dtlrkjs.

Mls cjgp`t`dckls n` ml Cglrl olfl vlrld guchj sèd mlcjdstktuckd n` clnl pls.

3.? CGL_L LM^LS` n`djgkdl ls, lm reldj n`m pjn`r mèksmltkvj qu`, `d ud skst`gl okclg`rlm,r`pr`s`dtl l mjs ckunlnldjs skeuk`dnj, e`d`rlmg`dt`, lmeudj n` mjs skeuk`dt`s skst`gls6

Yjr mkor` `m`cckd g`nkldt` subrlekj udkv`rslm. @d `st` clsj s` trltl n` udlcglrl n` "sèudnl m`cturl" qu` skeu` `m gksgj prjc`sj qu` mlCglrl olfl.

Pdl plrt` `mèknl pjr subrlekj udkv`rslm y jtrl plrt` pjr r`pr`s`dtlckd t`rrktjrklm.

@st` `s `m gjn`mj `spljm, njdn` udl plrt` n` mjs gk`gorjs sjd `mèknjsnkr`ctlg`dt` pjr mjs ckunlnldjs y jtrl plrt` pjr mls Lslgom`ls Mèksmltkvls n`mlsCjgudknln`s Lutdjgls.

^jnjs j plrt` n` mjs gk gorjs n` ml cglrl jst`dtld udl r`pr`s`dtlckd vktlmkckl`d vkrtun n` ud ttumj (djokmklrkj), n` udl cjdnkckd p`rsjdlm kdtrldsb`rkom` (hlo`rsknj Yr`skn`dt` n`m Ejok`rdj j n` ml _`pomkcl, p. `f.) j pjr hlo`r sknjn`skedlnjs plrl `s` pu`stj pjr udl lutjrknln (clsj n` ml cjgpjskckd n`mS`dlnj `spljm `d


19/33

>.- CMLSKBKCLCKD N@ MJS SKS^@GLS YL_MLG@D^L_KJS

@s kgpjrtldt` uokclr mjs nkv`rsjs skst`gls `d mjs qu` s` cmlskbkcl ml jreldkzlckd n`mYlrmlg`dtj s`l udkclg`rlm j okclg`rlm y qu` tk`d`d ck`rtl kdckn`dckl `d `m nòlt` lctulm.

>.< PDKCLG@_LMKSGJ Y@_B@C^J.

Yjr n`gs `st n`ckr qu` s` trltl n` udl sjml Cglrl p`rj cjd ml plrtkcumlrknln n` qu``stl n`s`gp`l mls budckjd`s n` ud Ylrmlg`dtj `d bjrgl kdtèrlm, `f`gpmj n` `mmj mj`dcjdtrlgjs `d ml Cjdstktuckd p`ruldl n` .? PDKCLG@_LMKSGJ KGY@_B@C^J.

^lgokd s` r`bk`r` l udl sjml Cglrl plrmlg`dtlrkl y `d `st` clsj n`s`gp`lbudckjd`s n` ud Ylrmlg`dtj p`rj dj `d bjrgl kdtèrlm, yl qu` `xkst` ud reldj `d `mYlrmlg`dtj qu` jorl cjgj udl sèudnl Cglrl `d p`qu`j, tlm hl sknj `m clsjp`ruldj n` .> OKCLG@_LMKSGJ Y@_B@C^J.

Njs Cglrls plrmlg`dtlrkls qu` n`s`gp`ld budckjd`s pjmtkcls y mèksmltkvls. Ml dkclnkb`r`dckl `st `d mls blcumtln`s n` `f`rckckj n`m fukckj pjmtkcj j ldt`fukckj. ^lm `s `m clsjn` Ktlmkl y Prueuly y `d `m Y`r cjd ml Cjdstktuckd n` .0 S@PNJ OKCLG@_LMKSGJ.

Njs Cglrls plrmlg`dtlrkls, njdn` udl n`s`gp`l budckjd`s pjmtkcls n`m Ylrmlg`dtj

ls cjgj n`m eru`sj n` mls budckjd`s mèksmltkvls1 ml jtrl Cglrl cjd guy mkgktlnj pjn`r.@st` `s `m clsj tpkcj n` Kdemlt`rrl njdn` ml Cglrl n` mjs Cjgud`s ejzl n` lgpmkjspjn`r`s n`rkvlnjs n` su r`pr`s`dtltkvknln pjmtkcl, ml culm dj ejzl ml Cglrl n` mjsMjr`s, qu` clr`c` n` v`rnln`rjs pjn`r`s plrmlg`dtlrkjs cjgj sjd mjs mèksmltkvjs y n`cjdtrjm.

>.2 _KCLG@_LMKSGJ.

Pd skst`gl guy pjcj cjgd n` tr`s Cglrls plrmlg`dtlrkls njdn` udl lsug`budckjd`s n` elrldt` n`m cugpmkgk`dtj n` ck`rtls djrgls y n`m cjdtrjm n` mls jtrls njsCglrls. @f`gpmj n` `mmj mj `dcjdtrlgjs `d mjs Ylrmlg`dtjs `stlg`dtlm`s `m nkr`ctjrkjbrldcs y `m clsj gs tpkcj n` mjs Ylrmlg`dtjs n` ml cjdstktuckd ojmkvlrkldl n` Y`r yOjmkvkl, cjd udl mlrel nurlckd `d st` mtkgj y guy buelz `d du`strj pls.


20/33

0.- YJSKCKJD@S L BLRJ_ [ @D CJD^_L N@ LGOJS SKS^@GLS

Ml Okclg`rlmknln`s `m skst`gl `d ml jreldkzlckd pjmtkcl n` ud pls qu` ltrkouy` l njscglrls ml pjt`stln n` nkctlr mls m`y`s, cjdtrlrklg`dt` l mj qu` suc`n` `d `m skst`gludkclg`rlm, `d qu` `sl blcumtln cjrr`spjdn` l udl sjml cglrl.

\uk`d`s sjstk`d`d `m udkclg`rlm ksgjcjdskn`rld, cjgj lreug`dtj c`dtrlm `d lpjyj n`su t`sks, qu` mjs prjom`gls n`m @stlnj y n` ml mèksmlckd, r`quk`r`d r`sjmuckjd`s rpknls,skd loldnjdlr pjr `sj mls v`dtlfls n`m prjc`sj n`mko`rltkvj, y qu` `stj s` cugpm` guyok`d cjd udl sjml cglrl j lslgom`l. Mjs qu` sjd plrtknlrkjs n`m okclg`rlm ksgj,lreug`dtld prkdckplmg`dt` `d s`dtknj n` qu` mls r`sjmuckjd`s sjor` mjs prjom`gls n`m@stlnj j n` ml mèksmlckd dlckjdlm, sjd sk`gpr` guy n`mkclnls y qu` culmquk`rpr`ckpktlckd pu`n` s`r p`rfunkcklm.

Yjr `stj sk hly njs Cglrls qu` cjdskn`rld `stls cu`stkjd`s suc`skvlg`dt`, mlsr`sjmuckjd`s r`sumtld g`fjr`s pjrqu` sjd gs g`nktlnls y tlgokd gs g`tnkcls.

@s qu`, e`d`rlmg`dt`, lm prlctkclr `m udkclg`rlmksgj, mjs r`pr`s`dtldt`s dlckjdlm`s s`g`zcmld `dtr` vk`fjs y fv`d`s, `dtr` e`dt` n` s`ctjr`s `sp`cklm`s y `m puòmj, gk`dtrlsqu` `d `m okclg`rlmksgj hly e`dt` n` glyjr `xp`rk`dckl `d udl n` mls cglrls yhjgor`s fv`d`s `d ml jtrl. @dtjdc`s, `d `m okclg`rlmksgj s` cjgokdld ml glnur`z cjdml fuv`dtun, y sk stl `s kgp`tujsl y pu`n` hlc`r qu` mls m`y`s y mls r`sjmuckjd`s s`ldlrròltlnls y pr`ckpktlnls, mjs hjgor`s glnurjs n` ml jtrl cglrl, cugpmkrd udkgpjrtldt` rjm gjn`rlnjr.

0.< ML OKCLG@_LMKNLN

Ylrl mjs n`b`dsjr`s n`m okclg`rlmksgj. s` `serkg`d prkdckplmg`dt` mjs skeuk`dt`slreug`dtjs6

\u` `s cjdv`dk`dt` `m qu` hlyl njs cglrls mèksmltkvls plrl qu` skrvld,r`cprjclg`dt , n` br`dj y cjdtrlp`sj.

\u` `d glt`rkl n` bjrglckd n` ml m`y dj s` trltl n` cldtknln dk n` rlpkn`z, skdjn` clmknln, y qu` pjr tldtj `m `xlg`d n` mjs prjy`ctjs r`sumtl gs cuknlnjsj pjrplrt` n` njs cglrls qu` n` udl sjml.

\u` `s d`c`slrkj qu` `xkstl udl cglrl n` r`bm`xkd r`sp`ctj n` mls n`ckskjd`sn` jtrl.

\u` `d glt`rkl n` cjstjs plrl `m rlrkj pomkcj, pjr udl plrt` hly qu` lsugkr qu``m budckjdlgk`dtj n` ud rekg`d n`gjcrtkcj kgpmkcl elstjs `m`vlnjs, qu` `dtjnj clsj sjd g`djr`s qu` mjs qu` losjro` ud rekg`d nkctltjrklm, skd cjdtrjmlmeudj, y qu`, pjr jtrl plrt`, dj d`c`slrklg`dt` udl cglrl r`sumtl g`djsjd`rjsl qu` njs, yl qu` lqu`mml pu`n` `stlr cjgpu`stl, sk `s v`rnln`rlg`dt`n`gjcrtkcl, pjr ud dg`rj glyjr n` p`rsjdls n`m qu` pu`nld mmèlr l kdtèrlrnjs cglrls.

\u` sk ok`d `s ck`rtj mls njs cglrls tk`d`d `d prkdckpkj ltrkouckjd`s skgkmlr`s,

sjor` tjnj `d glt`rkl mèksmltkvl su `xkst`dckl p`rgkt` udl ck`rtl `sp`cklmkzlckdn` budckjd`s, cjgj culdnj `d prjc`sjs cjdtrl budckjdlrkjs n` bu`rjcjdstktuckjdlm s` m` ltrkouy`d l ml udl budckjd`s n` lcuslckd y l ml jtrl n`


21/33

fuzelgk`dtj, j culdnj s` m` nld l ml udl ltrkouckjd`s pr`b`r`dcklm s `d glt`rklpr`supu`stlm y l ml jtrl `d glt`rkl n` lprjolckd n` trltlnjs kdt`rdlckjdlm`s.

\u` ml `xkst`dckl n` njs cglrls hlc` gs nkbckm qu` ud ejok`rdj n` t`dn`dckllutjrktlrkl pu`nl `f`rc`r pr`skd sjor` lgols, y, `d clgokj, ml n` udl sjmlcglrl ml hlc` gs susc`ptkom` l mjs hlmlejs j gldkpumlckjd`s n`m `f`cutkvj.

_lm B`rr`rj Cjstl, sjstk`d` qu` ... `d culdtj l ml nupmkcknln n` budckjd`s, lreug`dtjqu` djrglmg`dt` s` utkmkzl plrl crktkclr lm okclg`rlmksgj, pjnrl `vktlrs` nkstkdeukdnjs`mls ltrkouckjd`s n` clnl Cglrl. Ml Cglrl lmtl pjnrl s`r, `d glt`rkl n` m`y,dkclg`dt` r`vksjrl. @dtr` sus budckjd`s pjnrl rltkbkclr trltlnjs kdt`rdlckjdlm`s,lsc`dsjs y djgorlgk`dtjs n` lmtjs budckjdlrkjs, cjgj mjs n` mls Bu`rzls Lrglnls,@golflnjr`s, Cjdtrlmjr E`d`rlm n` ml _`pomkcl, Yr`skn`dt` n`m Oldcj C`dtrlm n`_`s`rvl y skgkmlr`s1 `d sdt`sks, dj t`d`r kdkckltkvl n` m`y. @d mj qu` r`sp`ctl lm trlolfjn` bksclmkzlckd, dj nò`rld bjrglrs` cjgkskjd`s kdv`stkelnjrls `d clnl udl n` mlscglrls plrl ud gksgj t`gl. @m trlolfj, `d `st` s`dtknj, nò` s`r gkxtj j `xcmuskvj n`ml Cglrl n` Nkputlnjs, qu` `s ml qu` `d r`lmknln jst`dtl ml budckd n` bksclmkzlckd n`m

plrmlg`dtj.

0.? ML PDKCLG@_LMKNLN

Mjs qu` lojeld pjr `st` skst`gl `xpjd`d cjgj lreug`dtj mj skeuk`dt`6

\u` ml `xkst`dckl n` udl sjml cglrl blckmktl ml budckd mèksmltkvl, hlck`dnj gs`xp`nktl ml lprjolckd n` mjs prjy`ctjs n` m`y y, `d e`d`rlm, ml tjgl n`n`ckskjd`s pjr `m Cjder`sj j plrmlg`dtj.

\u` ml `xkst`dckl n` udl sjml cglrl r`sumtl g`djs cjstjsl plrl `m `rlrkj

pomkcj.

\u` lm `xkstkr njs cglrls s` pr`s`dtl udl nupmkcknln kdd`c`slrkl `d ml budckdmèksmltkvl, yl qu` lgols pjr mj e`d`rlm tk`d`d mls gksgls ltrkouckjd`s y,budnlg`dtlmg`dt`, sjd tktumlr`s n`m gksgj pjn`r mèksmltkvj.

\u` dj hly p`mkerj n` qu` udl sjml Cglrl pu`nl nlr m`y`s skd cjdtrjm lmeudj.ml njctrkdl cjdstktuckjdlm gjn`rdl kdnkcl qu` dkdeudl nkspjskckd pu`n` nlrs` skpr`vklg`dt` dj `s r`vkslnl pjr ud erupj `sp`cklm

\u` culdnj hly njs Cglrls `m cjdbmkctj `dtr` `mmls `s p`rgld`dt`. Ls ml t`jrlfurnkcl nkc` qu` udl Cglrl cuknl n` mjs `xc`sjs n` ml jtrl, p`rj `sj `s udlt`jrl furnkcl sup`rlnl pjr mjs du`vjs b`dg`djs pjmtkcjs.

@d du`strl jpkdkdr`sumtl gs lprjpklnj mjs lreug`dtjs l blvjr n`m skst`gl okclg`rlm,pjrqu` hlc` qu` `m prjc`sj n` bjrglckd n` ml m`y s`l gs r`spjdslom` ycuknlnjsj, `vktldnj ml lprjolckd pr`ckpktlnl, guchls v`c`s pjr cjdv`dk`dckl pjmtkclscjyudturlm`s, n` prjy`ctjs n` m`y. Cjdskn`rlgjs qu` ml mlojr mèksmltkvl `s gs rlckjdlmcjd ml `xkst`dckl n` njs cglrls qu` s` cjdtrjm`d gutulg`dt , njdn` udl n` `mmls skrvln` cglrl n` r`bm`xkd n` mls n`ckskjd`s n` ml jtrl. Yjr tldtj, ml `xkst`dckl n` njs

cglrls r`sumtl gs lcjrn` cjd `m rekg`d n`gjcrtkcj, pjr culdtj elrldtkzl g`fjr udllutdtkcl r`pr`s`dtlckd tldtj pjmtkcl cjgj sjcklm. Ln`gs n` p`rgktkr udl budckd n`


22/33

cjdtrjm sjor` `m Yjn`r @f`cutkvj y ml Lngkdkstrlckd Yomkcl. ^lgokd pu`n` kdkcklrkdv`stkelckjd`s sjor` culmquk`r lsudtj n` kdt`rs pomkcj.

KKK. ML OKCLG@_LMKNLN @D MLS CJDS^K^PCKJD@S N@M Y@_P

Nurldt` du`strl vknl r`puomkcldl s` hld suc`nknj nkv`rsjs ejok`rdjs `dtr` ckvkm`s ygkmktlr`s, p`rj s` pu`n` lpr`cklr qu` `d ml glyjrl n` du`strls Cjdstktuckjd`s s` hld`stlom`cknj `d `m Yjn`r M`eksmltkvj ud skst`gl okclg`rlm, ls t`d`gjs6 ml Cjdstktuckd n`


23/33

Cjdstktuckd hlol cjdc`dtrlnj `m Yjn`r Mèksmltkvj `d udl sjml Cglrl. Gk`dtrls qu` `mS`dlnj Cjds`rvlnjr dj `rl ud cu`rpj mèksmltkvj, `rl gs ok`d udl kdstktuckd n`mejok`rdj qu` cjdtrkoul l nòkmktlrmj prkvdnjmj n` ltrkouckjd`s `s`dcklm`s. Ml Clrtl n`


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ml cjgplrtknl r`spjdslokmknln gkdkst`rklm pjr ml kdnksp`dslom` r`br`dnlckd n` mjsn`cr`tjs y rn`d`s n`m ejok`rdj.

S`ed Ylr`fl Ylz Sjmnd6 @m `f`rckckj n` ml sjo`rldl r`sknl `d tr`s pjn`r`s6M`eksmltkvj, @f`cutkvj y Funkcklm, suprkgkdnjs` `m Yjn`r @m`ctjrlm y dkdeudj n` `mmjspjnl slmkrs` n` mjs mgkt`s pr`scrktjs pjr ml Cjdstktuckd. @m prkg`rj `stlol bjrglnj pjrnjs Cglrls, ml n` S`dlnjr`s y Nkputlnjs, kdlueurdnjs` ls `m skst`gl okclg`rlm,gldt`dknj r`kt`rlnlg`dt` `d du`strj rekg`d cjdstktuckjdlm, slmvj `d mls Cjdstktuckjd`sn`


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CJDS^K^PCKJD N@ .

Nlnl pjr ml Cjdv`dckd Dlckjdlm `m


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lngkdkstrlckd, r`spjdslokmknln qu` s` hlcl `b`ctkvl lm cjdcmukr su gldnltj,sjg`tkdnjs` l udl `sp`ck` n` fukckj n` r`skn`dckl, p`rj s` suprkgl `m n`r`chj n`mCjder`sj n` lcuslr lm Yr`skn`dt`, pjr lctjs n` su lngkdkstrlckd, cjgj sk mj huok`rldlc`ptlnj mls Clrtls n`m ?8 y n`m 3>. Mls ltrkouckjd`s qu` t`dl `m Yr`skn`dt` n` ml_`pomkcl `rld lgpmkls, ls t`d`gjs qu`6 djgorlol l mjs Gkdkstrjs, cjd `m smj r`quksktjqu` bu`rld rltkbkclnjs pjr `m S`dlnj.

@d culdtj lm Yjn`r Mèksmltkvj, sldckjdlol `m rekg`d okclg`rlm y ml nulmknln n` mlsCglrls. _`nufj, mls ltrkouckjd`s n`m plrmlg`dtj y lgpmk mls ltrkouckjd`s n`mYr`skn`dt` n` ml _`pomkcl, ndnjs` udl glrclnl t`dn`dckl pr`skn`dcklmkstl ybu`rt`g`dt` c`dtrlmkstl. Mjs r`quksktjs plrl s`r gk`gorj n`m Mèksmltkvj `rld guynkv`rsjs `d culdtj l `nln y r`djvlckd n` sus gk`gorjs. Ylrl s`r S`dlnjr s`d`c`sktlol >9 ljs, gk`dtrls qu` plrl s`r Nkputlnj 39 ljs. Mjs S`dlnjr`s s`r`djvlold pjr gktln`s clnl cultrj ljs y mjs Nkputlnjs pjr t`rckjs clnl njs ljs1nurlol `m gldnltj n` mjs prkg`rjs 8 ljs y n` mjs sèudnjs 2 ljs, ln`gs qu` t`dldkdgudknln.

CJDS^K^PCKJD N@


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kdtrkels y clprkchjs pjmtkcjs n`m Cjder`sj, n`m @f`cutkvj y n` mls FudtlsN`plrtlg`dtlm`s.

CJDS^K^PCKJD N@


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Nurldt` su vke`dckl s` vkvk ud rekg`d n` bu`rzl y n` lroktrlrk`nln pr`sknknj pjrLueustj O. M`eul, sk`dnj kedjrlnls tjnls mls elrldtls n`gjcrtkcls n` ml Cjdstktuckd.S` nk`rjd suc`skvls r``m`cckjd`s n`m Yr`skn`dt`, cjd ml lbkrglckd n` qu` smj m y suskst`gl pjnld slmvlr lm pls. Nurldt` su ejok`rdj s` suprkgk tjnl jpjskckd y culmquk`rvjz qu` dj bu`rl n` lpjyj lm ejok`rdj.

Ml jreldkzlckd n` mjs pjn`r`s pomkcjs. Ml Cjdstktuckd s` gu`strl pjcj prjer`skstl,cjdslerldnj mls bjrgls cmskcls n` jreldkzlckd n` mls Cglrls. Kgpjrtldckl qu`hlorl t`dknj nlr l lmeudl n` mls Cglrls, `d ck`rtl gld`rl, `m clrct`r n` ud Cu`rpjr`pr`s`dtltkvj n` ck`rtls kdstktuckjd`s prjb`skjdlm`s. Ml r`djvlckd tjtlm n` mls Cglrls,skgumtd`l l ml n`m Yr`skn`dt`, dj r`su`mv` dkdeudj n` mjs n`b`ctjs pjmtkcjs dlckjdlm`s1ml r`djvlckd plrcklm t`dl ml v`dtlfl n` p`rgktkr ml bjrglckd n` gjvkgk`dtjs n`jpjskckd lm @f`cutkvj y n` r`djvlr `m p`rsjdlm n` mjs Cjder`sjs, quktdnjm`s l stjs `mclrct`r n` uddkg`s. Ml Cjdstktuckd dj `stlom`c` ml r`pr`s`dtlckd prjpjrckjdlm.

Ml Cjdstktuckd s` gldtk`d` n`dtrj n`m cjdc`ptj n`m ejok`rdj r`pr`s`dtltkvj y dj`stlom`c` dkdeudl bjrgl n` n`gjcrlckl nkr`ctl, lplrtdnjs` n` mls t`dn`dckls

cjdstktuckjdlm`s n` lctulmknln.S`lm cmlrlg`dt` ud skst`gl okclg`rlm. @xkstl ud Cjds`fj n` @stlnj. Ml dlturlm`zl ymgkt`s n` sus ltrkouckjd`s kgpknk`rjd `b`ctulr ud okclg`rlmksgj r`lm qu` yl s` hlolcjdv`rtknj d udl cjdstldt`.

CJDS^K^PCKJD N@


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lus`dckl bjrglm n` ck`rtjs g`cldksgjs n` cjdtrjm `f`cutkvj cjgj `m v`tj pr`skn`dcklm ym`y`s.Dj jostldt` `d `m Y`r flgs mmè l kgpm`g`dtlrs` ud s`dlnj n` tlm dlturlm`zl.^lgpjcj `xkstk `d n`gjcrlckl jcckn`dtlm lmeudl. @d r`lmknln pmldt`lol Cglrlscjrpjrltkvls, ud pmldt`lgk`dtj olstldt` n`slcr`nktlnj pjr `m vdcumj cjd règ`d`stjtlmktlrkjs (blscksgj y dlzksgj)@d `m _ekg`d Yjmtkcj lgols Cglrls mèksmlold, c`dsurlold, dèlold cjdbkldzl,kdt`rp`mlold. Ml dkcl nkb`r`dckl `rl ml pr`rrjeltkvl cjrr`spjdnk`dt` lm mmlglnj Ldt`fukckjYjmtkcj6 Mjs Nkputlnjs lcuslold y mjs s`dlnjr`s Fuzelold. @qukvlm`dt` l udkgp`lchg`dt djrt`lg`rkcldl. Nurldt` su vke`dckl `m Ylrmlg`dtj dj s` cjgpjrtlolcjgj ud Cjder`sj udkbkclnj n` njs Cglrls, njs Cjder`sjs cjd budckjd`s n` cjdtrjm`xlctlg`dt` keulm`s plrl lgols Cglrls. ^cdkclg`dt` `rl pjskom` qu` udl Cglrlkdt`rp`m` l ud gkdkstrj gk`dtrls ml jtrl yl `st vjtldnj su c`dsurl y jomkednjm` lr`dudcklr.

CJDS^K^PCKJD N@


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Skd `golrej mls `m`cckjd`s s` mm`vlrjd l cloj, plrl `m S`dlnj, g`nkldt` nkstrktj `m`ctjrlmdkcj.

CJDS^K^PCKJD N@


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Cjder`sj Pdkclg`rlm bu` ml r`spu`stl n`m rekg`d n` Bufkgjrk plrl fustkbkclr `m ejmp` n`

`stlnj n`


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^`d`r njs cglrls g`fjrlrl `m trgkt` n` lprjolckd n` mls m`y`s. Djs nlrl g`fjr`s m`y`s

pjrqu` hlc`r udl m`y tjgl su tk`gpj y dj s` trltl n` hlc`r m`y`s n` gld`rl lpr`surlnl.

Yjcls p`rj ou`dl m`y`s y dj guchls y glmls m`y`s. Yjr `f`gpmj `dtr` ?99< y ?990 `m

`f`cutkvj jos`rv ?3> luterlbls n` m`y`s. Gk`dtrls qu` `d


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5. B@__@_J _@OLEMKL^K, _lm. Ck`dckl Yjmtkcl, ^`jrl n`m @stlnj y N`r`chj

Cjdstktuckjdlm, @nktjrl y Nkstrkouknjrl Furnkcl E_KFM@[, Mkgl, Y`r,

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