Cellular Respiration or WOW do I Need Energy ATP Slide 2 All
cells need energy. The most common form of cellular energy is ATP.
Below is ATP It is the negative phosphate groups that give this
molecule energy as it becomes unstable. When the phosphate is
transferred to other molecules, those molecules have energy because
they become unstable. ATP ___ > ADP + P is an exergonic reaction
that releases energy. Slide 3 Below is an example of a cell using
ATP in the active transport of material across the membrane. Slide
4 This is the potassium/sodium pump that uses ATP to pump across
the ions. Slide 5 This is a muscle fiber and it shows how ATP is
needed to cause the muscle to contract. Slide 6 Slide 7 A cell must
be able to put the phosphate back on the ADP in order to keep
living as all cells need energy. This is an endergonic reaction and
requires an energy input. The source of energy needed to put the
phosphate back on is food such as glucose. Just like a car uses
gasoline for energy, cells use glucose as energy source to put the
phosphate back on ADP. Slide 8 Which of the following does not
require ATP? A) The working of the sodium-potassium pump. B) The
contraction of a muscle fiber. C) The disassociation of salt (NaCl)
into Na + and Cl - ions. D) The synthesis of triose from carbon
dioxide and water during the Calvin cycle. Slide 9 C Salt when
dissolve into water will automatically disassociate into Na + and
Cl - ions. All the other three examples require ATP. Slide 10 Just
like the gasoline a car uses for fuel, the energy used by cells,
comes from stripping the hydrogens from the glucose molecule. The
difference that this must be on in step-wise fashion. This is an
oxidizing reaction. Quite often when a molecule has hydrogen, it
has increased energy. Slide 11 This reaction is classified as A) an
ionic reaction B) an endergonic reaction C) an exergonic reactin D)
an exotherminc reaction Slide 12 B To put a phosphate onto ADP
energy is required. That classifies it as an endergonic reaction.
Slide 13 The energy produced from the "burning" of glucose is used
to make ATP. In chemistry this process is called the oxidation of
glucose. The energy in glucose must be released in steps instead of
releasing it all at once. It would be like putting a match in gas
can to release it all at once. Cellular respiration has three major
parts with many steps in each part. 3 Part of Respiration I.
Glycolysis II. Kreb's Cycle III. Electron Transport Chain Slide 14
Which of the following has the most energy? A) ATP B) C 8 H 18 C) H
2 O D) NaCl Slide 15 B C 8 H 18 has more energy because it is a
long hydrocarbon chain without any oxygen. This is gasoline and has
more energy than ATP. Slide 16 How How is this reaction like
burning gasoline in a car? A) This is an oxidizing reaction that
releases energy. B) This is a reducing reaction that requires an
energy input C) This is a reaction that happens all at once. D)
This is a reaction that is spontaneous. Slide 17 A When gasoline is
used in an engine, it is an oxidizing reaction that is very
explosive. The hydrogens are stripped off the carbon chain. The
above reaction is not explosive but has many steps to it. Both
reactions require oxygen and both release energy. Slide 18 Slide 19
Where does glycoysis occur? A) in the mitochondrion B) in the
chloroplast C) in the Golgi apparatus D) in the cytoplasm Slide 20
D Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm. Slide 21 Overview of
Glycolysis I. Glycolysis-cytoplasm- Glucose----> 2 pyruvic acid
2NAD + 2H---->2NADH 2ATP---->2ADP + 2P 4ADP + 4P----> 4ATP
NET 2 ATP for cell use Slide 22 Glycolysis is does not need oxygen.
This process occurs in the cytoplasm. Two net molecules of ATP are
made for cell use. It involves glucose being converted to two
molecules of pyruvic acid. Glycolysis involves glucose being
converted to two molecules of pyruvic acid. This process is not
very efficient at converting the energy of glucose into ATP as only
2 ADP are phosphorylated instead of 32 as in Krebs and
chemiosmosis. Slide 23 Glycolysis is does not need oxygen. This
process occurs in the cytoplasm. Two net molecules of ATP are made
for cell use. It involves glucose being converted to two molecules
of pyruvic acid. Glycolysis involves glucose being converted to two
molecules of pyruvic acid. This process is not very efficient at
converting the energy of glucose into ATP as only 2 ADP are
phosphorylated instead of 32 as in Krebs and chemiosmosis. The
first four steps of glycolysis is called the investment phase
because energy is put into the system instead being made. 2 ATP
consumed rather than made. Slide 24 Which of the following is true
about glycolysis? A) It makes 32 molecules of ATP B) It produces
carbon dioxide gas C) Glucose is broken down to two moleucles of
pyruvate D) No ATP is used, it is only produced Slide 25 C Glucose
at the end of glycolysis is turned into two molecules of pyruvate.
Four molecules of ATP are made but two molecules of ATP are
consumed so the process nets two molecules of ATP. No carbon
dioxide gas is produced. Slide 26 Put the following molecules in
order order of greatest energy to least amount of energy-
Glucose-6-phosphate, ATP, Glucose, Fructose 1-6 biphosphate A)
Glucose->Glucose-6-phosphate->Fructose
1-6->biphosphate->ATP B) Glucose-6-phosphate
->Glucose->ATP-> Fructose 1-6 biphosphate C) Fructose
1-6->biphosphate ->Glucose-6-phosphate->Glucose->ATP D)
Fructose 1-6->biphosphate
->Glucose->Glucose-6-phosphate->ATP Slide 27 C
Carbohydrates when oxidized can generate a number of ATP molecules
from ADP and P. So ATP will have the least amount of energy.
Glucose and fructose are isomers of one another and contain about
the same amount of energy BUT as phosphates are added to a
molecules, the molecules becomes unstable. As molecules become
unstable their energy increases. All that being the case, C is the
correct order of sequence. Slide 28 In the last 6 steps of
glycolysis energy is harvested. 4 ATP are made and two NAD are
reduced to form NADH. In the end, the glucose molecule is converted
to 2 molecules of pyruvic acid or pyruvate. This will be shuttled
to the mitochondrion where the last hydrogens will be stripped off
to reduce more molecules of NAD and FAD. Slide 29 Step 1
_____________ Glucose becomes glucose-6-phosphate. This requires
the use of ATP. Glucose-6- phosphate is more unstable and has more
energy than regular glucose. Energy is put into the system Slide 30
In this step A) ATP transfers energy to glucose B) ADP gains energy
C) Glucose loses energy D) No net energy is gained or lost during
this step Slide 31 A In this step ATP transfers energy to glucose.
ATP becomes more stable as it loses a phosphate, this reduces the
energy. Glucose becomes less stable as it bonds to a phosphate.
This causes glucose increase in energy. Slide 32 Step
2________________ Glucose-6-phosphate is turned into fructose-6-
phosphate. Both of these molecules are hexose and have the same
molecular formula. This is called isomerization. Slide 33 Step
3_______________ Fructose-6-phosphate becomes 1,6 fructose
biphosphate. This requires another ATP to be used. This new
molecule is more unstable and has more energy than the old one.
Slide 34 Step 4_______________ This hexose is unstable, and will
split to produce two trioses, dehydroxy acetone and PGAL. Dehydroxy
acetone will turn into PGAL. From this point on, everything is
multiplied by two. Slide 35 Step 5________________ The PGAL will be
turned into diphosphoglyceric acid. The molecule will lose hydrogen
and gain inorganic phosphate. The hydrogen will be transferred to
NAD to become NADH. NADH has more energy than NAD. Slide 36 Step
6_________________ One of the phosphates from the molecule is
transferred to ADP to make or phosphorylate ATP. The new molecule
left is phosphoglyceric acid. Slide 37 Step 7 This is a step that
involves moving the phosphate group from the end carbon to the
middle carbon. This increases the energy of the molecule. This
makes it more unstable. Slide 38 Step 8 This is a step that
involves removing a molecule of water or dehydration. Slide 39 Step
9_________________ This is a step that involves removing a
phosphate and putting it on ADP or phosphorylating ADP to make
another ATP. Now 4 molecules of ATP been made. Slide 40 Summary of
Glycolysis I. Glycolysis-cytoplasm- Glucose----> 2 pyruvic acid
2NAD + 2H---->2NADH 2ATP---->2ADP + 2P 4ADP + 4P----> 4ATP
NET 2 ATP for cell use Slide 41 After glycolysis, the pyruvic acid
will go into the mitochondria, so that the rest of energy stored in
the hydrogen can be extracted. If no there is no oxygen, then the
Kreb's cycle can not completed. A cell can continue doing
glycolysis in the absence of oxygen BUT it must regenerate NAD to
keep going. This step of regenerating NAD from NADH is called
fermentation. Anaerobic respiration = fermentation + glycolysis.
The next step in the absence of oxygen, pyruvate will form either
lactic acid (muscles) or ethanol (bacteria, yeast or plants). In
either case NAD is regenerated so that glycolysis can continue.
This is called anaerobic respiration. If oxygen is available, then
the pyruvic acid will be shuttled to the mitochondria so that
Kreb's cycle will take place. Slide 42 Slide 43 The purpose of
fermentation is to a.regenerate ADP + P from ATP b.make lactic acid
c.make CO 2 d.regenerate NAD from NADH Slide 44 D The limiting
factor in glycolysis is NAD. That being the case, if there is no
oxygen present and to continue with the glycolysis pathway, NAD
must be regenerated from NADH. Fermentation (lactic acid or
alcoholic) oxidizes NADH to regenerate NAD and allows glycolysis to
continue. Slide 45 After glycolysis, the pyruvic acid will go into
the mitochondria, so that the rest of energy stored in the hydrogen
can be extracted. If no there is no oxygen, then the Kreb's cycle
can not completed. A cell can continue doing glycolysis in the
absence of oxygen BUT it must regenerate NAD to keep going. Slide
46 Slide 47 Slide 48
