Chapter 3 Nationalism and Sectionalism Section 1 Vocabulary: Turnpike: roads for which users had to pay a toll National Road: extended west from Maryland to the Ohio River in 1818 Erie Canal: ran 363 miles across New York State from Lake Erie to the Hudson River. Industrial Revolution: developments in technology that transformed manufacturing; influencing culture, social life, and politics. Samuel Slater: built the nations first water-powered textile mill in Francis Cabot Lowell: built a mill in which all operations in the manufacture of cloth occurred. Lowell Girl: young, single women recruited from area farms who worked at the Lowell mill. Interchangeable Parts: identical components that could be used in place of one another; improved efficiency in manufacturers, factories, and designed products. Eli Whitney: created the idea of interchangeable parts Samuel F.B. Morse: invented the electric telegraph Crash Course: Market Revolution Prior to the Transportation Revolution The original 13 states and major cities sprang up around waterways (harbors, lakes, rivers etc.) because water, at the time, proved the easiest for transporting goods and people. Land transportation consisted of dirt roads with a horse and buggy. Southern colonies heard about the Declaration of Independence 29 days after it was signed. Transportation Turnpikes-roads in which people had to pay a toll- were created early 1800s The National Road The National Road, 1818: Main road, made from rock, from Maryland to the Ohio River. Funded by the National Government. Robert Fulton Robert Fulton created the Steamboat. (1 st one called Clermont) which made travel easier Burning wood/coal, the engine boiled the water to create steam. The force of the steam turned a large, rotating paddle, pushing the boat. For instance, it took the boat 20 days to go from New Orleans to Louisville as opposed to 4 months before. Fultons Clermont Erie Canal GIGI 363 miles from Albany, New York to Buffalo, New York. Lowered the cost of transporting from $100 to $4 per ton. NYC population skyrocketed! 124,000 people in 1820 to 800,000 in 1860. The Railroad Railroads transformed the transportation industry. Pulled heavier loads of freight/passengers at higher speeds. Cost less than canals to build. Unlike the canal, you could transfer goods anywhere and not just where there was water. The Industrial Revolution Began in Great Britain with the Spinning Jenny. Transformed culture, social life, and politics. The Industrial Revolution: social and economic reorganization that took place as machines replaced hand tools and large-scale factory production developed. Mass Production: The production of goods in large quantities. Impacts???? Quicker Production, cheaper, No longer a need for skilled workers. John Deere & the Steel Plow (1837) Cyrus McCormick & the Mechanical Reaper: 1831 Samuel F. B. Morse 1840 Telegraph Through Morse Code (dots and dashes) messages could be delivered almost instantly. By 1860 the nation had 50,000 miles of telegraph lines. Elias Howe & Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine Samuel Slater (Father of the Factory System) The Lowell Mills Francis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, and Patrick Tracy Jackson built a weaving factory in Waltham, Massachusetts. Francis Cabot Lowell, Nathan Appleton, and Patrick Tracy Jackson built a weaving factory in Waltham, Massachusetts. The town became known as Lowell, became a booming, manufacturing center. The town became known as Lowell, became a booming, manufacturing center. Incorporated all stages of cloth manufacturing. Incorporated all stages of cloth manufacturing. Thousands of workers, mostly young women, came to Lowell because their families farms were in decline. Thousands of workers, mostly young women, came to Lowell because their families farms were in decline. Lowell in 1850 Lowell Mill Girls Lowell Mill Early Textile Mill Loom Floor Im a Factory Girl Filled with Wishes I'm a factory girl Everyday filled with fear From breathing in the poison air Wishing for windows! I'm a factory girl Tired from the 13 hours of work each day And we have such low pay Wishing for shorten work times! I'm a factory girl Never having enough time to eat Nor to rest my feet Wishing for more free time! I'm a factory girl Sick of all this harsh conditions Making me want to sign the petition! So do what I ask for because I am a factory girl And I'm hereby speaking for all the rest! Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin, 1791 Interchangeable Parts much more efficient! Interchangeable Parts much more efficient! Reinvigorated a Declining Slavery by quickly separating the seeds from the cotton. Reinvigorated a Declining Slavery by quickly separating the seeds from the cotton. EFFICICENCY!!! EFFICICENCY!!! Section 2 Vocabulary Tariff of 1816: a tariff on imports designed to protect American industry. Capital: money needed to build factories or other productive assests. Labor Union: groups of workers who unite to seek better pay and conditions. Nativists: campaigned for laws to discourage immigration or to deny political rights to newcomers. Cotton Gin: this machine reduced the amount of time and the cost of separating the cotton seeds from the valuable white fiber. Why Industrialization Spread The embargo of 1807 and the War of 1812 cut off access to British manufactured goods. Thus, America began to build its own factories. The Tariff of 1816: A tariff on imports designed to protect American industry. Increased the price of manufactured goods by an average of 20-25%. This encouraged Americans to buy products made in the United States. The tariff helped industry, but hurt farmers, who had to pay higher prices for consumer gods. Why the North??? Greater access to capital, or money needed to build factories. Numerous rivers to provide power for the new factories. More cheap labor to work in the factories. Workers Organize Due to working conditions and low wages, workers organized labor unions such as the Workingmens Party. Labor Unions: groups of workers who unite to see better pay and conditions. For example, the Lowell Mill girls went on strike and failed to achieve their goals. A Middle Class Emerges A Middle class emerges. (bankers, lawyers, accountants, clerks, auctioneers, brokers, and retailers) Families moved to the suburbs to get away from the hustle and bustle of the factory cities. Cult of Domesticity: Emphasized new ideas of femininity, the woman's role within the home and the dynamics of work and family. "True women" were supposed to possess four cardinal virtues: piety, purity, domesticity, and submissiveness. National Origin of Immigrants: Why now? Emigration from Ireland and Germany Immigrants (Irish and German Catholic) flood into the U.S. Primarily in response to the Irish Potato Famine in Europe. 2.8 million in the 1850s they fill factory jobs and work for almost nothing. Nativists emerge who are against immigration...from the Whig party. American View of the Irish Immigrant Regional Specialization Distinct Economies Regional Specialization Distinct Economies NORTH EAST Industrial SOUTH Cotton & Slavery -Eli Whitneys Cotton Gin. -Cotton was in great demand in GB and the NorthWEST The Nations Breadbasket American Population Centers in 1820 American Population Centers in 1860 Southern Agriculture King Cotton 3 developments boosted cotton production: 1-TheCotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney it separated the cotton seeds. 2- Western expansion to find more land to grow cotton. 3 Industrialization. The Expansion of Slavery The cotton boom spread slavery, even though overseas slave trade was abolished in 1808, from 1.5 million in 1820 to 4 million in 1860. Economic Consequences of Slavery Because the South specialized in one crop, if there was a bad year, some farmers went bankrupt. Plantation dispersed the population. Not much urban growth compared to the North. Smaller population size. The South did not attract immigrants. Cultural Consequences of Slavery Slaveholders were a minority. No more than Southerners had slaves in of slave owners had less than 10 slaves. Only about 3,000 Southerners owned 100 or more. Typical slaveholder owned only four our five slaves. Why then Defend Slavery? Whites felt a sense of racial superiority along all class lines. 2. Fear of slave revenge. 3. Prospect of future wealth. Section 3 Vocabulary: Nationalism: Henry Clay: American System: John Quincy Adams: First Seminole War: Adams-Onis Treaty: Monroe Doctrine: Missouri Compromise: Era of Good Feelings In 1817 a paper in Boston described politics as entering an Era of Good Feelings. The Democratic- Republican party operated without opposition due to the death of the Federalist party after the War of James Monroe almost unanimously won reelection Nationalism swept the country and now the (DR) wanted to use Federal power to help industry instead of favoring trade without tariffs Henry Clays American System: As the North and South developed different economies, the creation of a plan to unify the nation became increasingly important. As the North and South developed different economies, the creation of a plan to unify the nation became increasingly important. Henry Clays American System: Would unite the nations economic interests: Henry Clays American System: Would unite the nations economic interests: 1. Develop a transportation system and other internal improvements. 2. Establish a protective tariff 3. Resurrect the national bank (reduced in Jeffersons presidency). Giving the Federal Government more power through the Courts Dartmouth v Woodward limited a states power to interfere in business contracts McCulloch v. MD Gibbons v Ogden These cases allowed the U.S. to have business united Panic of 1819 As transportation grew, things were more connected and their were boom and bust cycles In 1819 thousands lost their jobs. Their farms were in trouble as well. Caused people to doubt capitalism and blame the banks. Influence on Art and Lit Artists and Authors drew and wrote like the US was a source of unique inspiration Reflected the spirit of nationalism. Hudson River School A group of painters that showed the beauty of America. James Fenimore Cooper Wrote frontier adventures. The Last of the Mohicans. Washington Irving Wrote Rip Van Winkle and Sleepy Hollow and was part of the school called the Knickerbocker School/New Nationalists. Adams Onis Treaty Spain sold Florida to the United States. Ended Spanish claims in the Oregon Territory. The U.S. and Great Britain agreed to share the Oregon territory. Monroe Doctrine 1823 Several European countries wanted South America. GB said to US, you want to team up to stop them US said no and said well stay our of your business if you stay our of American Republics. Not too big a threat now b/c US didnt have much military power Foreign policy doctrine set forth by President Monroe in 1823 that discouraged European intervention in the Western Hemisphere. Missouri Compromise 30 N Missouri wanted to enter the Union as a slave state but there was already 11 slave and 11 free states. A NY congressman said that they could ban slavery in Missouri in order for the state to join the Union, but the South did not like that that. Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser): Came up with the compromise which said that Missouri would come in as a slave state and Maine would come in as a free state. The compromise also drew a line across the continent from the southwestern corner of Missouri to the nations western boundary. Territories south of that line would enter as slave states. Those north of the line would become free states. Jacksons Opponents in 1824 Henry Clay [KY] John Quincy Adams [MA] John C. Calhoun [SC] William H. Crawford [GA] Controversy: Andrew Jackson won the popular vote, but neither Adams nor Jackson won a majority in the Electoral College. Therefore, the decision was sent to the House of Representatives. Election of 1824 VSVS John Quincy Adams Andrew Jackson Top two go to House for run-off The Election of 1824: The Corrupt Bargain CandidatePopular Vote Electoral Vote Andrew Jackson43%99 J.Q. Adams31%32 William Crawford13%41 Henry Clay13%37 The Corrupt Bargain Speaker of the House _____________ used his power to get _John Quincy Adams elected. Adams won. He then made Henry Clay Secretary of State. Henry Clay Jacksons loss resulted in a minority Presidency for Adams and the birth of the Democratic Party. Jackson is often referred to as the father of the Democratic Party 1828 Election Results The Spoils System Spoils System: Appointed friends and loyal supporters to government jobs And Rotation in Office: (max 4 year terms) Replacing those in government jobs frequently so that many can have experience and no one accumulates too much power Jacksons Use of Federal Power: VETO 12 times More that all his predecessors combined And refusal to enforce Supreme Court Decision Jacksons Professed Love for Native Americans Indian Removal Indian Removal Act forced the 5 civilized tribes to move to Oklahoma. Cherokee resist 3 Worcester v. GA (1832) domestic dependent nation cant be regulated by Georgia 3 Jackson refused to enforce the decision: John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it! The Cherokee Nation After 1820 Indian Removal Trail of Tears ( ) The Trail of Tears Beginning in October and November of 1838, the Cherokee were sent off in groups of about 1,000 each on the long journey. The 800 mile trip was made mostly by foot. Jacksons vice president, John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, called the 1828 tariff a Tariff of Abominations. Tariff of Abominations he said was a disgusting and loathsome tariff. As an agricultural region dependent on cotton, the South had to compete in the world market. The high tariff on manufactured goods reduced British exports to the U.S. and forced the South to buy more expensive Northern manufactured goods. From the Souths point of view, the North was getting rich at the expense of the South. See the flourishing villages of New England they cry, We pay for all of this. Nullification Theory Although an original supporter of the 1816 Tariff, Calhoun changed his mind after seeing the pressure such tariffs placed on South Carolina, his home town. He devised a Nullification Theory. He reasoned that each state had the right to nullify or reject a federal law that is considered unconstitutional. South Carolinas reaction? South Carolinas reaction? Calhoun: States can NULLIFY Calhoun: States can NULLIFY South Carolina threatens to SECEDE South Carolina threatens to secede from the union if forced to pay the taxes. Jackson Threatens Force!!! Says he will hang Calhoun. Henry Clay (The Great Compromiser) pushes through a tariff bill that will lower duties over a 10 year period. Crisis avoided! States rights vs. federal authority will continue to arise throughout history. Webster: Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable. Jackson: Our Federal Unionit must be preserved. Calhoun: The Union, next to our liberty, most dear. Bank of the United States Jackson waged a war with the Bank of the United States In 1832 he vetoed the bill to re-charter the bank. Only stockholders, not the average American taxpayers, were earning interest from deposits. The Banks president, Nicholas Biddle, often extended loans to congressmen at much lower rates of interest than the bank gave to the average citizen. Remember Jackson spoke for the Common Man. The National Bank Debate Nicholas Biddle President Jackson In 1832 Jackson told his running mate, Martin Van Buren, that the Bank of the U.S. was a monster that corrupted our statesmen and wanted to destroy our republican institution. After Jacksons reelection in 1832, he tried to kill the bank before its charter ran out in He appointed a secretary of treasury who was willing to place all government funds in certain state banks, called Pet Banks. The Monster Is Destroyed! 1832 Jackson vetoed the extension of the 2 nd National Bank of the United States the charter expired. The Downfall of Mother Bank Rise of the Whig Party Upset over Jacksons policies, Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster formed the Whig Party. The Whigs backed the ideals of the American System, as promoted by Clay. Nationalists Favored a strong federal government. When Jackson announced that he would not run for a third term the Democrats chose Vice-President Martin Van Buren as their candidate. Panic of 1837 Many of Jacksons pet banks were wildcat banks. These banks printed bank notes wildly in excess of the gold and silver they had on deposit, and were doomed to fail when many people attempted to redeem their currency for gold or silver. Jackson caused the treasury department to only accept gold and silver for public land payments. People rushed to the banks to trade paper currency for gold and silver. In turn, The panic of 1837 erupted, causing bank closings, and the collapse of the credit system. Put more than a third of the population out of work. The 1836 Election Results Martin Van Buren Old Kinderhook [O. K.] Harrison and Tyler Van Buren ran for his second term, losing to Whig Party candidate William Henry Harrison. Just a month after his inauguration Harrison died of pneumonia. John Tyler, vice president and successor opposed many parts of the Whig program for economic recovery.