dodig_1_opuscula Rimski vojni pečati na crijepu iz Ljubuškoga

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In the territory of Ljubuki (Bigeste), twenty-one mili-tary stamps were found on roof tiles (tegulae) fromRoman military workshops. Most of them belong tothe Cohors I Belgarum(10), Legio VIII Augusta(7), Le-gio IIII Flavia felix(3) and Cohors VIII voluntariorumcivium Romanorum (1). Almost all of these stampswere found at the Graine site at Humac (20), someincidentally, others during test excavations or duringarchaeological excavations conducted from 1977 to

1980. Previously ten tegula stamps were known fromLjubuki, while eleven are being published for the firsttime. Te stamps LEG VIII AVG may be tentativelydated to around the year 69 AD, LEG IIII F F from70 to 86 AD, COH I BELG to approximately 173 AD,and COH VIII VOL to the third century AD. Teyconfirm that the Cohors I Belgarumand Cohors VIIIvoluntariorum and probably vexillations (vexillatio)of the Legio IV Flavia felixand the Legio VIII Augustawere certainly stationed in the auxiliary militarycamp at Graine from the first to the third centuries.

Key words: military stamps, tile, Ljubuki, COH I BELG,LEG VIII AVG, LEG IIII F F, COH VIII VOL, Graine, camp

Roman military stamps on tiles and bricks are animportant epigraphic material to study the his-

Na podruju Ljubukoga (Bigeste) pronaen je dva-deset jedan peat na krovnome crijepu (tegulae) izrimskih vojnih radionica. Najvie ih pripada postroj-bama Cohors I Belgarum(10), Legio VIII Augusta(7),Legio IIII Flavia felix (3) i Cohors VIII voluntariorumcivium Romanorum(1). Gotovo svi peati pronaenisu na lokalitetu Graine na Humcu (20), jedni slu-ajno, drugi u sondanim iskapanjima ili za arheo-lokih istraivanja od 1977. do 1980. Dosad je bilo

poznato deset peata na crijepu iz Ljubukoga, dokse jedanaest njih objavljuje prvi put. Peati LEG VIIIAVG mogu se okvirno datirati oko 69. godine, LEGIIII F F od 70. do 86, COH I BELG oko 173. godine,a COH VIII VOL u 3. st. po. Kr. Oni potvruju da suod 1. do 3. stoljea u augzilijarnome vojnom taboruna Grainama zasigurno boravile, izmeu ostalih, I.belgijska kohorta i VIII. dobrovoljaka kohorta te vje-rojatno odjeljenja (vexillatio) IV. Flavijeve legije i VIII.Augustove legije.

Kljune rijei: vojni peati, crijep, Ljubuki, COH IBELG, LEG VIII AVG, LEG IIII F F, COH VIII VOL,Graine, tabor

Rimski vojni peati na crijepu vaan su epigrafskimaterijal za prouavanje povijesti rimske vojske

Radoslav DODIG

Rimski vojni peati na crijepu iz Ljubukoga

Roman military stamps on tiles from Ljubuki

Izvorni znanstveni lanak / Original scientific paper

UDK: 904:736.3](497.6 Ljubuki)652Primljeno / Received: 27. 2. 2007.Prihvaeno / Accepted: 8. 11. 2007.

Radoslav DodigGimnazija MetkoviKralja Zvonimira 12

HR 20350 [email protected]


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Radoslav DODIGRimski vojni peati na crijepu iz Ljubukoga Opusc.archaeol. 31, 143163, 2007 [2008.

koja je bila glavni nositelj romanizacije u provinci-jama. Na podruju Ljubukoga, desetak milja u za-leu Narone, uz obilje kamenih natpisa pronaenasu i pedeset dva peata na crijepu, od ega dvade-set jedan potjee iz rimskih vojnih radionica (Dodig2007: 104). Ipak, taj epigrafski korpus uglavnom nije

poznat strunoj javnosti. Poetkom 20. stoljea bilasu poznata samo dva vojna peata: peat IV. Flavije-

ve legije i peat VIII. Augustove legije (Patsch 1908:111). U kasnijim radovima i monografijama tako-er se spominju samo ta dva peata (Alfldy 1967:4451; Wilkes 1969: 116). Nakon arheolokoga iska-panja rimskoga kompleksa na Grainama na Hum-cu (19771980) u literaturi je objavljeno nekolikonovih peata, pa se njihov broj popeo na deset (Bo-

janovski 1985: 81; 1990: 702; kegro 1991: 224, . 1:3). Istom nakon novoga postava Arheoloke zbirke

Franjevakoga samostana Humac kod Ljubukoga2002, kada je izloen dio nalaza s lokaliteta Graine,utvrdilo se da je na podruju Ljubukoga pronaenukupno dvadeset jedan vojni peat na crijepu.

Kronologija vojnih peata iz Ljubukoga temelji sena saznanjima o povijesti boravka rimskih vojnihpostrojba u provinciji Dalmaciji.

Cohors I Belgarum

Krajem 1. stoljea kohorta je iz Gornje Germanije

dola na Humac. Jedan odjel bio je stacioniran u i-luriju, a u Saloni je bio officium. Na Humcu se vrloaktivno posvetila graevinskim radovima (CIL III:8484). Krajem 2. stoljea odlazi u Germaniju te uBritaniju i tada se prozvala Cohors I. Septimia Belga-rum. Od pet kohorti u Ljubukom je najvie epigraf-skih spomenika ostavila upravo I. belgijska kohorta:sedam nadgrobnih spomenika, jedan rtvenik, jed-nu poasnu plou i deset peata na crijepu. Opir-nije su o njoj pisali: Patsch 1896: 1214, Bersanetti1941: 5152, Zaninovi 1967: 66, Wilkes 1969: 472,Alfldy 1987: 248249 i Spaul 2000: 190191.

Peati na crijepu Cohors I Belgarum mogu se po-dijeliti u tri skupine: u prvu ulaze peati pod bro-

jevima 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 i 10 (sl. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 i 10), u dru-gu oni pod brojevima 2, 8 i 9 (sl. 2, 8 i 9), a broj

je 7 osamljen (sl. 7). Slova nisu ujednaena; estoje broj Ispojen sa slovimaHi Bili ima tako irokegornje serife da nalikuje slovu . Slian tip brojaI,ali bez serifa, susreemo na peatuLegio I Adiutrix(Dolata et al.2007: . 3: 1). Osim toga, na etirimapeatima (br. 5, 6, 8 i 9) iza pokrate BELG nalazise slovo Iili broj I. aj znak razlikuje se od broja I

ispred oblika BELG jer je otisnut ili s duljom gor-njom vodoravnom hastom (br. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 i 9) ilisa serifima (br. 5 i 10). Zacijelo je u pitanju slovo I

tory of the Roman military, which was the princi-pal driver of Romanisation in the provinces. In theterritory of the Herzegovinian town of Ljubuki,approximately ten miles into the hinterland of thesettlement of Narona, besides an abundance of in-scriptions in stone, fifty-two stamps on tiles were

found, out of which twenty-one originated in Ro-man military workshops (Dodig 2007: 104). Evenso, experts are largely unfamiliar with this source ofepigraphic materials. At the beginning of the twen-tieth century, only two military stamps were known:the stamp of the Legio IV Flavia felix and the stampof the Legio VIII Augusta (Patsch 1908: 111). In laterworks and monographs, only these two stamps arementioned (Alfldy 1967: 44-51; Wilkes 1969: 116).After archaeological excavations of the Roman com-plex in Graine near Humac (19771980), several

new stamps were published so their total numbergrew to ten (Bojanovski 1985: 81; 1990: 702; kegro1991: 224, pl. 1: 3). Only after a new exhibit in theArchaeological Collection of the Humac FranciscanMonastery near Ljubuki was set up in 2002, whena part of the finds from the Graine site were puton display, it was ascertained that a total of twenty-one military stamps on tiles were discovered in thewider Ljubuki area.

Te chronology of military stamps from Ljubuki isbased on knowledge of the history of the sojourn ofRoman military units in the Dalmatian province.

Cohors I Belgarum

At the end of the first century a cohort from Ger-mania Superior arrived in Humac. One section wasstationed in ilurium, while the officium was inSalona. Tis unit actively engaged in constructionworks in Humac (CIL III: 8484). At the end of thesecond century it departed for Germania and thenBritannia, after which it was called Cohors I. Septi-mia Belgarum. Out of the five cohorts in Ljubuki,the most epigraphic monuments were left behindprecisely by the Cohors I Belgarum: seven gravemonuments, one altar, one commemorative plaqueand ten stamps on tiles. More has been written onthem by: Patsch 1896: 1214, Bersanetti 1941: 5152, Zaninovi 1967: 66, Wilkes 1969: 472, Alfldy1987: 248249 and Spaul 2000: 190191.

Te tile stamps of the Cohors I Belgarum can bedivided into three groups: the first includes thestamps under numbers 1, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 10 (Figs. 1,3, 4, 5, 6 and 10), the second those under numbers

2, 8 and 9 (Figs. 2, 8 and 9), while number 7 standsalone (Fig. 7). Te letters are not uniform; often thenumberIis connected to the letters Hand Bor it


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Radoslav DODIGRoman military stamps on tiles from LjubukiOpusc.archaeol. 31, 143163, 2007 [2008

koje ima znatno krau gornju vodoravnu hastu. Utome bi se sluaju natpis proitao ovako: COH(ortis)

I BELGI(cae). U Ljubukome je na natpisima dva-put urezan naziv kohorte u punome obliku: Coh I

Belgarum(AE 1913: 138 i AE 1913: 139) i jednomCoh I Belga(CIL III: 14630). U ostalim sluajevima

navodi se standardnoI Belgili fragmentiranoI BeliI Be. Na drugim se nalazitima u Dalmaciji takoersusree inaicaBelgarum(Alfldy 1987: 283284).Oblik Belgica zabiljeen je u Gornjoj Germaniji:(centurio) c(o)ho(rtis) I Belgica(e) (CIL XIII: 7038).Pojedini istraivai razlikuju tri kohorte unovaeneu Gallia Belgica:I Belgicai I Septimia BelgarumuGornjoj Germaniji teI Belgarumu Dalmaciji (Chee-sman 1914: 171173). Drugi pak dre da je u pitanju

jedna postrojba (Cohors I Septimia Belgarum) kojaje sluila u dvjema provincijama (Spaul 2000: 191).

eko je pretpostaviti da slovoIoznaava to drugo(magister fabricae?). Primjerice na pojedinim se pe-atimaLegio XXI Rapaxnalaze dodatna slovaL, CiSCVI, ali njihovo znaenje nije potpuno razjanjeno(Giacomini 2005: 4). Koliko je iz dostupnih izvorapoznato, Cohors I Belgarum (ili Cohors IBelgica)ostavila je peate samo na crijepu u Ljubukome,zbog ega se natpisi mogu itati i na neki drugaijinain.

Legio VIII Augusta

Ova vrlo stara legija, osnovana jo u Cezarovo vrije-me, bila je za Augusta stacionirana na istoku (Wilkes2000: 110). Njezina uloga i veza s Dalmacijom u 1.stoljeu nije potpuno poznata. Patsch je pretpostav-ljao da je Legio VIII Augustasudjelovala u suzbija-nju ustanka od 6. do 9. godine, ali da nije morala bitistacionirana u Dalmaciji (Patsch 1895: 144). Osimtoga Patsch pie da je Leg. VIII. Augusta boravilau Dalmaciji sredinom 2. stoljea (ibid.143144), oemu nema uvjerljivih dokaza. Za istraivanja rim-skoga vojnog kompleksa na Grainama Bojanovski

je isticao da je jedno odjeljenje boravilo u Ljubu-kom, i to u doba ilirskoga ustanka od 6. do 9. godine(Bojanovski 1980: 25). U svojemu zadnjem lankuo VIII. legiji Bojanovski zakljuuje da je na putuprema Italiji 69. godine ta legija nakratko boravilau Dalmaciji (Bojanovski 1990: 707). Sukladno s timcrijep s peatomLEG VIII AVGs Humca, iz Burnu-ma, Aserije i Smrdelja Bojanovski datira u 69. godi-nu. Postoji miljenje da je dio legije bio smjeten uBurnumu jer je u Smrdeljima proizvodila crijep sasvojim igom (Wilkes 1969: 116; Zabehlicky-Sche-

ffenegger 1979: 42; Wilkes 2000: 110). o su ranijepretpostavljali Mommsen i Hirschfeld (CIL III: p.1039 i 1474). Ipak, i dalje ostaje dvojba o sudjelova-

has such wide upper serifs that it resembles the let-ter . A similar type ofI, but without serifs, can beseen in the stamp of the Legio I Adiutrix(Dolata etal.2007: pl. 3: 1). Additionally, on four stamps (no.5, 6, 8 and 9) after the abbreviation BELGthere isa letterIor numberI. Tis symbol differs from the

number I before the form BELGas it is impressedwith a longer upper horizontal hasta (no. 1, 2, 3,4, 7, 8 and 9) or with serifs (no. 5 and 10). Tis iscertainly a letter Iwhich has a considerably lowerupper horizontal hasta. In this case, the inscriptionwould be read as follows: COH(ortis) I BELGI(cae).Te full form of this cohorts name was twice in-scribed on inscriptions in Ljubuki: Coh I Belgarum(AE 1913: 138 and AE 1913: 139) and once as Coh

I Belga(CIL III: 14630). In the remaining cases, thestandard I Belg or fragmentary I Bel and I Be arecited. Te Belgarumvariant is also encountered at

other sites in Dalmatia (Alfldy 1987: 283284). Teform Belgicawas recorded in Germania Superior:(centurio) c(o)ho(rtis) I Belgica(e) (CIL XIII: 7038).Individual researchers distinguish three cohorts re-cruited in Gallia Belgica: I Belgicaand I Septimia

Belgarumin Germania Superior andI BelgaruminDalmatia (Cheesman 1914: 171173). Others holdthat this was a single unit (Cohors I Septimia Bel-

garum) which served in two provinces (Spaul 2000:191). It is difficult to assume that the letterIindicat-ed anything else (magister fabricae?). For example,individual stamps of the Legio XXI Rapaxcontainadditional lettersL, Cand SCVI, but their meaningis not entirely clear (Giacomini 2005: 4). As far as itis known from available sources, the Cohors I Bel-

garum(or Cohors IBelgica) left behind only stampson tiles in Ljubuki, which is why the stamps can beread in other ways as well.

Legio VIII Augusta

Tis very old legion, established during Caesarstime, was stationed in the east during the reign ofAugustus (Wilkes 2000: 110). Its role and tie to Dal-matia in the first century is not fully known. Patschassumed that the Legio VIII Augusta participatedin combating the rebellion from 6 to 9 AD, but itneed not have been stationed in Dalmatia (Patsch1895: 144). Patsch additionally wrote that the Leg.VIII. Augustastayed in Dalmatia in the mid-secondcentury (ibid. 143144), about which there is noconvincing evidence. During research at the Romancomplex in Graine, Bojanovski stressed that one

vexillation was posted in Ljubuki, during the Illy-

rian rebellion from 6 to 9 AD (Bojanovski 1980: 25).In his last article on the Seventh Legion, Bojanovskiconcluded that on the way to Italy in 69 AD, this


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njuLegio VIII. AugustauBellum Batonianumod 6.do 9. godine (Oldenstein-Pferdehirt 1984: 429430;Alfldy 1989: 206; Redd 2000: 121). Vojni put Leg.VIII Augusta, ukljuujui i proizvodnju igovanacrijepa, u novije su doba temeljito obradili Mirkovi(1998: 8998) i Bohec (2000: 273284).

Na temelju oblika peata moe se zakljuiti da onipod brojevima 11, 13 i 15 (sl. 11, 13 i 15) pripadaju

jednomu kalupu, slinomu onom u Smrdeljima (Bo-janovski 1990: 702). Peati pod brojevima 12, 16 i 17(sl. 12, 16 i 17) pripadaju drugoj skupini, to modaupuuje na to da su napravljeni na podruju Ljubu-koga. Peat pod brojem 14 (sl. 14) izdvaja se po duk-tusu svojih slova. Svi su ulomci crijepa pronaenibez tragova buke jer su se vjerojatno sruili s krova.Zanimljivo je da samo peati ove legije imaju obliktabula ansata, to je esta pojava i u nekih drugih

legija, primjerice u Vindonisi (Giacomini 2005: 4).

Legio IIII Flavia felix

Legiju je osnovao Vespazijan nakon graanskih ra-tova i ona se uskoro, nakon odlaska XI. legije, nalau Burnumu (Wilkes 1969: 97). Nije se dugo zadralau Dalmaciji: ve je 86. bila u Meziji u borbama pro-tiv Daana (Wilkes 2000: 107). Legija je imala cigla-nu u Smrdeljima (Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger 1979:40) odakle su njezini proizvodi stizali do ilurija

(Sanader 2002: 135; onini 2003: 260) te Vitine iLjubukoga (Wilkes 1979: 66; Alfldy 1987: 320). Netreba a prioriodbaciti ni Patschovu tvrdnju da je utaboru na Humcu boravila jedna vexillatio(Patsch1893: 681; 1908: 111).

Cohors VIII voluntariorum civiumRomanorum

Kao i druge dobrovoljake kohorte, utemeljena jeza vrijeme Bellum Batonianum 6. godine po. Kr.Natpisi su potvreni u Andetriju (prvo boravite u1. stoljeu), zatim u iluriju (stalno boravite), Epi-dauru, Halapiu i Ljubukom (detamani) i krajem2. st. u aku (vexillatio) (Zaninovi 1985: 74). UDalmaciji se nalazila do 245. godine, a nakon togapreselila se u Arabiju (Sergejevski 1924: 113123;Bersanetti 1941: 5658; Holder 1980: 238; Alfl-dy 1987: 254255; Zaninovi 1999: 217; onini2004: 154155). U Ljubukome su pronaena dvanadgrobna spomenika vojnika VIII. dobrovoljakekohorte, dok je u Dalmaciji kohorta ostavila preko

etrdeset epigrafskih spomenika, najvie u Saloni,potom u Muu, Vidu, Stobreu, Dubrovniku, Hala-piu, Biaima i uepima (Spaul 2000: 3537).

legion briefly stayed in Dalmatia (Bojanovski 1990:707). In this vein, tiles bearing the seal LEG VIII

AVG from Humac, Burnum, Asseria and Smrdeljiare dated by Bojanovski to the year 69. Tere are

views that a section of the legion was stationed inBurnum, because it produced tiles bearing its seal

in Smrdelji (Wilkes 1969: 116; Zabehlicky-Schef-fenegger 1979: 42; Wilkes 2000: 110). Tis was ear-lier assumed by Mommsen and Hirschfeld (CIL III:p. 1039 and 1474). Nonetheless, there is still somedoubt as to the participation of the Legio VIII. Au-

gusta in the Bellum Batonianum from 6 to 9 AD(Oldenstein-Pferdehirt 1984: 429430; Alfldy1989: 206; Redd 2000: 121). Te military careerof the Leg. VIII Augusta, including production ofstamped tiles, has been thoroughly examined inmore recent times by Mirkovi (1998: 8998) andBohec (2000: 273284).

Based on the shape of the stamp, it can be concludedthat those under numbers 11, 13 and 15 (Figs. 11, 13and 15) come from the same mould, similar to theone in Smrdelji (Bojanovski 1990: 702). Te stampsunder numbers 12, 16 and 17 (Figs. 12, 16 and 17)belong to another group, which may indicate thatthey were made in the Ljubuki area. Te stampunder number 14 (Fig. 14) is distinguished by theductusof its letters. All tile fragments were foundwithout any traces of plaster, because the roofs theywere on probably collapsed. It is interesting thatonly the stamps of this legion have the tabula ansa-taform, which is frequent with some other legions,e.g. in Vindonissa (Giacomini 2005: 4).

Legio IIII Flavia felix

Tis legion was established by Vespasian after thecivil wars, and it was posted in Burnum soon afterthe departure of the Legio XI (Wilkes 1969: 97). Itdid not remain in Dalmatia long: already in 86 AD itwas in Moesia battling against the Dacians (Wilkes

2000: 107). Te legion had a brick workshop in Smr-delji (Zabehlicky-Scheffenegger 1979: 40) whenceits products made their way to ilurium (Sanader2002: 135; onini 2003: 260) and Vitina andLjubuki (Wilkes 1979: 66; Alfldy 1987: 320). Pat-schs assertion that a vexillatiostayed in the camp atHumac should not be rejected a priori(Patsch 1893:681; 1908: 111).

Cohors VIII voluntariorum civiumRomanorum

Like other volunteer cohorts, it was established dur-ing the Bellum Batonianum in 6 AD. Inscriptions


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Zakljuak

Iz priloena kataloga vidi se da od dvadeset jedno-ga peata na krovnome crijepu (tegulae) iz rimskih

vojnih radionica, pronaenoga na podruju Ljubu-koga, najvei broj pripada sljedeim postrojbama:

Cohors I Belgarum(10),Legio VIII Augusta(7),Le-gio IIII Flavia felix(3) i Cohors VIII voluntariorumcivium Romanorum (1). Korpus peata na crijepunedvojbeno je svjedoanstvo o boravku rimskih voj-nih postrojbi u provinciji Dalmaciji. Prema dosada-njim saznanjima u Dalmaciji su potvreni vojni pe-ati na crijepu pet rimskih legija:Legio VII Claudia

pia fidelis, Legio XI Claudia pia fidelis, Legio VIIIAugusta, LegioIIII Flavia felix i Legio XIIII gemi-na(kegro 1999: 253255) te triju kohorti: CohorsVIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum, Cohors I

Belgarumi Cohors III Alpinorum(kegro 1999: 255;

onini et al.2006: 27). Unato tome u europskojsu se strunoj literaturi dugo navodili podaci kakosu u Dalmaciji pronaeni vojni peati etiriju legija i

jedne kohorte (Wilkes 1979: 65), a na taj se podataknailazi i u recentnim monografijama (Kurzmann2006: 109115).

S obzirom na to da su gotovo svi vojni peati pro-naeni na Grainama, na tome lokalitetu treba tra-iti rimski vojni tabor. O tome su turo pisali po-

jedini autori (Alaevi 1878: 5253; Hoernes 1880:40; Patsch 1897: 468) te neto vie Kahrstedt, na-zivajui ga Erdkastell (Kahrstedt 1940: 183188) iSergejevski koji pie o najveem vojnom logoru uBiH (Sergejevski 1955: 67). U arheolokim istrai-

vanjima od 1977. do 1980. na Grainama otkrivenisu ostaci jednoga rimskog objekta. Voditelj iskapa-nja Ivo Bojanovski bio je uvjeren da se radi o zgradizapovjednitva principia i paviljonima za mom-ad contubernia (Bojanovski 1981: 6366; 1985:9293; 1988: 366368). Ipak, na temelju ralambepoloaja i plana istraenih prostorija i pokretnih na-laza moe se pretpostaviti da je na Grainama otko-pano kupalite (balneum) i jedan stambeni objekt

(casa) koji su esto pratei objekti uz vojne tabore(Dodig 2006: 31).

Kad je u pitanju materijal za proizvodnju crijepa,primjeuje se da su legijski crijepovi kvalitetnijeizraeni. U njih prevladava crvenkasto-ukasta(Munsell 5YR 7/4-7/5) i blijedosmea glina (10YR7/4), dok je u produkciji I. belgijske kohorte ira pa-leta boja crijepa, od crvenkasto-ukaste do svije-tlocrvene i blijedosmee (7.5YR 7/5, 5YR 7/5, 10YR7/4). eko je bez arheometrijskih ispitivanja govo-riti o podrijetlu materijala za crijep, ali je vjerojatnoda su kohorte koristile lokalnu glinu (ire podruje

Ljubukoga, ukljuujui i apljinu), za razliku odlegija koje su mogle koristiti usluge tabora iz Bur-numa i ilurija.

have been confirmed in Andetrium (their first postin the first century), followed by ilurium (perma-nent post), Epidaurum, Halapi and Ljubuki (de-tachments) and, at the end of the second century,in aak (vexillatio) (Zaninovi 1985: 74). It was inDalmatia until 245 AD, and afterward it moved to

Arabia (Sergejevski 1924: 113123; Bersanetti 1941:5658; Holder 1980: 238; Alfldy 1987: 254255;Zaninovi 1999: 217; onini 2004: 154155). wograve monuments to soldiers of the seventh volun-teer cohort were found in Ljubuki, while in Dalma-tia it left behind over forty epigraphic monuments,mostly in Salona, followed by Mu, Vid, Stobre,Dubrovnik, Halapi, Biai and uepi (Spaul 2000:3537).

ConclusionBased on the attached catalogue, it can be seen thatout of the twenty-one stamps on roof tiles (tegulae)from Roman military workshops found in the terri-tory of Ljubuki, the most come from the followingunits: Cohors I Belgarum(10),Legio VIII Augusta(7),

Legio IIII Flavia felix(3) and Cohors VIII voluntari-orum civium Romanorum(1). Tis body of stampson roof tiles is certain testimony to the presence ofRoman military units in the province of Dalmatia.According to previous knowledge, in Dalmatia the

stamps of five Roman legions have been confirmed:Legio VII Claudia pia fidelis,Legio XI Claudia piafidelis,Legio VIII Augusta,LegioIIII Flavia felixandLegio XIIII gemina(kegro 1999: 253255); and ofthree cohorts: Cohors VIII voluntariorum civium

Romanorum, Cohors I Belgarumand Cohors III Al-pinorum(kegro 1999: 255; onini et al.2006: 27).Even so, the data long cited in the European schol-arly literature speaks of the military stamps of fourlegions and one cohort found in Dalmatia (Wilkes1979: 65), and this data can even be found in recentmonographs (Kurzmann 2006: 109115).

Since almost all of the military stamps were foundat Graine, a Roman camp should be sought at thissite. Individual authors have written about thisbriefly (Alaevi 1878: 5253; Hoernes 1880: 40;Patsch 1897: 468), while somewhat more atten-tion has been accorded by Kahrstedt, who calledit an Erdkastell (Kahrstedt 1940: 183188) andSergejevski, who wrote about the largest militarycamp in Bosnia-Herzegovina (Sergejevski 1955:67). During archaeological research conducted atGraine from 1977 to 1980, the remains of a Roman

structure were discovered. Te excavation leader,Ivo Bojanovski, was convinced that it was the com-mand building principia and troop pavilions


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KATALOG

Napomena. Za odreivanje boje crijepa koritenisu priruniciMunsell Soil Color Charts(Gretama-cbeth, New Windsor, 2000) i Te New Munsell Stu-dent Color Set(J. Long i J. . Luke, Fairchild, New

York, 2001). Kod navoenja inventarnih brojevatreba napomenuti da su inventarizirana samo etiripeata (dva u Zemaljskome muzeju BiH u Sarajevu kratica ZMS i dva u Arheolokoj zbirci Franjeva-koga samostana Humac kod Ljubukoga kraticaFSH). Jedanaest peata navodi se samo u erensko-me inventaru predmeta s arheolokoga iskapanjalokaliteta Graine Humac (kratica IP). est pe-ata nema nikakvih inventarnih brojeva.

A. Cohors I Belgarum

1. OH I BELG = [C]oh(ortis) I Belg(arum) (sl. 1, .

1: 1)Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 15 7 3 cm (Munsell7/5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), dobre fakture, ali slabijepeen, sa zrncima crvene opeke. Ouvani dio pea-ta veliine je 9 2,6 cm, ima reljefna slova duljine 2cm u udubljenoj pravokutnoj kartui. Pronaen jeza rekognosciranja Graina oko 1976. Sada je u Ar-heolokoj zbirci FSH; nije inventariziran.

Datiranje: oko 173. po. Kr.

Literatura: AE 2000: 1180f; Atanackovi-Sali1977: 84; Bojanovski 1985: 81, br. 5, . I: 5; kegro

1997: 107, br. 153.; HD 039844.

2. COH I BELG = Coh(ortis) I Belg(arum) (sl. 2, .1: 2)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 20 13 2,8 cm (Mun-

sell 10YR 7/4, very pale brown), slabije peen, s pri-mjesama tamnosmee opeke. Peat ima dimenzije10 2,6 cm, dobro je ouvan, osim manjega dijela

contubernia(Bojanovski 1981: 6366; 1985: 9293;1988: 366368). However, based on an analysis ofthe position and layout of the examined rooms andthe movable finds, it can be assumed that a bath(balneum) and a residential building (casa) wereunearthed at Graine; these are often the buildings

accompanying a military camp (Dodig 2006: 31).With regard to the materials used to produce thetiles, it is noticeable that the legion tiles exhibithigher quality work. Reddish-yellow (Munsell 5YR7/4-7/5) and pale-brown clay (10YR 7/4) predomi-nates in them, while a broader palette of tile colourscan be found in the production of the first Belgiancohort, from reddish-yellow to light red and lightbrown (7.5YR 7/5, 5YR 7/5, 10YR 7/4). Due to a lackarchaeometric tests it is difficult to speak of the ori-gin of the tile materials, but it is probable that the

cohorts used local clay (the wider Ljubuki area, in-cluding apljina), as opposed to legions who couldhave used the services of the encampments in Bur-num and ilurium.

CATALOGUE

Note.Te manualsMunsell Soil Color Charts(Gre-tamacbeth, New Windsor, 2000) and Te New

Munsell Student Color Set(J. Long and J. . Luke,Fairchild, New York, 2001) were used to determine

the colour of the tiles. With reference to citationof inventory numbers, it should be noted that onlyfour stamps have been inventoried (two in the Ze-maljski muzej of Bosnia-Herzegovina in Sarajevo abbreviated ZMS, and two in the Archaeologi-cal Collection of the Humac Franciscan Monasteryat Ljubuki abbreviated FSH). Eleven stamps arecited only in the Field Inventory of Items from theArchaeological Excavation at the Graine-HumacSite (abbreviation IP). Six stamps have no inven-tory numbers.

A. Cohors I Belgarum

1. OH I BELG = [C]oh(ortis) I Belg(arum) (Fig. 1,Pl. 1: 1)

ile fragment, dimensions 15 7 3 cm (Munsell7/5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), good facture, but lessfired, with grains of red brick. Preserved portion ofstamp is 9 2.6 cm, 2 cm long letters in relief in animpressed rectangular cartouche. Found during re-connaissance of Graine at around 1976. Currentlyheld in FSH Archaeological Collection; not inven-toried.

Dating: ca 173 AD.

References: AE 2000: 1180f; Atanackovi-Sali1977: 84; Bojanovski 1985: 81, no. 5, pl. I: 5; kegro1997: 107, no. 153.; HD 039844.

Slika 1. Crijep s peatom Cohors I Belgarum, Arheolokazbirka FSH-a, bez inv. broja (snimio: R. Dodig, 2006).

Figure 1. ile bearing stamp Cohors I Belgarum, FSH Archae-ological Collection, no inv. no. (photograph: R. Dodig, 2006).


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na desnoj strani. Ima reljefna slova duljine 1,7 cm uudubljenoj pravokutnoj kartui, s polukrunicomutisnutom prstom u svjeoj glini. Pronaen je 1977.za iskapanja na Grainama. Sada je u Arheolokojzbirci FSH, IP 1977, br. 41.


Literatura: Bojanovski 1978: 13, sl. 11: 2; kegro1991: 224, . I: 3.

3. COH I B = Coh(ortis) I B[elg(arum)] (sl. 3, . 1:3)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 15 13 3,5 cm (Munse-ll 5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), meko peen, bez vidlji-vih primjesa. Ouvani dio peata ima dimenzije 6,5 2,2 cm, reljefna slova duljine 1,5 cm u udubljenoj

2. COH I BELG = Coh(ortis) I Belg(arum) (Fig. 2,Pl.1: 2)

ile fragment, dimensions 20 13 2,8 cm (Munsell10YR 7/4, very pale brown), less fired, with admix-ture of dark-brown brick. Stamp has dimensions of10 2.6 cm, well preserved, except for minor por-tion on the right side. It has 1.7 cm long letters inrelief in an impressed rectangular cartouche withsemi-circle made by finger impression in the freshclay. Found in 1977 during excavations at Graine.Currently held in FSH Archaeological Collection,IP 1977, no. 41.

Dating: ca 173 AD

References:Bojanovski 1978: 13, fig. 11: 2; kegro1991: 224, pl. I: 3.

3. COH I B = Coh(ortis) I B[elg(arum)] (Fig. 3, Pl.1: 3)

ile fragment, dimensions 15 13 3.5 cm (Mun-sell 5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), lightly fired, no visibleadmixtures. Preserved portion of stamp has dimen-sions of 6.5 2.2 cm, 1.5 cm long letters in reliefin impressed rectangular cartouche, impressedover semi-circular slot made by finger in fresh clay.Found in 1977 during excavations at Graine. Cur-rently held in FSH Archaeological Collection, IP1977, no. 35.

Dating: ca 173 AD

References: unpublished.

4. I BELG = [Coh(ortis)] I Belg(arum) (Fig. 4, Pl. 1: 4)ile fragment, dimensions 22 21.5 2.5 cm (Mun-sell 5YR 7/6, reddish yellow), lightly fired, with tracesof plaster. Partially preserved stamp has dimensionsof 5.5 1.2 cm, 1 cm letters in relief in an impressed

Slika 2. Crijep s peatom Cohors I Belgarum, Arheolokazbirka FSH-a, IP 1977, br. 41 (snimio: R. Dodig, 2006).

Figure 2. ile bearing stamp Cohors I Belgarum, FSH Archa-eological Collection, IP 1977, no. 41 (photograph: R. Dodig,2006).


Figure 3. ile bearing stamp Cohors I Belgarum, FSH Archa-eological Collection, IP 1977, no. 35 (photograph: R. Dodig,2006).


Figure 4. ile bearing stamp Cohors I Belgarum, FSH Archae-ological Collection, IP 1977, no. 137 (photograph: R. Dodig,2006).


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pravokutnoj kartui, a utisnut je preko polukrunihutora napravljenih prstom u svjeoj glini. Pronaen

je 1977. za iskapanja na Grainama. Sada je u Arhe-olokoj zbirci FSH, IP 1977, br. 35.


Literatura: neobjavljeno.4. I BELG = [Coh(ortis)] I Belg(arum) (sl. 4, . 1: 4)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 22 21,5 2,5 cm (Mun-sell 5YR 7/6, reddish yellow), meko peen, s tragovi-ma buke. Djelomino ouvan peat ima dimenzije5,5 1,2 cm, reljefna slova duljine 1 cm u udublje-noj pravokutnoj kartui, a utisnut je izmeu polu-krunica zaparanih otrim predmetom. Pronaen

je 1977. za iskapanja na Grainama. Sada je u Arhe-olokoj zbirci FSH, IP 1977, br. 137.


Literatura: neobjavljeno.5. OH I BELGI = [C]oh(ortis) I Belgi(cae) I (sl. 5, .1: 5)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 23 19 2,6 cm (Mun-sell 7.5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), dobre fakture sa zrn-cima opeke, meko peen, sa svijetlosivim primjesa-ma. Dobro ouvan peat ima dimenzije 12 2,3 cmu udubljenoj pravokutnoj kartui, s manjim otee-njem na poetku. Duljina mu reljefnih slova iznosi1,7 cm, a utisnut je izmeu triju polukrunica na-pravljenih prstom u svjeoj glini. Pronaen je 1978.za iskapanja na Grainama. Sada je u Arheolokoj

zbirci FSH, IP 1978, br. 237.Datiranje: oko 173. po. Kr.

Literatura: neobjavljeno.

rectangular cartouche, impressed between semi-circles incised with sharp implement. Found in 1977during excavations at Graine. Currently held inFSH Archaeological Collection, IP 1977, no. 137.

Dating: ca 173 AD

References: unpublished.5. OH I BELGI = [C]oh(ortis) I Belgi(cae) I (Fig. 5,Pl. 1: 5)

ile fragment, dimensions 23 19 2.6 cm (Mun-sell 7.5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), good facture withbrick grains, lightly fired, with light-grey admix-tures. Well preserved stamp has dimensions of 12 2.3 cm in an impressed rectangular cartouche, withminor damage at the beginning. Length of letters inrelief 1.7 cm, impressed between three semi-circlesmade by fingerprint in fresh clay. Found in 1978during excavations at Graine. Currently held inFSH Archaeological Collection, IP 1978, no. 237.

Dating: ca 173 AD


6. BELGI = [Coh(ortis) I] Belgi(cae) I (Fig. 6, Pl. 1: 6)

ile fragment, dimensions 22.5 14.5 3.2 cm(Munsell 5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), good facture


Figure 5. ile bearing stamp Cohors I Belgarum, FSH Arc-

haeological Collection, IP 1978, no. 237 (photograph: R.Dodig, 2007).

Slika 6. Crijep s peatom Cohors I Belgarum, Arheolokazbirka FSH-a, IP 1978, br. 248 (snimio: Studio Omega,Ljubuki, 2007).

Figure 6. ile bearing stamp Cohors I Belgarum, FSH Archa-eological Collection, IP 1978, no. 248 (photograph: StudioOmega, Ljubuki, 2007).


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6. BELGI = [Coh(ortis) I] Belgi(cae) I (sl. 6, . 1: 6)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 22,5 14,5 3,2 cm(Munsell 5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), dobre fakture sazrncima opeke i tragovima buke. Djelomino ou-

van peat ima dimenzije 5,5 2 cm, slova duljine1,7 cm i reljefno je utisnut u udubljenu pravokutnukartuu. Pronaen je 1978. za iskapanja na Grai-nama. Sada je u Arheolokoj zbirci FSH, IP 1978,br. 248.



7. COH I BELG = Coh(ortis) I Belg(arum) (sl. 7, .1: 7)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 37 26 2,5 cm od trijukomada (Munsell 2.5YR, light red), dobre fakture sazrncima opeke i tragovima buke. Peat ima dimen-

zije 12,5 2,5 cm, slova duljine 1,8 cm u plitkomereljefu, a utisnut je u udubljenu pravokutnu kartuu.Pronaen je 1980. za iskapanja na Grainama. Sada

je u Arheolokoj zbirci FSH, IP 1980, br. 84.



8. COH I BELGI = Coh(ortis) I Belgi(cae) I (sl. 8, .1: 8)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 27 26 3 cm od dvajudijelova (Munsell 10YR, 7/4, very pale brown), mekopeen, sa zrncima opeke i tragovima buke. Peatima dimenzije 12 2,5 cm, reljefna slova duljine 1,8cm, a utisnut je u udubljenu pravokutnu kartuu.Pronaen je vjerojatno na Grainama. Sada je u Ar-heolokoj zbirci FSH; nije inventariziran.



with grains of brick and traces of plaster. Partiallypreserved stamp has dimensions of 5.5 2 cm, 1.7long letters, impressed in relief in indented rectan-gular cartouche. Found in 1978 during excavationsat Graine. Currently held in FSH ArchaeologicalCollection, IP 1978, no. 248.

Dating: ca 173 AD


7. COH I BELG = Coh(ortis) I Belg(arum) (Fig. 7,Pl. 1: 7)

ile fragment, dimensions 37 26 2.5 cm in threepieces (Munsell 2.5YR, light red), good facture withgrains of brick and traces of plaster. Stamp has di-mensions of 12.5 2.5 cm, 1.8 cm long letters inshallow relief, impressed in indented rectangularcartouche. Found in 1980 during excavations at

Graine. Currently held in FSH Archaeological Col-lection, IP 1980, no. 84.

Dating: ca 173 AD


8. COH I BELGI = Coh(ortis) I Belgi(cae) I (Fig. 8,Pl. 1: 8)

ile fragment, dimensions 27 26 3 cm in twopieces (Munsell 10YR, 7/4, very pale brown), lightlyfired, with grains of brick and traces of plaster. Stamphas dimensions of 12 2.5 cm, 1.8 cm long letters in

relief, impressed in indented rectangular cartouche.

Slika 7. Crijep s peatom Cohors I Belgarum, Arheolokazbirka FSH-a, IP 1980, br. 84 (snimio: Studio Omega, Lju-buki, 2007).

Figure 7. ile bearing stamp Cohors I Belgarum, FSH Archa-eological Collection, IP 1980, no. 84 (photograph: StudioOmega, Ljubuki, 2007).

Slika 8. Crijep s peatom Cohors I Belgarum, Arheoloka zbirkaFSH-a, bez inv. broja (snimio: Studio Omega, Ljubuki, 2007).

Figure 8. ile bearing stamp Cohors I Belgarum, FSH Archa-eological Collection, no inv. no. (photograph: Studio Omega,Ljubuki, 2007).


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9. COH I BELGI = Coh(ortis) I Belgi(cae) I (sl. 9, .1: 9)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 20 11 2,6 cm (Munsell10YR, 7/5,yellow), meko peen, sa zrncima opeke itragovima buke. Peat ima dimenzije 12,5 2,5 cm,reljefna slova duljine 1,8 cm, a utisnut je preko dva-

ju polukrunih utora napravljenih prstom u svjeojglini, u udubljenoj pravokutnoj kartui. Preko njegapopreno je udaren jo jedan identian peat s osta-cima slova H I BELG. Vjerojatno je sluajan nalaz naGrainama. Sada je u Arheolokoj zbirci FSH; nijeinventariziran.



10. COH I = Coh(ortis) I [Belg(arum)] (sl. 10, T. 1: 10)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 14 9,5 2,1 cm (Munsell7.5YR 7/6, reddish yellow), meko peen, sa zrncimaopeke i tragovima buke. Djelomino ouvan peatima dimenzije 9 2,5 cm, reljefna slova duljine 1,7cm, a utisnut je u udubljenu pravokutnu kartuu.

Pronaen je 1977. za iskapanja na Grainama. Sadaje u Arheolokoj zbirci FSH, IP 1977, br. 156.



B.Legio VIII Augusta

11. LEG VIII AVG = Leg(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae) (sl.11, . 1: 11)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 15 13,5 3,5 cm (Mun-sell 7.5YR 7/4, pink), dobre fakture, sa zrncima cr-

vene opeke i svijetlosivim primjesama. Dobro ou-

van peat ima dimenzije 10 3,3 cm, reljefna slovaduljine 2,2 cm, a utisnut je u obliku tabula ansatau udubljenoj pravokutnoj kartui. Pronaen je na

Probably found at Graine. Currently held in FSHArchaeological Collection; not inventoried.

Dating: ca 173 AD


9. COH I BELGI = Coh(ortis) I Belgi(cae) I (Fig. 9,

Pl. 1: 9)ile fragment, dimensions 20 11 2.6 cm (Mun-sell 10YR, 7/5, yellow), lightly fired, with grains ofbrick and traces of plaster. Stamp has dimensions of12.5 2.5 cm, 1.8 cm long letters in relief, impressedover two semi-circular slots made by fingerprint infresh clay, in an impressed rectangular cartouche.Another stamp with the remains of the letters H IBELG was stamped over them. Probably a chancefind at Graine. Currently held in FSH Archaeologi-cal Collection; not inventoried.

Dating: ca 173 AD


10. COH I = Coh(ortis) I [Belg(arum)] (Fig. 10, Pl.1: 10)

ile fragment, dimensions 14 9.5 2.1 cm (Mun-sell 7.5YR 7/6, reddish yellow), lightly fired, withgrains of brick and traces of plaster. Partially pre-served stamp has dimensions of 9 2.5 cm, 1.7 cmlong letters in relief, impressed in indented rectan-gular cartouche. Found in 1977 during excavationsat Graine. Currently held in FSH ArchaeologicalCollection, IP 1977, no. 156.

Dating: ca 173 ADReferences: unpublished.

B.Legio VIII Augusta11. LEG VIII AVG = Leg(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae) (Fig.

11, Pl. 1: 11)ile fragment, dimensions 15 13.5 3.5 cm (Mun-sell 7.5YR 7/4, pink), good facture, with grains of

Slika 9. Crijep s peatom Cohors I Belgarum, Arheolokazbirka FSH-a, bez inv. broja (snimio: R. Dodig, 2006).

Figure 9. ile bearing stamp Cohors I Belgarum, FSH Archae-ological Collection, no inv. no. (photograph: R. Dodig, 2006).


Figure 10. Tile bearing stampCohors I Belgarum, FSH ArchaeologicalCollection, TIP 1977, no. 156 (photograph: R. Dodig, 2007).


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Grainama. Sada je u Zemaljskom muzeju u Sara-jevu, inv. broj 4.


Literatura:CIL III: 6435 = 10181 = 13339; Patsch1895: 43 (= Patsch 1897: 338340); Patsch 1899:

508510, sl. 25 (= Patsch 1900: 96, sl. 69); Patsch1914: 162, sl. 22; Alfldy 1967: 46 (= Alfldy 1987:319); Bojanovski 1990: 702, br. 1a; kegro 1991: 223,. I: 1.

12. G VIII AVG = [Le]g(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae) (sl.12, . 1: 12)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 32 23 2,8 cm (Munse-ll 2.5YR 6/6, light red), dobre fakture, meko peen,sa zrncima kvarcnoga pijeska i tragovima buke.Djelomino ouvan peat u slabo zamjetnom obli-ku tabula ansataima dimenzije 10 2,3 cm, ostatke

slova u plitkome reljefu duljine 1,6 cm, u udubljenojpravokutnoj kartui. Naen je 1980. za iskapanja naGrainama. Sada je u Arheolokoj zbirci FSH; nijeinventariziran.


Literatura:Bojanovski 1985: 81, br. 4, . I: 4; 1990:702, br. 1b; kegro 1997: 106, br. 148.

13. III AVG = [Leg(ionis) V]III Aug(ustae) (sl. 13,. 1: 13)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 20 16,5 3,2 cm (Mun-sell 7.5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), dobro peen, sa zrn-

cima crvene opeke i svijetlosivim primjesama. Dje-lomino ouvan peat ima dimenzije 8 3,5 cm, re-ljefna slova duljine 2 cm, a otisnut je u obliku tabula

red brick and light-grey admixtures. Well preservedstamp has dimensions of 10 3.3 cm, 2.2 cm longletters in relief, stamped in the form of a tabulaansatain an impressed rectangular cartouche. Dis-covered at Graine. Currently held in ZMS, inv. no. 4.

Dating: ca 69 AD

References: CIL III: 6435 = 10181 = 13339; Pat-sch 1895: 43 (= Patsch 1897: 338340); Patsch 1899:508510, fig. 25 (= Patsch 1900: 96, fig. 69); Patsch1914: 162, fig. 22; Alfldy 1967: 46 (= Alfldy 1987:319); Bojanovski 1990: 702, no. 1a; kegro 1991:223, pl. I: 1.

12. G VIII AVG = [Le]g(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae) (Fig.12, Pl. 1: 12)

ile fragment, dimensions 32 23 2.8 cm (Mun-sell 2.5YR 6/6, light red), good facture, lightly fired,

with grains of quartz sand and traces of plaster.Partially preserved stamp in scarcely discernabletabula ansata, dimensions 10 2.3 cm, remains ofletters in shallow relief are 1.6 cm long, in an im-pressed rectangular cartouche. Found in 1980 dur-ing excavations at Graine. Currently held in FSHArchaeological Collection; not inventoried.

Dating: ca 69 AD

References:Bojanovski 1985: 81, no. 4, pl. I: 4; 1990:702, no. 1b; kegro 1997: 106, no. 148.

Slika 11. Crijep s peatom Legio VIII Augusta, ZMS, inv. broj

4 (snimila: A. Pravidur, 2007).Figure 11. ile bearing stamp Legio VIII Augusta, ZMS, inv.no. 4 (photograph: A. Pravidur, 2007).

Slika 12. Crijep s peatom Legio VIII Augusta, Arheolokazbirka FSH-a, bez inv. broja (snimio: R. Dodig, 2006).

Figure 12. Tile bearing stamp Legio VIII Augusta, FSHArchaeological Collection, no inv. no. (photograph: R. Dodig,2006).


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13. III AVG = [Leg(ionis) V]III Aug(ustae) (Fig. 13,Pl. 1: 13)

ile fragment, dimensions 20 16.5 3.2 cm(Munsell 7.5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), well fired, withgrains of red brick and light-grey admixtures. Par-tially preserved stamp has dimensions of 8 3.5 cm,2 cm long letters in relief, stamped in tabula ansataform in an impressed rectangular cartouche. Foundin 1977 during excavations at Graine. Currentlyheld in FSH Archaeological Collection, IP 1977,no. 28.

Dating: ca 69 AD

References: Bojanovski 1990: 702, no. 1c, pl. 2: 1;kegro 1997: 106, no. 150.

14. LEG VII = Leg(ionis) VII[I Aug(ustae)] (Fig. 14,Pl. 1: 14)

ile fragment, dimensions 6 5 3.5 cm (light red;Bojanovski 1990: 702), quality facture and well fired.Partially preserved stamp has dimensions of 3 5cm, 2 cm letters in relief, stamped in tabula ansataform in an impressed rectangular cartouche. Foundin 1978 during excavations at Graine (IP 1978,no. 90). Lost during documenting in Mostar.

Dating: ca 69 AD

References: Bojanovski 1990: 702, no. 1e, pl. 1;kegro 1997: 106, no. 152.

15. VIII AVG = [Leg(ionis) VI]II Aug(ustae) (Fig. 15,Pl. 1: 15)

ile fragment, dimensions 15 10 2 cm (Mun-sell 7.5YR 7/4, pink), well fired, with grains of redbrick and light-grey admixtures. Partially preserved

ansatau udubljenoj pravokutnoj kartui. Pronaenje 1977. za iskapanja na Grainama. Sada je u Arhe-olokoj zbirci FSH, IP 1977, br. 28.


Literatura:Bojanovski 1990: 702, br. 1c, . 2: 1; ke-

gro 1997: 106, br. 150.

14. LEG VII = Leg(ionis) VII[I Aug(ustae)] (sl. 14,. 1: 14)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 6 5 3,5 cm (svijetlo-crvene boje; Bojanovski 1990: 702), kvalitetne fak-ture i dobro peen. Djelomino ouvan peat imadimenzije 3 5 cm, reljefna slova duljine 2 cm, a

otisnut je u obliku tabula ansatau udubljenoj pra-vokutnoj kartui. Pronaen je 1978. za iskapanja naGrainama (IP 1978, br. 90). Izgubljen je pri evi-dentiranju u Mostaru.


Literatura: Bojanovski 1990: 702, br. 1e, . 1; kegro1997: 106, br. 152.

15. VIII AVG = [Leg(ionis) VI]II Aug(ustae) (sl. 15,. 1: 15)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 15 10 2 cm (Munsell7.5YR 7/4, pink), dobro peen, sa zrncima crvene

opeke i svijetlosivim primjesama. Djelomino ou-van peat ima dimenzije 6,9 3,3 cm, reljefna slovaduljine 2 cm, a otisnut je u obliku tabula ansatau

Slika 13. Crijep s peatom Legio VIII Augusta, Arheoloka

zbirka FSH-a, IP 1977, br. 28 (snimio: Studio Omega, Lju-buki, 2007).

Figure 13. ile bearing stamp Legio VIII Augusta, FSHArchaeological Collection, IP 1977, no. 28 (photograph:Studio Omega, Ljubuki, 2007).

Slika 14. Crijep s peatom Legio VIII Augusta, IP 1978, br.90, izgubljen (Bojanovski 1990: 711).

Figure 14. ile bearing stamp Legio VIII Augusta, IP 1978,no. 90, lost (Bojanovski 1990: 711).


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stamp has dimensions of 6.9 3.3 cm, 2 cm longletters in relief, stamped in tabula ansata form inan impressed rectangular cartouche. Found in 1978during excavations at Graine. Currently held inFSH collection, IP 1978, no. 236.

Dating: ca 69 AD

References: Bojanovski 1990: 702, no. 1d, pl. 2: 2;kegro 1997: 106, no. 151.

16. LEG = Leg[(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae)?] (Fig. 16, Pl.1: 16)

ile fragment, dimensions 16 12 3.5 (Munsell10YR 8/4, very pale brown), lightly fired, with grainsof red brick. Only beginning of stamp preserved, di-mensions 4.2 2.8 cm, with 2 cm long letters in re-lief; stamped in tabula ansataform in an impressedrectangular cartouche. Chance find, probably fromGraine site. Currently held in FSH Archaeological

Collection; inv. no. 132.Dating: ca 69 AD


17. VIII AVG = [Leg(ionis)] VIII A[ug(ustae)?] (Fig.17, Pl. 1: 17)

ile fragment, dimensions 21 17 3.7 cm (Mun-sell 7.5 YR 7/4, pink), well fired, with grains of redbrick and brown admixtures. Partially preservedand hardly legible stamp has dimensions of 9 2.8cm, 2 cm long letters in relief, stamped in impressedrectangular cartouche. Chance find, probably fromGraine site. Currently held in FSH Archaeological

Collection; not inventoried.Dating: ca 69 AD

udubljenoj pravokutnoj kartui. Pronaen je 1978.za iskapanja na Grainama. Sada je u zbirci FSH,IP 1978, br. 236.


Literatura:Bojanovski 1990: 702, br. 1d, . 2: 2; ke-

gro 1997: 106, br.151.

16. LEG = Leg[(ionis) VIII Aug(ustae)?] (sl. 16, .1: 16)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 16 12 3,5 (Munsell10YR 8/4, very pale brown), meko peen, sa zrnci-ma crvene opeke. Ouvan je samo poetak peatadimenzija 4,2 2,8 cm, s reljefnim slovima duljine 2cm; otisnut je u obliku tabula ansatau udubljenojpravokutnoj kartui. Sluajan nalaz, vjerojatno s lo-kaliteta Graine. Sada je u Arheolokoj zbirci FSH;inv. broj 132.



7. VIII AVG = [Leg(ionis)] VIII A[ug(ustae)?] (sl. 17,. 1: 17)

Slika 15. Crijep s peatom Legio VIIIAugusta, Arheolokazbirka FSH-a, IP 1978, 236 (snimio: Studio Omega, Lju-buki, 2007).

Figure 15. ile bearing stamp Legio VIIIAugusta, FSH Arc-haeological Collection, IP 1978, 236 (photograph: StudioOmega, Ljubuki, 2007). Slika 16. Crijep s peatom Legio VIII Augusta, Arheoloka

zbirka FSH-a, inv. br. 132 (snimio: R. Dodig, 2007).

Figure 16. Tile bearing stamp Legio VIII Augusta, FSH Archaeo-

logical Collection, inv. no. 132 (photograph: R. Dodig, 2007).


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C.Legio IIII Flavia felix

18. LEG IIII F = Leg(ionis) IIII F[(laviae) f(elicis)](Fig. 18, Pl. 1: 18)

ile fragment, dimensions 25 16 3.5 cm (Munsell

10YR 7/4, very pale brown), well fired, with grainsof red brick and grey-olive green admixtures. Stamphas dimensions of 8 2 cm, 1.4 cm long letters inrelief, stamped in impressed rectangular cartouche.Tere is a hedera distinguensbetween the numbersand letters, and a horizontal decorative bar is im-printed above the middle small bars of the numberfour. Found in Vitina. Currently held in ZMS; inv.no. 1.

Dating: 7086 AD

References: CIL III: 14021; AE 1894: 124; Patsch1893: 679681 (= Patsch 1895a: 526527, fig. 33);ruhelka 1893: 675, fig. 4; Patsch 1899: 493 (= Pat-sch 1900: 81, fig. 55); Patsch 1914: 162, fig. 21; Paali1960: 57 (2); Alfldy 1967: 47 (= Alfldy 1987: 320);

kegro 1991: 224, pl. I: 2; HD 028888.

19. EG IIII FF = [L]eg(ionis) IIII F(laviae) f(elicis)(Fig. 19, Pl. 1: 19)

ile fragment, dimensions 16 10 3 cm (Munsell10YR 7/4, very pale brown), well fired and good fac-ture, with grains of red brick. Hardly legible stamp

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 21 17 3,7 cm (Munse-ll 7.5 YR 7/4,pink), dobro peen, sa zrncima crveneopeke i smeim primjesama. Djelomino ouvan iteko itljiv peat ima dimenzije 9 2,8 cm, reljefnaslova duljine 2 cm, a otisnut je u udubljenu pravo-kutnu kartuu. Sluajan nalaz, vjerojatno s lokalite-

ta Graine. Sada je u Arheolokoj zbirci FSH; nijeinventariziran.



C.Legio IIII Flavia felix

18. LEG IIII F = Leg(ionis) IIII F[(laviae) f(elicis)] (sl.18, . 1: 18)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 25 16 3,5 cm (Munse-ll 10YR 7/4, very pale brown), dobro peen, sa zrn-cima crvene opeke i sivo-maslinastim primjesama.Peat ima dimenzije 8 2 cm, reljefna slova duljine1,4 cm, a otisnut je u udubljenu pravokutnu kartuu.Izmeu slova i brojeva nalazi se hedera distinguens,

a iznad srednjih manjih hasta broja etiri utisnuta jevodoravna ukrasna hasta. Pronaen je u Vitini. Sadaje u ZMS; inv. broj 1.

Datiranje: 7086. po. Kr.

Literatura: CIL III: 14021; AE 1894: 124; Patsch1893: 679681 (= Patsch 1895a: 526527, sl. 33);ruhelka 1893: 675, sl. 4; Patsch 1899: 493 (= Pats-ch 1900: 81, sl. 55); Patsch 1914: 162, sl. 21; Paali1960: 57 (2); Alfldy 1967: 47 (= Alfldy 1987: 320);kegro 1991: 224, . I: 2; HD 028888.

19. EG IIII FF = [L]eg(ionis) IIII F(laviae) f(elicis) (sl.

19, . 1: 19)Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 16 10 3 cm (Munsell10YR 7/4, very pale brown), dobro peen i kvalitet-

Slika 17. Crijep s peatom Legio VIII Augusta, Arheolokazbirka FSH-a, bez inv. broja (snimio: Studio Omega, Ljubu-ki, 2007).

Figure 17. ile bearing stamp Legio VIII Augusta, FSH Ar-chaeological Collection, no inv. no. (photograph: Studio

Omega, Ljubuki, 2007).

Slika 18. Crijep s peatom Legio IIII Flavia felix, ZMS, inv.broj 1 (snimio: A. Pravidur, 2007).

Figure 18. ile bearing stamp Legio IIII Flavia felix, ZMS, inv.no. 1 (photograph: A. Pravidur, 2007).


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157


has dimensions of 8 2 cm, 1.5 cm long letters inrelief, stamped in impressed rectangular cartouche.Chance find, probably from Graine site. Current-ly held in FSH Archaeological Collection; inv. no.133.

Dating: 7086 AD

References:AE 2000: 1180a; Bojanovski 1985: 7881, no. 3, pl. I: 3; kegro 1997: 147; HD 039826.

20. LEG II = Leg(ionis) [II]II [F(laviae) f(elicis)?](Fig. 20, Pl. 1: 20)

ile fragment, dimensions 12 10 3 cm (Munsell5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), with grains of brick andlight olive green admixtures. Partially preservedand scarcely legible stamp has dimensions of 7 2cm, 1.2 cm letters in relief, stamped in impressedrectangular cartouche. Found in 1977 during exca-

vations at Graine. Currently held in FSH Archaeo-

logical Collection; IP 1977, 157.Dating: 7086 AD

References:unpublished.

D. Cohors VIII voluntariorum civium Romano-

rum

21. CHO VI = C(o)ho(rtis) VI[II vol(untariorum)?](Fig. 21, Pl. 1: 21)

ile fragment, dimensions 11 9.5 2 cm (Mun-

ne fakture, sa zrncima crvene opeke. eko itljivpeat ima dimenzije 8 2 cm, reljefna slova duljine1,5 cm, a otisnut je u udubljenu pravokutnu kartu-u. Sluajan nalaz, vjerojatno s lokaliteta Graine.Sada je u Arheolokoj zbirci FSH; inv. broj 133.


Literatura:AE 2000: 1180a; Bojanovski 1985: 7881,br. 3, . I: 3; kegro 1997: 147; HD 039826.

20. LEG II = Leg(ionis) [II]II [F(laviae) f(elicis)?] (sl.20, . 1: 20)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 12 10 3 cm (Munsell5YR 7/5, reddish yellow), sa zrncima opeke i sa svi-

jetlomaslinastim primjesama. Djelomino ouvan iteko itljiv peat ima dimenzije 7 2 cm, reljefnaslova duljine 1,2 cm, a otisnut je u udubljenu pra-

vokutnu kartuu. Pronaen je 1977. za iskapanja naGrainama. Sada je u Arheolokoj zbirci FSH; IP1977, 157.


Literatura:neobjavljeno.

D. Cohors VIII voluntariorum civium Romano-

rum

21. CHO VI = C(o)ho(rtis) VI[II vol(untariorum)?](sl. 21, . 1: 21)

Ulomak crijepa dimenzija 11 9,5 2 cm (Munsell10 YR 7/4, very pale brown), meko peen i osred-nje fakture, sa zrncima opeke i crvenkasto-smeim

Slika 19. Crijep s peatom Legio IIII Flavia felix, Arheolokazbirka FSH-a, inv. broj 133 (snimio: R. Dodig, 2006).

Figure 19. ile bearing stamp Legio IIII Flavia felix, FSH Ar-chaeological Collection, inv. no. 133 (photograph: R. Dodig,2006).

Slika 20. Crijep s peatom Legio IIII Flavia felix, Arheolokazbirka FSH-a, IP 1977, br. 157 (snimio: R. Dodig, 2006).

Figure 20. ile bearing stamp Legio IIII Flavia felix, FSHArchaeological Collection, IP 1977, no. 157 (photograph:R. Dodig, 2006).


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158


sell 10 YR 7/4, very pale brown), lightly fired andmiddling facture, with grains of brick and reddish-brown admixtures. Preserved portion of stamp hasdimensions of 8.5 2.5 cm, 2 cm letters in relief,stamped in impressed rectangular cartouche. Foundduring reconnaissance of Graine at around 1976.

Currently held in FSH Archaeological Collection,Ljubuki; not inventoried.

Dating: 3rdcent. AD.

References: AE 2000: 1180g; Atanackovi-Sali1977: 81; Bojanovski 1985: 81, no. 6, pl. I: 6; kegro1997: 107, no. 154; HD 039845.

primjesama. Ouvani dio peata ima dimenzije 8,5 2,5 cm, reljefna slova duljine 2 cm, a otisnut jeu udubljenu pravokutnu kartuu. Naen je za reko-gnosciranja Graina oko 1976. Sada je u Arheolo-koj zbirci FSH, Ljubuki; nije inventariziran.

Datiranje: 3. st. po. Kr.

Literatura: AE 2000: 1180g; Atanackovi-Sali1977: 81; Bojanovski 1985: 81, br. 6, . I: 6; kegro1997: 107, br. 154; HD 039845.

Slika 21. Crijep s peatom Cohors VIII voluntariorum civiumRomanorum, Arheoloka zbirka FSH-a, bez inv. broja (sni-mio: R. Dodig, 2006).

Figure 21. ile bearing stamp Cohors VIII voluntariorumcivium Romanorum, FSH Archaeological Collection, no inv.no. (photograph: R. Dodig, 2006).


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159


abla 1. Crtei peata (br. 14, 1117, 1921: izradio A. oli, 2007; br. 11 i 18: kegro 1991: . I: 12; br. 5. i 10: R. Dodig,

2007).Plate 1. Drawings of stamps (no. 14, 1117, 1921: by A. oli, 2007; no. 11 and 18: kegro 1991: Pl. I: 12; no. 5. and 10: R.Dodig, 2007).


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160


Tip peata / Type of stamp

Broj

primjeraka /

N of pieces

Kataloki broj /

Catalogue N

Cohors I Belgarum 10 110

Legio VIII Augusta 7 1117

Legio IIII Flavia felix 3 1820

Cohors VIII voluntariorum civium Romanorum 1 21

Cohors I Belgarum

48%

Legio VIII Augusta

33%

Cohors VIII

voluntariorum

civium Romanorum

5%Legio IIII Flavia

felix

14%

ablica 1. Rimske vojne radionice zastupljene u Ljubukom (Bigeste) (R. Dodig, 2007).

able 1. Roman military workshops represented in Ljubuki (Bigeste) (R. Dodig, 2007).

Graf 1. Rimske vojne radionice zastupljene u Ljubukom (Bigeste) (R. Dodig, 2007).

Chart 1. Roman military workshops represented in Ljubuki (Bigeste) (R. Dodig, 2007).


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Kratice / Abbreviations

AE Lanne pigraphique, Paris.

ANUBiH Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine, Sarajevo.

CIL Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum, Consilio et auctoritate Accademiae Litte-

rarum Regiae Borussicae editum, Berolini, 1873 .FSH Franjevaki samostan Humac, Ljubuki.

GZM Glasnik Zemaljskoga muzeja BiH, Sarajevo.

HAD Hrvatsko arheoloko drutvo, Zagreb.

HD www.epigraphische-datenbank-heidelberg.de (28. 2. 2007.).

ILIUG 1978 A. & J. ael: Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter annos MCMLXet MCMLXX repertae et editae sunt, Situla19, Ljubljana.

IP 1977 erenski inventar predmeta, Lokalitet Graine, 1977. godina, Regionalnizavod za zatitu spomenika kulture i prirode, Mostar.

IP 1978 erenski inventar predmeta sa arheolokog iskopavanja na lokalitetu Gra-ine na Humcu kod Ljubukoga 1978. godine, Regionalni zavod za zatituspomenika kulture i prirode, Mostar.

IP 1980 erenski inventar predmeta, lokalitet Graine, 1980. godina, Humac kodLjubukoga, Regionalni zavod za zatitu spomenika kulture i prirode, Mo-star.

ZMS Zemaljski muzej BiH, Sarajevo.

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dodig_1_opuscula Rimski vojni pečati na crijepu iz Ljubuškoga