Industrialization and Nationalism

Section 1: The Industrial Revolution

Section 1: The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution in Great Britain1780’sStarting place

Agrarian revolution Population growth

Enclosure movement laws Britain had a ready supply capital

Entrepreneurs –laissez-faire economy

Supply of markets – British colonies

Section 1: The Industrial RevolutionChanges in Cotton Production

Two step process:SpinnersWeaversCottage Industries

Technological advancementsFlying ShuttleSpinning Jenny – James Hargreaves Water-powered loom Edmund Cartwright

Bring the workers to the machines Steam engine – James Watt Production increases

Section 1: The Industrial Revolution The Coal and Iron Industries

Coal – Fuel Iron Industry

Iron ore Henry Cort –puddling British iron industry booms

The New Factories New labor system Discipline of the workers

Railroads Richard Trevithick George Stephenson – Blucher Stockton & Darlington – Manchester to Liverpool Rocket

Railroads economic impact New jobs Less expensive transportation Larger markets More sales mean more factories Profits – reinvestment in new machines Economic growth

Section 1: The Industrial RevolutionThe Spread of Industrialization

EuropeBelgium, France and Germany

North AmericaRoads and canalsRobert Fulton –Clermont Railroad LaborFactory owners

Section 1: The Industrial Revolution Social Impact in Europe

Population and Urban Growth Population in Europe

1750 – 140 million 1850 – 266 million Key – decline in death rate

Urbanization Famine and poverty Enclosure laws and industrialization Large cities Poor conditions – urban reformers

The Industrial Middle Class Industrial Capitalism New middle class group

Industrialists were people who built the factories, bought the machines, and developed the markets – they had the initiative, vision, ambition and greed

Section 1: The Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Working Class

Poor working conditionsLong hours No security of employment No minimum wage

Coal MinesDangerous conditions

Cotton MillsWorst conditions Michael SaddlerFactory Act of 1833Women Employment of women and children - cottage

industries

Section 1: The Industrial RevolutionEarly Socialism

Reformers SocialismPublic ownership

Ideal society Utopian SocialistsKarl Marx

Robert Owen Socialist New Lanark, Scotland U.S. – New Harmony, Indiana

Section 2: Reaction and Revolution

Section 2: Reaction and RevolutionThe Congress of Vienna (1814)

Restore old order The Great PowersPrince Klemens von Metternich

Monarchs Balance of Power Territorial changes

Keep any one power Conservatism

social stability political authority keep order Anti

The Concert of EuropePrinciple of Intervention

the right to send armies Great Britain

Section 2: Reaction and Revolution Forces of Change

Liberalism Enlightenment Protection of civil liberties

Bill of Rights Constitutionalism Representative assembly Did not believe in democracy “men of property” Liberalism = Middle class men

Nationalism Part of a community defined by a distinctive language, common institution, and customs French Revolution Nationalism was threat to the existing political order

Revolutionary Outbursts (Led by liberals and nationalists) France

Charles X in 1830 Constitutional monarchy Louis Philippe

Belgium (1830) Nationalism Dutch in 1815 Independent state

Poland and Italy Poland from Russia Italy from Austria

Section 2: Reaction and Revolution The Revolutions of 1848

Another French Revolution Economic problems Louis Philippe Monarchy overthrown in 1848

Wanted France to become a republic Constitutional assembly Universal Male Suffrage

November 4, 1848 Second Republic

Single legislature & President Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte – Louis-Napoleon

Trouble in the German States The German Confederation

38 independent German states Frankfort Assembly

Revolutions in Central Europe Austrian Empire

A Multinational State Hapsburg Dynasty March 1848

Demonstrations Metternich Vienna In Bohemia, the Czechs

Revolts in the Italian States 9 states in Italy

Kingdom of Piedmont – north The Two Sicilies (Naples and Sicily) The Papal States A number of small states Lombardi and Venetia – Northern Province – controlled by Austria

In 1848 – revolts By 1849

Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism

Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism

Toward National Unification Breakdown of the Concert of Europe

The Crimean War Russia and Ottoman Empire Russia needs a warm water port 1853 – Moldavia and Walachia Great Britain and France Treaty of Paris 1856

Concert of Europe Italian Unification

Kingdom of Piedmont Royal House of Savoy ruled here

Island of Sardinia, Nice, and Savoy King Victor Emmanuel II

Camillo di Cavour Following the war – Nice and Savoy

Lombardy Venetia

Giuseppe Garibaldi – Red Shirts Garibaldi –The Two Sicilies (Sicily and Naples) King Victor Emmanuel II Austro-Prussian War of 1866 Franco-Prussian War

Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism

German Unification Prussia King William I Otto von Bismarck

“realpolitik” Denmark Austria Prussia – North German Confederation

Southern German states France

Franco-Prussian War 1870 Peace Treaty

5 Billion Francs Alsace and Lorraine

Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles William I Kaiser of the Second German Empire

Section 3: National Unification and NationalismNationalism and Reform in Europe

Great Britain Parliament avoids revolution

Queen Victoria (1837-1901) France

Louis-Napoleon Plebiscite Napoleon III

The Austrian Empire Nationalism was a problem for them Compromise of 1867

Created a duel monarchy of Austria-Hungary Vienna, Austria and Budapest, Hungary Francis Joseph

Russia Crimean War Czar Alexander II

Emancipation Edict Alexander in 1881 His son Alexander III

Trans-Siberian Railroad

Section 3: National Unification and Nationalism Nationalism in the United States

US Constitution Two factions

Federalists Republicans

War of 1812 Slave trade ended in 1808

Slavery 4 million South’s economy was based on cotton

Eli Whitney- Cotton Gin Abolitionism

Movement to end slavery Fredrick Douglas President Abraham Lincoln

Election of 1860 – Lincoln December 20, 1860 – South Carolina – voted to secede February 1861 - 6 more Confederate States of America 4 more states seceded

The American Civil War (1861-1865) Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation Confederate forces surrendered on April 9, 1865

Section 4: Romanticism and Realism

Section 4: Romanticism and RealismRomanticism

1700’s a new intellectual movement feelings, emotion, and imagination Valued individualism Loved the past – Middle Ages

Romanticism in Art and Music Romantic Artists shared two features:

Inner feelings Vision and imagination

Eugene Delacroix “a painting should be a feast for the eyes”

Liberty Leading the People The Lion Hunt

Music Ludwig van Beethoven

Classical and romantic music Third Symphony

Section 4: Romanticism and RealismRomanticism in Literature

Sir Walter Scott Ivanhoe

Gothic Literature Mary Shelley’s – Frankenstein Edgar Allen Poe’s

short stories of horror Poetry

Was the ideal art form William Wordsworth

Critical of science William Blake – poet and artist

Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience

Section 4: Romanticism and RealismNew Age of Science

New Discoveries Louis PasteurDmitry Mendeleyev Michael Faraday

Secularization Charles Darwin

On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection

Principle of Organic Evolution Natural Selection Survival of the fittestThe Decent of Man Controversial

Section 4: Romanticism and RealismRealism

Realism in Literature Gustave Flaubert

Madame Bovary Charles Dickens

Oliver Twist David Copperfield  

Realism in Art Gustave Courbet

portray scenes from everyday life “ I have never seen either angels or goddesses, so I am not

interested in painting them”