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8/14/2019 Pre Zen Tare Stenoza Mitrala Popescu Oct 2009
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Stenoza mitralStenoza mitral
Bogdan A. PopescuBogdan A. Popescu
UMF Carol Davila, BucurestiUMF Carol Davila, Bucuresti
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Obstacol la umplerea ventriculului stngObstacol la umplerea ventriculului stng
Stenoza mitralStenoza mitral
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EtiologieEtiologie
ReumatismalReumatismal (>95% cazuri)(>95% cazuri) Calcificare de inel mitralCongenital Lupus eritematos sistemic
Carcinoid Artrita reumatoid
Hall RJC, Treasure T. In: Julian DG (ed.)Hall RJC, Treasure T. In: Julian DG (ed.)Diseases of the heart, 1996:805.Diseases of the heart, 1996:805.
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FiziopatologieFiziopatologie
Aria normalAria normal a a orificiului mitral: 4-6 cmorificiului mitral: 4-6 cm22
umplerea VS se face liber, fr gradient presionalumplerea VS se face liber, fr gradient presionaln SM aria VM scaden SM aria VM scade La arii VM
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ConsecinConsecinele SMele SM
HEMODINAMICEHEMODINAMICE TROMBOEMBOLICETROMBOEMBOLICE
PASPAS
PVPPVPPAPPAP
Disfc VDDisfc VD
Dilatare ASDilatare AS
FibrilaieFibrilaieatrialatrial
Tromb ASTromb AS
DispneeDispneeEPAEPA
Congestie sistemicCongestie sistemicEmbolism sistemicEmbolism sistemic
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Simptomele:Simptomele: sunt absentesunt absenten SM largn SM larg apar tardivapar tardivn evolun evoluieie
se instaleazse instaleaz treptattreptat
AnamnezaAnamneza
ApariApariia simptomelor este adesea provocatia simptomelor este adesea provocat
de un factor declande un factor declanator:ator:
Debutul fibrilaDebutul fibrilaiei atrialeiei atriale (ritm rapid)(ritm rapid) InfecInfecie intercurentie intercurent Efort mareEfort mare
SarcinSarcin
Antecedente de RAA / faringite repetateAntecedente de RAA / faringite repetate
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SimptomeSimptome
Simptome de congestie pulmonardispnee, tuse, hemoptizii
Simptome de congestie sistemic
Simptome de debit cardiac sczutfatigabilitate, ameeli
Simptome ale complicaiilor
palpitaii, embolii sistemice, febr Alte simptome
angin pectoral, rgueal(sdr. Ortner)
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Examenul fizicExamenul fizic
Facies mitral (Dc scFacies mitral (Dc sczut, RVP crescute,zut, RVP crescute,Sat OSat O22 redusredus))
Unda a jugular ampl (HTP, ST asociat)Unda a jugular ampl (HTP, ST asociat)
Semne de congestie sistemic (HTP)Semne de congestie sistemic (HTP)
oc apexian N / diminuat (n SM pur)oc apexian N / diminuat (n SM pur)
Zgomot 1 palpabil (valve pliabile)Zgomot 1 palpabil (valve pliabile) Zgomot 2 palpabil la P (cnd exist HTP)Zgomot 2 palpabil la P (cnd exist HTP)
FreamFreamt diastolic palpabil la apext diastolic palpabil la apex
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AuscultaAuscultaiaia
Manevre:Manevre: decubit lateral stdecubit lateral stngng
efortefort
Zgomot 1Zgomot 1ntntrit (Z1)rit (Z1) Clacment de deschidere a mitralei (CDM)Clacment de deschidere a mitralei (CDM)
Uruitur diastolicUruitur diastolic (cel mai caracteristic semn)(cel mai caracteristic semn) ntntrire presistolicrire presistolic a uruituriia uruiturii
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Zgomot 1Zgomot 1ntntritrit
ClacmentClacmentde deschiderede deschidere
a mitraleia mitralei
Hall RJC, Treasure T. In: Julian DG (ed.) Diseases of the heart, 1996:805.Hall RJC, Treasure T. In: Julian DG (ed.) Diseases of the heart, 1996:805.
Mecanismul Z1Mecanismul Z1 i CDMi CDM
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AuscultaAuscultaia: semne de severitateia: semne de severitate
Intervalul Z2-CDM:Intervalul Z2-CDM: corelacorelaie inversie invers cu severitatea SMcu severitatea SMInterval scurt (
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AuscultaAuscultaiaian stenoza mitraln stenoza mitral
Z1Z1 i CDM se ausculti CDM se auscult cel mai bine cu diafragmul stetoscopuluicel mai bine cu diafragmul stetoscopului
Uruitura se auscultUruitura se auscult cel mai bine cu pcel mai bine cu plnia stetoscopuluilnia stetoscopului
Z1Z1ntntritrit
CDMCDM
UruituraUruitura
ntntrirearirea
SMSM
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Diagnosticul diferenial auscultatorDiagnosticul diferenial auscultator
Z1 ntritZ1 ntrit
CDMCDM
UruituraUruituradiastolicdiastolic ntrire ntrirepresistolicpresistolic
Circulaie hiperkineticCirculaie hiperkinetic
Stenoza tricuspidianStenoza tricuspidian
Pericardita constrictivPericardita constrictiv Mixom atrialMixom atrial
IA (Austin Flint)IA (Austin Flint) Stenoza tricuspidianStenoza tricuspidian Mixom atrialMixom atrial DSA (flux crescut)DSA (flux crescut)
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ElectrocardiogramaElectrocardiogramaDilatarea AS:Dilatarea AS:
Durata undei P > 0,12 sec (DII)Durata undei P > 0,12 sec (DII)
Componenta terminal a undei P amplComponenta terminal a undei P ampl (V1)(V1)
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SM severSM sever cu HTPcu HTP
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Radiografia toracicRadiografia toracic
Semne indirecteSemne indirecteDilatarea ASDilatarea ASBombare arc mijlociu stBombare arc mijlociu stnng (US)g (US) Dublu contur (marginea dreaptDublu contur (marginea dreapt))
CirculaCirculaia pulmonaria pulmonar
VS nedilatatVS nedilatat((n SM purn SM pur))Arc inferior stArc inferior stng normalng normal
CalcificCalcificri mitraleri mitrale
CalcificCalcificri parietale ASri parietale AS
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Radiografia toracicRadiografia toracic
Semne indirecteSemne indirecteDilatarea ASDilatarea AS((mpinge/comprimmpinge/comprim
esofagul)esofagul)
Dilatarea VDDilatarea VD(umple spa(umple spaiuliul
retrosternal)retrosternal)
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Ecocardiografia bidimensionalEcocardiografia bidimensional
Pune diagnosticul de certitudinePune diagnosticul de certitudine
VM normalVM normal SM strnsSM strns
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Diagnosticul diferenDiagnosticul diferenial al cauzeiial al cauzei
obstacolului mitralobstacolului mitral
SM valvularSM valvular Mixom ASMixom AS
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Principala metodPrincipala metod pentru a evalua:pentru a evalua:
Extensia leziunilor anatomiceExtensia leziunilor anatomice Severitatea SMSeveritatea SM ConsecinConsecinele SM (AS, PAP, funcele SM (AS, PAP, funcia VD)ia VD)
ESC Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease.ESC Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease. EHJ 2007;28:230-68.EHJ 2007;28:230-68.
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Severitatea SMSeveritatea SM(cuantificare eco)(cuantificare eco)
planimetrieplanimetrie
(aria anatomic(aria anatomic a VM)a VM)
gradiengradieni AS-VSi AS-VS
pressure half-time (PHT)pressure half-time (PHT)
(aria funcional a VM)
DopplerDoppler
Eco 2D2D
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Eco 2D: PlanimetriaEco 2D: Planimetria
Msoar ariaMsoar aria anatomicanatomic
Aria VM = 1,2 cmAria VM = 1,2 cm22
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Gradientul transmitral (eco Doppler)Gradientul transmitral (eco Doppler)
Gradient mediu: 9,8 mm HgGradient mediu: 9,8 mm Hg
Flux normalFlux normal Stenoz mitralStenoz mitral
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Aria funcAria funcionalional Pressure half-time: timpul necesar pentru caPressure half-time: timpul necesar pentru ca
gradientul inigradientul iniial sial s scadscad la jumla jumtatetate
t1/2
AVM [cm2] = 220/t1/2 [ms]
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Gradarea severitGradarea severitii SMii SM
Gradient mediuGradient mediu
(mm Hg)(mm Hg)PAP sistolicPAP sistolic
(mm Hg)(mm Hg)
Aria valvei (cmAria valvei (cm22))
< 5< 5
< 30< 30
> 1.5> 1.5
5 - 105 - 10
30 - 5030 - 50
1 - 1.51 - 1.5
> 10> 10
> 50> 50
< 1< 1
UoarUoar ModeratModerat SeverSever
ACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular HeartACC/AHA 2006 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Valvular HeartDisease.Disease. CirculationCirculation 2006;114;84-231.2006;114;84-231.
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Identificarea trombilorIdentificarea trombilorn AS / USn AS / US
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Cnd este indicatCnd este indicat cateterismulcateterismul cardiac n SM?cardiac n SM?
Cnd testele neinvazive sunt neconcludenteCnd testele neinvazive sunt neconcludente
Cnd exist discrepane ntre datele clinice iCnd exist discrepane ntre datele clinice i
cele furnizate de testele neinvazivecele furnizate de testele neinvazive
Cnd PAP este disproporionat de mare fa deCnd PAP este disproporionat de mare fa de
severitatea valvulopatieiseveritatea valvulopatiei
ESC Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease.ESC Guidelines on the management of valvular heart disease. EHJ 2007;28:230-68.EHJ 2007;28:230-68.
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EsenEsenialul pentru diagnosticul SMialul pentru diagnosticul SM
ClinicClinic
dispneedispnee (de efort, DPN, ortopnee)(de efort, DPN, ortopnee) fatigabilitatefatigabilitate uruitura, CDM, Z1uruitura, CDM, Z1ntntritrit
ECGECG
P mitral, FA, semne de HVDP mitral, FA, semne de HVD (std. tardiv)(std. tardiv)RxRx
AS dilatat; VS normalAS dilatat; VS normalEcoEco
valvevalvengrongroate, deschidere redusate, deschidere redus, doming, doming gradient crescut, arie VM scgradient crescut, arie VM sczutzut
CateterismCateterism
rareori necesar,rareori necesar,n cazuri selecn cazuri selecionateionate
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ComplicaComplicaiile SMiile SMHEMODINAMICEHEMODINAMICE TROMBOEMBOLICETROMBOEMBOLICE
PASPAS
PVPPVPPAPPAP
Disfc VDDisfc VD
Dilatare ASDilatare AS
FibrilaieFibrilaieatrialatrial
Tromb ASTromb AS
EPAEPA
Congestie sistemicCongestie sistemicEmbolism sistemicEmbolism sistemic
Insuficien cardiac
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Tratamentul stenozei mitrale
Nefarmacologic
Farmacologic Interventional
Chirurgical
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Tratamentul farmacologic
Obiective:
Combaterea tahicardiei
(ex: beta blocante, digoxin)Preventia trombembolismului
(anticoagulante orale)
Trat. insuficientei cardiace(ex: diuretice