Principales problemas limítrofes entre Venezuela y Colombia Siglo XIX y XX

7/23/2019 Principales problemas limítrofes entre Venezuela y Colombia Siglo XIX y XX

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s 98 s

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s 99 s

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yfwol}âh gvfwzkocfw avyâjkghw, jfahcjo jf lhjo hwpfgzow gobo low



s 97 s

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jf Lkiyf Ch}fnhgk÷c# Phyh ]fcfqvflh fwzo yfpyfwfczhih lh opoyzvckjhj

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s 9: s

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lâbkzfw xvf kyâhc1

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84 Kiâj# 49



s 96 s

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s 9= s

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s 9> s

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s 94 s

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s 9; s

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s 70 s

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gobkwkocfw bktzhw#

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yfmfyfczf hl wfgzoy jf lh Nvhakyh# Powzfykoybfczf wf zyhwlhjh h Wkchbhkgh

{ jfwjf hdâ wf pyogfjk÷ h yfgoyyfy fl wfgzoy fc ivwgh jf low Bonozfw jf

low Myhklfw, pvczo jf kckgko phyh zyhqhy lh myoczfyh wfnñc fl Lhvjo Fwphøol#

8;001 Jflkbkzhgk÷c jf lh Nvhakyh1 Hgzh jf Ghwzkllfzfw

Fc fwzh mfgdh, wf gocmoybhc jow Gobkwkocfw Gocavczhw o bktzhwJfbhyghjoyhw, lhw gvhlfw mkahyâhc low lâbkzfw goyyfwpocjkfczfw h lo

jkwpvfwzo poy fl Lhvjo fwphøol#

Vco jf low pykbfyow fwgollow mvf xvf, fc }kwzh jfl jfwgocogkbkfczo

jfl lvnhy jocjf wf fcgoczyhihc low “Bonozfw jf low Myhklfw‒, ck jocjf wf

dhllhihc jkgdo wkzko, ck plfco gocogkbkfczo jfl èyfh fthgzh phyh fl

gobkfcqo jf lh jflkbkzhgk÷c yfwpfgzk}h, wf zob÷ vc pvczo xvf



s 78 s

nfonyèmkghbfczf phyfgâh fl bèw kj÷cfo phyh gobfcqhy h mkahy low dkzow {

jfbhyghy hwâ lh lâcfh jk}kwoyko jf hbiow Fwzhjow# Fwzf pvczo fyh fl jf

Ghwzkllfzfw# Wkc fbihyno, lh yfpyfwfczhgk÷c golobikhch fc lh gobkwk÷c,

hynüâh xvf wf dhllhihc bèw hihao jfl pvczo jf Ghwzkllfzfw, fw jfgky,

ekl÷bfzyow bèw hihao jf lh Lhnvch jf Gowkcfzhw# Fc ]fcfqvflh wf jfgâh

xvf lh lâcfh jfiâh gobfcqhy fc low bocafw, fw jfgky lhw kwlhw o “pføhwgow‒

gobo xvkfyfc hlnvcow96, xvf mvfyoc gocmvcjkjow wfbèczkghbfczf goc low

Myhklfw# Fc Golobikh xvf low Myhklfw wf dhllhihc bèw hl Wvy9=#

Wf gocwkjfyhih xvf fwzf pvczo yfvcâh lhw gocjkgkocfw jfl lvnhy

wføhlhjo fc fl Lhvjo gobo {h bfcgkochbow, { jf fwzh moybh wf

fwgonfyâh h Ghwzkllfzfw gobo lâcfh jk}kwoykh { pvczo ftzyfbo jf lh Nvhakyh

fczyf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh9># Fw kbpoyzhczf jfwzhghy xvf lh fwgonfcgkh

jf Ghwzkllfzfw gobo pvczo jf phyzkjh mvf fc pykbfyh kcwzhcgkh wvnfykjh poy

lh yfpyfwfczhgk÷c }fcfqolhch fc lh Gobkwk÷c#, { low bkfbiyow jf lh

Gobkwk÷c golobikhch hgfpzhyoc fwzo gobo cow gvfczh fl bkwbo Locjoøo

Phyfjfw94#

Lh gobkwk÷c jfiâh gobpyfcjfy xvf, wk co ftkwzâh fl pykbfy pvczo jf

yfmfyfcgkh bfcgkochjo fc fl Lhvjo, fl llhbhjo Bonozf jf Low Myhklfw, wv

bkwk÷c xvfjhih mvfyh jf zojh powkiklkjhj jf gvbplkywf# Lh wvwzkzvgk÷c,

gocafzvyhgk÷c o hpyotkbhgk÷c ghyfgfyâh jf zojo }hloy avyâjkgo { co pojâh

opocfywf h low noikfycow jf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh, kcjfpfcjkfczfbfczf

jfl dfgdo jf xvf hlnvcow dkzow {h dhiâhc wkjo mkahjow9;#

96 Dhgfbow hgozhgk÷c hxvâ h lh jfcobkchgk÷c jf kwlhw poy phyzf jf ]fcfqvflh fc lhhgzvhlkjhj, woiyf zojo, poy lh cfgfwkjhj jf bhczfcfy fwzo poy lo xvf yfwpfgzh hl Bhyzfyykzoykhl xvf fwzhw kwlhw cow dhgfc zfcfy# Bkfczyhw xvf, fc lh }fgkch Golobikh wfhynv{f xvf woc pføhwgow { xvf co low bkwbow poy fcjf co nfcfyhc bhy zfyykzoykhl#9= LOCJOØO PHYFJFW, A# Jfyfgdo Zfyykzoykhl jf Golobikh, 8;>7#9> HYFH, L# Fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh , Zobo K, 8;;=# Kcwzkzvzo jf Fwzvjkow Polâzkgow,Mhgvlzhj jf Gkfcgkhw Avyâjkghw { Polâzkghw, Vck}fywkjhj Gfczyhl jf ]fcfqvflh1 Ghyhghw#94 Kiâjfb# ]kjf wvpyh c± 8#9; C^FKDFJ, E# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo, 8;;6#



s 79 s

Lh gvfwzk÷c pyfwfczhjh fw xvf ]fcfqvflh hphyfgk÷ goc vch mhah fc lh

pfcâcwvlh xvf ck fc fl Lhvjo ck fc fl Bhph xvf fcwfø÷ fl Jvxvf jf

Zfzvèc fwzhihc70#

Hwâ pvfw, Golobikh dhiâh gobfzkjo vc fyyoy bfjkhczf low

jflfnhjow jf wv Gobkwk÷c, fw jfgky, fc phlhiyhw jf vc hvzoy jf fwzh

chgk÷c, dhify yfgocogkjo xvf fl Yâo Okyè co jfwfbioghih fc fl Whyhyf

wkco fc fl Hyhvgh, lo gocgfyckfczf hl Wfgzoy Hlzo Oykcogo { fl pvczo

yfmfyfczf hl Yâo Cfnyo78#

Lh Lkiyf Ch}fnhgk÷c jf low Yâow wfnvâh wkfcjo vc oiafzk}o

mvcjhbfczhl fc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw golobikhchw { h fwzo wf jfjkg÷ goc

fczfyfqh { jkwgkplkch lh polâzkgh ftzfykoy golobikhch jvyhczf nyhc phyzf jf

lh pykbfyh bkzhj jfl wknlo TT#

Gobo dfgdo hkwlhjo jfl èbikzo jkplobèzkgo { jf lh cfnogkhgk÷c poy

hwâ jfcobkchylf, ogvyyk÷ fl gkfyyf jfl Pvfyzo jf Fcgoczyhjow fc lh yfnk÷c

qvlkhch jfl Yâo Ghzhzvbio, lo xvf wvpvwo nyh}fw pëyjkjhw phyh lhw

yfnkocfw jfl coyzf jf Golobikh, fwpfgkhlbfczf phyh lhw ghwhw

ftpoyzhjoyhw f kbpoyzhjoyhw hlfbhchw xvf wf fcgoczyhihc kcwzhlhjhw fc

fl phâw# Fwzo wf pvfjf zyhjvgky fc vch bfjkjh jf pyfwk÷c poy phyzf jf lhw

hvzoykjhjfw }fcfqolhchw, fc dhgfy }fy h wv }fgkch xvf zfcâh vc nyhc

pojfy fc gvhczo h lhw }âhw jf ch}fnhgk÷c { xvf fwzo pojâh hmfgzhy

cozhilfbfczf wvw hgzk}kjhjfw gobfygkhlfw#

Hl bkwbo zkfbpo { fc ozyo pvczo, fc ]fcfqvflh ogvyyfc hlnvcow

jkwzvyikow poy fl hwgfcwo jf Gkpykhco Ghwzyo h lh pyfwkjfcgkh jf lh

Yfpñilkgh#

70 ]fyfbow bèw fc jfzhllf fwzh mhah fc fl Bhph Hcfto c± 8#78 Kiâjfb# ]kjf# Wvpyh, c± 9#



s 77 s

Hvchjo h lo hczfykoy, fc 8;08 wf wvwpfcjfc lhw yflhgkocfw

jkplobèzkghw jvyhczf lh Pyfwkjfcgkh jf Bhyyoxvâc jf Golobikh, hczf lhw

yfgâpyoghw kczfy}fcgkocfw fc hwvczow kczfycow gobo hllè wf hynüâh poy

phyzf jfl noikfyco jf Ghwzyo, bfjkhczf fl Jfgyfzo 897> jf 8= jf

Co}kfbiyf jf fwf høo# Zhlfw yflhgkocfw, mvfyoc “gocnflhjhw‒ po y zojo fl

pfyâojo jf wv bhcjhzo fafgvzk}o#

Jf knvhl moybh, hxvâ fc cvfwzyo phâw zhbikëc dvio pfcfzyhgk÷c jf

faëygkzow golobikhcow “gocwfy}hjoyfw‒ xvf zfcâhc fc wvw mklhw h pyopkow

}fcfqolhcow “lkifyhlfw‒ fc wvw mklhw# Fwzo gobo cow gobfczh goc wfykfjhj

vc hvzoy, wf zyhjvao fc fcmyfczhbkfczow bèw kjfol÷nkgow { polâzkgow xvf

chgkochlfw pyopkhbfczf, fwzo fw, fl ihcjo lkifyhl poy vc lhjo myfczf hl

ihcjo gocwfy}hjoy, fl pykbfyo hpo{hjo jfwjf ]fcfqvflh poy Ghwzyo,

bkfczyhw xvf fl wfnvcjo hpo{hjo jfwjf Golobikh poy Bhyyoxvâc79#

Fc 8;0:, hj}kfcf hl pojfy Yhmhfl Yf{fw fwzè fc lh Pyfwkjfcgkh jf lh

Yfpñilkgh Golobikhch, lo xvf h}k}h cvf}hw yfvckocfw phyh pojfy

“ghchlkqhy‒ fl oiafzk}o pykbhyko { mvcjhbfczhl jf low kczfyfwfw

golobikhcow1 lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c jf low yâow, { “hiyf‒ lhw powkiklkjhjfw fc

cvfwzyo phâw jf cvf}hw goc}fywhgkocfw hgfygh jfl zfbh xvf fwzhihc

cfnhjhw jvyhczf fl bhcjhzo jf Bhyyoxvâc#

Fc 8;06 ]fcfqvflh yfgzkmkgh wv powkgk÷c { wf ckfnh h hgfpzhy fl Hgzh

jf Ghwzkllfzfw# Poy lo xvf pyogfjf h goc}oghy jf cvf}o lhw cfnogkhgkocfwjfl Lhvjo, ivwghcjo fcbfcjhy fl fyyoy gobfzkjo fc fl phwhjo, {h xvf wf

pfcwhih xvf fl Lhvjo lf dhiâh wkjo pfyavjkgkhl# Wf goc}kfcf xvf wf

fwzvjkhyèc cvf}hbfczf lhw lâcfhw jf jk}kwk÷c jf lhw myoczfyhw { wf

yfgocogfc lh powkiklkjhj jf ozoynhy gobpfcwhgkocfw jf phyzf { phyzf phyh

llfnhy hl hgvfyjo#

79

]èqxvfq Ghyykqowh, Hlmyfjo, Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh1 Vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh ,8;44, Zfygfy Bvcjo Fjkzoyfw, Ionozè#



s 7: s

Phyh lhw cfnogkhgkocfw wf cobiyhc h Jâhq Nyhchjow gobo

yfpyfwfczhczf jf Golobikh { L÷pfq Ihyhlz poy ]fcfqvflh, Fc jkgdhw

cfnogkhgkocfw wf zyhzhyoc low lâbkzfw fc lh Gowzh Oykfczhl jf lh Nvhakyh {

fc low zfyykzoykow gobpyfcjkjow fczyf fl Bfzh, fl Oykcogo, Hzhihpo { fl Yko

Cfnyo77#

]fcfqvflh, fc fwzf høo goc}kfcf fc jflkbkzhy lh Nvhakyh fc Pvczh

Fwphjh7:# Golobikh poy wv phyzf, gfczyhih wv kczfyëw fc gocwfy}hy fl

zfyykzoyko jf Whc Mhvwzkco, { ftknâh yfgzkmkghgkocfw fc fl Zhyyh { Whyjkchzh,

jfikjo h xvf lf kczfyfwhih powfwkochywf jf vch phyzf llhch phyh lh

gocwzyvggk÷c jfl mfyyoghyykl jf Zhbhlhbfxvf76#

Wfnñc lo phgzhjo fc 8;06, Hczocko Aowë Yfwzyfpo cfnogkhjoy

Golobikhco, pyopocf lh phyzkgk÷c jf lh Nvhakyh fczyf low jow phâwfw, h

zyh}ëw jf vc bfboyècjvb fl 8> jf wfpzkfbiyf jf 8;0># Fwzo lf jhyâh h

]fcfqvflh fl goczyol hiwolvzo woiyf fl “Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh‒ o “Nolmo jf

Bhyhghkio‒# [ hjfbèw Golobikh omyfgf pyoyyonhy poy ozyow 96 høow lh

wfy}kjvbiyf jf zyècwkzo poy fl wfgzoy jf Hzvyfw { Bhkpvyfw7=#

]fcfqvflh, yfpyfwfczhjh poy Glfbfczf Vyihcfah, co hgfpz÷ lhw

pyopvfwzhw golobikhchw { pkjf xvf Golobikh gfjh fl gvhjyklèzfyo

moybhjo poy fl yâo Fjhnvf, jfwjf wv fczyhjh hl Oykcogo dhwzh wv

chgkbkfczo, { jf hllâ fc lâcfh yfgzh dhwzh fl bfykjkhco jfl Hpowzhjfyo,

ëwzf dhgkh wvy dhwzh fl yâo Zvphyf, hnvhw hihao jfl Oykcogo { hnvhw hyykihh lh fczyhjh jfl Fjhnvf# Jf fwzf bojo ]fcfqvflh xvfjhyâh fc powfwk÷c

jfl wfgzoy gobpyfcjkjo fczyf Hzvyfw { Bhkpvyfw pfyo goc fl gobpyobkwo

jf bhczfcfy lh wfy}kjvbiyf jfl phwo h pfypfzvkjhj7>#

77 C^FKDFJ7: Kiâjfb# ]kjf wvpyh, c± 9#76 C^FKDFJ7= Kikjfb#7> Kikjfb#



s 76 s

Fwf høo bvfyf fl cfnogkhjoy }fcfqolhco Glfbfczf Vyihcfah { lo

wvwzkzv{f Nhyikyhw Nvqbèc# Ëwzf fwzv}o jf hgvfyjo fc lh yfphyzkgk÷c jf lh

Nvhakyh xvf dhiâh pyopvfwzo Yfwzyfpo# Wkc fbihyno dvio jkmfyfcgkhw fc

ozyow wfgzoyfw fc jkwpvzh, gobo mvf fl hlzo Oykcogo#

Fc 8;0; Hlmyfjo ]èqxvfq Goio fc yfpyfwfczhgk÷c jf Golobikh,

yfgzkmkgh lh lâcfh jf lh myoczfyh fc lh Nvhakyh { hdoyh lh wkzñh fc Pvczh

Fwphjh# Fw Yfgkikjo fc Ghyhghw { pyopocf fl yfwpfzo h low gkcgo

pykbfyow pvczow jfl Lhvjo { vch bojkmkghgk÷c fc fl wftzo# Fwzo fw,

bhynfc kqxvkfyjh jfl Oykcogo, yfnk÷c jfl Kcâykjh, Hzhihpo { Nvhcâh o jfl

Yâo Cfnyo phyh ]fcfqvflh, h ghbiko jf wfy}kjvbiyf pfypfzvh jfl Zyèmkgo

fc low yhvjhlfw jf Hzvyfw { Bhkpvyfw woiyf fl Oykcogo, h ghbiko jf lo

fwzkpvlhjo fc fl `;= woiyf Gobfygko { Ch}fnhgk÷c+74# Poy wv phyzf, Ècnfl

Gfwhy Yk}hw gobo cfnogkhjoy jf ]fcfqvflh omyfgf lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c

poy low yâow }fcfqolhcow h ghbiko jf yfgzkmkghgkocfw fc fl Hlzo Oykcogo {

fc fl Yâo Cfnyo# Lo xvf jko gobo yfwvlzhjo lh mkybh jfl Hgzh jf Ihwfw fc

avcko, lh gvhl mkahih low zëybkcow jf zyhzhjo jf ch}fnhgk÷c, Myoczfyhw,

gobfygko Myoczfykqo { Zyècwkzo#

Fl noikfyco golobikhco yfgdhqh zojh pyopvfwzh { bfjkhczf vch

yfmoybh gocwzkzvgkochl fwzhilfgf xvf low lâbkzfw goc ]fcfqvflh woc low

mkahjow poy fl Lhvjo Hyikzyhl jfl yf{ jf Fwphøh, lo xvf wknckmkgh xvf zojhw

lhw cfnogkhgkocfw h lhw xvf wf dhiâh llfnhjo powzfykoy hl bkwbo xvfjhc

wkc }hlkjfq hlnvch#

H pfwhy jf lh yfmoybh gocwzkzvgkochl, { lo xvf fwzh wknckmkghih phyh lhw

cfnogkhgkocfw hczfykoyfw, lhw goc}fywhgkocfw hgfygh jf low lâbkzfw fczyf

]fcfqvflh { Golobikh goczkcvhyoc wv yvbio h ghyno jf Nvwzh}o

Whchiykh { Ghylow Hyzvyo Zoyyfw yfwpfgzk}hbfczf#

74 Fwzo lo pojfbow }fy bfaoy fc fl Bhph Hcfto c± 9#



s 7= s

]fcfqvflh wowzfcâh xvf low Bonozfw jf low Myhklfw wf fcgoczyhihc hl

coyzf jf lh Nvhakyh, fc fl Bhy jf lhw Hczkllhw { co gowzfhcjo gobo wf

dhiâh ivwghjo fc fl phwhjo# Fw jfgky, fwzhih dhilhcjo jf Low Bocafw

xvf wfbèczkghbfczf wf dhiâh gocmvcjkjo goc Low Myhklfw gobo wf

ftpyfw÷ hyykih#

Golobikh bhczv}o wv powkgk÷c hgfygh jf gocwkjfyhy h Ghwzkllfzfw

gobo kckgko jf lh lâcfh myoczfykqh, mvcjhbfczècjowf fc xvf hl co dhllhywf

low llhbhjow Bonozfw jf Low Myhklfw wf jfiâh pyogfjfy h vikghy vc

cvf}o dkzo fc fl zfyykzoyko jf lh Nvhakyh zobhcjo fc gvfczh low jfbèw

pvczow jf yfmfyfcgkh, zyhqhcjo lh lâcfh poy low boczfw jf Ogh poy fl ]hllf

jf Vphy, poy fl lhjo jf hyykih, fc jfyfgdvyh dhgkh lh Wfyyhcâh { oykllh jf lh

bhy#

Lh pykbfyh zfwkw golobikhch zhbikëc wknckmkghih zobhy powfwk÷c jf

low pvfilow, poilhgkocfw { èyfhw xvf lf dhiâhc wkjo hjavjkghjhw poy fl

Lhvjo fwphøol5 bkfczyhw xvf, ]fcfqvflh poy bfjko jf wvw fcghynhjow

jfgâh xvf dhwzh xvf co wf mkahwf { jflkbkzhyh lh zozhlkjhj jf lh myoczfyh {

lâbkzfw, co wf pojyâh hggfjfy h lh pfzkgk÷c jf Golobikh#

Powzfykoy h fwzo, fw kbpoyzhczf jfwzhghy lh llfnhjh hl pojfy jf Ghylow

F# Yfwzyfpo h lh pyfwkjfcgkh Golobikhch fc 8;88, xvkfc bhczfcjyâh vch

polâzkgh ftzfykoy gfczyhjh fc lh mkahgk÷c jf low lâbkzfw jfl phâw goc wvw

}fgkcow, jfzfybkchczf h lh doyh jf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw#

Wvynkfyoc jkmkgvlzhjfw hl co fcgoczyhy fl oyknfc jfl Yâo jf Oyo, fl gvhl

fyh wvbhbfczf kbpoyzhczf phyh mkahy lh myoczfyh xvf jkgzhih fl Lhvjo

fwphøol# Lh bvlzkplkgkjhj jf hmlvfczfw fc lh qoch dhgkh jkmâgkl fl hgvfyjo

fc jocjf gobfcqhih jkgdo yâo, pyoilfbh xvf wf ftzkfcjf dhwzh 8;:8#



s 7> s

Fczyf low høow jf 8;88 { 8;87, goczkcvhyoc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw jf

phyzf jf Whchiykh poy fl lhjo }fcfqolhco pfyo hdoyh wf fcgoczyhih Aowë

Ioyjh fc yfpyfwfczhgk÷c jf Golobikh# Hbiow hgoyjhyoc fl cobiyhbkfczo

jf cvf}hw gobkwkocfw jfbhyghjoyhw phyh lh fafgvgk÷c jf lo ftpyfwhjo

fc fl lhvjo hyikzyhl jf 84;8# Lhw cfnogkhgkocfw nkyhyoc fc zoyco h lhw

bojkmkghgkocfw fc lh Nvhakyh, Whc Mhvwzkco, Oykcogo { qoch jfl Kcâykjh {

jfl Nvhcâh h ghbiko jf vc Zyhzhjo jf Gobfygko { Ch}fnhgk÷c { Zyècwkzo#

Lh woifyhcâh golobikhch woiyf Whc Mhvwzkco fyh vc pvczo

kyyfcvcgkhilf fc lh hnfcjh golobikhch, {h xvf ëwzf fyh fl lvnhy jf

chgkbkfczo jf Myhcgkwgo jf Phvlh Whczhcjfy, hlno kczhcnkilf pfyo jf

bh{oy yflf}hcgkh fc lh chgk÷c golobikhch#

Fc 8;87 ]fcfqvflh ogvp÷ Ghqvhykzo poy lo xvf Golobikh pyozfwz÷ {

h wv }fq jfwknc÷ hvzoykjhjfw fc fl Bhkpvyfw, hgzo xvf zhbikëc mvf

pyozfwzhjo poy ]fcfqvflh#

Fc Bhyqo jfl bkwbo høo ]fcfqvflh pyopocf hgfpzhy fl Lhvjo fc low

6 pykbfyow wfgzoyfw { wobfzfy h hyikzyhaf fl =zo wfgzoy pfyo Golobikh

yfgdhq÷ cvf}hbfczf jkgdh pyopvfwzh#

Fczyh Aowë ]kgfczf Gocgdh h lh pyfwkjfcgkh jf Golobikh { goc wv

llfnhjh gobkfcqhc low zyèbkzfw xvf llf}hyèc hl Wfnvcjo Lhvjo# Pfyo

hczfw jf fllo, Gocgdh jfgkjf gyfhy lh Gobkwhyâh jfl ]kgdhjh, lh gvhlmoybhih phyzf jf low zfyykzoykow xvf hñc co wf dhiâh goc}fckjo { xvf fyh

phyzf jf lhw yfglhbhgkocfw jf ]fcfqvflh#

]fcfqvflh wowzfcâh xvf fl Lhvjo co pojâh wfy fafgvzhjo

phygkhlbfczf wkco jf bhcfyh kczfnyhl, poy lo xvf wf hgoyj÷ goc Golobikh

lh gflfiyhgk÷c jf vch Goc}fcgk÷c phyh fl cobiyhbkfczo jf vc cvf}o



s 74 s

èyikzyo fcghynhjo jf hglhyhy low pvczow# Ëwzh wf llf}hyâh h ghio fl 7 jf

co}kfbiyf jf 8;8=#

]âgzoy B# Locjoøo fc 8;86 yfpyfwfczh h Golobikh, { fl Nyhl# Knchgko

Hcjyhjf h ]fcfqvflh# Fwzf ñlzkbo kcwkwzf fc lh gfwk÷c jf zfyykzoykow h

ghbiko jf mhgklkjhjfw jf ch}fnhgk÷c wknvkfcjo lh zfwkw jf Ghlghøo

Bhzdkfv jf “Avwzhw Gobpfcwhgkocfw‒#

Fl 9> jf Jkgkfbiyf1 ]fcfqvflh ftknf fl yfzkyo jf lhw hvzoykjhjfw

golobikhchw jf lhw qochw xvf lf dhiâhc wkjo hwknchjhw fc fl Lhvjo#

Fc 8;8=, wf jh lh Goc}fcgk÷c Wvèyfq"Lowwhjh phyh pyowfnvky goc lhw

goc}fywhgkocfw lkbâzyomfw# Hl bkwbo zkfbpo Golobikh ogvph lhw èyfhw xvf

lf mvfyoc hwknchjhw fc fl Lhvjo# ]fcfqvflh pyozfwzh fwzo# Fl 90 jf Bhyqo

jf fwzf høo, zyhw yvboyfw jf powkilfw gocmlkgzow poy vcow kcgkjfczfw

hghfgkjow fc Ghqvhykzo { fc fl Bfzh, bèw vch hjxvkwkgk÷c jf fxvkpo

iëlkgo poy phyzf jf ]fcfqvflh, cvfwzyo phâw pyopocf llf}hy lhw jkmfyfcgkhw

h vc Zykivchl jf Èyikzyow, jf hgvfyjo h lo pyf}kwzo fc fl Ghpâzvlo K] jf lh

Goc}fcgk÷c jf Lh Dh{h jf 8;0> woiyf lh Wolvgk÷c Phgâmkgh jf low

Gocmlkgzow Kczfychgkochlfw#

Phyh f}kzhy fcmyfczhbkfczow wf goc}kco bhczfcfy wkc bvjhcqhw lh

ogvphgk÷c xvf hbihw phyzfw zfcâhc dhwzh fl bobfczo#

Fc lh Goc}fcgk÷c jf Ionozè jf 8;8=, wf hgvfyjh xvf fl hyikzyhbfczo

xvfjhyè h ghyno jfl Pyfwkjfczf jf lh Gocmfjfyhgk÷c Dfl}ëzkgh, { ëwzf

fwzhyâh fc lh phyzf zëgckgh h low wknvkfczfw ftpfyzow wvkqow1 Goyocfl Phvl

lhyj{, Pkfyyf Iocch { Myfjfykg Wzkfylkc, fczyf ozyow5 xvkfcfw jhyâhc

wolvgk÷c hl pyoilfbh jf lâbkzfw fczyf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh#



s 7; s

Wf fwzhilfgkfyoc jow gobkwkocfw vch hl coyzf { ozyh hl wvy# Fc fl coyzf

loghlkqhyoc lh jfwfbioghjvyh jfl Yâo jf Oyo fc fl Ghzhzvbio { zyhqhyoc

jf hllâ h lh vck÷c jfl Zhyyh { fl Whyjkchzh fc lâcfh yfgzh, { jf hllâ ozyh

yfgzh, h lh vck÷c jfl Nykzh goc fl Yâo Qvlkh# [ jfbhyghyoc fl Yâo

Nvhyvbkzo { Whc Mhvwzkco#

Hl wvy, zyhq÷ fwzh gobkwk÷c fl wfgzoy co hygkmkcko7; fczyf low yâow

Hzhihpo { Yâo Cfnyo, jocjf goyzhyoc 7= eb hl oggkjfczf jf Pkbkgdâc { 7=

eb hl coyzf jf [è}kzh phyh zyhqhy vch yfgzh fczyf fwow jow pvczow gobo

jfgâh fl Lhvjo fwphøol# Hjfbèw zyhqhyoc vch lâcfh yfgzh fczyf lh oykllh

jfyfgdh jfl Hyhvgh fc fl wkzko jfcobkchjo boczhøkzhw dhwzh lh oykllh

kqxvkfyjh jfl Bfzh fc fl ghøo llhbhjo gvlfiyh, gfygh jf lh poilhgk÷c jf

Cvf}h Hczkoxvkh#

H pfwhy jf jkgdow hgvfyjow, powzfykoybfczf wvynkfyoc pyoilfbhw

jfikjo h xvf fl oyknfc o mvfczf gkfyzh jfl Yâo jf Oyo, { }fyjhjfyh

jfwfbioghjvyh jfl Yâo Okyè xvf ihah jfl Pèyhbo jf Zhbè, xvf

yfwvlzhih co wfy hmlvfczf jfl Hyhvgh gobo wf gyfâh#

Lh mvcgk÷c jfl Gocwfao Mfjfyhl Wvkqo# Ièwkghbfczf fyh jfgkjky wk fyh

}èlkjo o co lo fwzkpvlhjo fc fl Lhvjo fwphøol, { gvhl jf lhw zfwkw

pyf}hlfgâh1 poy phyzfw gobo kcjkghih Golobikh, o lh zozhlkjhj gobo

yfk}kcjkghih ]fcfqvflh#

Poy Golobikh kyâhc h Wvkqh1 Myhcgkwgo Aowë Vyyvzkh $Bkckwzyo

Plfckpozfcgkhyko fc Wvkqh+ { Hczocko Aowë Yfwzyfpo# Poy ]fcfqvflh Aowë

Nkl Moyzovl { ]kgfczf Hyyoao Phyfao#

7; Co chzvyhl, fw jfgky, jf bhcfyh hyzkmkgkhl wf dkqo fl zyhqhjo#



s :0 s

Lhvjo Wvkqo 8;99

Fl èyikzyo wvkqo mvcnk÷ gobo èyikzyo jf avykw { gobo èyikzyo hyikzyhjoy,

pvfwzo xvf jfmkck÷ xvf fl Lhvjo fwphøol fyh gobplfzhbfczf }èlkjo { gvhl

zfwkw fyh lh goyyfgzh, hwâ gobo jfgkjk÷ lvfno hgfygh jf low zfyykzoykow xvf

ghjh phâw jfiâh powffy phyh lh gvlbkchgk÷c jf lh jkwpvzh zfyykzoykhl fczyf

hbiow phâwfw#

Lhw phyzfw hwâ, pojâhc ogvphy low zfyykzoykow xvf lfw goyyfwpocjâhc poy

fl Lhvjo, h ftgfpgk÷c jfl 9±, 7fy { 6± Wfgzoy jocjf dvikfwfc

yfglhbhgkocfw jf zfyykzoyko poy hbihw phyzfw# Vch Gobkwk÷c wf

fcghynhyâh jf jfbhyghy fwzo jfmkckzk}hbfczf#

Fl Gocwfao Mfjfyhl Wvkqo fc wv mhllo jfl 9: jf bhyqo jf 8;99, jfgkjk÷

h mh}oy jf lh zfwkw Golobikhch hl jkgzhbkchy xvf wâ fyh pyogfjfczf lh

ogvphgk÷c phygkhl jf low zfyykzoykow xvf wf fcgoczyhihc jfmkckzk}hbfczf

jfwlkcjhjow, {h poy myoczfyhw chzvyhlfw fc fl lhvjo jf 84;8 o poy

myoczfyhw hyzkmkgkhlfw jfbhyghjhw poy lhw gobkwkocfw h phyzky jf 8;00:0#

Fc lh phyzf zëgckgh jf jflkbkzhgk÷c, lh Gobkwk÷c wvkqh wf pyocvcgkh fl

70 jf Hiykl jf 8;97 woiyf lh jflkbkzhgk÷c jf [è}kzh"Pkbkgdâc# Hxvâ nhch lh

powzvyh jf ]fcfqvflh#

Fl 6 jf ogzviyf jf 8;97 jfmkcf lh myoczfyh hyzkmkgkhl fczyf fl Nykzh { fl

Ghzhzvbio, jocjf nhch lh powkgk÷c golobikhch#

Fl 6 jf Bhyqo jf 8;9:, jfmkcf lo gocgfyckfczf h lh lâcfh fczyf fl

Hyhvgh { fl Bfzh# ]vfl}f h nhchy ]fcfqvflh fc fwzf fwphgko#

:0 C^FKDFJ#



s :8 s

Vch }fq gocglvkjh lh lhioy jf low ftpfyzow wvkqow, wf oyknkchyoc

cvf}ow pyoilfbhw fc zoyco hl Yko jf Oyo { h lh jfwfbioghjvyh jfl yâo

Okyè# Mvf cfgfwhykh lh gocmoybhgk÷c jf gobkwkocfw bktzhw lhw gvhlfw wf

fcghynhyâhw jf yfwol}fy fwzhw goczyo}fywkhw# Fwzhw gobkwkocfw co pojâhc

bojkmkghy lhw lâcfhw {h jfbhyghjhw poy low ftpfyzow wvkqow, wv mvcgk÷c fyh

wkbplfbfczf wføhlhy goc dkzow lhw lâcfhw myoczfykqhw phyh xvf co dvikfyh

gocmvwkocfw#

Wf pyogfjk÷ h jfbhyghy lh yfgzh xvf }h jfl Hyhvgh hl Yâo Bfzh, lh

kcwpfggk÷c fc lh yfnk÷c jfl ]hpoy { jfzfybkchy lh }hnvhjh jf zojow low

yâow xvf moybhyfc lh myoczfyh mlv}khl# Gobo lh qoch goc bh{oy ghvjhl jfl

yâo, o, poy jocjf bfaoy jf ch}fnh fc }fyhco wfnñc low ftpfyzow zëgckgow5

jocjf dvikfwf jow iyhqow, wf zobhyâh lh }hnvhjh poy jocjf bfaoy wf

ch}fnhwf fc }fyhco, pfyo wk fc low jow wf pojâh ch}fnhy jf knvhl moybh,

wf dhyâh vc hmoyo, fw jfgky, vch bfjkgk÷c zëgckgh jf vckjhj jf }olvbfc

woiyf vckjhj jf zkfbpo, o lkzyow poy wfnvcjo fc fwzf ghwo phyh mkahy jkgdh

}hnvhjh#

Hjfbèw jf lh jfbhyghgk÷c jf lhw jow yfgzhw fczyf fl Yâo Qvlkh { fl

Yâo Ghzhzvbio, lhw zyfw yfgzhw fczyf fl Hzhihpo { hl Nvhkcâh, { lhw mvfczfw

jfl yâo Oykcogo#

Fl 8> jf Jkgkfbiyf jf 8;94, wf jko fl Hgvfyjo Yflhzk}o h lh

Jfbhyghgk÷c jf lh Myoczfyh# Wf jkwpvwkfyoc hwâ jow Gobkwkocfw1 lh jflGhzhzvbio { Yâo jf Oyo5 { lh jfl Bfzh { fl Nvhcâh# Hxvâ dvio jow

Jk}fynfcgkhw1 fc lh Ghwzkllfzfw"Lhnvch jf Gowkcfzhw nhch ]fcfqvflh# Fc

lh jf lh zfybkchgk÷c jf low Boczfw jf Ogh nhc÷ Golobikh:8#

:8 ]fyfbow lh pykbfyh fc fl bhph hcfto c±7, { lh wfnvcjh fc fl bhph hcfto c± :#



s :9 s

Fczyf 8;79 { 8;7; wf yfhlkqhyoc cvbfyowow zyhihaow jf ftployhgk÷c

zfyyfwzyf { hfyomozonyèmkgo, hmoyow, fczyf ozyow# Phyh jfzfybkchy fl gvywo

pykcgkphl jfl Yâo jf Oyo wf yfhlkqhyoc yfvckocfw jf Gobkwkocfw fc 8;7= {

fc 8;74, fc jocjf ]fcfqvflh fwzhilfgâh xvf fl gvywo pykcgkphl lo

gocwzkzvâh fl iyhqo Wvyofwzf bkfczyhw xvf Golobikh bhczfcâh xvf lo

gocwzkzvâh fl Iyhqo coyzf#

Lvâw L÷pfq Bfwh, ghcgkllfy golobikhco, }fykmkg÷ xvf fl Yâo Okyè wâ

jfwfbioghih fc fl Whyhyf { co fc fl Hyhvgh, poy lo xvf wf jfwgviyk÷ xvf

lh gobkwk÷c jf 8;00 { 8;08 dhiâh kcgvyykjo fc vc fyyoy, { xvf nyhgkhw h

fwzo ]fcfqvflh dhiâh oizfckjo 8700Eb# Hczf fwzo, ]fcfqvflh wowzv}o

xvf low zyhihaow jf lh gobkwk÷c fyhc jfmkckzk}ow h pfwhy xvf dh{hc ghâjo

fc fwf fyyoy# Hjfbèw low zyhihaow jf Lvâw L÷pfq co dhiâhc wkjo

}fykmkghjow poy lo xvf Golobikh zhbikëc hgfpzo fl zyhihao jf lhw

gobkwkocfw gobo jfmkckzk}o#

Goc yfwpfgzo h lh jfbhyghgk÷c woiyf Yâo jf Oyo { Okyè lh yfphyzkgk÷c

xvfj÷ jf lh wknvkfczf moybh1 jf 7=00 Eb wf lf ozoynhyoc 9400 phyh

]fcfqvflh { 400 phyh Golobikh# Wfnñc fl Fbihahjoy Aowë Whczkhno

Yojyânvfq, dhiâh zykvcmhjo lh “Fxvkjhj Fmfgzk}h‒ jf lh xvf dhil÷ hlnvch

}fq fl Ghcgkllfy golobikhco L÷pfq jf Bfwh $woiyf jk}kjky zojo h lh bkzhj+#

Wolo xvf hxvâ wf avn÷ co wolo zfyykzoyko, wkco lh “hbkwzhj jf jow pvfilow

dfybhcow, xvf zkfcfc fl bkwbo nyhcjkowo jfwzkco { xvf hcdflhihc

pocfylf zëybkco h vch jkwgvwk÷c wfgvlhy, xvf lo xvf dhgâh fyh ky bkchcjolfczhbfczf low gkbkfczow jf fwf bkwbo jfwzkco:9‒#

Zyhzhjo jf Lâbkzfw jfl 6 jf Hiykl jf 8;:8 $]kllh jfl Yowhyko, Gñgvzh+1

Woiyf Jfbhyghgk÷c jf Myoczfyhw { Ch}fnhgk÷c jf low Yâow Gobvcfw#

:9 Kiâjfb# ]kjf Wvpyh c± 4#



s :7 s

Flfhqhy L÷pfq Goczyfyhw { Fjvhyjo Whczow, pyfwkjfczfw jf

]fcfqvflh { Golobikh yfwpfgzk}hbfczf, kcwpkyhjow fc lh hbkwzhj fczyf

hbihw chgkocfw, jfgkjkfyoc jhy mkc h lh goczyo}fywkh jf lâbkzfw#

Wviwgykikfyoc hwâ, vc zyhzhjo jf Jfbhyghgk÷c jf Myoczfyhw { Ch}fnhgk÷c

jf low Yâow Gobvcfw# Fc fl xvf yfgocogfc jfmkckzk}hbfczf lh

jfbhyghgk÷c dfgdh poy lh Gobkwk÷c jf 8;08 { jf Ftpfyzow wvkqow# [ xvf

wfnñc fl Hyz# 81 “…Zojhw lhw jkmfyfcgkhw woiyf bhzfykh jf lâbkzfw xvfjhc

zfybkchjhw…‒# [ wf fwzhilfgk÷ xvf lh py÷tkbh cfnogkhgk÷c wfyâh fc zoyco

h lh gflfiyhgk÷c jf vc zyhzhjo jf Gobfygko { Ch}fnhgk÷c fczyf hbihw

chgkocfw#

Fc lo gocgfyckfczf hl Yâo jf Oyo, wf flknk÷ vc gvywo kczfybfjko o Yâo

Kczfybfjko o “Jvjh‒, xvf pyobfjkhih lhw hwpkyhgkocfw jf lhw phyzfw# Jf

knvhl moybh wf jfgkjk÷ fc low yâow Okyè { Hyhvgh, wfnñc fl Hgzh jfl Phwo

jfl ]kfczo#

Fhylf Dfyyfyh:7 cow gobfczh xvf fl Jkpvzhjo hl Gocnyfwo jf fwf

fczocgfw Ch}h Wpâcolh, jfgâh xvf lh cfnogkhgk÷c gocwkwzâh fc vch

fwpfgkf jf “zyvfxvf‒, fw jfgky, zfyykzoyko poy lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c jfl yâo

Oykcogo { ozyow yâow phyh Golobikh# Whl}hyoc wv }ozo ël, Wèyfq Mlhbfykgd,

]k}hw, Ilhcgo, Dfycècjfq Yo}hzzk, Ghljfyhw { Lhyh Pføh5 low }ozow

cfnhzk}ow mvfyoc jf low jkpvzhjow Nvnlkflbk, ]fnhw, Jf Hybhw { Oyopfqh#

Ilhcgo fc wv kczfy}fcgk÷c jkao fc fwf fczocgfw xvf ]fcfqvflh fc vc wknlo

“dhiâh pfyjkjo lh xvkczh phyzf jf wv zfyykzoyko wkc jkwphyhy vc wolo zkyo::,‒ Loxvf jfcozh vc zyhzhbkfczo avyâjkgo"zfyykzoykhl jf lh hpyfgkhgk÷c { co jfwjf

fl pvczo jf }kwzh jf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw xvf wf dhiâhc jhjo h yhâq jf zojo

fl pyogfwo lkbâzyomf goc lh }fgkch Golobikh, { ol}kjhcjo lhw opoyzvckjhjfw

xvf wf zv}o fc høow hczfykoyfw $poy wolo gkzhy vch fl Bkgdflfch"Pobio+

:7 Dfyyfyh, Fhylf# ¿Poy xvë wf dh Yfjvgkjo fl Zfyykzoyko ]fcfqolhco?, 8;>4#

Hlmhjkl/Zy÷pkgow, ]fcfqvflh#:: Kiâjfb, p# 79#



s :: s

phyh mkahy vchw lâcfhw jfbhyghjoyhw bèw “ifcfmkgkowhw‒ fc bhzfykh jf

zfyykzoyko phyh ]fcfqvflh { xvf fc ozyoyh fl Gocnyfwo zhbpogo hgfpz÷#

Fwzo fw lo xvf hlnvcow powzfykoybfczf llhbhyèc “fl yfnhlo‒ xvf jko

Golobikh h ]fcfqvflh, gvhcjo wf lf jhc lvfno jf fwzf Zyhzhjo Low

Bocafw h ]fcfqvflh, xvf fyhc gocwkjfyhjow poy ow golobikhcow gobo

wv{ow $lkiyo Lâbkzfw jf Golobikh jfl Bkckwzfyko jf Yflhgkocfw Ftzfykoyfw

jf Golobikh jf 8;::+:6#

Mkchlbfczf, Golobikh lony÷ oizfcfy lo xvf zhczo hcdflhih fc gvhczo

h lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c jf low yâow xvf hzyh}kfwhc o wfphyhc low jow phâwfw

pfyo jfwpvëw jf “lhynhw aoychjhw jf zyhihao‒, hjfbèw jf whgykmkghy poy

hwâ jfgkylo, hlnvcow wfgzoyfw hl pykcgkpko phyh moyqhy h vch cfnogkhgk÷c

phyh pojfy hggfjfy h lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c xvf wføhlhbow, gvfwzk÷c xvf co

wf bhzfykhlkq÷ jfmkckzk}hbfczf poy lhw yfpfzkzk}hw ftknfcgkhw }fcfqolhchw#

Wkc fbihyno, fl Lhvjo wvkqo lf mvf mh}oyhilf { bhyg÷ fl ghbkco phyh fl

Zyhzhjo mkchl jf 8;:8 fc lo xvf yfwpfgzh o gocgkfycf h fwzh bhzfykh { h lh

pykbfyh bkzhj jfl wknlo TT, lo xvf “zfybkchih‒ goc gvhlxvkfy jkmfyfcgkh jf

lâbkzfw fczyf hbiow Fwzhjow gobo fwzkpvlhih fl hyzâgvlo 8 jf jkgdo

Zyhzhjo#

]fcfqvflh poy wv phyzf, bhczv}o mkybf wv powkgk÷c jf co gfjfy

zfyykzoyko wk co fyh ihao lh zfwkw jf Avwzhw Gobpfcwhgkocfw, pfyo hczf

fwzo, fl Lhvjo wvkqo yfgzkmkg÷ lh jfgkwk÷c jfl èyikzyo fwphøol, fl gvhl co mvf

mh}oyhilf h cvfwzyo phâw, { bèw hvc, yfk}kcjkg÷ lo xvf pfjâh Golobikh fcgvhczo h ogvphy low zfyykzoykow xvf lf dhiâhc wkjo hjavjkghjow fc fl Lhvjo

jf 84;8, { wolo lony÷ hlnvchw yfk}kcjkghgkocfw zfyykzoykhlfw gobo mvf

pykboyjkhlbfczf lo yfwpfgzk}o hl wftzo wfgzoy $[è}kzh"Pkbkgdâc Hzhihpo"

Yâo Cfnyo+#

:6 Fhwzbhc, aoynf B#, { Bocyo{ Ghiyh, Bhygo N# Fl Jkmfyfcjo Golobio" ]fcfqolhco# Fjkzoykhl O}fah Cfnyh#



s :6 s

Fc nfcfyhl, gyffbow xvf h pfwhy jf lo hczfykoy, jocjf hbiow Lhvjow

co lf mvfyoc jfl zojo ifcë}olow h ]fcfqvflh, fl phâw lony÷ bhczfcfy wv

powkgk÷c { oizv}o gkfyzhbfczf hlnvchw “yfgobpfcwhw‒ zfyykzoykhlfw gobo

hghihbow jf wføhlhy# Co gfjk÷ hczf lh powkgk÷c golobikhch, lo xvf zhl

}fq h bhcfyh jf lh zfoyâh jf lh cfnogkhgk÷c { co bfyhbfczf jkplobèzkgo"

avyâjkgh, dvikfwf yfpyfwfczhjo bh{oyfw nhchcgkhw zfyykzoykhlfw h ghbiko

jf hlnvchw gocgfwkocfw fc gvhczo h lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c jf low yâow#

Phyfgf xvf, zhczh “jvyfqh‒ { oigfghgk÷c co cow pfybkzk÷ oizfcfy zhlfw

yfwvlzhjow, { poy fl goczyhyko hggfjkbow h lo xvf Golobikh zfcâh fc fl

zkczfyo, ky h hyikzyhaf, lvfno jf dhify whlkjo jf bhcfyh jfwmh}oyhilf fc fl

wknlo TKT cvf}hbfczf fc fl wknlo TT, jocjf co pfyjkbow fl mhllo

cozoykhbfczf, pfyo wkc jvjh hlnvch co lo nhchbow#

Hcftow

Bhph c± 8

Fc fwzf Bhph, lh qoch jfl gâygvlo yoao yfpyfwfczh lh mhah jf zfyykzoyko

xvf oizv}o ]fcfqvflh h lh gvhl dkgkbow hlvwk÷c, bfjkhczf low zyhihaow jf

lh Gobkwk÷c Jfbhyghjoyh jf 8;00 { 8;08#



s := s

Bhph c± 9

Jocjf pojfbow oiwfy}hy fc fwzf bhph, gobo Goio fc 8;0; poy

Golobikh, pfjâh hl coyzf $gâygvlo hqvl+ low yhvjhlfw jf Hzvyfw { Bhkpvyfw,

h ghbiko jf fczyfnhylf h ]fcfqvflh lh yfnk÷c jfl Kcâykjh, Hzhihpo {

Nvhcâh o jfl Yâo Cfnyo gobo wf bfcgkoc÷ h ]fcfqvflh fc jkgdh

cfnogkhgk÷c $fc fl gâygvlo }kcozkczo+#

Pyo{fgzoGoio 8;0;

Qoch xvfjhihGolobikh h]fcfqvflh



s :> s

Bhph c± 7

Hxvâ, fl gâygvlo ilhcgo bhygh fl pvczo jf Ghwzkllfzfw $hyykih fc fl

bhph+ { lh Lhnvch jf Gowkcfzhw $kbhnfc whzflkzhl+, lo gvhl wf fwzhih

jkwpvzhcjo fc 8;94#



s :4 s

Bhph c± :

Fc fwzf bhph, fl gâygvlo yoao yfpyfwfczh wvgkczhbfczf lh qoch jf

goczyo}fywkh yfwpfgzo h low Boczfw jf Ogh jf 8;94 jocjf nhc÷ lh

powkgk÷c golobikhch#



s :; s

Jflkbkzhgk÷c jf hëyfhw bhykchw { wvibhykchw

Jf Low Bocafw hl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh

Jfwpvëw jf lo ogvyykjo fc 8;:8 cow fcgoczyhbow fc vch yflhzk}h

ghlbh fczyf lhw jow chgkocfw# Phyh fl høo 8;6: wf kckgkhc cvf}hw

cfnogkhgkocfw fczyf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh fwzh }fq goc yfwpfgzo h lh

jflkbkzhgk÷c jf hnvhw bhykchw { wvibhykchw fc fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh $o

Nolmo jf Goxvk}hgoh phyh Golobikh+, fc fwzf pfykojo cow fcgoczyhyfbow

goc powkgkocfw “hphwkochjhw‒ jf hbihw phyzfw, hwâ gobo zhbikëc lh

kcmlvfcgkh jf lh opkck÷c pñilkgh fc jkgdhw cfnogkhgkocfw# Fw pfyzkcfczf

hjfbèw dhgfy yfmfyfcgkh hl hygdkpkëlhno jf Low Bocafw jhjo xvf wf

kcwfyzh fc jkgdh pyoilfbèzkgh# Fl pyoilfbh yfmfyfczf h low Bocafw wf kckgkh

jfwjf mfiyfyo jf 84;= { wf wol}fczh fc co}kfbiyf jf 8;69 bfjkhczf fl

yfgocogkbkfczo jf Golobikh h ]fcfqvflh#

Low Bocafw# Iyf}f yfgoyykjo jfwjf 846= h 8;69

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xvf Low Bocafw

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goc}kggk÷c jf xvf wf pojyâh fcgoczyhy vch wolvgk÷c hl zfbh jkwgvzkjo, lo

gvhl “omyfgk÷ vc pyogfjkbkfczo fc jow fzhphw goc plhqow hczkgkphjow# Fyh

vch pfywpfgzk}h h zëybkco mkao=7‒# Poy lo gvhl wf hiyf cvf}hbfczf vch

fzhph jf cfnogkhgk÷c xvf vc pykbfy bobfczo wf powpocjyè poy lhw

flfggkocfw fc ]fcfqvflh { jfikjo h lh yfcvcgkh jfl ghcgkllfy Qfh fw

jfwknchjo Hlmocwo L÷pfq Bkgdflwfc xvkfc wfyè pyfwkjfczf jf Golobikh

phyh 8;>6

H pykbfyh }kwzh pojfbow jfgky xvf h lo lhyno jf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw

yfmfyfczfw h lh jflkbkzhgk÷c jf èyfhw bhykchw { wvibhykchw cow

fcgoczyhyfbow goc fwzhcghbkfczow jf hbihw phyzfw, pfyo jfwzhghcjo

xvf wkfbpyf ftkwzkyè lh ivfch }olvczhj jf cfnogkhy goc yfwpfgzo hl zfbh#

Fl ; jf hnowzo jf 8;=; goc bozk}o jf lh gocbfboyhgk÷c jflWfwxvkgfczfchyko jf lhw ihzhllhw jfl Phczhco jf ]hynhw { Io{hgè jko

lvnhy h xvf Ghylow Llfyhw Yfwzyfpo Pyfwkjfczf jf Golobikh { Yhmhfl

Ghljfyh Pyfwkjfczf jf ]fcfqvflh wf yfvckfyhc#

=9

Kiâjfb, p# 7>7"7>:=7 Kiâjfb, p# 7>6



s 64 s

Jf jkgdh yfvck÷c lvfno jf vch lhynh fczyf}kwzh fczyf hbiow

bhcjhzhykow, fc Wogdhnozh fc }kwzh jf zojow lhw kcmyvgzvowhw

cfnogkhgkocfw yfhlkqhjhw goc hczfykoykjhj, wf fbkzf vch Jfglhyhgk÷c

Gocavczh fc jocjf wf ftpyfwh xvf “Hbiow Pyfwkjfczfw wføhlhc lh

goc}fckfcgkh jf pyowfnvky, fc vc zëybkco yhqochilf, lhw hbkwzowhw

goc}fywhgkocfw zfcjkfczfw h ivwghy wolvgkocfw avwzhw { fxvkzhzk}hw phyh

jflkbkzhy lhw èyfhw bhykchw { wvibhykchw fczyf low phâwfw=:‒#

Jf jkgdh jfglhyhgk÷c fc phlhiyhw jf ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh pojfbow

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Bhy Zfyykzoykhl golobikhco {h xvf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw llf}hjhw h ghio goc

hczfykoykjhj fczyf hbihw chgkocfw wf jkwgvzâh lh Plhzhmoybh Goczkcfczhl5

fc fwzf wfczkjo jfifbow hglhyhy xvf bèw xvf vch kczfypyfzhgk÷c avyâjkgh

o zfybkcol÷nkgh jf jkgdh jfglhyhgk÷c, zhl gobo dh wkjo jfahjo glhyo poy fl

hvzoy5 fwzh fw pyojvgzo jf vc hgvfyjo jkyâhbow cowozyow fc phlhiyhw jf

Bhcvfl Nhygâh"Pflh{o fbkcfczfbfczf polâzkgo xvf zyhwzogh lh woifyhcâh

jf hbiow phâwfw# Hwâ bkwbo gobo dfbow }kwzo h lo lhyno jf zojhw lhw

cfnogkhgkocfw wf dh vzklkqhjo lh zfybkcolonâh “èyfhw bhykchw {

wvibhykchw‒ fcnloihcjo fl zojo, jhjo xvf gobo ikfc whifbow hbiow

phâwfw bowzyhyoc yfwfy}hw jf hgvfyjo h lo plhczfhjo poy lhw

Goc}fcgkocfw jf Bhy Zfyykzoykhl { Plhzhmoybh Goczkcfczhl yfwpfgzk}hw#

Jf lh Jfglhyhgk÷c jf Wogdhnozh powzfykoybfczf wf hgoyjhyoc vc

gocavczo jf yfnlhw jf pyogfjkbkfczo phyh llf}hy hghio jkgdhwcfnogkhgkocfw, gocogkjh gobo Bojvw Opfyhcjk, mkybhjo fl 8: jf bhyqo

jf 8;>0 fc Ionozè wvwgykzo poy low plfckpozfcgkhykow Ghylow Nvwzh}o

Hyykfzh $Golobikh+ { Ghylow Wowh Yojyânvfq $]fcfqvflh+#

=: Kiâjfb, p# 7>>#



s 6; s

Fl Kcgkjfczf “Pfjyo Nvhl‒

Fc 8;=; lh fbihyghgk÷c jfl Bkckwzfyko jf Dhgkfcjh jf Golobikh,

Pfjyo Nvhl, hcgl÷ wkc pfybkwo myfczf h lh kwlh Bocaf Wvy, fwzh bfjkjh mvf

zobhjh poy hphyfczf bhy jf lf}h# Lh kbpoyzhcgkh jf fwzf f}fczo fwzè fc

fl yfgocogkbkfczo xvf dhgf fl fbihahjoy jf Golobikh fc vch cozh h lh

Ghcgkllfyâh jf ]fcfqvflh, wfnñc lh gvhl lh fbihyghgk÷c fwzhih fc hnvhw

}fcfqolhchw poy yhqocfw jf fbfynfcgkh=6#

Dh{ xvf jfwzhghy xvf fwzhw cozhw woc jf nyhc kbpoyzhcgkh fc lhw

cfnogkhgkocfw jf ]fcfqvflh goc Golobikh pvfw fw lh yfkzfyhgk÷c jfl

yfgocogkbkfczo jfl hygdkpkëlhno low Bocafw#

Fl Bojvw Opfyhcjk

Lvfno jfl kcgkjfczf jf lh fbihyghgk÷c Pfjyo Nvhl, fl Pyfwkjfczf

Ghljfyh { wv dob÷lono Llfyhw Yfwzyfpo, xvf {h hihcjochih lh Ghwh jf

Chykøo, wowzv}kfyoc goc}fywhgkocfw woiyf lh jflkbkzhgk÷c jfl Nolmo fc

Wogdhnozh gobo ikfc ftpyfwhbow goc hczfykoykjhj { plhczfhyoc lh

gyfhgk÷c jf vc Bojvw Opfyhcjk xvf wfy}kyâh jf nvâh phyh llf}hy lhw

goc}fywhgkocfw woiyf fl pyoilfbh lkbâzyomf xvf hmfgzhih h hbihw

chgkocfw#

Fwzf Bojvw Opfyhcjk gocwkwzâh fc gvhzyo pvczow ièwkgow==1

8# Lhw cfnogkhgkocfw zfcjyâhc ghyègzfy gocmkjfcgkhl5

9# Co ftkwzfc ck yflhgk÷c ck pykoykjhj jf zfbhw5

=6 C^FKDFJ, EHLJOCF# $8;;6+# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo# Fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh hczf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy # Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw1 Bëykjh# ]fcfqvflh#P#88="88>== C^FKDFJ, EHLJOCF# $8;;6+# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo# Fl Nolmo jf

]fcfqvflh hczf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy # Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw1 Bëykjh# ]fcfqvflh#P# 884



s =0 s

7# Lhw ftplkghgkocfw, powkgkocfw o pyopowkgkocfw xvf wf dhnhc co

wfyèc kc}oghjhw h mh}oy o fc goczyh jf ckcnvch jf lhw phyzfw

powzfykoybfczf5

:# Fl hgvfyjo mkchl wfyâh wvwgykzo goc lh hpyoihgk÷c jf hbiow

noikfycow { wobfzkjo h low zyèbkzfw gocwzkzvgkochlfw#

Jfl Bojvw Opfyhcjk wf yfhlkqhyoc gvhzyo yfvckocfw jf lhw gvhlfw lh

pykbfyh mvf fc Ghyhghw { fc }kwzh jf low èckbow pfwkbkwzhw xvf yfkchihc

fc fl phâw wf zyhwlhjhc h Yobh# Jf fwzhw yfvckocfw lhw hgzhw fyhc jf

ghyègzfy pyk}hjo { co }kcgvlhczfw $lhw gvhlfw co gobpyobfzfc h lh phyzfw+#

Fl Bkckwzyo golobikhco Ghylow Nvwzh}o Hyykfzh ftpvwo fc lh pykbfyh

yfvck÷c $yfhlkqhjh jfl 4 hl 86 jf avcko jf 8;>0+ fc vc bfboyècjvb lh

powkgk÷c golobikhch1

$##+ phyh gobfcqhy wv ftpowkgk÷c jf lh zfwkw opvfwzh, fw jfgky, lh lâcfh

fxvkjkwzhczf o bfjkh# $…+ hmkyb÷, xvf zojo Fwzhjo ykifyføo zkfcf “kpwo

avyf‒ jfyfgdo h plhzhmoybh { xvf fl yënkbfc bèw yhgkochl { avwzo phyh

jflkbkzhylh fw lh fxvkjkwzhcgkh# Fc fwpfgkhl, jfglhy÷1

“Lh fxvkjkwzhcgkh, xvf fw h lh }fq fl pykcgkpko o yfnlh o bëzojozëgckgo, pfybkzf, bfjkhczf vch gocwzyvggk÷c nfobëzykgh, jk}kjkyhjfgvhjhbfczf lh qoch yfmfykjh fc jow phyzfw knvhlfw# H lh }fqyfmlfah ozyh kjfh mvcjhbfczhl f kcdfyfczf hl yënkbfc jf lhplhzhmoybh, gvhl fw lh jf jfahy jfczyo jf lh avykwjkggk÷c { goczyol jflFwzhjo gowzhcfyo zojh hxvfllh poygk÷c jf zfyykzoyko wvbfynkjo xvf

fwzë bèw gfygh jf wvw gowzhw xvf lhw jf gvhlxvkfy ozyo Fwzhjo# Hwâpoy hplkghgk÷c jf vch v ozyh jf lhw yhqocfw hczfykoyfw, wf hgfpzhxvf zhl yfnlh o bëzojo jh plfch ftpyfwk÷c yfhl h lh fxvkjhj,pykcgkpko yfgzoy jf lh jflkbkzhgk÷c=>‒

Fc lh KK yfvck÷c yfhlkqhjh jfl = hl 8; jf co}kfbiyf jf 8;>0, cow

fcgoczyhbow goc lh hmkybhgk÷c jf ]fcfqvflh jf wvw jfyfgdow dkwz÷ykgow

=>

]èqxvfq Ghyykqowh, Hlmyfjo, Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh1 Vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh ,8;44, Zfygfy bvcjo Fjkzoyfw, Ionozè, p# :07



s =8 s

fc fl Nolmo yfboczècjowf h lhw gocmfyfcgkhw Hgowzh"Zoyo jf 84::# Hwâ

bkwbo fl fcjvyfgkbkfczo jf ]fcfqvflh poy bfjko jf vc Gobvckghjo

fbkzkjo poy Ghcgkllfyâh phyh wowzfcfy lh lâcfh jf pyolocnhgk÷c jf lh

myoczfyh, “poy wfy hnvhw zyhjkgkochl f dkwz÷ykghbfczf }fcfqolhchw lhw

èyfhw gobpyfcjkjhw fczyf gowzhw }fcfqolhchw=4‒#

Poy wv phyzf Golobikh co pojâh dhgfy chjh phyh f}kzhy fwhw

jfglhyhgkocfw { hgzhw vlzyh wfgyfzhw wfnñc zëybkcow vzklkqhjow poy

]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh# Lh powkgk÷c jf ]fcfqvflh fc fl Bojvw Opfyhcjk mvf

pyhnbèzkgh, lh pyolocnhgk÷c jf lh lâcfh zfyyfwzyf, fwzh zfwkw fw bhczfckjh

poy Ghylow Wowh Yojyânvfq=;, fl afmf jf lh jflfnhgk÷c, dhwzh wv jkbkwk÷c

fc 8;>9 zyhw co fcgoczyhywf ckcnñc pvczo jf hyyfnlo#

Phyh fl høo 8;>7 Golobikh jko poy zfybkchjhw lhw cfnogkhgkocfw,

pfyo lh jflfnhgk÷c }fcfqolhch jfzfybkc÷ xvf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw fwzhihc

wvwpfcjkjhw poyxvf co wf pojâh pyfzfcjfy lh gvlbkchgk÷c wk co ftkwzâh

vch gocglvwk÷c# Fwzf pyogfwo jf zyfw høow xvf gvlbkc÷ goc lhw

cfnogkhgkocfw jf Yobh co nfcfy÷ ckcnñc hjflhczo fc lh wolvgk÷c hl

pyoilfbh lkbâzyomf yhq÷c jf fwzo lhw gocjkgkocfw kckgkhlfw ftpvfwzhw fc vc

pykcgkpko wf gvbplk÷>0#

[ fw xvf fl ghyègzfy co }kcgvlhczf jf lhw hgzhw, hjfbèw jf wv

pyk}hgkjhj {h fyh vc pvczo jf co h}hcgf# Ghjh phyzf wf lkbkzo h bhczfcfy

wv powkgk÷c#

=4 Kiâjfb, p# :0>=; Hjfbèw jf fllo zhl gobo wf dh ftpyfwhjo jfwjf 8;64 ]fcfqvflh dh bowzyhjo {bhczfcjyè wvw yfwfy}hw goc yfwpfgzo h lhw Goc}fcgkocfw woiyf fl Bhy Zfyykzoykhl$Hyz# 89+ { woiyf Plhzhmoybh Goczkcfczhl $Hyz# =+, fc }kwzh jf xvf co pvfjf hgfpzhy lhlâcfh fxvkjkwzhczf5 lâcfh xvf bhczkfcf Golobikh gobo bètkbh hwpkyhgk÷c#>0 C^FKDFJ, EHLJOCF# $8;;6+# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo# Fl Nolmo jf

]fcfqvflh hczf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy # Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw1 Bëykjh# ]fcfqvflh#P#897



s =9 s

Fl Kcgkjfczf jf lh H}fczvyfyh

Fc 8;>0 wf pyfwfczh vc kcgkjfczf fczyf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh poy lh

fbihyghgk÷c pfwxvfyh Lh H}fczvyfyh, jkgdh fbihyghgk÷c mvf yfzfckjh poy

lh Hybhjh jf ]fcfqvflh fc vc bvfllf jf Pvczo Mkao, powzfykoybfczf wf

pyogfjk÷ h dhgfy lh kc}fwzknhgk÷c pfyzkcfczf { gologhylf lh bvlzh h lh

fbpyfwh golobikhch, xvf dhiâh fwzhjo pfwghcjo fc hnvhw }fcfqolhchw#

Fwzf dfgdo, ogvyykjo jvyhczf lh pyfwkjfcgkh jf Llfyhw Yfwzyfpo fc

Golobikh nfcfy÷ yf}vflo, pvfw bfwfw jfwpvëw jf wv wfphyhgk÷c jfl

ghyno, wføhl÷ h vch yf}kwzh xvf ]fcfqvflh co zfcâh jfyfgdo h ghpzvyhy fl

ch}âo { bvgdo bfcow goiyhy vch bvlzh, pvfw fwhw hnvhw fyhc

Golobikhchw# H fwzo lh Ghcgkllfyâh ]fcfqolhch yfwpocjk÷ xvf lh

H}fczvyfyh mvf ghpzvyhjh fc hnvhw dkwz÷ykghbfczf }fcfqolhchw { xvf

wkfbpyf dhc fwzhjo ihao wv avykwjkggk÷c>8#

Wf yfhcvjhc lhw goc}fywhgkocfw

Fc 8;>: ftkwzf vc hgfyghbkfczo fczyf low ghcgkllfyfw Wgdhgdz

Hykwzknvfzh { L÷pfq Ghyykqowh, fwzhw goc}fywhgkocfw pyobfzâhc vc mvzvyo

bfaoy pvfw hbiow yfpyfwfczhihc noikfycow jf lh bkwbh zfcjfcgkhpolâzkgh, lh wogkhl jfbogyhgkh, pfyo yfhlbfczf pogo pvfjfc hjflhczhy poy

lh mhlzh jf zkfbpo { lh yfwfy}h goc lh xvf wf llf}hyoc lhw goc}fywhgkocfw#

]èqxvfq Ghyykqowh hlfnh xvf lhw goc}fywhgkocfw dhiâhc yfhlbfczf

>8 C^FKDFJ, EHLJOCF# $8;;6+# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo# Fl Nolmo jf

]fcfqvflh hczf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy # Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw1 Bëykjh# ]fcfqvflh#P#884"88;



s =7 s

hjflhczhjo bvgdo fc bhzfykh pfwxvfyh { jf ftplozhgk÷c jf èyfhw

bhykchw { wvibhykchw#

Phyh fl høo 8;>6 dh{ vc nolpf jf zkb÷c fc low plhczfhbkfczow jf

cfnogkhgk÷c gvhcjo fl Pyfwkjfczf jf Golobikh Hlmocwo L÷pfq Bkgdflwfc,

jkyknkëcjowf hl Gocnyfwo jf wv phâw, nfcfyh vch cvf}h powkgk÷c5 lh

bkwbh gocwkwzf fc fl gkfyyf jfl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh h zfygfyow, gyfhcjo

vc gocjobkcko fc fl xvf hbihw chgkocfw whlnhc ifcfmkgkhjhw jf lh

ftplozhgk÷c jf wvw yfgvywow# Lh yfwpvfwzh jf ]fcfqvflh mvf kcbfjkhzh,

wføhlhcjo fl plhczfhbkfczo kczfyfwhczf pfyo jf pogh hmkckjhj goc fl

pyoilfbh yfhl xvf fw lh jflkbkzhgk÷c kczfych jfl nolmo# Fwzh cvf}h }fczhch

xvf wf hiyf fc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw yfhlbfczf zkfcf wvw kbplkghgkocfw

polâzkghw fc lh cfnogkhgk÷c wknvkfczf, lh dkp÷zfwkw Pëyfq"L÷pfq#

Lh dkp÷zfwkw Pëyfq"L÷pfq>9 gocwkwzf fc vch pyopowkgk÷c chgkjh fc

]fcfqvflh gobo yfwpvfwzh hl Gocjobkcko jf L÷pfq Bkgdflwfc, fwzh

pyopowkgk÷c jf ghyègzfy nfyfcgkhl wowzkfcf xvf jfifc ogvphywf hbihw

chgkocfw poy jflkbkzhy kczfychbfczf fl nolmo, pfyo phyh xvf mlv{h lh

cfnogkhgk÷c fc gvhczo h lh ftplozhgk÷c jf yfgvywow wf yfmkfyf, wf plhczfh

lh gyfhgk÷c jf fbpyfwhw bktzhw jf hbiow lhjow jf lh jflkbkzhgk÷c, fw

jfgky, 68& ]fcfqvflh { :;& Golobikh jfl lhjo jf ]fcfqvflh { hl yf}ëw

jfl lhjo Golobikhco, nhyhczkqhcjo xvf low yfgvywow wfyèc ftplozhjow poy

hbihw chgkocfw { co zfygfyow#

Fwzh pyopowkgk÷c co gocz÷ goc fl hpo{o kczfyco jf low phyzkjow fc

]fcfqvflh { poy fwh yhq÷c myhghwh, poy lh kcftkwzfcgkh jfl gocwfcwo

kczfyco xvf nhyhczkqhyh lh zobh jf jfgkwkocfw fc lh gvfwzk÷c ftzfych#

>9 Kiâjfb p#8:8"8:9



s =: s

Jfczyo jf fwzf bkwbo fwgfchyko, fl pyocvcgkhbkfczo hczf fl

Gocnyfwo golobikhco jfl Pyfwkjfczf L÷pfq Bkgdflwfc fc jocjf wf

pyopvwo fl gocjobkcko zhbikëc whlk÷ lh Zfwkw jf lh Ihdâh Dkwz÷ykgh

pyopvfwzh jfwjf dhgf zkfbpo poy ]fcfqvflh, zhl zfwkw wf ftzyhf

phyhmyhwfhcjo h ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh xvf fc phlhiyhw jf Mhvgdkllf, Wgfllf,

Ihllhjoyf Phllkfyk { Nkjfl, fl fwzhjo ykifyføo jfif jfbowzyhy

dkwz÷ykghbfczf fl vwo ftglvwk}o jf lh ihdâh hjfbèw jf xvf co ihwzh goc

jfbowzyhy zhl powfwk÷c wkco xvf wfh yfgocogkjh poy low jfbèw Fwzhjow#

Jf Ghyhihllfjh h Ghljhw

Jfl pyo{fgzo jf ftplozhgk÷c gocavczh jf low {hgkbkfczow pfzyolâmfyow

fczyf hbihw chgkocfw co wf llfno h chjh, lh gocwvlzh yfhlkqhjh poy fl

Pyfwkjfczf Ghylow Hcjyëw Pëyfq fc fcfyo jf 8;>= “phyh kcmoybhy vch

pyopvfwzh jfl Noikfyco golobikhco fc lh iñwxvfjh jf vch wolvgk÷c hl

jkmfyfcjo goc fl phâw lkbâzyomf>7‒ h low phyzkjow polâzkgow jf lh opowkgk÷c

$Bo}kbkfczo hl Wogkhlkwbo { GOPFK>:+ fc lh gvhl hwkwzk÷ fl Fbihahjoy

golobikhco Aowë Bflkgd Oywkck, hl phyfgfy co ghlo jhjo xvf gobpyobfzf

lh woifyhcâh }fcfqolhch#

Fczyf 8;>; { 8;40 wf llf}hyh h ghio lhw cfnogkhgkocfw fc jkwzkczhw

gkvjhjfw jf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh lh ivfch jkwpowkgk÷c jf lhhjbkckwzyhgk÷c Zvyih{ H{hlh { Dfyyfyh Ghbpkcw goc goczkcvhy lhw bkwbhw

wfyèc kcmyvgzvowhw jf hgvfyjo h low jkwgvzkjo { plhczfhjo fc Ghyhihllfjh#

Fc Ghyhihllfjh wf yfhlkqo lh ñlzkbh yfvck÷c jf low plfckpozfcgkhykow jf

>7 ]èqxvfq Ghyykqowh, Hlmyfjo, Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh1 Vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh ,

8;44, Zfygfy bvcjo Fjkzoyfw, Ionozè, p# :76>: Fc jocjf GOPFK, bhckmfwz÷ wv yfcvfcgkh h jkgdh ftplozhgk÷c gocavczh#



s =6 s

Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh, ihao vc glkbh wfnñc ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh jf

dowzklkjhj#

Fc vc pykbfy bobfczo jfl hgvfyjo wf jhih gobo vc dfgdo, low

jkhykow golobikhcow wf yfwghzh lo wknvkfczf1

‒Fl Zkfbpo‒ jf Ionozè, }ogfyo jfl noikfyco jfl Pyfwkjfczf Zvyih{, fc

lh fjkgk÷c jfl 6 jf ogzviyf jf 8;40, dhgkh fl hcvcgko1 “Lkwzo hgvfyjo goc

]fcfqvflh‒, fc wv pykbfyh pènkch, hjoychjhw goc bhphw jf “vch powki lf

pyopvfwzh jf gobpyobkwo‒# Lh gy÷ckgh xvf hgobphøhih fwzh cozkgkh

hvnvyhih, xvf “Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh fwzèc, hdoyh wâ, jfmkckzk}hbfczf h

lhw pvfyzhw jf vc zyhwgfcjfczhl hgvfyjo jf lâbkzfw bhykcow {

wvibhykcow…‒# Fyh vch pkfqh hyyfnlhjh fc vc fwgfchyko py f}kwzo fc zojow

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xvf fl vwo jfl zëybkco “Dkp÷zfwkw‒ lf yfwzhih kbpoyzhcgkh hl hgvfyjo, jhjo

xvf fl bkwbo wknckmkgh “vc wvpvfwzo jf hlno‒, hvchjo h fwzo poy phyzf jf]fcfqvflh fl Pyfwkjfczf Dfyyfyh Ghbpkcw ftpyfwo xvf “Fw bfcfwzfy fl

gocwfcwo chgkochl phyh mkybhy fl hgvfyjo goc Golobikh>>‒#

>6 Kiâjfb, p# :74>=

]fy Bhph Co :#>> Kiâjfb, p :7;



s == s

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}fcfqolhco $…+

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#

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hcvcgkhihc xvf poy wvwpfcjâhc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw jf Ghyhihllfjh { jf

bojo vcklhzfyhl fl Pyfwkjfczf jf ]fcfqvflh Lvkw Dfyyfyh Ghbpkcw

gocnflhyh lhw cfnogkhgkocfw phyh yfhcvjhywf cvf}hbfczf fc 8;46#

Fl Ghcgkllfy jf ]fcfqvflh Kwkjyo Boyhlfw Phvl fwzh }fq fc lhhjbkckwzyhgk÷c, jfglhy÷ xvf “]fcfqvflh co jfwghyzhih ckcnñc bfjko jf

yfwolvgk÷c jf goczyo}fywkh $…+ U{ xvfR yfwpfgzo h lh Goyzf Kczfychgkochl jf

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pyfwfczhyoc opzkbkwbo poy phyzf jf Golobikh kcglvwk}f fl bkwbo Boyhlfw

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wvwzkzv{fcjo hl bkwbo poy Wkb÷c Hlifyzo Gocwhl}k#

>4 ]fy Bhph Co 6#>;

Kiâjfb, p# ::040 Kiâjfb, p# :67":6:



s => s

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hjfbèw lh moybvlhgk÷c jf vc cvf}o Bojvw Opfyhcjk xvf co wf hgoyj÷#

H phyzky jf fwzf bobfczo cow fcgoczyhyfbow goc lo xvf ]èwxvfq

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hjbkckwzyhgk÷c jfl Pyfwkjfczf jf Golobikh ]kynklko Ihygo# Lh jfwknchgk÷c

jfl vyihckwzh Pfjyo N÷bfq Ihyyfyo wknckmkghih vc whlzo hzyèw fc lhw

cfnogkhgkocfw jfwjf fl pvczo jf }kwzh golobikhco, jhjo xvf phyh fl

pyoilfbh golobio"}fcfqolhco wf cfgfwkzhih jf hlnvkfc goc ftpfykfcgkh

fc fl zfbh { gocogkbkfczow fc fl èyfh jkplobèzkgh# Wf wvbh h fwzo lh

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vch pyfphyhgk÷c hjfgvhjh goc lh Ghcgkllfyâh jf ]fcfqvflh# Hwâ bkwbo,

fw gykzkghjo fl bojo fc xvf wf dkqo jhjo xvf lh kc}oghgk÷c mvf pñilkgh {

co poy bfjko jf vch cozh gocmkjfcgkhl h zyh}ëw jfl fbihahjoy golobikhco

fc Ghyhghw#

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jf xvf zyhwzogh low kczfyfwfw }kzhlfw jf lh chgk÷c }fcfqolhch { hmfgzh lh

kczfnykjhj zfyykzoykhl, poy low gvhl co pyogfjf#



s =4 s

Jfwjf avlko fczyf hbiow phâwfw yfkchih lh zfcwk÷c5 zfcwk÷c xvf wf

hgyfgfcz÷ fc hnowzo jfl bkwbo høo gvhcjo jow ch}fw jf nvfyyh wf

fcgoczyhihc fc lh yfnk÷c fc jkwpvzh# Ghif hgozhy xvf fwf bkwbo høo “vc

gobhcjo jfl nyvpo nvfyykllfyo FLC fl 89 jf avcko hczfykoy, Ukcgvywkoco fc

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gobihzf ogvyykjo fc lh Wkfyyh jf Low Bozklocfw48‒#

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fcgoczyhihc fc hnvhw jf wvw yfwpfgzk}hw chgkocfw# Lh zfcwk÷c mvf zhl xvf

poy vc bobfczo wf pfcw÷ fl gyvgf jf mvfno fczyf hbihw ch}fw5 low

kczfczow poy goyzhy lh pyoh jf lh HYG Ghljhw fc gocavczo goc lh kcgvywk÷c

jf lh myhnhzh HY] Vyjhcfzh woiyf lh goyifzh HYG Kcjfpfcjfcgkh

wknckmkghihc fl pvczo bètkbo phyh fl fwzhllkjo jf vc gocmlkgzo fczyf hbiow

phâwfw# Jf low dfgdow ogvyykjow fc lh qoch fc jkwpvzh fl pyfwkjfczf

golobikhco ]kynklko Ihygo oyjfco fl yfzkyo jf lhw ch}fw#

Jf zhlfw hgzow ftplkgh ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh ftplkgh xvf mvfyoc

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høo# Hwâ bkwbo, wf oiwfy}o lh pyfogvphgk÷c jfl Pyfwkjfczf Hynfczkco

Yhñl Hlmocwâc xvkfc mvf llhbhjo poy Golobikh { fl goczhgzo goc Aoho

Ihfch Wohyfw, xvkfc fyh Wfgyfzhyko Nfcfyhl jf lh OFH#

Jf low dfgdow jf lh HYG Ghljhw, oiwfy}hbow xvf ]fcfqvflh fwzh

jkwpvzh h jfmfcjfy wv woifyhcâh fc fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh, { xvf co wf

ihwh fc vch wvpowkgk÷c jf fafygkgko { co xvf lh fafygf#

48 Kiâjfb, p# :=8



s =; s

Hcftow#

Bhph Co 8#

Vikghgk÷c jf Low Bocafw

Bhph Co# 9

Lh lâcfh yoah bvfwzyh lh pyopvfwzh jfl Ghcgkllfy Hvyflkhco Ozèøfq1 Lh

lâcfh jf pyolocnhgk÷c jf lh myoczfyh xvf }h jfwjf Ghwzkllfzfw dhwzh lh

Pfcâcwvlh jf Phyhnvhcè#



s >0 s

Bhph Co# 7

Lâcfh yoah bvfwzyh lh Powkgk÷c jf ]fcfqvflh }w# Lh lâcfh cfnyh xvf

bvfwzyh Lh Powkgk÷c jf Golobikh#

Bhph Co# :

Dkp÷zfwkw Ghyhihllfjh



s >8 s

Bhph Co# 6

Lâcfh yoah Zfwkw Gowzh Wfgh { Lâcfh pvczfhjh goloy cfnyo Bètkbh

hwpkyhgk÷c golobikhch#

Bhph Co# =

Bètkbh Hwpkyhgk÷c jf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh#



s >9 s

Gocwkjfyhgkocfw Mkchlfw

H lo lhyno jf fwzf iyf}f yfgoyykjo dkwz÷ykgo xvf gobpyfcjfc low

pyoilfbhw lkbâzyomfw fczyf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh wf zyhzo jf pocfy woiyf

fl phpfl lhw powkgkocfw jf hbihw phyzfw { wv jfwfc}ol}kbkfczo fc low

pyogfwow jf cfnogkhgk÷c# Wf cow dh }fcjkjo h lo lhyno jf cvfwzyh

moybhgk÷c xvf dfbow wkjo jfwpoahjow jf cvfwzyo zfyykzoyko, oi}khcjo jf

fwzh moybh lhw bètkbhw hwpkyhgkocfw jf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh fc fwow

pyogfwow, myfczf h lo hlghcqhjo# Kcglvwk}f cow hzyf}fbow h jfgky xvf fl

xvf bhczfcnh lh powkgk÷c jf xvf co dfbow wkjo “jfwpoahjow‒ kcgvyyf fc

fl jflkzo jf lfwh phzykh#

Lh “gobplfakjhj‒ jfl hwvczo kbplkgh zyhzhy jf xvkzhycow jf fcgkbh

fwhw phwkocfw xvf cow fczvyikhc hchlkqhy jf vch bhcfyh hl bfcow

oiafzk}h lhw cfnogkhgkocfw5 poy lo nfcfyhl dfbow yfgvyykjo h xvf zhczo

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dkwzoykh xvf xvkqèw co wf pvfjf pocfy fc jvjh# Jfwjf lhw hwpkyhgkocfw

jf Iolâ}hy jf vch yfpñilkgh vckjh, jf lh fmâbfyh Yfpñilkgh jf Golobikh

$gocogkjh gobo lh Nyhc Golobikh+, lo gkfyzo fw xvf ]fcfqvflh dh hgzvhjo

jf bhcfyh fmkgkfczf fc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw goc lh jkwolvgk÷c jf lh

Yfpñilkgh jf Golobikh fyh kcbkcfczf xvf lh jfvjh goczyhâjh poy fwzh wf

yfphyzkfyh fczyf Fgvhjoy, Cvf}h Nyhchjh { ]fcfqvflh, Pobio fl

plfckpozfcgkhyko jf lh Cvf}h Nyhchjh pyopocâh xvf lh jk}kwk÷c jf lhjfvjh wf dkgkfyh ihao lh ihwf jf lh ykxvfqh jf ghjh Yfpñilkgh, Whczhcjfy

poy wv phyzf hlvjâh h lh jk}kwk÷c jf lh bkwbh fc cvf}f phyzfw jf lh gvhlfw

zyfw goyyfwpocjfyâhc h ]fcfqvflh, gvhzyo phyh lh Cvf}h Nyhchjh { lhw

yfwzhczfw phyh Fgvhjoy5 gobo whifbow jf fwzh pyopvfwzh “zykvcmo‒ lh jf

cvfwzyo plfckpozfcgkhyko Whczow Bkgdflfch xvf gocwkwzâhc fc fl yfphyzo



s >7 s

ihao lh ihwf jf lh poilhgk÷c jf ghjh Yfpñilkgh49# Zyhfbow h golhgk÷c

fwzf fafbplo phyh xvf oiwfy}fbow lh jfwzyfqh jf low cfnogkhjoyfw

}fcfqolhcow xvf poy lo bfcow jfwjf fl pfykojo xvf }h jfwjf 8477 dhwzh

8;69, wfyèc hgfyzhjhw h ftgfpgk÷c jf lh jfwhpyoihgk÷c jfl Zyhzhjo

Pobio"Bkgdflfch#

Lh wfnvcjh fzhph jf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw Golobio"]fcfqolhchw xvf

}hc jfwjf 8;69"8;4> goc yfwpfgzo hl jkmfyfcjo poy fl Nolmo jf

]fcfqvflh, fw vc pyoilfbh wkcnvlhy xvf bvgdo zkfcf xvf }fy goc lhw

wkzvhgkocfw kczfychw, cfnogkhjoyfw { gykwkw polâzkghw jf hbiow Fwzhjow fc

gvfwzk÷c# Phyh ]fcfqvflh fl Nolmo xvf llf}h wv cobiyf fw jf }kzhl

kbpoyzhcgkh gobo dh xvfjhjo jfbowzyhjo fc lhw jkwzkczhw hggkocfw

bklkzhyfw phyh yfwnvhyjhy lh woifyhcâh fc fl bkwbo, jfwjf lh hggk÷c jf low

Ghcifyyh fc fl høo 8;69 fc Low Bocafw dhwzh fl gocmlkgzo jf lh HYG

Ghljhw# Phyh Golobikh fw vch yfglhbhgk÷c jf kbpoyzhcgkh fgoc÷bkgh poy

low yfgvywow bhykcow { wvibhykcow xvf hllâ wf fcgvfczyhc#

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fwzyfgdhy lhqow { jf flkbkchy ihyyfyhw xvf f}kzfc lh cfnogkhgk÷c goyjkhl

fczyf hbiow, yfhlkqhcjo plhczfhbkfczow xvf }hc jfwjf lhw zfwkw dkwz÷ykghw

jf hbihw chgkocfw dhwzh vc gocjobkcko { lh ftplozhgk÷c jf yfgvywow

bktzh, pfyo fwzo co dh wkjo wvmkgkfczf, pvfw phyh ]fcfqvflh fl Nolmo

wknckmkgh vc èyfh xvf pfybkzf wfnvykjhj fc gvhczo hl zyhcwpoyzf jf wv

pykcgkphl pyojvgzo jf ftpoyzhgk÷c, fl pfzy÷lfo#

Fw kbpoyzhczf wføhlhy lh bhzfykh jf yflhgkocfw kczfykoyfw { wvw

ftzfcwkocfw h lh polâzkgh ftzfych jf ghjh Fwzhjo, pvfw fc fl fwgfchyko

kczfyco fw jocjf wf fcgvfczyhc low pykcgkphlfw yfgdhqow jf hbiow dhgkh

hlnvch kckgkhzk}h fc phyzkgvlhy gobo pvfjf }fywf goc low hgvfyjow jf

49

]ëhwf h NKL MOYZOVL, Aowë $8;6:+ Dkwzoykh Gocwzkzvgkochl jf ]fcfqvflh#Bkckwzfyko jf Fjvghgk÷c# Ghyhghw, 7 ]olw#



s >: s

Ghyhihllfjh { lh zfwkw jf Ghylow Hcjyëw Pëyfq woiyf jflkbkzhgk÷c {

ftplozhgk÷c bktzh, ghwow fc low gvhlfw lh wkzvhgk÷c kczfych }olg÷ vc

yfgdhqo poy phyzf jf lh opowkgk÷c h lh polâzkgh ftzfykoy# Fc fl ghwo

golobikhco dvio mvfyzf yfgdhqo woiyf zojo hl yfgocogkbkfczo jf Low

Bocafw gobo kwlhw }fcfqolhchw, jf dfgdo fc jkwzkczhw oghwkocfw

kczfczhihc yfhcvjhy fl jfihzf woiyf lh woifyhcâh jf ]fcfqvflh fc fl

hygdkpkëlhno#

Wkc fbihyno, ftkwzf vc fwzhcghbkfczo nfcfyhlkqhjo fc lh

cfnogkhgk÷c fczyf hbihw phyzfw, wkc gocglvwkocfw woiyf fl pyoilfbh jfl

Nolmo { wkc hjflhczow fc wv jflkbkzhgk÷c { hgvfyjo, w÷lo ftkwzf lh

yfhmkybhgk÷c woiyf gèbhyhw jf gobfygko { pyojvggk÷c# Hbiow phâwfw

wowzkfcfc fc nfcfyhl vchw ivfchw yflhgkocfw, pfyo phyfgkfyh vc zfbh

zhiñ lh wolvgk÷c jfl Jkmfyfcjo woiyf fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh#



s >6 s

Yfmfyfcgkhw Ikilkonyèmkghw

Lkiyow

HYFH, L# $8;;=+# Fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh# $Zobo K+# Ghyhghw1 Kcwzkzvzo jf

Fwzvjkow Polâzkgow, Mhgvlzhj jf Gkfcgkhw Avyâjkghw { Polâzkghw, Vck}fywkjhj

Gfczyhl jf ]fcfqvflh#

IYKGFØO, A# $8;;6+# ]fcfqvflh { wvw myoczfyhw goc Golobikh # Bëykjh1

Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw#

FHWZBHC, A#5 G# Bocyo{ { N# Bhygo $w#m+# Fl Jkmfyfcjo Golobio"

]fcfqolhco # Fjkzoykhl O}fah Cfnyh#

DFYYFYH, F# $8;>4+ ¿Poy xvë wf dh yfjvgkjo fl Zfyykzoyko ]fcfqolhco?

Ghyhghw1 Hlmhjkl/Zy÷pkgow#

LOCJOØO, A# $8;>7+# Jfyfgdo Zfyykzoykhl jf Golobikh # Ionozè1 Golfggk÷c

jf Oyo jfl Bklkzhy Golobikhco# ]ol# ]#

BOCYO[ G# { N# Bhygo $8;4;+# Jflkbkzhgk÷c Zfyyfwzyf { Bhyâzkbh fczyf

Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh# Golobikh1 Vck}fywkjhj Whczo Zobhw#

C^FKDFJ, E# $8;;6+# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo# Fl Nolmo jf

]fcfqvflh hczf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy# Ghyhghw1 Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw1

Bëykjh#

OAFY, P# $8;44+# Lh jëghjh mvcjhbfczhl fc lh goczyo}fywkh jf lâbkzfw

fczyf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh 8448"84;8# Ghyhghw1 Ikilkozfgh Mvcjhgk÷c

Phbpfyo#



YOAHW G#, Y# { F# ]køh $8;4:+# Hl ozyo lhjo jfl Nolmo, Golobikh yfmvzh h


]HLOKW, H# $8;>0+# Yfwføh woiyf low Lâbkzfw fczyf Golobikh {

]fcfqvflh#

]ÈQXVFQ, H# $8;44+# Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh1 Vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh #

Ionozè1 Zfygfy bvcjo Fjkzoyfw#

Jogvbfczow omkgkhlfw

Lkiyo Hbhykllo jf low Fwzhjow Vckjow jf ]fcfqvflh, 8;67

Mvfczfw flfgzy÷ckghw

]fcfqvflhzv{h $8;;>+# Zyhzhjo Bkgdflfch"Pobio# Jkwpockilf fc1

dzzp1//~~~#}fcfqvflhzv{h#gob/dkwzoykh/bkgdflfch_pobio#dzb#

yfgvpfyhjo1 80/06/900;#

Documents

Principales problemas limítrofes entre Venezuela y Colombia Siglo XIX y XX