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PROTESTANTREFORMATION

Rise of religious disunity

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Great Schism

Papacy returned toRome in 1378

Mob demanded theelection of an Italianpope

Urban VI reformer

Angry cardinals

returned to Avignonand nullified theelection

Elected a new pope

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Schism (1378-1417)

Popes excommunicated each other and theirsupporters

Each had their own instruments to govern

Quest to get support for their sides

Popes often supported as part ofnational rivalries

Divided Christendom

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Resolving the schism

Each side claimed legitimacy

Question who could judge the pope??

Conciliar movement

Council of Pisa (1409) ended up with a 3rd pope

Council of Constance (1414-8)

Declared councils to be the supreme body

Nullified the 3 existing popes and elected a new oneand appointed a new college of cardinals

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State of the church in 1500

Immensely popular

Luxurious lifestyle for leaders

Papacy not always interested in religious affairs

Number of abuses Absenteeism and pluralism

Uneducated clergy

Immoral activities of the clergy

Humanists called for reform Desiderius Erasmus

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Anti-papal pamphlet (late 15th C)

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Martin Luther

From an upper middleclass family

Augustinian andprofessor at the Univ. of

Wittenburg Conversion experience

Faith not good works

Increasingly challenged

Church doctrine Named both an outlaw

and heretic

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95 Theses

Largely an attack on thesale of indulgences

Goal to inspire debate

Sparked huge reactionamong the people

Widely published

Luther refused to recant

at the Diet of Worms(1521)

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95 Theses

28. It is certain that, when the money rattles in the

chest, avarice and gain may be increased, but theeffect of the intercession of the Church dependson the will of God alone.

82. As for instance: Why does not the Pope emptypurgatory for the sake of most holy charity and of thesupreme necessity of souls this being the most justof all reasonsif he redeems an infinite number of

souls for the sake of that most fatal thing, money, to bespent on building a basilicathis being a very slightreason?

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Aftermath of his excommunication

Luther denounces the pope

Attacks many doctrines and practices of thechurch

Used a variety of forms of propaganda to spread hismessage

Felt they needed to reform now On the eve of the apocalypse

Teachings were increasingly embraced by manyof the local elites

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Whore of Babylon(1534)

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Different views of Luther

7 Headed Martin Luther (1529)

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Phases of the Reformation

Popular movement (1517-25)

Started in cities and moved to the countryside

Ended with the crushing of the peasant rebellion in

Germany Luther initially supported the peasants, but changed his view

Princes/State Reformation (1525-1555)

Establishment of state churches.

Saw Prot spread to England and Scandinavia

Wars in HRE ended with Peace of Augsburg

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Mapping the Reformation

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Spread of Protestantism

Ulrich Zwingli Echoed many of

Luther's attacksWent even further

i.e. attacks onEucharist

John Calvin inGeneva

Predestination Emphasized high

moral standards forhis people

Result no oneunified Protestant Calvin

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English Reformation

Cath. Church in England in goodshape

Henry VIII

Initially a strong supporter of the church

Unable to produce a male heir or get adivorce

Started his own church

Seized the churchs possession

Kept many elements of Catholic doctrine

Protestant church not firmlyestablished until Elizabeth Is reign

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Pilgrimage of Grace

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Effects of the Reformation

Rise of vernacularbibles

New methods ofproviding aid to thepoor

Marriage reform

Katharina von Bora and Luther married

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Counter-Reformation

Reform movements within the church evenbefore Luther

Slow response to Luthers challenge

2 main arguments within the church Moderates negotiate with Protestants

Conservatives wipe them out

InquisitionIndex of Prohibited Books Conservatives eventually dominated church

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Council of Trent (1545-63)

Not only reform but reconcile with Prots. Impossible b/c of differences about papal

authority

Handicapped by political constraints

Stressed importance of Scripture and tradition

Increased discipline

Set up new orders

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Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

Founded by Ignatiusof Loyola

Shock troops of the

church Big on education

Spread throughout

the world

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