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RESPIRATORY SYSTEMRESPIRATORY SYSTEMFUNCTIONS:FUNCTIONS:

Bring oxygen-rich airBring oxygen-rich air into the body for into the body for delivery to the blood delivery to the blood cells.cells.

Expel wasteExpel waste products products (CO2 & H2O) that have (CO2 & H2O) that have been returned to the been returned to the lungs by the blood.lungs by the blood.

Produce the air flow Produce the air flow through the larynx through the larynx that makes that makes speechspeech possible.possible.

STRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMSTRUCTURES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT:UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT:NoseNose

MouthMouth

PharynxPharynx

LarynxLarynx

LOWER RESPIRATORY LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT:TRACT:TracheaTrachea

Primary Bronchi Primary Bronchi

LungsLungs

NOSENOSENOSE AND NASAL NOSE AND NASAL CAVITIESCAVITIES

Mucous membraneMucous membrane is the is the specialized form of specialized form of epithelial tissue that lines epithelial tissue that lines the nose and respiratory the nose and respiratory system.system.

MucusMucus, which is secreted , which is secreted by the mucous by the mucous membranes, helps to membranes, helps to moisten, warm, and filter moisten, warm, and filter the air as it enters the the air as it enters the nose.nose.

CiliaCilia, the thin hairs , the thin hairs located just inside the located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris.to remove debris.

SINUSESSINUSES

SINUSSINUSIt is an air-filled cavity It is an air-filled cavity within a bone that is within a bone that is lined with mucous lined with mucous membrane.membrane.(Paranasal sinus)(Paranasal sinus)

FunctionsFunctions::To make the bones of To make the bones of the skull lighter.the skull lighter.To help produce sound To help produce sound by giving resonance to by giving resonance to the voice.the voice.To produce mucus that To produce mucus that drains into the nasal drains into the nasal cavity.cavity.

PHARYNX (THROAT)PHARYNX (THROAT)Three Divisions:Three Divisions:NasopharynxNasopharynx – posterior to the nasal cavity – posterior to the nasal cavity and continues downward to behind the and continues downward to behind the mouth.mouth.Oropharynx Oropharynx – portion that is visible when – portion that is visible when looking into the mouth; shared by respiratory looking into the mouth; shared by respiratory and digestive systems.and digestive systems.LaryngopharynxLaryngopharynx – – continues downward to continues downward to the openings of the the openings of the esophagus and trachea.esophagus and trachea.

LARYNX / VOICE BOX / GLOTTISLARYNX / VOICE BOX / GLOTTIS

Triangular chamber located between the pharynx Triangular chamber located between the pharynx and trachea.and trachea.Thyroid cartilageThyroid cartilage is the largest and its prominent is the largest and its prominent projection is commonly known as projection is commonly known as Adam’s AppleAdam’s Apple..It contains the It contains the vocal cordsvocal cords..During sound production, the vocal cords close During sound production, the vocal cords close together and vibrate as air expelled from the together and vibrate as air expelled from the lungs.lungs.EpiglottisEpiglottis acts like a trapdoor to keep food and acts like a trapdoor to keep food and other particles from entering the larynx.other particles from entering the larynx.

TRACHEA / WINDPIPETRACHEA / WINDPIPE

It is the main airway to It is the main airway to the lungs.the lungs.

It extends from the It extends from the neck into the chest neck into the chest directly in front of the directly in front of the esophagus and is held esophagus and is held open by a series of C-open by a series of C-shaped cartilage rings.shaped cartilage rings.

It divides into the right It divides into the right and left bronchi at the and left bronchi at the level of the T5, level of the T5, channeling air to the channeling air to the right or left lung. right or left lung.

BRONCHI AND BRONCHIAL TREEBRONCHI AND BRONCHIAL TREE At T5, trachea divides At T5, trachea divides

into into Right and Left Right and Left Primary BronchiPrimary Bronchi and and goes to each lung.goes to each lung.

The The BronchusBronchus divides divides and subdivides into and subdivides into increasingly smaller increasingly smaller bronchi.bronchi.

Bronchioles Bronchioles are the are the smallest branches of the smallest branches of the bronchi.bronchi.

Because of the similarity Because of the similarity of these branching of these branching structures to a tree, this structures to a tree, this is referred to as the is referred to as the

Bronchial TreeBronchial Tree..

ALVEOLI / AIR SACSALVEOLI / AIR SACS

Alveoli are very small Alveoli are very small grapelike clusters found at grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole.the end of each bronchiole.The thin flexible walls of The thin flexible walls of the alveoli are surrounded the alveoli are surrounded by a network of microscopic by a network of microscopic pulmonary capillaries.pulmonary capillaries.During respiration, the gas During respiration, the gas exchange between the exchange between the alveolar air and the alveolar air and the pulmonary capillary blood pulmonary capillary blood occurs through the walls of occurs through the walls of the alveoli.the alveoli.Alveolar ducts and alveoli Alveolar ducts and alveoli permit rapid diffusion of permit rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxideoxygen and carbon dioxide

LUNGSLUNGSLungs are soft and spongy Lungs are soft and spongy because they are mostly air because they are mostly air spaces surrounded by the spaces surrounded by the alveolar cells and elastic alveolar cells and elastic connective tissue.connective tissue.

A A LOBELOBE is a division of the lungs: is a division of the lungs:

Right LungRight Lung – shorter, broader and – shorter, broader and has a greater volume than the has a greater volume than the left lung:left lung:

Superior lobeSuperior lobe

Middle lobeMiddle lobe

Inferior lobeInferior lobe

Left lungLeft lung – longer and narrower. – longer and narrower. It has an indentation called the It has an indentation called the Cardiac Notch, on its medial Cardiac Notch, on its medial surface for the apex of the heart:surface for the apex of the heart:

Superior lobeSuperior lobe

Inferior lobeInferior lobe

MEDIASTINUM AND PLEURAMEDIASTINUM AND PLEURAMEDIASTINUM a.k.a MEDIASTINUM a.k.a INTERPLEURAL SPACEINTERPLEURAL SPACE

Located between the lungs.Located between the lungs.

This space contains the This space contains the thoracic viscera including the thoracic viscera including the heart, aorta, esophagus, heart, aorta, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, and trachea, bronchial tubes, and thymus gland.thymus gland.

PLEURAPLEURA

Multilayered membrane that Multilayered membrane that surrounds each lung with its surrounds each lung with its blood vessels and nerves.blood vessels and nerves.

..

DIAPHRAGMDIAPHRAGMMuscle that separates Muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the thoracic cavity from the abdomen.the abdomen.It is the contraction It is the contraction and relaxation of this and relaxation of this muscle that makes muscle that makes breathing possible.breathing possible.PhrenPhrenic Nerveic Nerve stimulates the stimulates the diaphragmdiaphragm and causes and causes it to contract.it to contract.

PATHOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEMPATHOLOGY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

EMPHYSEMAEMPHYSEMAProgressive loss of lung Progressive loss of lung function due to a decrease in function due to a decrease in the total number of alveoli, the total number of alveoli, enlargement of the enlargement of the remaining alveoli, and then remaining alveoli, and then progressive destruction of progressive destruction of their walls.their walls.

CHRONIC BRONCHITISCHRONIC BRONCHITISOngoing inflammation of the Ongoing inflammation of the breathing tubes. It is almost breathing tubes. It is almost always the result of long always the result of long term smoking (Smoker’s term smoking (Smoker’s Cough).Cough).The official definition of The official definition of chronic bronchitis requires chronic bronchitis requires coughing up phlegm most coughing up phlegm most days for at least 3 months of days for at least 3 months of the year for at least 2 years the year for at least 2 years in a row. in a row.

ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)SYNDROME (ARDS)Type of lung failure resulting from Type of lung failure resulting from many different disorders that cause many different disorders that cause pulmonary edema. Causes include pulmonary edema. Causes include severe infection, shock, pneumonia, severe infection, shock, pneumonia, burns,and injuries.burns,and injuries.PULMONARY EDEMAPULMONARY EDEMAAccumulation of fluid in Accumulation of fluid in lung tissues.lung tissues.PNEUMORRHAGIAPNEUMORRHAGIABleeding from the lungs.Bleeding from the lungs.ATELECTASIS(Collapsed Lung)ATELECTASIS(Collapsed Lung)Lungs fail to expand because Lungs fail to expand because air cannot pass beyond air cannot pass beyond the bronchioles that are the bronchioles that are blocked by secretions.blocked by secretions.

TUBERCULOSIS (TB)TUBERCULOSIS (TB)

Infectious disease caused Infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. tuberculosis.

PNEUMONIAPNEUMONIA

Inflammation of the lungs Inflammation of the lungs in which the air sacs fill in which the air sacs fill with pus and other liquid.with pus and other liquid.

Main causes of pneumonia Main causes of pneumonia are bacteria, viruses, fungi are bacteria, viruses, fungi or inhaled substances such or inhaled substances such as chemical irritants.as chemical irritants.

Lobar Lobar – affects one or more – affects one or more lobes of a lunglobes of a lung

Bronchopneumonia Bronchopneumonia – – affects bronchiolesaffects bronchioles

PneumoniaPneumonia

Bacterial pneumoniaBacterial pneumonia Viral PneumoniaViral Pneumonia Lobar pneumoniaLobar pneumonia BronchopneumoniaBronchopneumonia Double pneumoniaDouble pneumonia Aspiration pneumoniaAspiration pneumonia Mycoplasma pneumonia / walking Mycoplasma pneumonia / walking

pneumoniapneumonia Pneumocystis carinii pneumoniaPneumocystis carinii pneumonia

PULMONARY FIBROSISPULMONARY FIBROSIS

Formation of scar tissue that Formation of scar tissue that replaces the pulmonary replaces the pulmonary alveolar walls. This alveolar walls. This destruction of lung tissue destruction of lung tissue results in decreased lung results in decreased lung capacity and increased capacity and increased difficulty in breathing.difficulty in breathing.

CYSTIC FIBROSISCYSTIC FIBROSIS

Genetic disorder in which the Genetic disorder in which the lungs are clogged with large lungs are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick quantities of abnormally thick mucus. In CF, the digestive mucus. In CF, the digestive system is also impaired by system is also impaired by thick gluelike mucus that thick gluelike mucus that interferes with digestive interferes with digestive juices.juices.