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8/20/2019 Respiratory System Powerpoint (1)
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8/20/2019 Respiratory System Powerpoint (1)
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The Mechanism of Breathing
• http://
teachhealthk-12.uthscsa.edu/curriculum/pulmonary/pulmonary-breathsimulation.asp
(natomy of Breathing !lash nimation"
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#nhalation
1. The #ntercostalmuscles contract$sending the rib cage
up%ard and out%ard2.The &iaphragm
contracts$ and mo'esdo%n%ard
. The )olume inside ofthe chest ca'ityincreases
*. The +ressure inside thechest ca'ity decreases
,. ir enters the lungs to
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0halation
1. The #ntercostalmuscles rela0$sending the rib cage
do%n%ard and in%ard2.The &iaphragmrela0es$ and mo'esup%ard
. The )olume inside of
the chest ca'itydecreases
*. The +ressure insidethe chest ca'ity
increases,. ir e0its the lun s to
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nother nimation
• http://%%%.youtube.com/%atch'* 3456ude+s7safety8modetrue7persist8safety8mode17safeacti'e
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#nhaled 's. 0haled ir
Inhaled Air
Exhaled Air
Oxygen
Concentration
21 9 1 9
Carbon DioxideConcentration
;.;* 9 , 9
Nitrogen
Concentration
=> 9 => 9
Dryness
&rier Moist
Temperature
?older or @armer
than = ?
@arm (close to =
?"Cleanliness
&irtier A?leaner (ltered"
A0haled air may contain bacteria or 'iruses$ but is cleaner in terms of
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TurbinateBones
#ncrease Curfacerea
and#ncrease the rateof
!iltering
@arming and
Moistening ofair
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Breathing 'ersus
Despiration
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• Breathing: The act of bringing air in andout of lungsE consists of inhalation and
e0halationE it is an externalmechanical process
• ?ellular (?ell" Despiration: @hen glucose(food" and o0ygen combine to producecarbon dio0ide$ %ater and T+ energyEoccurs in the mitochondria of cellsE it is
an internal chemical process
Equation: ?F12G H G2 ?G2 H
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Fo% are Breathing and ?ellDespiration ?onnected
• #n order for cell respiration to occur$o0ygen must mo'e into cells$ %hilecarbon dio0ide must mo'e out ofcells.
• The e0change is made in the lungsduring breathing
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0changes madebet%een thelungs and the
blood are said tobe externalexchanges
because thelungs are open tothe outside of the
body.
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5as 0change
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• ?arbon dio0ide and o0ygen s!ap places.
• The gases mo'e by a process called
di"usion.
• #n animals$ o0ygen is mo'ed from the airin the lungs to the blood$ and then fromthe blood to the cells.
• ?arbon dio0ide
mo'es in the
opposite
direction
#ungs
?ells
Blood
O
$
CO$
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http://%%%.youtube.com/%atch'FiT21+rrG;7safety8modetrue7persist8safety8mode17safeacti'e
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Iabel and ?olor the l'eolus&iagram
Jse Ded for o0ygenated
bloodand Blue for deo0ygenated
blood
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3. Concentration gradient K so that gases canmo'e by diLusionE mo'ement of molecules occurs
from higher to%ards lo%er concentrations
4. Pressure gradient K so that the gases can bepushed in the direction that they need to mo'e intoEmolecules %ill mo'e from areas of higher to%ardsareas of lo%er pressure
Figh Io%
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Lect of ltitude on 5as0change
At %ea#e&el Air'ressure is(igherbecausethere aremore air
particleson top o)you
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t high altitudes (like up on a mountain": There are lots of o0ygen molecules
But o0ygen molecules cant get into the bodycells
This is because: There isnt enough pressure
To push the o0ygen from the lungs
across the air sacs$
blood 'essels$ and cell membranes
into the cells %here the o0ygen is needed.
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'ressure*radient
Di"usion*radient
usion *radient is in the right direction but the 'ressure *radie
At (I*( altitudes+,
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5as Transport
• G0ygen and ?arbon dio0ide are carriedin the blood stream.
• Oxygen is carried )rom the lungs tocells %hich then use the o0ygen for cellrespiration.
• Carbon dioxide is produced by cellrespiration and is carried )rom the cellsto the lungs to be e0haled.
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Femoglobin
• chemical found inside red blood cells.
• #t has * binding spots for gas molecules.
• There are many hemoglobin molecules
in each red blood cell.
• Femoglobin can carry o0ygen
carbon dio0ide hydrogen ions
carbon mono0ide
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• hemoglobin molecule consists of *5lobular proteins (polypeptide
chains" bound to a central iron (!e"atom (called a Feme group"N.hencethe name Femo 5lobin.
-
e
Blood)essel
Ded bloodcell
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G0ygen Transport
• G0ygen tra'els through the blood stream in 2%ays:
• &issol'ed in the blood plasma (9"
•
ttached to hemoglobin K oxyhemoglobin(O=9" (Fb H G2 FbG2"
• &iagram:
• http.//!!!,youtube,com/!atch0&123OB4E3xNEo5sa)ety6mode1true5persist6sa)ety6mode175sa)e1acti&e ( min. +re-load to a'oid ad$ stop sho%ing at graph"
89:
;BC
<: inplasma
Blood 'essel
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?arbon &io0ide Transport
• ?arbon dio0ide tra'els through the blood streamin %ays:
• &issol'ed in the blood plasma (O9"
• ttached to hemoglobin Kcarbaminohemoglobin (2=9" (Fb H ?G2
Fb?G2"
• s a combination of bicarbonate ions dissol'ed inblood plasma and hydrogen ions attached tohemoglobin - acid hemoglobin (*9"
(Fb H F= FFb"
• &iagram: >?:
(=
$9:CO
$
8: CO$
and >?:
(CO<@
in lasma
Blood)essel
http://%%%.youtube.com/%atch'02
T@I)PMg7QD17safety8modetrue7persist8safety8mode17safeacti'e
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• #f carbonic acid %ere allo% to accumulate in theblood 'essels$ it %ould cause respiratory acidosis
and could damage blood 'essel %alls• The body sol'es this problem by bufering the
blood
• Gnce hydrogen ions are generated they are
Rhidden away S inside red blood cells K they attachto hemoglobin to become Racid hemoglobinS
• The bicarbonate ions are benign and can tra'elthrough the blood 'essels %ithout causing problems
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?arbon Mono0ide Transport
• ?arbon mono0ide (?G" binds to hemoglobin$3 more tightly than o0ygen
• 'en if there is plenty of o0ygen present$
the hemoglobin %ill choose ?G o'ero0ygen$ leading to the death of the person.
• ?arbon mono0ide is a colorless andodorless gas that is a by-product ofcombustion reactions K found in smoke.
• #t is 'ery important to ha'e a carbonmono0ide detector in your home.
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?ontrol of Breathing
• Qumber of breaths per minute taken atrest is about 7?@$
• More %hen e0ercising• Breathing rate and heart rate are tied
together
•
Breather rate and depth control by themedulla oblongata and the pons inthe brain
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Qer'ous ?ontrol ofBreathing
• Censors calledchemoreceptors detect?G2 le'els in blood
• Figher ?G2 le'els faster and deeperbreathing
• To speed rate and depth
of breathing$ the brainsends messages to thediaphragm 7 intercostalmuscles usingsympathetic ner'es
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Qer'ous?ontrol ofBreathing
Muscles contract )aster to
speed up rate of breathing
%hen ?G2 is high
Muscles contract slo!er to
slo% rate of breathing %hen
Brain
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!eedback Ioops
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0ercise
?ertain drugsFoldbreath
Figh
?G$
Ie'els
inBlood
?hemo-receptors(medulla 7
+ons"&iaphragm
#ntercostal
musclesDate ofbreathin
g#ncrease
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Figh ltitude thletic Training
• Training in places %ith higher ele'ations (e0. ?olorado" in order toincrease lung capacity and thus performance
• t rst - breathing 7 heart rates %ill be higher than normal
• fter a fe% months of training....
The lungs ha'e stretched
Breathing rates return to normal 1*-2; breaths/minute
More capillaries gre% around al'eoli
to accommodate a faster gas e0change
More red blood cells %ill ha'e been added
to the blood stream for a greater
o0ygen carrying capacity.
• The athlete then returns to lo%er
altitudes to compete