Reviewer Osh

8/11/2019 Reviewer Osh

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Safety - freedom from hazards or accident.- Defines as relative matter of freedom or protection from risk

or dangers.- It is a degree of freedom from risks or hazards in any

environment- home, office, factory, mine, schools,construction sites, supermarket, malls, or their environs.

American Society of Safety Engineers (ASSE) prefers to use for asafety definition is the more practical connotation of relative safety.Occupational Safety and Health Standards(OSH) defines safe orsafety as condition or state on which compliance to the provisions ofthe said standards is being maintained. The OSH is promulgated bythe Department of Labour and Employment (DOLE) through its

Bureau of Working Conditions (BWC).Safety engineering means improving or redesigning of machinery,equipment, and processes, so that hazards are not merely covered upby eliminated and at the same time efficiency and production areincreased.

- It is the discipline that attempts to reduce the risks byeliminating hazards.

Occupational Safety Engineering trains student and technical peoplefor professional engineering services in the field of safety at work, todevelop accident- preventive measures, to calculate safety levels, andto direct accident prevention programs at or eliminate work.Productivity is the industrys term in quantifying the contribution ofsafety profession in the overall performance of any enterprise.Safety Engineer is a professional committed to making the workenvironment as safe as possible by focusing on any or all of thefollowing jobs safety man

accident prevention

human factors

the interface between the workplace and the environments

design of layout and equipment

management and supervision of safety trainings

being safety consultant to the foreman, supervisors andmanagement.

Chapter 1

The OSHS of the Philippines:RULE 1000- General ProvisionsRULE 1010- Other Safety Rules

OSHS Standardsare mandatory rules on occupational safety and

health promulgated pursuant to article 162, book IV of the Labour

Code of the Philippines, P.D. 442.

Hazardous worksa. Dangerous environmental elementsb. Construction workc. Manufacture or handling of explosivesd. Biological agents

RULE 1020- RegistrationPurpose - is to provide the department with information as guide in itsenforcement activities.Requirements

a. Registration should include a layout plan of the workplace inthe scale of 1:100 metres showing all the physical featuresof the workplace including storage, exits, aisles, machinery,clinic, emergency devices and location.

b. Registration shall be made in form DOLE/BWC/IP-3 in three(3) copies and submitted to the Regional Labour Office orauthorized representatives.

RULE 1030- Training of Personnel in Occupational Safety and HealthRequired to undergo training on OSH

Hazardous workplace:Number of workers200 and below - one (1) part time

safety manOver 200- 1000 - one (1) full time

safety manFor every 1000 - one (1) full time

safety man

Non- hazardous workplace:Less than 1000 - one (1) part time

safety man

For every 1000 - one (1) full timesafety man

RULE 1040- Health and Safety CommitteeHealth and Safety Committee is a group of employees andmanagement that plans and makes policies in all matters pertaining tosafety and health in the workplace.

a. Type A: (More than 400 workers)b. Type B: (Over 200- 400 workers)c. Type C: (100- 200 workers)d. Type D: (less than 100 workers)

e. Type E: (Joint Committee)- Two or more establishmentshoused under one building

RULE 1050 - Notification and Keeping of Records of Accidents and/ orOccupational IllnessesThe employer shall accomplish an Annual Work Accident/ IllnessExposure Data Report in duplicate (form DOLE/BWC/OSHD-IP-6b) tobe submitted to the Bureau of Working Conditions and the RegionaLabour Office on or before the 30

thday of the month following the end

of each calendar year.

RULE 1960- Occupational Health ServicesHealth Personnel

a. First Aiderb. Nursec. Physician

Chapter 2Basic Elements of Safety Program1. Management leadership and principle2. Assignment responsibility and roles3. ESTABLISHMENT OF SAFETY PRACTICES, PROCEDURES

AND STANDARDS4. MAINTENANCE OF SAFE WORKING CONDITION AND

ENVIRONMENT5. DEVELOPMENT OF SAFETY EDUCATION TRAINING AND

PROMOTION6. AN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION, RECORDS AND ANALYSIS

SYSTEM7. MEDICAL AND FIRST AID SERVICES8. ACCEPTANCE OF PERSONAL RESPONSIBILITY BY

EMPLOYEES

PROVISION AND MAINTENANCE OF SAFE WORKING CONDITIONAND ENVIRONMENT1. Safety Rules, Regulation and Penalties.2. Pre- Deployment Orientation.

a. anticipated nature of workb. Works associated potential hazards and their essentia

precautionary measures.c. PPEs Personal Protective Equipment, its use and

maintenanced. Plant existing policy concerning safety and health

3. First Aid Facilities and Services.4. Fire Prevention and Protection.

5. Clean- up and Sanitation (the 5s culture).6. Safety Publicity.7. Safety Committee.

Chapter 3DEFINITION OF TERMS1. Danger states the degree of exposure to a hazard. By appropriate

precaution, the danger or degree of exposure to a given hazard isminimized.

2. Hazard is a physical situation or condition with a potential causeof human injury, damage to property, to the environment or acombination thereof.

3. Hazard assessment is a systematic approach to identify hazardsin order to analyse and evaluate their overall effect on peopleproperty and the environment.

4. Incident is any deviation from an established, acceptable standardor specification.


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5. Risk is a probability, chance or potential problem that exists whenpersons or properties are exposed to hazards.

6. Chance or Circumstance is a factor that determines whether ornot an existing incident results to damage and to what degree orextent.

7. Probability refers to the likelihood of occurrence of particularevent.

8. Accident is an incident which resulted in harm to person ordamage to property.

9. Near- miss is an event or situation which almost resulted in anaccident (no injury or property damage), perhaps a difference of afew seconds or a few inches only.

10. Damage is a result or outcome arising from an accident thatresulted to economic losses.

11. Injury is the result of hazardous material or accident toward thehuman body cause harm and inability to function normally..

12. Severity the extent or the seriousness of harm to a personbrought by the accident.

13. Frequency and Severity Rate is a mathematical instrument use tomeasure the safety performance of certain establishmentcomparing it to other establishment of the other industry.

14. Accidents are defines as unplanned occurrences which results ininjuries, fatalities, loss of production or damage to property andassets.

Theory of accident causes1. The domino theory - Since the cause of accident itself must

have its own cause, they are usually classified as direct orproximatecausesor contributorycauses.

H. W. Heinrich - According to him, accidents happen by chainreactions of phenomena or events. There is a belief in accident prevention that all accidents have ca2. Multiple causation theory is an outgrowth of the domino

theory, but it postulates that for every single accident, theremay be many contributory factors, causes and sub- causesand that certain combination of these give rise to accidents.

3. Pure chance theory, every one of the given set of workershas an equal chance of being involved in an accident.

4. Biased liability theory is based on the view that once aworker is involved in an accident, the chance of same workerbecoming involved in future accidents are either decreasedor increased as compared to the rest of the workers, thistheory contributes very little, if anything at all, towardsdeveloping preventive actions for avoiding accidents.

5. Accident proneness theory maintains that within a given setof workers, there exists a subset of workers who are moreliable to be involved in accidents.

6. Energy transfer theory put forward the claim that a workerincurs injury or equipment suffers damage through a chanceof energy, and that for every change of energy, there is asource, a path and a receiver.

7. The symptoms versus causes theory is not so much atheory as an admonition to be heeded if accident causationis to be understood.

Hazards

1. Class A- a condition or practice likely to cause permanentdisability, loss of life or body part, and/ or extensive loss ofstructure, equipment or material.

2. Class B- a condition or practice likely to cause serious illness/injury resulting in temporary disabilityor property damage that isdisruptive but less severe than Class A.

3. Class C- a condition or practice likely to cause minor (non-disabling) injury/ illness and/ or non- disruptive property damage.

CLASSIFICATION OF HAZARDOUS CONDITIONS1. Bio- physical hazards

a. Poor housekeepingb. Noisec. Poor lightingd. Special hazards (radiation and extreme radiation)

2. Mechanical Hazardsa. Points of operationb. Power transmission pointsc. In- running nip pointd. Shear pointse. Other moving parts

3. Electrical Hazardsa. Wiringb. Groundingc. Power paneld. Outlets and switches

4. Chemical hazards

a. Human contact (injury, illness)b. Property damage (fire, explosion)c. Environmental contamination (air, ground or water)

HAZARD RECOGNITION1. Fundamental Approach- it consist of the study of all possible

hazards that could exist. It is both qualitatively andquantitatively.

2. Technical or Loss Control Approach- it involves the thoroughrecording and study of as many accidents as possible toidentify and eliminate the hazards that caused them.

Hazard analysis is an organized and orderly process used to acquire

specific information pertinent to a given work system.

FORMAL METHODS OF HAZARD ANALYSIS1. Inductive Method - The inductive analytical method uses

observable data to predict what can happen. It postulates how thecomponent parts of a system will contribute to the success orfailure of the system as a whole.

2. Deductive Method -- If inductive analysis tells us what can happendeductive analysis tells us how.

Some management attributes it to mental attitude manifested by:

a. Insubordination

b. tempera mentality

c. excitability

Ergonomics Workplace DescriptionThe work setting is characterized by an interaction between the

following parameters:1. A worker with attribute of size, strength, range of motion, intellect

education, expectations, and other physical/ mental capacities.2. A worker setting comprised of parts, tools, furniture, control/ display

panels and other physical objectives.3. A work environment created by climate, lighting, noise, vibratio

and other atmospheric qualities.

Task Physical Characteristics(Primarily interaction between the worker and the work setting)

Posture

Force

Velocity/ acceleration

Repetition

Duration

Recovery time

Heavy dynamic exertion

Segmental vibration

Environmental Characteristics(Primarily interaction between the worker and the work environment)

Heat stress

Cold stress

Whole body vibration

Lighting

Noise

Contact TraumaTwo types of contact trauma are:

1. Local mechanical stress generated from sustained contacbetween the body and an external object such as the forearmagainst the edge of a counter.

2. Local mechanical stress generated from shock impact such asusing the hand to strike an object.


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Types of Accidents1. Being struck by an object or substance, or other persons2. Being struck against3. Being caught in, on or in between4. Falling to a lower level5. Falling on the same level (tripping)6. Over- exertion7. Exposure to temperature extremes8. Inhalation, absorption or swallowing of harmful or toxic substances9. Contact with electric current10. Exposure to electric welding flash or other harmful rays11. Entry of other foreign bodies in eyes, other loose or embedded

12. Radiation

Agency of Accidents1. Hand tools2. Electrical equipment3. Machines4. Prime mover5. Hoisting equipment6. Boiler and pressure vessels7. Vehicles8. Animals and insects9. Transmission equipment10. Chemicals11. Hot substances12. Dust, mist and fumes13. Radiating substances14. Working surfaces

INJURY AND LOSSES1. Fatality2. Permanent Total Disability3. Temporary Total Disability4. Permanent Partial Disability5. Medical Treatment Injury

TYPES AND NATURE OF INJURIES1. Incisions2. Burns or scalds3. Abrasions4. Puncture5. Occupational disease6. Contusion7. Asphyxia

8. Strain or sprains9. Lacerations10. Fractures11. Dislocations12. Foreign body in eye13. Infection14. Poisoning15. Amputation16. Hernia

Chapter 4Fundamental Concept of Accident Prevention

1. Education and Training2. Engineering Design Controls3. Enforcement and Compliance

Pro-active approach

1. Identification and detection Identify specific and general hazards

Hazard identification must be a collective effort2. Assessments and Measurements

Assess impact of unwanted events

Consider experiences in similar operations/ techniques

Use accident imaging techniques

Use consistent exposure references

Determine possible consequences3. Intervention and controls

Engineering controls

Work practices and administrative controls4. Maintenance and substance

PERFORMANCE FACTORS OF THE WORK PROCESS

There are four (4) performance factors that must be consideredwhen evaluating the work process. These are:1. Workplace.2. Individuals.3. Systems.4. Human Relations.

A TEA involves:Identifying the basic steps of a job and a work processDetermining any existing or potential hazards associated with each othe steps; andDeveloping recommendations for eliminating or controlling each o

those hazards

AUTHORITY TO MAKE THE INVESTIGATION1. The Supervisor or Foreman

2. The Safety Professional

3. Special Investigative Committee

4. The General Safety Committee

KEY FACTS TO CONSIDER IN ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION1. Nature of injury. The type of physical injury incurred should be

designated. If two or more injuries were incurred and one injuryobviously was more severe than any of the others, that injury shouldbe selected.

2. Part of the Body. If the injured was localized in one part of the bodythat part should be named. If the injury extended to several sectionsof a major body part, that major body part should be named.

3. Source of Injury. Sometimes, an injury results from forcible contactswith two or more objects, occurring either simultaneously or in rapidsequence, and it is impossible to determine which object directlyproduced the injury. In such cases, the source of injury should bedetermined as follows:

a. When the choice is between a moving object and astationary object, the moving object should be selected.

b. When the choice is between two moving or two stationaryobjects, the one contracted last should be selected.

4. Accident Type. The accident type is directly related to thesource of injury classification and explains how that source

produced the injury.5. Hazardous Condition. The hazardous physical condition o

circumstance which directly caused or permitted theoccurrence of the accident should be named.

6. Agency of Accident. The agency of accident may or may nobe identical with the source of injury. These twoclassifications are entirely unrelated to each other. Thedistinguishing characteristic of the source of injury is that idirectly inflicted the injury. The distinguishing characteristicof the agency of accident on the other hand is that it wassignificantly hazardous and for that reason contributed to theoccurrence of the accidents. Its selection is based strictlyupon the fact without consideration of whether or not iinflicted the injury.

7. Agency of Accident Part. If the agency of accident had aspecific hazardous part that contributed to the occurrence othe accident, the part should be named.

8. Unsafe Act. The unsafe action which directly caused opermitted the occurrence of the accident should be designated. Theselected unsafe act may be something a person did which should nothave been done, something he should have done differently, or hisfailure to do something which he should have done.

METHODS OF INVESTIGATION1. Secure the accident site2. Collect facts

a. Collect physical evidencesb. Take photographsc. Make sketches and drawings

3. Identify the witnesses (the manner of interview)a. Put the person at ease and interview on the spot


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b. Interview should be privatec. Get the individuals versiond. Ask necessary questions at the right timee. Repeat this story once you heard themf. End each interview on a positive noteg. Keep the pipeline open

Types of Reports1. First-aid report2. Supervisors accident report3. Monthly accident statistics report

Chapter 5Employment is defined as:

1. all work or activity performed in carrying out an assignment orrequest of the employer, including incidental and relatedactivities not specifically covered by the assignment orrequest

2. any voluntary work or activity undertaken while on duty with theintent of benefiting the employer; or 3) any other activitiesundertaken while on duty with employers consent orapproval.

For statistical purposes, an employee is considered to be in the courseof employment while he is:1. Riding in special company furnished transportation form a

designated meeting place to a work place that is inaccessible toordinary transportation.

2. A member of a crew that does not have a regular place ofemployment, such as a public utility line crew, from the time hereaches a designated meeting place for the crew until he isdismissed from the duty at point where the crew disbands.

3. Travelling in connection with his work, from the time his travelstarts (either at his place of work or his home) except:

4. Being entertained by or as a customer or client for the purpose oftransacting, discussing or promoting business.

5. Going from the entrance of the employers premises to his placeof work or from his place of work to the exit of the employerspremises before or after working hours or going from one part ofthe employers premises to another for any purpose associated

with his employment.

6. Absence from company premises if such absence is authorizedby the employer or his agent and is in the interest of the employeror his agent.

7. Taking a coffee or other rest break.

8. Going to or from washroom, toilet or shower facilities before,during or after working hours; using toilet facilities at any time;taking a shower or otherwise using washroom facilities oncompany premises before, during or after working hours, if use offacilities is occasioned by the employers work.

9. Engaged in company- sponsored athletic events for which he ispaid directly or indirectly.

10. Participating in or a victim of horseplay during working hours.

11. Engaged in a fight, if the dispute involves performance of dutiesor is otherwise connected with employment or the protection ofcompany property.

12. Performing voluntary work with the intention of benefiting theemployer, whether in emergencies such as fire or flood or inroutine duties.

An employee is not considered to be in the course of employmentwhile he is:1. Going to or from his regular place of employment during normal

routine travel. Normal routine travel includes travel at irregularhours due to late shifts, overtime, special or emergency work.

2. Outside company property during working hours for personareasons, not in the interest of his employer or the agent of theemployer.

3. Going to or from his home to designated place where his crewmeets or where he will be met by special company transportationif his workplace is inaccessible to ordinary transportation.

4. On a company parking lot provided for his convenience to parkhis car and not performing duties of employment.

5. Engaged in company- sponsored athletics events for which he

receives no pay directly or indirectly.

6. Engaged in activities not connected with his employment whileliving on company property.

7. Engaged in a fight or other dispute over matters not pertaining tohis or his antagonists duties of employment.

8. Eating his lunch during a specifically defined lunch period or offduty period.

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH STANDARDSRECORDKEEPING1. Fatalities.

2. Lost Workday Cases.3. Nonfatal Cases without Lost Workdays.

4. Occupational Injury

5. Occupational Illness of an Employee

a. Occupational skin diseases or disorders

b. Dust diseases of the lungs (pneumoconiosis)c. Respiratory conditions due to toxic agentsd. Poisoning (system effects of toxic materials),e. Disorders due to physical agents (other than toxic materials)f. Disorders due to repeated traumag. All other occupational illnesses like anthrax, brucellosis

infectious hepatitis, malignant and benign tumors, foodpoisoning, etc.

ACCIDENT AND INCIDENT RATESFrequency RateFR= no. of disabling injuries x 1,000,000

Employee- hours of ExposureSeverity Rate

SR= total days lost/ charge x 1,000,000Employee- hours of Exposure

Chapter 6

INSPECTION PHILOSOPHYInspection can be viewed negatively or positively:

1) Fault- finding with emphasis on criticisms; and2) Fact- finding with emphasis on locating hazards that can

adversely affect safety and health.

FORMAL INSPECTION1. Periodic Inspection includes those inspections scheduled a

regular intervals.2. Intermittent Inspections are those made at irregular intervals and

they are performed unannounced.3. General Inspections are planned and covers places not inspected

periodically. It includes those areas no one ever visits and werepeople rarely gets hint such as parking lots, sidewalks, fencingand similar outlying areas.

INSPECTION PLAN AND PROCEDURES1. Timing and Preparation. Inspection should be scheduled whenthere is a maximum opportunity to view operations and work practiceswith a minimum of interruptions.2. What to Inspect. Particular attention should be paid to partslikely to become a serious hazard to health and safety. Many differen


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types of inspection checklists are available for use. Lists vary in lengthfrom hundreds of items to only a few. There are some of the items thatneed to be inspected:a. Floorsb. Stairwaysc. Housekeepingd. Fire Protectione. Electrical Installationsf. Chains, Ropes and Slings.g. Critical PathsFREQUENCY OF INSPECTIONS1. The loss severity potential of the problem

2. The potential for injury to employees

3. The rapidly can an item or part becomes hazardous4. The past records of failures5. The required regularity of inspections

An incidentis any observable human activity sufficiently complete initself to permit references and predictions to be made about the personperforming the act.

Chapter 7

THE DIFFERENT AREAS OF PROTECTIONPROTECTIVE HEADWEARSafety helmets are needed on jobs where a persons head is menacedby falling objects or by bumps. Impact resistance is essential. Wherecontact with energized circuit is possible, only helmets that meet therequirements of Class B, ANSI Z89.1 (US Standard) should be worn.

These helmets should have no conductor fittings passing through theshell. Class B hard helmets are tested at 20,000 volts.bump hats or bump caps- These are used only in confined spaces

where the hazard is limited to bumping the head on some obstruction.These head gear do not meet the requirements of ANSI Z89.1.1. Types and Material Requirements. Plastic moulded under highpressure is most frequently used for safety helmets. It resists impact,water, oil and electricity. Fiberglass impregnated with resin is preferredbecause of its high strength- to- weight ratio, high dielectric strengthand resistance to moisture.The distance between the cradle and the outer shell of the helmetshould not be less than 1- of an inch.2. Auxiliary Features and Functions. Liners for safety head gearare available for cold weather use..

FACE PROTECTION

1. Helmets. Welding helmets protect the eyes and face againstthe splashes of molten metal and radiation produced by arc welding.Helmets should have the proper filter glass to keep ultraviolet andvisible rays from harming the eyes.2. Shields and Goggles. Welding goggles are available with filterglass shades up to No. 8.

3. Hoods. Acid proof hoods that cover the head, face and neckare used by persons exposed to the risk of severe splashes fromcorrosive chemicals.

PROTECTION FOR THE EYES1. Contact Lenses. Where there are appreciable amount of dust,smoke, irritating fumes or liquid irritation that could splash into theeyes, contact lenses are not recommended. CFR 1910.134 (5)(ii)under OSHA (US) prohibits the wearing of contact lenses incontaminated areas.

2. Goggles. Goggles and other kinds of eye protection areavailable in many styles along with the protective medium or heat-treated or chemically treated gas, plastic, wire screen or light filteringglass.

EAR PROTECTIONUnder OSHA, where the sound level exceed and 8 hour time weightedaverage of 85 dB measured on a scale, a continuing and effectivehearing conservation program shall be administered. The level may beincreased slightly as the duration of exposure decreases.1. Insert Ear Protectors (Earplugs). Insert (earplugs) protectorsare of course inserted into the ear canals and vary considerably indesign and material.2. Muff Devices (Ear Muffs). Cup or muff devices cover theexternal ear and provide an acoustic barrier.

RESPIRATORY PROTECTIONTypes of Equipment. Respiratory equipment includes air purifyingdevices (mechanical filter respirators, chemical cartridge respiratorscombination mechanical filters and chemical cartridges respirators andmasks with canisters, air supplied devices (airline respirators) and selfcontained breathing apparatus (SCBA).

PROTECTING EXTREMITIES1. Arms, Hands, Fingers. Fingers and hands are exposed to cutsscratches, brushes and burns.

a. Heat- resistant gloves are used to protect against burns and

discomfort when the hands are exposed to sustained conductiveheat.

b. Metal mesh gloves are used by those who work constantly withknives to protect against cuts and blow from sharp or roughobjects.

c. Rubber gloves are worn by electricians. They must be testedregularly for dielectric strength.

d. Rubber, neoprene and vinyl gloves are used when handlingchemicals and corrosive. Neoprene and vinyl are particularlyuseful when petroleum products are handled.

e. Leather gloves are able to resist sparks, moderate heat, chipsand rough objects. They provide some cushioning against blowsThey are generally used for heavy- duty work. Chrome- tanned

leather or horsehide are used by welders.

f. Chrome- tanned cowhide leather gloves with steel stapled leathepatches or steel staples on palms and fingers are often used infoundries and steel mills.

g. Cotton fabric gloves are suitable for protection against dirt, sliverschafing or abrasion. They are not heavy enough to use inhandling rough, sharp or heavy materials.

h. Heated gloves are designed for use in cold environments, such asdeep freezers and can be part of a heated clothing system.

2. Feet, Legs. About a quarter of a million disabling occupationafoot injuries take place each year.

Minimum Requirements forSafety Toe Shoes for Men

Classification

75

50

30

CompressionPounds

2,500

1,750

1,000

Impact FootPounds

75

50

30

ClearancInches

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Table 7.1

Safety shoes are selected in the basis of hazards involved and

are properly fitted. These safety shoes classified according to hazardsare:1. Metal- free shoes, boots and other footwear2. Congress or gaiter- type shoes3. Reinforced or inner soles of flexible metal4. For wet work conditions5. Safety shoes with metatarsal guards6. Leg protection

LIMITATIONS OF PPEa. PPE does not reduce or eliminate hazards.b. If the protective equipment is defective, or becomes

ineffective when being worn, the wearer may becomeexposed to hazards without being necessarily aware of it.


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c. PPE provides protection for the wearer only, the potentialexposure of unprotected people in the area must beconsidered.

d. The use of PPE may introduce additional hazards to thewearer. The equipment may interfere with one or more of thesenses.

e. PPE may transfer the hazard to another location. Toxicchemicals may be absorbed on shoes and clothing andtransferred to offices, eating areas or at home.

f. PPE particularly respiratory protection may not be suitablefor continuous use.

g. PPE may not always be worn properly.

Chapter 9We can group these environmental conditions or stresses into fourgeneral classifications as follows:

1) Chemical;2) Physical;3) Ergonomic and improper work exposure and4) Biological stresses

CHEMICAL FACTORS RESULTING TO STRESSES

Chemical compounds in the form of dusts, fumes, smoke,aerosols, mists, gases, vapors, and liquids may cause health problemby 1) inhalation (breathing); 2) by absorption (through direct contactwith the skin) or 3) by ingestion (eating or drinking).

1. Inhalation.Contaminants inhaled into the lungs can be classified

as gases vapors and particulate matter. Particulate matter can befurther classified as dust, fumes, smoke, aerosols or mists.

2. Absorption.Absorption through the skin can occur quite rapidly ifthe skin is cut or abraded.

3. Ingestion.Toxic compounds capable of being absorbed from thegastrointestinal tract into the blood are lead oxide, which cancreate serious exposure problem if people working with thesesubstances are allowed to eat or smoke in their work areas.

PHYSICAL CLASSIFICATION OF AIRBORNE MATERIAL

1. Dust.These are solid particles generated by handling, crushing,grinding, rapid impact, detonation and decrepitation (breakingapart by heating) of organic or inorganic materials, such as rock,ore, metal, coal, wood and grain. Dust is a term used in industryto describe airborne solid particles that range in size from 0.1 2025 um(um= 1/10,000 cm 1/25,000 in.; umis the abbreviation

for micrometer. A person with normal eyesight can detectindividual dust particles as small as 50um (micrometer ormicrons) in diameter.These smaller particles called respirable dusts can penetrateinto the inner recesses of the lungs. Nearly all the particles largerthan 10umin diameter are trapped in the nose, throat, trachea, orbronchi from which they are either expectorated or swallowed.

2. Fumes.Fumes are formed when volatilized solids such as metalsare condensed in cool air. The solid particles that make up fumesare extremely fine, usually less than 1.0 um.

3. Smoke.This hazard is created when carbon or soot particles lessthan 0.1 um in size as a result of an incomplete combustion ofsuch carbonaceous materials as coal or oil. The size of theparticles contained in tobacco smoke is about 0.25 um.

4. Aerosol. Liquid droplets or solid particles fine enough to bedispersed and to remain airborne for some time, are called

aerosols5. Mists. Mists are suspended liquid droplets generated by

chemicals condensing from the gaseous to the liquid state or byliquid breaking into a dispersed state by splashing, foaming oratomizing.

6. Gases.Normally, gases are formless fluids that occupy the spaceor enclosure in which they are confined and that can be changedto the liquid or solid stage only by combined effect of increasedpressure and decreased temperature.

7. Vapors.The gaseous forms of substances that appear normallyin the solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure arecalled vapors. Evaporation is the process by which a liquid ischanged into the vapor state and mixed with the surroundingatmosphere.

LIQUID CHEMICALS IN THE WORKPLACE

1. Solvents.Liquid chemicals are typically used as feed stock, fueor fuel additives, pesticides, lubricants, detergents and cleaningagents or degreasing or processing solvents. Solvents areperhaps the most widespread class of chemicals inmanufacturing. Aqueous solvents are those that readily dissolvein water. Many acids, alkalis, or detergents, when mixed withwater form aqueous solvent. The term solvent is commonly usedto mean organic solvents.

Organic solvents generally have some effect on the centranervous system.

2. Selection and Handling.

3. Hazard Communication.

Many of this regulat ion require:

a. An inventory and assessment of chemical hazards in theworkplace.

b. Development and use of labels that describe the hazards ochemicals and the protective measures to use. Example isthe STANDARD Hazard Signal (Figure 9.1)

c. Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)that detail chemicahazard and precaution information (Figure 9.2).

STANDARD HAZARD SIGNAL

d. Training on identifying hazard, including specific chemicalsor groups of chemicals with which employees work.

e. Written programs that describe how the company intends toaccomplish these tasks and provide documentation tha

workers have been trained.

4. Degree of hazard Severity.The severity of hazard in the use oorganic solvents depends on the following facts:

a. How the solvent is usedb. Type of job operation (determines how the workers are

exposed)c. Work patternd. Duration of exposuree. Operating temperaturef. Exposed liquid surfaceg. Ventilationh. Evaporation rate of solventi. Pattern of air flow

j. Concentration of vapor in workroom airk. Housekeeping

The solvent hazardthereof is determined not only by the toxicityof the solvent itself, but also by the conditions of its use: who, whatwhere, and how long. Precautionary labeling and/ or MSDS shouldindicate the major hazards and safeguards.

For convenience, job operat ions employing solvents may be

div ided into three categor ies:

a. Direct contact.b. Intermittent or infrequent contact.c. Minimal contact.

PHYSICAL STRESSES

FLAMABI

LITY

REACTIVI

TY

HEALTH

(BLUE)


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1. Noise.Noise is defined as unwanted sound, a form of vibrationthat can be conducted through solids, liquid or gases.a. Psychological effectsb. In interference with verbal communication and as

consequence, interference with job performance and safety.c. Physiological effects

2. Noise Measurement.A source that emits sound waves produceschanges in air pressure. The human ear can hear sound overwide ranges of pressure with the ratio of highest to lowestpressure about 10,000,000 to 1.

To deal with the problem of this huge pressure range,

scientists have developed decibel (dB)scale which is logarithmic.Decibels are not linear units like miles and pounds. The rustle ofleaves is rated at 20 dB; a typical office has the background noiselevel of about 50 dB. A vacuum cleaner runs at about 70 dB, whilea typical milling machine from 4 feet away is rated at 85. Thesound of a newspaper press is about 95 dB, textile loom is 105dB, a rock band is about 110 dB, a large chipping hammer is 120dBand a jet engine register about 160 dB.

3. Factors in hearing Loss.If the ear subjected to the high level ofnoise for a sufficient time, some hearing loss may occur.

Criteriahave been developed to protect workers against hearing loss.The OSH Standard has established a regulation for OccupationalNoise Exposure, which sets allowable noise levels based on thenumber of hours of exposure unprotected. (Figure 9.3)

The OSH Standard requires employers to reduce noiseexposures with administrative and engineering controls where feasible.The standard also initial monitoring and re-monitoring and wheneverchanges in the production, processes or controls increase noiseexposure.

a. Provide annual audiometric test to all employees exposed tonoise over 85 dBA

b. Offer optional hearing to workers exposed above 85 dBA and tomake protection mandatory where noise expose exceeds 90 dBA

c. Ensure that the workers with existing hearing loss wear protectionwhen exposed to noise levels above 85 dBA

d. Provide annual training in:

Effects of noise in hearing Proper selection, fitting, use and care of hearing protection

Explanation of the purpose and method of the hearing test

The regulation is very specific concerning the ways a hearingtest is conducted. To be successful, the test requires the closecooperation of the supervisor.

4. Audiograms.Employees must be notified if a significant shift innhearing is discovered. Supervisors should ensure that employeeswear their hearing protection.

5. Hearing Protection. The most commonly used hearingequipments are earplugs, canal caps and earmuffs.

HOUSEKEEPING - includes day-to-day cleanliness, tidiness, andgood order in all parts of the undertakings. Good housekeeping isalmost impossible without good maintenance of machinery andequipment.MAINTENANCE covers the work done to keep building, plantequipment and machinery in safe efficient working condition and ingood repair, the upkeep of all sanitary and welfare facilities and theregular painting and cleaning of walls, ceiling and fixtures.ESTABLISHING A HOUSEKEEPING PROGRAM

1. Inspect your area for unnecessary tools, equipment, partsmaterials and supplies; items that are not needed should be sen

to the storage room or used for salvage.2. Reorganize the storage area in your workplace.3. Create daily clean-up policy and program.

5-s Program

The 5-S program is frequently combined with precepts of theLean Manufacturin g Initiative.

5-S AND SAFETY MANAGEMENT1. Sort (Seiri, translated as organization): The first key elemen

requires organizing the workplace by removing all items from thesite that are not needed for current production operations.Safety-re lated im provementsinclude separating old equipmenthat is commonly not maintained before employees are requiredto use it.

2. Systemize, or Set in Order (Seiton, translated as tidiness): Thesecond key element includes arranging only the needed items sothat they are easy to use and labeling them so that they are easilyfound and put away.

3. Shine (Seiso, translated as purity): Shine relates to cleanlinessand includes sweeping floors, cleaning equipment, and shovelingout unused material or debris on a daily basis.

4. Standardize (Seiketsu,translated as cleanliness): This elementcomprising less activity than the previous components, isintended to generate a maintenance system for the first three.

At this point, the safety director has a golden opportunity toconduct a Job-Safety Analysis (JSA) followed by thedevelopment of a Safe Operating Procedure (SOP)for each jobin the plant.

5. Sustain (Shitsuke, translated as discipline): This is the discipline

needed to make a habit of maintaining procedures.

LEAN MANUFACTURING, 5-S AND SAFETY

Lean Manufacturing strives to minimize waste of all kinds. Amongthe benefits a well implemented 5-S program can provide are:

Reduced setup time

Reduced manufacturing time

Reduced inventory

Reduced machine downtime

Reduced maintenance cost

Improved employee morale

Increased order fill-rates

Increased on-time delivery

Improved quality

Chapter 10

MATERIALS HANDLING AND STORAGEOSHS 1150.01 General Provision s:

(1) Use of Mechanical Equipment.(2) Secure Storage.(3) Housekeeping.(4) Clearance Limits.(5) Rolling Railroad Cars.(6) Guarding.

EFFECTIVE WAY OF MANUAL HANDLING1. Size up the load.

PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURES

Duration per Day Sound Level

Hours dB (A) *8 90

6 92

4 953 97

2 100

1-1/2 1021 105

107

110 115

Sound levels in decibels as measured on a standard level meter

operating on the weighting network with slow meter response.Fig. 9.3


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2. Lifted it right.3. Keep the load close to the body.4. Lift without twisting the body.5. Get a firm grip on the object.6. Keep fingers away from pinch points, especially when putting

materials down.7. When handling lumber, pipe or other long objects, keep hands

away from the ends to prevent them from being pinched.8. Wipe off greasy, wet slippery or dirty objects before trying to

handle them.9. Keep hands free of oil and grease.

MATERIALS NORMALLY HANDLED ININDUSTRIAL PLANTS ARE:

1. Solidsa. Bulk created large machineries and parts, created

materials, lumbers, etc.b. PowerFlour, phosphates, sugar, cement.c. Granule and Gravel size Copra meal pellets, silicates,

brickets.d. Odd sizescopra.

2. Liquidsa. Lightsolvents, oils, fuelsb. Viscousmolasses, asphalts, heavy oil, tar, paintsc. PasteDetergent paste, adhesives

3. Gases are classified according to hazardous characteristics:

a. Flammableb. Explosivesc. Toxicd. Emits hazardous fumes or gasese. Corrosivef. Fragile

USING MATERIALS HANDLINGEQUIPMENTS

Conveyors

Cranes

Slings

Powered Industrial Trucks

Chapter 11Electr ical in jur ies consist of fou r main types:

(1) Electrocution (fatal)(2) Electric shock(3) Burns, and(4) Falls caused as a result of contact with electrical energy

OSHS Rule 1211: Philippine Electrical Code:OSHS Ru le 1212.02: General Provisions:(1) No electrical installation shall be undertaken without the planshaving been approved by the Secretary of his authorizedrepresentative.

(2) No service or power supply shall be connected to any electricalinstallation by any utility company supplying electricity or by anyperson until the necessary final inspection is conducted and a safetycertificate/permit issued by the Regional Labor Office or authorized

representative having jurisdiction over the case.

(3) The following are excluded in the coverage of this Rule;a. Electric generating plants with franchises which are underthe jurisdiction of the Board of Power and Waterworks.b. Electric generating plants and electrical installations in radioand television station which are under the jurisdiction of theDepartment of Public Works, Transportation andCommunications, andc. Electrical installation for conveyances used in connectionwith water transportation which are under the jurisdiction of theBureau of Customs.

(4) The exemptions under 3 (a) and (b) are only for the design andconstruction, the electrical installation may be inspected by the

Regional Labor Office or authorized representative, of such posesdanger to the safety and health of the workers therein.

(5) The practice of electrical engineering as required under this Ruleshall be subjected to the provisions of the Phi l ippine Electr icaEngin eering Law , R.A. 184.

ELECTRICAL CHANGE

Voltagea measure of electrical force.Circuita complete path for the flow of circuit.

LOCK OUT AND TAG OUT CIRCUITS ANDEQUIPMENTWhen performing lock-out/tag-out on circuits and equipment, youcan use the checklist below;

1. Identify all sources of electrical energy for the equipment ocircuits in question.

2. Disable backup energy sources such as generators and batteries3. Identify all shut-offs for each energy source.4. Notify all personnel that equipment and circuitry must be shut off

locked out, and tagged out. (Simply turning a switch off is NOTenough.)

5. Shut off energy sources and lock switchgear in the OFFpositionEach worker should apply his or her individual lock. Do not giveyour key to anyone.

6. Test equipment and circuitry to make sure they are de-energized.7. Deplete stored energy by bleeding, blocking, grounding, etc.

8. Apply a tag to alert other workers that an energy source or pieceof equipment has been locked out.

9. Make sure everyone is safe and accounted for before equipmenand circuits are unlocked and turned back on. Note that only aqualified person may determine when it is safe to reenergizecircuits.

Chapter 12OSHS RULE 1412. General Provisions

1412.01: Health and Safety Commit tee:

At every construction site there shall be organized and maintained aHealth and Safety Committee conforming to Rule 1040 and a medicaand dental service conforming to Rule 1960.

1412.02: Altern ative Methods and Materials:

In the application of this Rule, the construction, composition, size, andarrangement of materials used may vary provided that the strength othe structure is at least equal to that herein prescribed.

1412.03: Electric al:

Before any construction is commenced, and during the constructionsteps shall be taken to prevent danger to the workers or operatingequipment from any live electric cable or equipment either by renderingthe cable or apparatus electrically dead or by providing barriers toprevent contact.

1412.04: Machin e Guarding:

All moving parts of machinery used shall be guarded in accordancewith the requirements of Rule 1200.(For other part of the OSHS rules on construction safety refers to the

complete text of the standard)

HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

Chemical hazardsare often airborne and can appear as dusts, fumesmists, vapors or gases; thus, exposure usually occurs by inhalationalthough some airborne hazards may settle on and be absorbedthrough the intact skin.Physical hazardsare present in every construction project. Thesehazards include noise, heat and cold, radiation and barometricpressure.Biological hazardsare presented by exposure to infectious microorganisms, to toxic substances of biological origin or animal attacks.Social hazardsstem from the social organization of the industryEmployment is intermitted and constantly changing, and control ovemany aspects of employment is l imited because construction activity is


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dependent on many factors over which construction workers have nocontrol, such as the state of an economy or the weather.

BUREAU OF WORKING CONDITIONS PPEGUIDELINES

Department of labor and Employment Classification ofconstruction works/activities for purposes of determination ofmandatory minimum Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)requirements:General Construction workBasic PPE for all construction workers1. Safety Helmet

2. Safety Gloves3. Safety Shoes

Construction Work/Activity Specialized PPE

1. Work near unprotected areassuch as but not limited to thefollowing:a. Working on scaffoldsb. Working on Roofs

1. Safety Belt

2. Work involving pouring ofconcrete. Such as but notlimited to the following:a. Laying concrete slabb. Pouring of concrete for

beams and/or columns

1. Safety chemicalresistant boots

2. Chemical resistantgloves

3. Work involving laying ofasphalt

1. Heat resistant gloves2. Heat resistant safety

footwear

4. Working with derricks andcranes

1. Color-coded vestwith reflectorizedmarkings

2. Heavy leather gloves

3. High visibility gloves

5. Working with earth movingequipment

1. Heavy duty safetyfootwear

2. Ear muff or ear plugs

FALL PROTECTION

Fall protection is required whenever work is performed in an area sixfeet above its surroundings or six feet above a lower level.Fall Protection Systems

A variety of systems may be chosen from when providing fallprotection. These systems include:

Guardrails:standards guardrails consist of a top rail located 42inches above the floor and a mid rail. Screens and mesh may beused to replace the mid rail as long as they extend from the toprail to the floor.

Personal Fall Arresting Systems:Components of a personal fallarresting system include a body harness, lanyard, lifeline,connector, and an anchorage point capable of supporting at least5000 pounds.

Positioning Device Systems:This type of system consists of abody harness rigged to allow work on a vertical surface, such as awall, with both hands free.

Safety Monitoring by a Competent Person:This system allowsa trained person to monitor others as they work on elevatedsurfaces and warn them of any fall hazards.

Safety Net Systems:these systems consist of nets installed asclose as possible under the work area.

Warning Line Systems:These systems are made up of lines orropes installed around a work area on a roof. These act as abarrier to prevent those working on the roof from approaching theedges.

Covers: covers are fastened over holes in working surfaces toprevent falls.

OSHS Rule 1415: Construction Equipment

1415.01: Lift in g Applian ces:

(1) Every lifting appliance including working gear and all other planequipment used for anchoring or fixing shall:a. Be of good mechanical contruction, of sound material and adequatestrength for the load it will carry;b. Be properly maintained and inspected at least once a week and theresult of such inspection shall be recorded in a log book maintained bythe employer or user of the equipment, open to enforcing authority.(2) Any anchoring or fixing arangement provided in connection with alifting appliance shall be adequate and secure to hold the imposedload.

1415.02: Brake Con trols and Safety Devices:

(1) Every crane, crab and winch shall be provided with a brake toprevent the fall of the load and to control operation when the load islowered.(2) Every handle or lever of a lifting appliance provided for controllingits operation shall be provided with suitable locking arrangement toprevent its accidental movement.(3) Every lever or handle provided for controlling the operation of alifting appliance shall have upon it clear marking to indicate purposeand mode of operation.

1415.03: Protection o f Crane Driver:

(1) Platform for crane drivers and signalers shall be:(a) of sufficient area(b) closely planked, plated and(c) provided with safe means of access and egress.(2) Every side of a platform more than 2.16 meters (6.5 feet) high shabe provided with guard railsand toeboards

(3) The driver of every power driven lifting appliance shall be providedwith a cabin which shall:(a) afford protection from the weather and falling objects, and(b) be constructed to afford ready access to operating parts of thelifting appliance within the cabin and shall be periodically inspectedand maintained.

1415.04: Anc hor age and Load Test of Cranes:

(1) When lifting appliances are used on soft or uneven ground or on aslope, adequate measures shall be taken to ensure their stability oundue movement.(2) No crane shall be used for raising or lowering loads unless:(a) it is securely anchored;(b) adequately balanced by a weight property placed and secured;(3) Every crane after erection altered or any kind of change shall betested by the contractors/supervisor with the imposition either:

(a) of a load of twenty-five percent (25%) above the maximum load tobe lifted by the crane as erected at the position when the maximumpull is applied on each anchorage, or(b) of lesser load arranged to provide and equivalent test of theanchorages or balancing arrangements.(4) A repost of the test shall be recorded in a log book to be maintainedby the employer.(5) The maximum load allowed shall be affixed in a place where it canbe readily seen by the crane operator.(6) no crane shall be used or erected under conditions likely toendanger stability.

Chapter 13OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ANDENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL

OSHS RULE 1071: General Provisions:

(1) This rule establishes threshold limit values for toxic andcarcinogenic substances and physical agents, which may be present inthe atmosphere of the work environment. Threshold Limit Values refeto airborne concentration of substances and represent conditionsunder which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedlyexposed daily without adverse effect.

(2) The Regional Office, on the advice of the Director, may issue aspecial rule establishing threshold limit value for toxic substances nofound in the table and such rule shall remain in effect until a permanenstandard is issued by the Secretary.

(3) The Secretary shall periodically review or update the Standards onthreshold limit values, permissible noise exposure levels, illuminationlevels, human carcinogens, temperature and humidity and othe


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technical standards upon recommendation of a technical committee inthe Bureau of Working Conditions. The member of the technicalcommittee shall either be a physician, engineer, chemist or nurse whohas completed at least an occupational health/occupational safety andhealth- training course required by this Standards, and who has beenan occupational health/occupational safety and health practitioner fornot less than three (3) years. Other members of the technicalcommittee shall be drawn from the labor and employers sectors. Thetechnical committee shall be convened by the Director of the Bureau ofWorking Conditions as the need for review of the abovementionedtechnical standards arises.

The Standards formulated by the technical committee shallbecome effective upon announcement by the Secretary of Labor andEmployment.

WORKING ENVIRONMENT MEASUREMENT

OSHS RULE 1077.01: General Provis ions :(1) The employer shall exert efforts to maintain and control the

working environment in comfortable and healthy conditions for thepurpose of promoting and maintaining the health of his workers.

1077.02: Defin i t ions:Working environment measurement shall mean sampling and analysiscarried out in respect of the atmospheric working environment andother fundamental elements of working environment for the purpose ofdetermining actual conditions therein.

1077.03: Requirements:(1) Working environment measurement shall include temperature,humidity, pressure, illumination, ventilation, and concentration ofsubstances and noise.(2) The employer shall carry out the working environmentmeasurement in indoor or other workplaces where hazardous work isperformed and shall keep a record of such measurement, which shallbe made available to the enforcing authority.(3) The working environment measurement shall be performedperiodically as may be necessary but not longer than annually.(4) The working environment measurement shall be performed by thesafety and medical personnel who have taken adequate training andexperience in working environment measurement.(5) In the event of inability to perform the working environmentmeasurement, the employer shall commission the Bureau/Center ofOccupational Safety and Health/ Regional Labor Office concerned and

other institutions accredited or recognized by the Bureau, to performthe measurement.

ILLUMINATION

VisibilityThe clarity with which the human sees something is usually referred toas visibility.The three critical factors of visibility are:

Visual Anglethe angle subtended at the eye by the target

Contrast the difference in luminance (amount of light reflectedoff a surface) between a visual target and its background.

Illuminanceamount of light striking a surface

Illuminance

To determine minimum levels of illumination:

First, identify the general type of activity to be performed andclassify it into one of the nine categories shown in Table 6-2.

For each category, there is a range of illuminance (low, middle,high). The appropriate value is selected by calculating a weightingfactor (-1, 0 1) based on the three task and worker characteristics,shown in Table 6-3.

The weights are then summed to obtain the total weighting factor.

If the total sum of the two or three weighting factors is -2 or -3, thelow value of the three illuminance is used; if -1, 0, or 1, the middlevalue is used; and if 2 or 3, the high value is used.

Light SourcesTwo important parameters related to artificial lighting are:

Efficiencylight output per unit energy

Color Rendering relates to the closeness with which theperceived colors of the object being observed match theperceived colors of the same object when il luminated by standardlight sources.

Light Distribution

Luminairesfor general lighting are classified in accordance withthe percentage of total light output emitted above and below thehorizontal.

Indirect Light ing illuminates the ceiling, which in turn reflectslight downward. Thus the ceiling should be the brightest surface in theroom, with reflectances above 80 percent. The other areas of the roomshould reflect less and less as one move downward.

Direct Light ing de-emphasizes the ceiling surface and placesmore of the light on the work surfaces and the floor.

Direct-Indirectlighting is a combination.

Glare

Glare is the excessive brightness in the field of vision.

Decreases visibility which means additional time is needed toadapt from light to darker conditions.

Phototropism the eyes tend to be drawn to the brightest lighsource.

Direct Glarecan be reduced by using more luminaries with loweintensities, using baffles, or placing the work surface perpendicular tothe light source.

Reflected Glare can be reduced by using non-glossy or mattesurfaces and reorienting the work surface or task, in addition to themodifications recommended for direct glare.

Color

Both color and texture have psychological effects on people.Perhaps the most important use of color is to improve the

environmental conditions of the workers by providing more visuacomfort. Analysts use colors to reduce sharp contrasts, increase

reflectance, highlight hazards, and call attention to features of the workenvironment.

NOISE

Noise is any unwanted sound which measurement is the unit of soundintensity is the decibel.

Hearing Loss

The chances of damage to the ear, resulting in nerve deafnessincrease as the frequency approaches the 2400 to 4800 Hz range

Also, as exposure time increases, there will eventually be impairmenin hearing.

Noise Dose

Occupational Standards uses the concept of noise dose, with theexposure to any sound level above 80 dBA.

Performance Effects

Performance decrements are most often observed in difficultasks that place high demands on perceptual, information processingand short-term memory capacities. Surprisingly, noise may have noeffect, or may even improve performance, on simple routine tasks.

Noise Control

Management can control the noise level in three ways. The bestand usually the most difficult, is to reduce the noise level at its sourceHowever, it would be very difficult to redesign some equipment then


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analysts should investigate the opportunity to isolate the equipmentresponsible for the noise.

If the above are not possible, acoustic absorption can providebeneficial results. By installing acoustical materials on the walls,ceilings, and floors, reverberation can be reduced. The majority ofproduction and indirect workers (maintenance, shipping, receiving,etc.) enjoy listening to music while they work.

Hearing Protection

In most cases, OSHA accepts this as only a temporary solution.

In general, insert-type (e.g., expandable foam) devised provide betterprotection than muff-type devices. A combination of the two can yieldeven better protection.

TEMPERATURE

Core temperatures exhibit a narrow range around a normal valueof 98.6 degrees. At values between:

100-102 degrees: physiological performance drops sharply

Above105 degrees: sweating mechanism may fail, resulting in arapid rise in core temperature and eventual death.

Control Methods

Heat stress can be reduced by implementing either:

Engineering controlsmodifying the environment

Reduce workload

Work slower

Controlling heat at the source

Insulating hot equipment

Increasing air movement, etc.

Administrative controls

Rotating workers into and out of hot environment

Modifying work schedules

Work/rest schedules

Acclimatizing workers

Cooling vests

Cold Stress

The most commonly used cold stress index is the wind chi l lindex.

Wind Chill Temperature the ambient temperature that in calmconditions would produce the same wind chill index as the actualcombination of air temperature and wind velocity.

Probably the most critical effects for industrial workers exposed tooutdoor conditions are:

Decreased tactile sensitivity

Manual dexterity due to vasodilation and decreased bloodflow to the hands

Manual performance may decrease as much as 50% as the handskin temperature drops from 65 to 45 degrees Fahrenheit.

Potent ia l Solut ions

Auxiliary heaters

Hand warmers Gloves note, these may impair manual performance and

decrease grip strength

Fingerless glovescompromise

VENTILATION

If a room has people, machinery, or activities in it, the air in theroom will deteriorate due to the release of odors, the release of heat,the formation of water vapor, the production of carbon dioxide, and theproduction of topic vapors. Ventilation must be provided to dilute thesecontaminants, exhaust stale air, and supply fresh air.

Three approaches

General

- Delivered at the 8-12 feet level and displaces rising warm aicoming from the equipment, lights, and workers

Local- When impractical to ventilate the whole building in specific areas

Spot- Specific spots, such as areas with localized heat sources, suchas ovens. A direct air stream will increase cooling in thesesituations.

VIBRATIONS

Vibration can cause detrimental effects on human performance.

Those with high amplitude and low frequency have especiallyundesirable effects on body organs and tissues

Three Classi f icat ions

Whole or major portion of body surface is affected

When vibrations are transmitted to the body through a supportingarea (ex. Feet)

Only localized body areas are affected.

White Finger Syndromeoften brought on by power tools, it resultsfrom blood flow being occluded and nerves being affected.

Raynauds Syndromecold induced occlusion of blood flow

RADIATION

Large doses can cause radiation sickness. Small doses over alonger period of time may increase the chances of cancers or otherdiseases. The overall risk of a fatal cancer from a radiation doseequivalent of one rem is about 1 chance in 10000.

Chapter 14Job safety analysis (JSA) is the systematic examination of a jobintended to identify potential hazards, assess the degree of risk, andevaluate practical measures to control the risk.STEPS IN PERFORMING JSA

A job safety analysis involves five steps:1. Selecting the job to be analyzed.2. Breaking the job down into a sequence of job tasks.3. Identifying potential hazards.

4. Determining preventive measures to control these hazards.5. Communicating the information to others.

Two commonly used techniques for identifying potential hazards areA) Kepner and Tregoe Method based on change analysis; B) Gibsonand Haddon approach based on unwanted energy flow and energybarrier.

A) Change Analysis ( Kepner and Tregoe)

Change analysis helps establish the significance of changes incausing accidents and losses. As well, it helps determinecounterchanges to prevent these accidents and losses.What if analysis

Task Parameters are easy to find. Look at the task and findparameters to be controlled in order for the task to be performednormally. Such parameters can be:

A sensory signal: e.g., color, the shape of object, the emittedsounds, an odor, the light level, the position of handle, the heighof a pedal.

A process specification: e.g., pressure, temperatureconcentration, floe rate.

A dynamic component: e.g., motion, sequence, pace, speedchange, friction.

A force or mass:e.g., electrical power, chemical energy, torqueimpulse, impact.

a geometric value and time:e.g., location,

A piece of equipment:e.g., protective devices, position of a partpart in motion.

An environmental or external condition: e.g., weather, snowrain, nuisances from neighborhood


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B) Unwanted energy flow and energy barrier approach (Gibson

and Haddon)

The energy-barrier approach was developed by J.J. Gibson in1961 and structured by W.C. Haddon in1966.In the energy-barrier approach, hazard is defined as uncontrolledenergy flow and the possible contact between the energy and a personor equipment, resulting in:

injury to persons;

damage to equipment and property;

reduction in the ability of persons to perform work;

Harm to the environment.The procedure of the energy barrier techniques is to look at eachtask and:

identify energy sources producing a risk (Table 4);

describe the way the energy can come in contact withemployee(s) (i.e., the energy flow) (Table 5);Find adequate barriers to eliminate or reduce the chances of this

contact (i.e., controlling the energy flow).

Chapter 15Five steps in modify ing employee behavior regarding safety

are:

1) Providing orientation and training;2) Promoting safety skills;3) Creating a culture of safety

4) Developing safety awareness attitudes and5) Modeling good safety practices (supervisor and uppermanagement)

MAJOR ELEMENTS OF SAETY PLAN

1. Safety Policy2. Safety training department3. Safety committee4. Safety rules and regulations5. System, guidelines and procedures6. Safety training7. Safety records8. Comprehensive health control and services9. Safety promotion10. Community awareness and public safety

Job Instruction Training (JIT) is a technique for providing on-the-jobtraining for particular tasks. Teaching new and/or transferredemployees to do the job safely and efficiently can improve operationsimmensely.

Chapter 16Fire is a process that emits light and heat. In order to explain andunderstand fire development, experts have devised various firemodels. One of the earliest models is the fire triangle. To sustain mostfire, three elements must be available at the same time: elevatedtemperature, oxygen and fuel sources by conduction, convection andradiation.MODE OF EXTINGUISHMENT

1. Oxygen removal. Removing or lowering oxygen level is difficult

because of fire needs about the same amount of oxygen for burningthat humans need for breathing.

2. Fuel removal. However, try to keep the quantity of storedcombustible materials at a minimum.

3. Heat source control.Eliminating and controlling heat source alsoelementary steps fire prevention. The time to stop a fire is before itstarts-keep heat and ignition sources away from fuel.

CLASSES OF FIRE

The Bureau of Fire Protection and OSHS classified firesaccording to the fuel burning.

Class A.Fires in ordinary combustible materials, such as wood, paper,cloth, rubber, and any other plastics where the quenching and cooling

effects of water and solutions containing large percentage of water areof prime importance.

Class B.Fires in flammable liquids, grease, oils, tars, oil-based paintslacquers, and similar materials, where mothering or exclusions of aiand interrupting the chemical chain reaction are most effective. Thisclass also includes flammable gases.

Class C.An electrically induced fire where the use of a nonconductiveextinguishing agent is of first importance; the safest procedure isalways to attempt to de-energize circuits and treat as a Class A oClass B Fire

Class D.Fires that occur in combustible metals, such as magnesiumlithium, and sodium; Special extinguishing agents and techniques areneeded for fires of this type.

SOURCES OF INDUSTRIAL FIRES

1. Electrical Equipment.2. Friction.3. Foreign Substances.4. Open Flames.5. Smoking and Matches.6. Spontaneous Ignition Deposits in Ducts and Flues.7. Hot Surfaces.8. Combustible Sparks.9. Overheated Materials.10. Static Electricity.

TYPES OF EXTINGUISHING AGENTS

1. Water for ordinary combustibles.2. Aqueous Film Forming Foam (AFFF) for flammable liquid fires.3. Ordinary Dry Powder for Class B and C fires.4. Carbon Dioxide for electrical fires.5. Multi-Purpose Dry Chemical (Mono-ammonium Phosphate) for A

and C fires.

*To obtain proper distribution of water from your sprinkler head aminimum of 18 in. (46 cm.) of clear space is required below sprinkledeflectors. However, clearance of a 24 to 36 in. (60 to 90 cm.) isrecommended. If there are no sprinklers clearance of 3 ft. (0.9 m)between piled material and the ceiling is required to permit used ohose streams. Double this distance when stock is piled more than 15

ft. (45 m) high.

Documents

Reviewer Osh