The Cold War 1945-The Cold War 1945-19911991

Cold WarCold War• Competition and tension between the US and USSR for power and influence in the world without any direct fighting• Competitions:

Politics – Democracy vs. Communism (Totalitarianism)

Economics – Capitalism vs. Communism or Mixed Economy vs. Command Economy

Technology Arms Race (weapons & military)Space Race

Influence among 3rd World NationsMilitary Alliances – NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

““Weapons” of the Cold Weapons” of the Cold WarWar

• Threat of Nuclear Attack

• Propaganda• Sending Economic

and Military Aid to Weaker Nations

Different Values

USA

• Democracy

• Freedom

• Capitalism

• Individualism

USSR

• Totalitarianism

• Equality

• Socialism

• CollectivismUSA rules, USSR drools

We are theBest, better than

The West

Roots of the Cold WarRoots of the Cold War• WWI

Russia gets out early, US entry helps win the war• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Russians lose 1/3 of their territory• Russian Revolution

U.S. doesn’t recognize Russian govt. until 1933 West aids White Army

• Treaty of Versailles Russia not invited Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia granted independence

• WWII Stalin signs Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact Stalin pleas for help on eastern front denied Russian losses at 29M, US only 400,000 US refuses to give Russia nuclear technology US drops bomb to avoid giving Russia more territory WWII Agreements – Yalta and Potsdam

YALTA (in the USSR)YALTA (in the USSR)Date: Feb 1945Date: Feb 1945

Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Roosevelt and StalinRoosevelt and Stalin

YaltaYalta

• Creation of United Nations• Division of Germany • Russian agree to help defeat Japan

in exchange for land• Stalin agrees to free elections in

occupied territories

POTSDAM (Germany)POTSDAM (Germany)Date: July 1945Date: July 1945

Present: Churchill, Present: Churchill, Truman and StalinTruman and Stalin

PotsdamPotsdam

• Stalin has refused free elections, instead installed communist governments in occupied territories.

• US has the A-bomb and are anxious to restrict Russia

• Finalize agreement to divide Germany and Berlin

Cold War Foreign PoliciesCold War Foreign Policies

US• Truman

Doctrine• Containment• Marshall Plan• NATO• United Nations

USSR• Soviet Satellites

– Iron Curtain• Molotov Plan• Warsaw Pact• United Nations

Truman DoctrineTruman Doctrine• CAUSE - Greece and Turkey threatened

with communist takeovers

• 1947 Truman promised that the USA “would support free peoples who are resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”.

• US Foreign Policy - provide money and military aid to nations resisting communist takeovers

• Greece and Turkey, received $400M first and successfully defeated communism

• Italy received $$ to secure upcoming elections. France received aid to prevent the advance of Communist trade unions

• It signalled the end of “isolationst” policies.

ContainmentContainment• Containment – US Foreign Policy to

keep communism within its existing borders

• Places were Containment Policy was used:

– Greece– Turkey– South Korea– Berlin– Vietnam

Marshall PlanMarshall Plan• Marshall Plan - money to

help rebuild European economies after WWII

• Purpose – Prevent spread of communism by eliminating the conditions that encourage communism

• Catch -$ had to be spent on products made in the US

• USSR - rejected the Marshall Plan thinking it was a plan to boost the US economy and make countries dependent on US

United NationsUnited Nations• Purpose - International Organization established

after WWII to maintain international peace

• Organization – 6 main groups Security Council

o resolves disputes, maintains peace and securityo 15 members, 5 permanent

Russia, China, US, France, Great Britain General Assembly

o Representatives from all member nationso Makes policies

Secretariat – executive and administrative duties Economic and Social Council – provides economic assistance

and programs to 3rd world nations International Council – oversees transition to colonial rule World Court – resolves international disputes, war crimes

United NationsUnited NationsProblems - Between 1945-1949 US and USSR vetoed each other initiatives. Many were concerned that the UN might become another LON

1950 – USSR boycotted UN over failure to recognize Communist China

enabled the US to take action in Korea UN resolution to sends troops to aid South Korea against a North Korean invasion ensured that the UN could send troops to resolve international disputes

Iron CurtainIron Curtain • “From Stettin in the

Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the continent”

-Winton Churchill

• Soviet Satellites - Soviet controlled countries in Eastern Europe (aka countries behind the iron curtain)

• Purpose – protect USSR from invasion from the West

Molotov PlanMolotov Plan

• USSRs plan to counter the Marshall Plan a.k.a COMCON

• Eastern European countries under Soviet influence received some aid

Soviet Union Tests BombSoviet Union Tests Bomb

• 1949 Soviets Test first Atomic Bomb

• US and West react with fear and despair

• Arms Race Begins

NATO and NATO and Warsaw PactWarsaw PactNATO

• Military Alliance between the US and western Europe

• An attack against one nation would be considered an attack against all

Warsaw Pact• Military Alliance

between the USSR and Eastern Europe

• Pledge to defend one another in the event of an attack

Cold War Events Tension and Conflict

• Berlin– Airlift– Wall

• U2 Spy Plane

• Cuba

• Korea

• Vietnam

Divided GermanyDivided Germany• Germany had been divided

into 4 sectors after WWIIAllies remain in these

territories and implement their own economies/political systems

• Allies had different goals for GermanyUSSR - prevent Germany

from becoming too strong again

Western Allies - make Germany economically strong to avoid Communism

Iron CurtainIron Curtain – – A term used by A term used by Winston Winston

Churchill Churchill to describe the to describe the separating of separating of Those Those

communistcommunistlands of East lands of East Europe from Europe from

the the West. West.

Improve your knowledge

• The Russians took very high casualties to capture Berlin in May 1945. They spent the early occupation trying to take over all zones of the city but were stopped by German democrats such as Willy Brandt and Konrad Adenauer. Reluctantly the Russians had to admit the Americans, French and British to their respective zones.

Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade• CAUSES

– Western Allies attempt to unite the Western Sectors of Germany and Berlin and form an independent West Germany with a common currency

– Stalin responds with attempt to take over all of Berlin

• Berlin Blockade – 1948 Stalin tries to starve the city to force the west out of West Berlin

– USSR cut off all ground access to Berlin, leaving 2M West Berliners without food, electricity and fuel

Berlin BlockadeBerlin Blockade

• You are President Truman…What would you have done to save West Berlin?

• What are the pros and cons to each alternative?

Truman’s ChoicesTruman’s Choices

• Use military force to gain ground access to West Berlin

• Give up West Berlin to Soviets• Is there another?

Airlift Food and SuppliesAirlift Food and Supplies

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift• Purpose – to

prevent the takeover of West Berlin by the USSR

• US sent 2M tons of supplies to West Berlin on Cargo Plans

• Plans landed 24hrs/day to keep west Berliners from starving

Operation “Little Vittles”Operation “Little Vittles”• US pilots drop

candy to the children of West Berlin using parachutes made of handkerchiefs

Extended ThinkingExtended Thinking

What did the Berlin Airlift do for the relationship between the U.S. and German people?

What did the Berlin Airlift do for Stalin?

In what ways did President Truman’s airlift support the policy of containment?

As you view the film, make note of the end result of the airlift? What happened to the west and east sectors of Germany?

Berlin AirliftBerlin Airlift

Effects of Berlin BlockadeEffects of Berlin Blockade

• Success for Containment• Germany became 2 countries – East and

West Germany• Berlin became permanently divided• US – appeared as friend rather than foe to

West German’s• USSR/Stalin - appeared oppressive and

brutal

U2 Spy Plane Incident• May 1, 1960• US U-2 spy plane shot down over the Soviet Union. • Khrushchev demanded an apology - Eisenhower refused. • Pilot Gary Powers - Convicted of espionage and

sentenced to 3 years imprisonment and 7 years of hard labor. – Served 1 year 9 months and 9 days before being traded for the

Soviet spy Colonel Rudolph Ivanovich Abel.

• Effect- Created further mistrust between US and USSR

Berlin WallBerlin Wall

Berlin WallBerlin Wall• Constructed in 1961

• Cause- intellectual & skilled workers from East Berlin from escaping to West Berlin

• Effects – Symbol of

Cold War, East Berlin -

economically weak

Families separated;

West Berlin -

economically strong

CubaCuba• Cuban Revolution – 1956

– Castro overthrows President Batista

– Establishes Communist Government in Cuba

– Nationalizes all industries • Many owned by U.S. citizens

US Response to Cuban RevolutionUS Response to Cuban Revolution

• Bay of Pigs Invasion– CIA plan to Overthrow Castro– Sent Cuban Exiles to invade Cuba– Kennedy cancelled US air support– Invasion Failed

• Operation Mongoose– CIA plan to assassinate Castro and interrupt

Cuban Trade

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis Cuban reaction to US

attempts to overthrow Castro

Turn to USSR for Help Soviets begin building

nuclear weapon sites in Cuba

October 1962 – US U2 Spy Plane Photographs Missile launch sites under construction in Cuba

• Missiles could reach

Missile RangeMissile Range

Missiles could reach every major city in US (except Seattle) within minutes of launch

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile CrisisOct 16-28, 1962Oct 16-28, 1962

• Causes Reaction to US attempts to invade

Cuba and overthrow Fidel CastroReaction to US missiles placed in

Turkey

KennedyKhrushchev

Kennedy SpeechKennedy SpeechCuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis• Potential Options Discussed by

ExComm (Sec. of State, Sec. of Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Security Advisor, CIA Director, Vice President, UN Ambassador)

1. Ignore the Missiles2. Airstrikes to take out Missiles3. Airstrikes followed by US invasion4. Diplomacy5. Naval Blockade of Cuba

Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

• Naval Blockade – option chosen by Kennedy– Demonstrated US willingness to take action– Gave Khrushchev time to consider the gravity of

the situation

• US Response– Americans left population centers– US military on full alert

• Soviet Response– Send ships toward Cuba– Eventually honor the blockade

CMC Final AgreementCMC Final Agreement

• Public:– USSR agrees to withdraw Missiles– US wont invade Cuba

• Private– Kennedy agreed to remove Missiles in

Turkey

Soviet Leadership - Cold War• Stalin (1922-1953)

• Khrushchev (1953 – 1964)

• Brezhnev (1964 – 1982))

Stalin• Stalin (1922-1953)

– Great Purge (1936-1938)• Political Rivals sent to gulags or purged

– 5 year Plan (1928)• focus on heavy industrial products

• Few consumer goods made

• Focus on quantity vs. quality

– Collectivization(1928)• Peasants forced to work on group farms

– Military spending high – 1st A-bomb (1949), 1st H-bomb (1952)

Khrushchev• Khrushchev (1953 – 1964)

– De-Stalinization (1953)• Denounced Stalin’s brutal policies

– Improved standard of living– More freedoms

– Continued Collectivization and 5 year plans

– U2 Spy Plane incident 1960

– Peaceful Co-existence with West (1961)

– Continued Massive Military Buildup • Sputnik – 1st Satellite in space = ICBMs

capable of reaching US (1957)

– Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) + Weakened Economy = Removed from Office (1964)

Brezhnev•1964 – 1982

•Reversed Khrushchev’s de-Stalinization policies (1964)

Brezhnev Doctrine – no country could leave the Warsaw Pact (1968)

•Détente (1972) – policy to “relax” relations with the US

SALT (1972)– limited the number of nuclear warheads and missiles that each country could maintain

•Invasion of Afghanistan (1979) ended détente

•Drained national treasury, unpopular

Soviet SatellitesSoviet SatellitesYugoslaviaYugoslavia

• Only large eastern European Communist state to resist Soviet Control

• Josip Tito – leader of Yugoslavia– insisted on own national policies– Developed his own form of Communism– Stalin expelled Yugoslavia from the

international communist organization

Soviet SatellitesSoviet SatellitesInvasion of Hungary 1956Invasion of Hungary 1956

• Hungarians demand freedoms from communist government

• Imre Nagy announced withdraw from Warsaw Pact - Threatens to return to democracy

• Khrushchev sends Soviet Army into Budapest

• Leaders and protesters rounded up and executed

• Hungary returns to Communism

Soviet Satellites Soviet Satellites Invasion of CzechoslovakiaInvasion of Czechoslovakia

19681968• Czechs attempt to loosen

Soviet Control• Czech leader Alexander

Dubcek restores some freedoms

• Soviets send in Warsaw Pact troops

• Czechoslovakia returns to Soviet Communism

Soviet SatellitesSoviet SatellitesPolandPoland

• Resented Soviet control• Gomulka – freed political prisoners and

ended collectivization, eased relations with the Catholic Church

• 1970s workers demand economic reforms• 1976 Growing underground movement to

resist Soviets aided by Catholic Church

Cold War in AsiaCold War in Asia

China KoreaVietnamJapan

Communism in ChinaCommunism in China

• 2000 years of Dynastic Rule• 1911 Republic of China established• Nationalist Leader - Sun Yat-sen

– Promised land reform and end to political corruption

Communism in ChinaCommunism in China• 1920 – Chinese Communist Party formed• 1920/30’s Nationalist Party in Control• – Chiang Kai-Shek leads Nationalist Party (1927)

– Millions of peasants starve– Unequal land distribution– Govt. policies favor wealthy landlords

• 1927 Civil War begins– Nationalist vs. Communists

• 1934 – Long March– 90K Communist March 2,000 miles in Protest against

government– Nationalist kill 6K Communists– Mao Zedong survives

Communism in ChinaCommunism in China• WWII

– Communist – Mao Zedong• gain strength in countryside by giving

peasants land• arm peasants with weapons• Communist movement grows

– Nationalist- Chiang Kai-shek• save best troops to fight Communists,

NOT Japanese• Troops are crushed by Japanese• Nationalist movement weakens• Continues to ignore problems

– Land reform, Corruption

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

• Civil War Resumes after WWII• US sends 3B in Aid to help

Nationalists• Why?_______________________• As you watch the video, answer the

following question:– What were the results of the Chinese

Civil War?

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War• Results:

– Chiang Kai-shek flees to Formosa establishes the Republic of China• Allies with US

– Mao Zedong established the Peoples Republic of China• Allies with USSR

Communism in ChinaCommunism in China• 1949 Communist Revolution

– Mao Zedong becomes leader (1949-1976)

• 1952-1957 Soviet Socialism– 5 year Plan and Collectivization

• 1956 Break from Soviet Influence• Move toward true communism

• 1956-1961 Great Leap Forward– Modernize economy, while equally

sharing wealth– Large scale industrial programs– Communes

• 1966-1969 Cultural Revolution– Plan to rid China of the 4 Olds: ideas,

culture, customs and habits– Red Guard helped to enforce

Communist Ideas• 1976 Mao dies, Jiang Qing (wife) takes

over – struggle in Communist Party begins

Chinese ModernizationChinese Modernization• 1979-1997 Deng

Xioping– The Four Modernizations

• improve agricultural production

• update and expand industry

• modernize its army• Import foreign science

and technology

Deng Xiaoping 1904-1997

•1997-2003 Jiang Zemin•Modernization of industry

•Environmental destruction•Widening Gap between rich and poor

•Three Represents•Changes to Communist Ideology•Included “representing interests of majority”

•Movement to include business interests in party politics

Zemin improved Chinese relations Zemin improved Chinese relations Between the US and USSRBetween the US and USSR

Modern ChinaModern China

President Hu Jintao President Hu Jintao moves China toward moves China toward capitalismcapitalism

•Chinese Global Influence continues to GrowFocus:

•Environmental Controls•Gaps between rich and poor•Continued economic improvement•Foreign Investment in economy

•Personal, but not Political Freedoms•Media and Political Control

•Human Rights Violations – Tibet

•Committed to Chinese Reunification - Taiwan

Korean WarKorean War

KoreaKorea

• 1945 Post WWII North Korea occupied by USSR South Korea occupied by US Divided at 38th Parallel Plan to create an independent, unified Korea

• 1948 – Free Elections Scheduled US holds free elections in S. Korea USSR refuses free elections Syngman Rhee – non-communist leader of S.

Korea Kim Il Sung – USSR installed communist

leader in N.Korea

Korean WarKorean War

•June 1950 •N. Korea Troops invade S.Korea

•June 1950 •Truman orders Naval & AirForce to Korea without formal declaration of war

•UN Security Council approves military aid to South Korea

North KoreaNorth Korea South KoreaSouth Korea

Korean WarKorean War

North KoreaNorth KoreaSouth Korea/UN South Korea/UN TroopsTroops

Cornered at Cornered at PusanPusan

•UN Troops Cornered at PusanUN Troops Cornered at Pusan

•MacArthur lands UN forces MacArthur lands UN forces Behind nemy lines at InchonBehind nemy lines at InchonDrives North Korean Troops Drives North Korean Troops past 38 Parallelpast 38 Parallel

Korean WarKorean War

North Korea pined North Korea pined at Chinese Borderat Chinese BorderSouth Korea/UN South Korea/UN TroopsTroops

•N.K troops pinned against Chinese border

• MacArthur wants victory - expand war into China & use of nuclear weapons

• Truman wants “limited war” limiting war to Korea & using conventional weapons

•Against Truman’s orders, MacArthur bombs bridges crossing into China

Korean WarKorean War

North Korea/Chinese North Korea/Chinese Troops cross 38 Troops cross 38 ParallelParallelSouth Korea/UN South Korea/UN TroopsTroops

• China enters war - sends troops across border into N.Korea

• Chinese/N. Korean troops drive UN troops back across 38 Parallel

• April 1951 Truman fires MacArthur for publically criticizing his policy of “Limited War” = insubordination

Korean War ResultsKorean War Results• Stalemate• Remained divided

at 38th Parallel• 30,000 American

deaths• 1.3M Korean Deaths• Win or Loss for

containment?North Korea North Korea South Korea/UN South Korea/UN TroopsTroops

Korean WarKorean War

VietnamVietnam

History of VietnamHistory of Vietnam• Once a Colony of France –

rubber, tin & rice• Part of French Indochina

– Cambodia– Laos– Vietnam

• Japanese capture during WWII

• French return to claim colony after Japan’s defeat

VietnamVietnam• Ho Chi Min – Communist

leader• declares Vietnamese

independence in 1945– Goals:

• Independent Vietnam• Unified Vietnam• Land Reform

Truman YearsTruman Years

• US Policy – 1950-1956– Containment and

Truman Doctine

• Provide military aid to French to defeat the Communist Vietminh

• French Lose

Geneva Peace TalksGeneva Peace Talks

• Vietnam divided at 17th Parallel

• North – Communist– Leader Ho Chi Min– Gained Popularity through

land reform

• South – Non-Communist Dictator– Leader - Ngo Dinh Diem– Refuses Land Reform

• Unification pending free elections

Eisenhower YearsEisenhower Years

• Policy of Containment

• Domino Theory – Fall of Vietnam would lead

Other countries in SE Asia to fall

• U.S. sends $ to aid South Vietnam in resisting Communism

The Kennedy YearsThe Kennedy Years• Sends military advisors and $ to

South Vietnam• Diem’s corrupt govt. unpopular• Military coup - Diem

Assassinated • Civil War

Vietcong – Communist in S.V. aided by Vietminh in N.V./USSR vs.

non communist in S.V/US

Johnson YearsJohnson Years• Gulf of Tonkin

Incident – US boats torpedoed by N. Vietnam

• Gulf of Tonkin Resolution – Congress gives Johnson authority to send troops– 1965 – 165,000– 1968 – 500,000

• War unpopular in US

Nixon YearsNixon Years

Vietnamization – Train S.V. troops to replace US troops

• Massive bombings - put pressure on N. Vietnamese to end the war

• Starts to bring troops home

Ending the WarEnding the War

• Vietminh agree to ceasefire

• 1973 - Last US troops leave

• 1975 – N. Vietnamese invade S. Vietnam

• S. Vietnam SurrendersVietnam becomes a

unified communist country

Costs of Vietnam War

• 57,000 US Soldiers Dead

• 2 Million Vietnamese Dead

• 150B Financial Cost

• US loses First War• Reluctance to

commit US troops over seas

Vietnam TodayVietnam Today• Remains a

Communist Country

• Unified – no longer North and South

• US ended trade embargo in 1994

• US established diplomatic relations in 1995

Compare Korean War to Vietnam War

Japan• Occupation of Japan led by

MacArthur – 6 years

• Demilitarization – Japanese armed services

disbanded– Japan agrees to protection

from US

• Democracy – 2 House Parliament called Diet– Emperor becomes symbolic

JapanJapan• Economic Miracle

– US Investment– Government

Intervention– Cooperation of

manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks

• Focus on Technology

• Business Management– Lifetime employment– Seniority-Based wages– Group Effort– Quality Control