Unit 1:Unit 1:Origins of a New NationOrigins of a New Nation

Chapter 1—Many Cultures MeetChapter 1—Many Cultures Meet

Chapter 2—Europeans Establish ColoniesChapter 2—Europeans Establish Colonies

Chapter 3—The American Colonies Take ShapeChapter 3—The American Colonies Take Shape

Slides 1-27 are just review: Slides 1-27 are just review: sit back, relax & listen sit back, relax & listen

https://https://www.youtube.com/watch?www.youtube.com/watch?

v=AnHW_t8Qwwc v=AnHW_t8Qwwc

The American Indians

The First People of the Americas Main Idea: Scholars believe Paleoindians, or the first humans to live in the Americas, came from Siberia and eventually developed permanent villages where they practiced farming.

Early American Indian Cultures

Main Idea: Many Native American cultures emerged in the Americas centuries before the arrival of Columbus. Distinct cultures developed in areas such as the Southwest, the Mississippi River Valley, the Great Plains, and the Eastern Woodlands.

Common Cultural Features

Main Idea: Although there was great cultural diversity among early Native Americans, they did share some cultural traits. These included de-centralized political power, spiritual beliefs, shared property and land, and gender roles.

Arrival of the first AmericansArrival of the first Americans

• 10,000-40,000 years ago.

• Crossed land bring connecting Siberia and Alaska.

• Spread in N & S Amer

• 3 most advanced civilizations in Central and South America.– Inca

• Peru and Ecuador

– Mayan• Southern coach of Gulf

of Mexico

– Aztec• Mexico

The VikingsThe Vikings

• You mean Europeans weren’t the first?!

• Came from Norway– 800-1000 AD

• Eric the Red, Leif Ericson– True Blood anyone?

• Why no credit?– No claims, little

evidence.

The Europeans

Life in Europe in the 1400s

Main Idea: At the start of the fifteenth century, in the wake of the bubonic plague, Europe had several key characteristics. The economy became centered on agriculture, only a small minority of the population possessed wealth and power, and various kingdoms waged war with one another.

Europe Looks Beyond Its Borders

Main Idea: Rapidly expanding trade and the religious wars known as the Crusades exposed Europeans to different parts of the world. A new era, known as the Renaissance, began.

The Portuguese Begin to Explore

Main Idea: Due to its geographic location and technological developments, the Portuguese took the lead in exploring new trade routes and areas for expansion of power.

Continued…

Renaissance Changes Europe QUICK STUDY

Explorers and ColoniesExplorers and Colonies• Why go to America?

– Renaissance– Religious conflict– Expanding trade (Marco Polo)– The 3 G’s!!!

• Gold – A desire for wealth…New job opportunities, precious

metals, etc.• God

– Duty to spread one’s religion• Glory

– Be there first! See the new stuff first!!!!

Follow the LeaderFollow the Leader

• First.. Spain & Portugal.

• Then… France & Holland.

• Finally… Great Britain.

Why did they come?Why did they come?• Portugal: water routes

to India & Asia– Claimed colonies,

ie: Brazil

• Spain: water routes, conquistadors– Land, wealth, slaves– Colonies = sugar– Indian then African

slaves

• FR: water routes, colonization– Fur trade around

Great Lakes– Friendly with Indians

• Britain - Upper hand in North American and set the stage for….. US!

Who came?Who came?Portugal Portugal

• Prince Henry the Navigator– Est. Nautical school– Water route to Asia

• Made it to West Africa

• Vasco de Gama– Sailed around Southern tip of Africa to India

• Amerigo Vespucci – Italian; mapped coast of S. America.

• Work used to map the “New World”

Who came?Who came?SpainSpain

• Christopher Columbus– Italian; sent by Ferdinand & Isabella

to Asia (didn’t quite make it)• 3 ships, 90 sailors, landed San Salvador

10/12/1492

• Balboa – Sailed to Panama; 1st European to

see Pacific

Who came?Who came?SpainSpain

• Ferdinand Magellan – Sailed around S. Amer

tip (straight of Magellan)

– Called Pacific “peaceful waters”

– Sailed around the world

• Hernando Cortes– Conquistador– Sailed to Mexico with

Army– Destroyed Aztecs,

claimed Mexico

Magellan’s Voyage TRANSPARENCY

Hernan Cortes & Francisco PizzaroHernan Cortes & Francisco Pizzaro

• Hernan Cortes– Sent by Cuba to conquer the Aztec’s in Mexico.– Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan (present day Mexico city) had

400,000 people there.– Aztec’s governed about 20 million people (twice the size of

Spain’s) and Cortes could only gather 600 soldiers.– Cortes learned that the Aztecs conquered many Native

Americans and were able to enlist the help of 200,000 Mexicans.– By 1521, Cortes had conquered one of the largest empires in the

world.

• Francisco Pizzaro– Conquered the Inca (what is now Peru)

Control of the Spanish EmpireControl of the Spanish Empire• These new lands and people became…

– Colonies: areas settled by immigrants who continue to be ruled by their parent country.

• The Spanish became soooo rich!– Had enslaved Native Americans and Africans, mined

silver and gold in Peru, established farms and ranches, etc.

• Didn’t make Indians leave…forced them to become part of Spanish culture.– Because they all lived together…a new race emerged

• Mestizo: Mix of Spanish and Native American.

• "With my own eyes I saw Spaniards cut off the nose, hands and ears of Indians, male and female, without provocation, merely because it pleased them to do it. ... Likewise, I saw how they summoned the caciques and the chief rulers to come, assuring them safety, and when they peacefully came, they were taken captive and burned."

"[The Spaniards] took babies from their mothers' breasts, grabbing them "[The Spaniards] took babies from their mothers' breasts, grabbing them by the feet and smashing their heads againt rocks. ...They built a long by the feet and smashing their heads againt rocks. ...They built a long

gibbet, low enough for the toes to touch the ground and prevent gibbet, low enough for the toes to touch the ground and prevent strangling, and hanged thirteen [natives] at a time in honor of Christ Our strangling, and hanged thirteen [natives] at a time in honor of Christ Our

Saviour and the twelve Apostles. ...Then, straw was wrapped around Saviour and the twelve Apostles. ...Then, straw was wrapped around their torn bodies and they were burned alive."their torn bodies and they were burned alive."

Who came?Who came?SpainSpain

• Ponce de Leon– Sought the fountain

of youth– Claimed Florida

• Land of Flowers

• Spanish Empire caused inflation to rise in Europe– San Salvador, Mexico, Florida, etc.

Who came?Who came?France France

• Jacques Cartier– Looking for Northwest Passage,

explored St. Lawrence River

• Samuel de Champlain– Founded colony of Quebec in 1608

• Robert LaSalle– Followed Mississippi River, claimed it– Named Louisiana after King Louis XIV

• Great location!

Who came?Who came?BritainBritain

• Sir Francis Drake – “Sea Dog”, sent by Queen

Elizabeth I • Mission: pillage Spanish

America and ships

– Defeated Spanish Armada

• Huuuge fleet 130 ships & 27,000 sailors

– Ensured GB’s naval dominance in North Atlantic

Others…Others…

• Henry Hudson– British but sailed for Dutch– Explored NY Harbor & settled New

Amsterdam (later NY)• Had patroonships – feudal estates

The West Africans

West African Kingdoms  Main Idea: Various kingdoms, such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai flourished in West Africa. With the arrival of Portuguese explorers in the 1400s, the kingdoms became important trade centers.

West African Life

Main Idea: West African civilizations were diverse and well developed. Religious beliefs varied but contributed to strong communal ties, as did family bonds.

Slavery in Africa

Main Idea: Slavery was common in West Africa. West African rulers commonly sold conquered or captured people as slaves to traders, including Arabs and the Portuguese.

Now let’s Now let’s talk about:talk about:The

British

Colonies

Notes

Start

Here!

Activity Check: Fill in your chartActivity Check: Fill in your chart

• Royal colony– Belonged to the crown

• Proprietary colony– Belonged to powerful

individuals or companies

• Joint-stock colony– Business venture founded

and run by a group of investors who were to share in the company’s profits and losses

• New England colonies– New Hampshire,

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island

• Middle colonies– New York, New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, Delaware

• Southern colonies– North Carolina, South Carolina,

Georgia, Virginia, Maryland

Jamestown:Jamestown:England’s first permanent colonyEngland’s first permanent colony

• Est. by the VA Comp.– Chesapeake Bay area

• Fertile land, good harbors and rivers

• 144 settlers came and settled on James River

• No women• Only 4 carpenters

Hardships for JamestownHardships for Jamestown

• Diseases (Malaria)

• Not used to hard work

• Starvation– Dependent on supplies from GB and Natives

• 1st year – only 38 survivors

• 800 more came – only 60 survived “starving time” of winter 1609.– Ate rats, mice…. Even resorted to cannibalism

Governing JamestownGoverning Jamestown

• John Smith– Forceful leader

• John Rolfe– Est. tobacco

industry• Slavery introduced

• Pocahontas– Rolfe’s wife– Helped with Indian

relations

- Daughter of Powhatan

Jamestown in perilJamestown in peril• Tobacco –

successfully cultivated– Slavery introduced,

but…

• VA Co. goes into debt– Charter is revoked– VA becomes first

Royal Colony• Appointed a Governor –

Sir William Berkeley

• Berkeley – Taxed poor planters

more than wealthy people

• Burned to ground b/c Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion• Settlers wanted to take land from Indians– Berkeley didn’t help, so….

• In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon raised an army to fight the Indians & Berkeley.

• Berkeley defeated and Jamestown burned.

• 1 month later, Bacon died.– New Gov. appointed

Importance of Bacon’s RebellionImportance of Bacon’s Rebellion

• 1.) Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless/poor farmers

• 2.) Colonial resistance to royal control

• 3.) More frontier access = more conflicts with Indians.

House of Burgesses - VAHouse of Burgesses - VA

• 1st elected representative legislative group– Democracy, power of the people

• 1st meeting – July 30, 1617– 22 elected representatives– Cut short by malaria

• Eventually becomes the VA state assembly

The Roanoke DisasterThe Roanoke Disaster

• Walter Raleigh tried twice to start a colony on Roanoke Island (1580’s).– Along coast of North Carolina

• 1st attempt – settlers facing starvation returned home

• 2nd attempt – settlers disappeared• Were they defeated by the Indians…did they join

them…no one knows.

The New England The New England ColoniesColonies

Plymouth Colony (Mass Bay)Plymouth Colony (Mass Bay)• Joint Stock

• Jamestown est. for economic reasons, Plymouth est. by religious separatists

• AKA: PURITANS

• The PILGRIMS, came on the ….– MAYFLOWER (1620)

• Signed: Mayflower Compact– First written governing doc. of our nation!

• Laws made by majority; all would obey

Plymouth Colony, cont.Plymouth Colony, cont.

• ½ settlers died by Spring– Squanto & corn– Deep faith and

determination helped them survive…

• THANKSGIVING!

• Leader: – William Bradford

• Became part of Mass. Bay Colony.

Massachusetts Bay Colony Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Started as joint stock, 1630

• Many came b/c of GREAT MIGRATION

• Home to many Puritans, “City on a Hill”– Wanted to purify Church of England

• Under Calvinist leaders, became a theocracy (what’s that)?– Church is paramount in all decisions, political

and religious.

More on MassachusettsMore on Massachusetts• Ironic - Religious intolerance

– Banished if don’t agree• Dissident founded many other colonies

• Salem Witch Trails– Activity:

• http://blog.teachtci.com/salem-witchcraft-activity-dot-game/

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JU8GvfeaOMo – http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB1OWwFTZ8U

Other colonies: Other colonies: ConnecticutConnecticut New Hamp & Maine New Hamp & Maine..

• Joint stock• Founder: Thomas

Hooker• Religion less imp.

Than commerce• First to write a

Constitution

• New Hampshire & Maine:

• 2 Englishmen given a gov’t grant to areas north of Mass., divided land

• New Hampshire– Founder: John

Wheelwright (expelled)– Joint stock, then royal

• Maine – part of Mass Bay Colony until 1820.

Other Colonies:Other Colonies:Rhode IslandRhode Island

• Joint Stock• Founder: Roger

Williams– Banished from Mass

b/c wanted sep. of church & state

• Est. Providence (later RI)

• Bought Bought land from Indians!

• Was unique:– Recognized rights of N.

Americans and paid them for land

– Complete religious toleration all allowed to come and worship

• Religious refugees came– 1663, Parliament granted

free religion charter

Halfway CovenantHalfway Covenant• Mid 17th cent, a generation has gone by

since first Puritans came to NE.

• New generation seemed less committed to religion & more interested in $$$.

• Halfway Covenant offered by some clergymen to those who professed limited religious commitment.– People could now participate without

declaration their total belief in JC.

New England ConfederationNew England Confederation• Plymouth, Mass Bay,

Connecticut & New Haven– Formed a military

alliance from threat of Natives.

• Lasted until 1684– Crown ended it.

• Est. a precedent to take unified action against Natives.

King Phillip’s WarKing Phillip’s War• Metacom (King Philip, in Eng.)

leader of the Algonquin people.– United many tribes in Southern New

England against English settlers.

• Vicious War (1675-76)– Thousands killed on both sides– Dozens towns/villages burned

• English struck back.– Metacom was caught and killed– Head placed on display in Boston.

• Significance:– Virtually ended Indian resistance

in New England.

The Middle and Southern ColoniesThe Middle and Southern Colonies

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies• Included: New

York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

• In middle of the Atlantic coast of North America.

• Very diverse

• Bread basket

The Middle Colonies:The Middle Colonies:New YorkNew York

• Est. by Dutch Joint Stock– Then GB Proprietary, became English colony

through conquest

• England & Holland in war over N.Amer fur trade

• Duke of York given a fleet by brother King Charles II to capture New Amsterdam– Did in 1664; named for him after capture

• Ethnically diverse area

Middle Colonies:Middle Colonies:New Jersey & DelawareNew Jersey & Delaware

• New Jersey – Also Dutch Joint Stock then GB proprietary

• Originally owned by Duke York too, gave it to other rich guys

• Delaware– Proprietary– Started by Swedes, taken by Dutch, then taken by

English.– Also owned by Duke of York, later purchased by

William Penn• Scared Penn was land-locked

Middle Colonies:Middle Colonies:PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

• Proprietary – William Penn given grant for settlement

• Founded as sanctuary for Quakers– Passive resistance– Non-paid clergy– Equality for women– Simple meeting houses

• Very democratic:– No military service– Anti-slavery– No paid clergy– No swearing oaths to King

• Most successful and diverse of all 13 colonies:– Philly – “City of Brotherly

Love”

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies• Virginia, Maryland,

Carolina’s, & Georgia

• Maryland (Proprietary)– Refuge for Catholics by Lord

Baltimore– Bicameral legislature est.– Religious probs b/t Cath and

Christians– 1649: Maryland Toleration Acts

• Freedom of worship for Christians

Southern Colonies:Southern Colonies: Carolina’s Carolina’s

• Carolina’s (Proprietary)– Land reward for those who

restored monarchy after English Civil War

– Religious and political freedom… but – slavery?

• Tobacco – Tarheels• Not indentured servitude• Proprietors had

investments in slave trade

– 1729 – Split in two• SC thought better than

NC– Better harbors; grew

sugar, rice & indigo

Southern Colonies:Southern Colonies:GeorgiaGeorgia

• Proprietary– Started as a Penal colony by James Ogelthorpe

• Rum, Catholics and Slaves – prohibited!– In the beginning…

• Originally a haven for those who had been jailed in England b/c they couldn’t pay their debts.

Elsewhere:Elsewhere:

• Quebec!– Est. for the French

by Samuel de la Champlain– Good location = St. Lawrence River

• Trade, interior water way, power

– Fur!!!!– Capital of New France