Unit 1:Unit 1:Origins of a New NationOrigins of a New Nation

Chapter 1—Many Cultures MeetChapter 1—Many Cultures MeetChapter 2—Europeans Establish ColoniesChapter 2—Europeans Establish Colonies

Chapter 3—The American Colonies Take ShapeChapter 3—The American Colonies Take Shape

Slides 1-27 are just review: Slides 1-27 are just review: sit back, relax & listen sit back, relax & listen

The American Indians

The First People of the Americas Main Idea: Scholars believe Paleoindians, or the first humans to live in the Americas, came from Siberia and eventually developed permanent villages where they practiced farming.

Early American Indian Cultures

Main Idea: Many Native American cultures emerged in the Americas centuries before the arrival of Columbus. Distinct cultures developed in areas such as the Southwest, the Mississippi River Valley, the Great Plains, and the Eastern Woodlands.

Common Cultural Features

Main Idea: Although there was great cultural diversity among early Native Americans, they did share some cultural traits. These included de-centralized political power, spiritual beliefs, shared property and land, and gender roles.

The Europeans

Life in Europe in the 1400s

Main Idea: At the start of the fifteenth century, in the wake of the bubonic plague, Europe had several key characteristics. The economy became centered on agriculture, only a small minority of the population possessed wealth and power, and various kingdoms waged war with one another.

Europe Looks Beyond Its Borders

Main Idea: Rapidly expanding trade and the religious wars known as the Crusades exposed Europeans to different parts of the world. A new era, known as the Renaissance, began.

The Portuguese Begin to Explore

Main Idea: Due to its geographic location and technological developments, the Portuguese took the lead in exploring new trade routes and areas for expansion of power.

Continued…

Renaissance Changes Europe QUICK STUDY

Explorers and ColoniesExplorers and Colonies• Why go to America?

– Renaissance– Religious conflict– Expanding trade (Marco Polo)– The 3 G’s!!!

• Gold – A desire for wealth…New job opportunities, precious

metals, etc.• God

– Duty to spread one’s religion• Glory

– Be there first! See the new stuff first!!!!

The West Africans

West African Kingdoms  Main Idea: Various kingdoms, such as Ghana, Mali, and Songhai flourished in West Africa. With the arrival of Portuguese explorers in the 1400s, the kingdoms became important trade centers.

West African Life

Main Idea: West African civilizations were diverse and well developed. Religious beliefs varied but contributed to strong communal ties, as did family bonds.

Slavery in Africa

Main Idea: Slavery was common in West Africa. West African rulers commonly sold conquered or captured people as slaves to traders, including Arabs and the Portuguese.

Now let’s Now let’s talk about:talk about:The British Colonies

Notes Start Here!

Activity Check: Fill in your chartActivity Check: Fill in your chart• Royal colony

– Belonged to the crown

• Proprietary colony– Belonged to powerful

individuals or companies

• Joint-stock colony– Business venture founded

and run by a group of investors who were to share in the company’s profits and losses

• New England colonies– New Hampshire,

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island

• Middle colonies– New York, New Jersey,

Pennsylvania, Delaware

• Southern colonies– North Carolina, South Carolina,

Georgia, Virginia, Maryland

Jamestown:Jamestown:England’s first permanent colonyEngland’s first permanent colony

• Est. by the VA Comp.– Chesapeake Bay area

• Fertile land, good harbors and rivers

• 144 settlers came and settled on James River

• No women• Only 4 carpenters

Hardships for JamestownHardships for Jamestown

• Diseases (Malaria)• Not used to hard work• Starvation

– Dependent on supplies from GB and Natives• 1st year – only 38 survivors• 800 more came – only 60 survived “starving

time” of winter 1609.– Ate rats, mice…. Even resorted to cannibalism

Governing JamestownGoverning Jamestown

• John Smith– Forceful leader

• John Rolfe– Est. tobacco industry

• Slavery introduced

• Pocahontas– Rolfe’s wife– Helped with Indian relations- Daughter of Powhatan

Jamestown in trouble…Jamestown in trouble…• Tobacco –

successfully cultivated– Indentured servants to

slavery, but…• VA Co. goes into debt

– Charter is revoked– VA becomes first

Royal Colony• Appointed a Governor –

Sir William Berkeley

• Berkeley – Taxed poor planters

more than wealthy people

• Burned to ground b/c Bacon’s Rebellion

Bacon’s RebellionBacon’s Rebellion• Settlers wanted to take land from Indians– Berkeley didn’t help, so….

• In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon raised an army to fight the Indians & Berkeley.

• Berkeley defeated and Jamestown burned.

• 1 month later, Bacon died.– New Gov. appointed

Importance of Bacon’s RebellionImportance of Bacon’s Rebellion

• 1.) Sharp class differences between wealthy planters and landless/poor farmers– FYI, afterwards the farmers taxes were reduced.

• 2.) Colonial resistance to royal control

• 3.) More frontier access = more conflicts with Indians.

House of Burgesses - VAHouse of Burgesses - VA

• 1st elected representative legislative group– Democracy, power of the people

• 1st meeting – July 30, 1617– 22 elected representatives– Cut short by malaria

• Eventually becomes the VA state assembly

The Roanoke DisasterThe Roanoke Disaster

• Walter Raleigh tried twice to start a colony on Roanoke Island (1580’s).– Along coast of North Carolina

• 1st attempt – settlers facing starvation returned home

• 2nd attempt – settlers disappeared• Were they defeated by the Indians…did they join

them…no one knows.

The New England The New England ColoniesColonies

Plymouth Colony (Mass Bay)Plymouth Colony (Mass Bay)• Joint Stock• Jamestown est. for economic reasons,

Plymouth est. by religious separatists• AKA: PURITANS

• The PILGRIMS, came on the ….– MAYFLOWER (1620)

• Signed: Mayflower Compact– First written governing doc. of our nation!

• Laws made by majority; all would obey

Plymouth Colony, cont.Plymouth Colony, cont.• ½ settlers died by Spring

– Squanto & corn– Deep faith and

determination helped them survive…

• THANKSGIVING!

• Leader: – William Bradford

• Became part of Mass. Bay Colony.

Massachusetts Bay Colony Massachusetts Bay Colony

• Started as joint stock, 1630• Many came b/c of GREAT MIGRATION• Home to many Puritans, “City on a Hill”

– Wanted to purify Church of England• Under Calvinist leaders, became a

theocracy (what’s that)?– Church is paramount in all decisions, political

and religious.

More on MassachusettsMore on Massachusetts• Ironic - Religious intolerance

– Banished if don’t agree• Dissident founded many other colonies

• Salem Witch Trails– Activity:

• http://blog.teachtci.com/salem-witchcraft-activity-dot-game/

– http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JU8GvfeaOMo

Other colonies: Other colonies: ConnecticutConnecticut New Hamp & Maine New Hamp & Maine..

• Joint stock• Founder: Thomas

Hooker• Religion less imp.

Than commerce• First to write a

Constitution

• New Hampshire & Maine:• 2 Englishmen given a gov’t

grant to areas north of Mass., divided land

• New Hampshire– Founder: John

Wheelwright (expelled)– Joint stock, then royal

• Maine – part of Mass Bay Colony until 1820.

Other Colonies:Other Colonies:Rhode IslandRhode Island

• Joint Stock• Founder: Roger

Williams– Banished from Mass

b/c wanted sep. of church & state

• Est. Providence (later RI)

• Bought Bought land from Indians!

• Was unique:– Recognized rights of N.

Americans and paid them for land

– Complete religious toleration all allowed to come and worship

• Religious refugees came– 1663, Parliament granted

free religion charter

Halfway CovenantHalfway Covenant• Mid 17th cent, a generation has gone by

since first Puritans came to NE.• New generation seemed less committed to

religion & more interested in $$$.• Halfway Covenant offered by some

clergymen to those who professed limited religious commitment.– People could now participate without declaration

their total belief in JC.

New England ConfederationNew England Confederation• Plymouth, Mass Bay,

Connecticut & New Haven– Formed a military

alliance from threat of Natives.

• Lasted until 1684– Crown ended it.

• Est. a precedent to take unified action against Natives.

King Phillip’s WarKing Phillip’s War• Metacom (King Philip, in Eng.)

leader of the Algonquin people.– United many tribes in Southern New

England against English settlers.

• Vicious War (1675-76)– Thousands killed on both sides– Dozens towns/villages burned

• English struck back.– Metacom was caught and killed– Head placed on display in Boston.

• Significance:– Virtually ended Indian resistance

in New England.

The Middle and Southern ColoniesThe Middle and Southern Colonies

Middle ColoniesMiddle Colonies• Included: New

York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

• In middle of the Atlantic coast of North America.

• Very diverse

• Bread basket

The Middle Colonies:The Middle Colonies:New YorkNew York

• Est. by Dutch Joint Stock– Then GB Proprietary, became English colony

through conquest• England & Holland in war over N.Amer fur trade• Duke of York given a fleet by brother King

Charles II to capture New Amsterdam– Did in 1664; named for him after capture

• Ethnically diverse area

Middle Colonies:Middle Colonies:New Jersey & DelawareNew Jersey & Delaware

• New Jersey – Also Dutch Joint Stock then GB proprietary

• Originally owned by Duke York too, gave it to other rich guys

• Delaware– Proprietary– Started by Swedes, taken by Dutch, then taken by

English.– Also owned by Duke of York, later purchased by

William Penn• Scared Penn was land-locked

Middle Colonies:Middle Colonies:PennsylvaniaPennsylvania

• Proprietary – William Penn given grant for settlement– Also bought land from

Indians.

• Founded as sanctuary for Quakers– Passive resistance– Non-paid clergy– Equality for women– Simple meeting houses

• Very democratic:– No military service– Anti-slavery– No paid clergy– No swearing oaths to King

• Most successful and diverse of all 13 colonies:– Philly – “City of Brotherly

Love”

Southern ColoniesSouthern Colonies• Virginia, Maryland,

Carolina’s, & Georgia

• Maryland (Proprietary)– Refuge for Catholics by Lord

Baltimore– Bicameral legislature est.– Religious probs b/t Cath and

Christians– 1649: Maryland Toleration Acts

• Freedom of worship for Christians

Southern Colonies:Southern Colonies: Carolina’s Carolina’s• Carolina’s (Proprietary)

– Land reward for those who restored monarchy after English Civil War

– Religious and political freedom… but – slavery?

• Tobacco – Tarheels• Not indentured servitude• Proprietors had

investments in slave trade– 1729 – Split in two

• SC thought better than NC

– Better harbors; grew sugar, rice & indigo

Southern Colonies:Southern Colonies:GeorgiaGeorgia

• Proprietary– Started as a Penal colony by James Ogelthorpe

• Rum, Catholics and Slaves – prohibited!– In the beginning…

• Originally a haven for those who had been jailed in England b/c they couldn’t pay their debts.

Elsewhere:Elsewhere:

• Quebec!– Est. for the French by Samuel de la Champlain– Good location = St. Lawrence River

• Trade, interior water way, power– Fur!!!!– Capital of New France