EL FILIBUSTERISMO

I. The novel and it’s History

II. Objectives of Dr. Jose Rizal

III. Synopsis

IV. Characters

V. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismocompared

VI. Mga Pahiwatig ng bawat Kabanata.

I. The Novel

EL FILIBUSTERISMO

• It is the second novel written by

José Rizal as the sequel to Noli

Me Tangere.

• Like Noli Me Tangere, it was

written in Spanish.

• “The reign of Greed” in English

• It consist of 38 chapters

Rizal dedicated El Filibusterismo

to the three martyred priests of

Cavite mutiny. The execution of

the three priests was significant

to the title of the novel.

The title

Rizal had to define the word filibustero to his German friend

Ferdinand Blumentritt, who did not understand his use of the

word in Noli MeTangere. In a letter, Rizal explained:

"The word filibustero is little known in the Philippines. The

masses do not know it yet. I heard it for the first time in 1872

when the tragic executions took place.”

“I still remember the panic that this word

created. Our father forbade us to utter it, as

well as the words Cavite, Burgos, etc. The

Manila newspapers and the Spaniards apply

this word to one whom they want to make are

volutionary suspect.”

“The Filipinos belonging to the educated class fear the

reach of the word. It does not have the meaning of

freebooters; it rather means a dangerous patriot who

will soon be hanged or well, a presumptuous man."

Jose Alejandro, one of the new Filipinos who had

been quite intimate with Rizal, said, "in writing the Noli

Rizal signed his own death warrant." Subsequent

events, after the fate of the Noli was sealed by the

Spanish authorities, prompted Rizal to write the

continuation of his first novel. He confessed, however,

that regretted very much having killed Elias instead of

Ibarra, reasoning that when he published the Noli his

health was very much broken, and was very unsure of

being able to write the continuation and speak of a

revolution.

Explaining to Marcelo H. del Pilar his inability to

contribute articles to the La Solidaridad, Rizal said

that he was haunted by certain sad presentiments,

and that he had been dreaming almost every night of

dead relatives and friends a few days before his 29th

birthday, that is why he wanted to finish the second

part of the Noli at all costs.

Consequently, as expected of a determined character,

Rizal apparently went in writing, for to his friend,

Blumentritt, he wrote on March 29, 1891: "I have

finished my book. Ah! I’ve not written it with any idea

of vengeance against my enemies, but only for the

good of those who suffer and for the rights of Tagalog

humanity, although brown and not good-looking."

To a Filipino friend in Hong Kong, Jose Basa, Rizal

likewise eagerly announced the completion of his

second novel. Having moved to Ghent to have the

book published at cheaper cost, Rizal once more

wrote his friend, Basa, in Hongkong on July 9, 1891: "I

am not sailing at once, because I am now printing the

second part of the Noli here, as you may see from the

enclosed pages. I prefer to publish it in some other

way before leaving Europe, for it seemed to me a pity

not to do so.

For the past three months I have not received a single

centavo, so I have pawned all that I have in order to

publish this book. I will continue publishing it as long

as I can; and when there is nothing to pawn I will stop

and return to be at your side."

Inevitably, Rizal’s next letter to Basa contained the

tragic news of the suspension of the printing of the

sequel to his first novel due to lack of funds, forcing

him to stop and leave the book half-way. "It is a pity,"

he wrote Basa, "because it seems to me that this

second part is more important than the first, and if I do

not finish it here, it will never be finished."

Fortunately, Rizal was not to remain in despair for

long. A compatriot, Valentin Ventura, learned of Rizal’s

predicament. He offered him financial assistance.

Even then Rizal’s was forced to shorten the novel

quite drastically, leaving only thirty-eight chapters

compared to the sixty-four chapters of the first novel.

Rizal moved to Ghent, and writes Jose Alejandro. The

sequel to Rizal’s Noli came off the press by the middle

of September, 1891.On the 18th he sent Basa two

copies, and Valentin Ventura the original manuscript

and an autographed printed copy.

Inspired by what the word filibustero connoted in

relation to the circumstances obtaining in his time, and

his spirits dampened by the tragic execution of the

three martyred priests, Rizal aptly titled the second

part of the Noli Me Tangere, El Filibusterismo. In

veneration of the three priests, he dedicated the book

to them.

"To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez

(85 years old), Don Jose Burgos (30 years old), and

Don Jacinto Zamora (35 years old). Executed in the

Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of February, 1872."

"The church, by refusing to degrade you, has placed

in doubt the crime that has been imputed to you; the

Government, by surrounding your trials with mystery

and shadows causes the belief that there was some

error, committed in fatal moments; and all the

Philippines, by worshipping your memory and calling

you martyrs, in no sense recognizes your culpability.

In so far, therefore, as your complicity in the Cavite

Mutiny is not clearly proved, as you may or may not

have been patriots, and as you may or may not

cherished sentiments for justice and for liberty, I have

the right to dedicate my work to you as victims of the

evil which I undertake to combat. And while we await

expectantly upon Spain some day to restore your

good name and cease to be answerable for your

death, let these pages serve as a tardy wreath of dried

leaves over one who without clear proofs attacks your

memory stains his hands in your blood."

Rizal’s memory seemed to have failed him, though, for

Father Gomez was then 73 not 85, Father Burgos 35

not 30 Father Zamora 37 not 35; and the date of

execution 17th not 28th.

The FOREWORD of the Fili was addressed to his

beloved countrymen, thus:

"TO THE FILIPINO PEOPLE AND THEIR

GOVERNMENT“

Source: http://www.joserizal.ph/fi01.html

• Rizal took 3 years to write his second novel.

• Rizal began writing El Filibusterismo in October 1887

while he was in Calamba.

• In London (1888), he revised the plot and some

chapters. Rizal continued to work on his manuscript in

Paris.

• He later moved to Brussels where the cost of living was

cheaper and he would be less likely to be distracted by

social events so he could focus on finishing the book.

• He finally completed the book on March 29, 1891 in

Biarritz.

• September 18, 1891- the novel was published in Ghent,

partially funded by Rizal’s friend Valentin Ventura. Rizal

immediately sent on this date two printed copies to

Hong- Kong, one for Basa and other for Sixto Lopez.

• Rizal gratefully donated the original manuscript and an

autographed printed copy to Valentin Ventura.

• Rizal sent complimentary copies to Blumentritt, Mariano

Ponce, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, T.H. Pardo de

Tavera, Juan Luna and other friends.

• The El Nuevo Regimen-liberal Madrid newspaper serialized

the novel in its issues of October 1891.

• Original manuscript of El filibusterismo in Rizal’s own

handwriting is now preserved in the Filipiniana Division of

the Bureau of Public libraries in Manila.

• • Acquired by Philippine government from Valentin Ventura

for 10,000 pesos.•

• Consists of 279 pages of long sheets paper

OBJECTIVES OF DR. JOSE RIZAL

IN WRITING THE NOVEL

3. To discuss what religion and belief can really do to everyday

lives.

4.To expose the cruelties, graft and corruption of the false

government and honestly show the wrong doings of Filipinos that

led to further failure.

1.To defend Filipino people from foreign accusations of

foolishness and lack of knowledge.

2. To show how the Filipino people live during Spanish colonial

period and the cries and woes of his countrymen against abusive

officials.

SYNOPSIS OF

EL FILIBUSTERISMO

The book narrates the return of

the protagonist of Noli Me

Tangere, Crisostomo Ibarra,

under the disguise of a wealthy

jeweler named Simoun.

Disillusioned by the abuses of

the Spanish, Ibarra abandons

his pacifist beliefs in order to

return to the Philippines and

start a violent revolution.

Noli Me Tangere’s

Basilio, now a young

man and a skilled

medical student, is

recruited by Ibarra to aid

him in detoning a bomb

at a social gathering,

signaling the beginning

of the

revolution.

However, Basilio warns his friend Isagani. Realizing

that the woman he loves is in the building, Isagani

throws the bomb into the river, averting the explosion

and the revolution. Implicated in these matters, Simoun

commits suicide by taking poison and finds resting

place at the home of a priest, Father Florentino, who

hears his last confession and assures him that not all

hope is lost.

The priest (Father Florentino),

upon Simoun’s death, commends

the jewels into the sea, remarking

that the jewels once used to bribe

and corrupt people, would one

day be hopefully found to be used

for a meaningful purpose.

SIMOUN - Crisostomo Ibarra in

disguise, left for dead at the end

of Noli me tangere. Ibarra has

resurfaced as the wealthy jeweler,

Simoun, sporting a beard, blue-tinted

glasses, and a revolver. Fueled by his

mistreatment at the hands of the

Spaniards and his fury at Maria

Clara's fate, Simoun secretly plans a

revolution to seek revenge against

those who wronged him..

MARIA CLARA - She is the girlfriend of Ibarra. She is the

daughter of Kapitan Tiago and Dona Pia Alba, but

biologically, her father is Padre Damaso

BASILIO - Son of Sisa and another

character from Noli Me Tangere.

After his mother's death, he became

a vagabond until Captain Tiago took

him in out of pity and hired him as

a houseboy in exchange for sending

him to school. In the events of the

book, he is a graduating medical

student who discovered Simoun's

true identity and befriended him. His

girlfriend is Juli.

JULI – Juliana de Dios, the girlfriend of Basilio, and the

youngest daughter of Kabesang Tales. To claim her father

from the bandits, she had to work as a maid under the

supervision of Hermana Penchang. Eventually, she was

freed but committed suicide after Father Camorra attempted

to rape her.

ISAGANI - Basilio's friend and one of the students who planned to set

up a new school. He is very idealistic and hopes for a better future for

the Philippines. His girlfriend was the rich and beautiful Paulita

Gomez, but they broke up once he was arrested. Despite this, his love

for her still endured. He sabotaged Simoun's plans by removing the

lamp that contained explosives and threw it in the waters.

JUANITO PELAEZ – The son of Don Timoteo Pelaez, a

Spanish businessman, he is also one of the members of

Macaraig’s gang who wish to have the Academia de Castellano

built. He is considered by Isagani as his rival to Paulita Gomez,

the woman whom he fell in love wed in the end. Placido

Peninte considers him as a “good for nothing” classmate.

PAULITA GOMEZ - The girlfriend of Isagani and the niece

of Dona Victorina, the old Indio who passes herself off as

a Peninsular, who is the wife of the quack doctor Tiburcio

de Espadana. In the end, she and Juanito Pelaez are

wed, and she dumps Isagani, believing that she will have

no future if she marries him.

MACARAIG – One of Isagani’s classmates at the

University of Santo Tomas. He is a rich student and

serves as the leader of the students yearning to build

the Academia de Castellano.

FATHER CAMORRA - The lustful parish priest of Tiani, San

Diego's adjacent town who has longtime desires for

young women. He nearly raped Juli causing the latter

to commit suicide.

BEN ZAYB - The pseudonym of Abraham Ibañez, a

journalist who believes he is the "only" one thinking in the

Philippines. Ben-Zayb is an anagram of Ybanez, an

alternate spelling of his name.

DON CUSTODIO - Custodio de Salazar y Sánchez de

Monteredondo, a famous "journalist" who was asked by

the students about his decision for the Academia de

Castellano. In reality, he is quite an ordinary fellow who

married a rich woman in order to be a member of Manila's

high society.

PLACIDO PENITENTE - A student of the University of Santo

Tomas who was very intelligent and wise but did not want, if not

only by his mother's plea, to pursue his studies. He also controls

his temper against Padre Millon, his physics teacher. During his

High School days, he was an honor student hailing from

Batangas.

Kabesang Tales - Cabeza Telesforo Juan de Dios, a former cabeza de

barangay (barangay head) of Sagpang, a barangay in San Diego's

neighboring town Tiani, who resurfaced as the feared Luzón bandit

Matanglawin. He is the son of Tandang Selo, and father of Juli and Tano.

Gobernador General - The highest-ranking official in the Philippines

during the Spanish colonial period, this unnamed character pretends

that what he is doing is for the good of the Indios, the local citizens of

the country, but in reality, he prioritizes the needs of his fellow

Spaniards living in the country.

Father Florentino - Isagani's godfather, and a secular priest; was

engaged to be married, but chose to be a priest after being pressured by

his mother, the story hinting at the ambivalence of his decision as he

chooses an assignment to a remote place, living in solitude near the sea.

He took in Don Tiburcio de Espandaña when he was hiding from his wife,

Donya Victorina.

Quiroga - A Chinese businessman who dreamed of being a

consul for his country in the Philippines. He hid Simoun's

weapons inside his house.

Father Fernández - The priest-friend of Isagani. He promised

to Isagani that he and the other priests will give in to the

students' demands.

Pecson - classmate who had no idea on the happenings

occurring around him. He suggested that they held the

mock celebration at the panciteria

Doña Victorina - Victorina delos Reyes de Espadaña, known in Noli Me

Tangere as Tiburcio de Espadaña's cruel wife. She is the aunt of Paulita

Gomez, and favors Juanito Pelaez over Isagani. She is searching for her

husband, who has left her and is in hiding. Although of Indio heritage, she

considers herself as one of the Peninsular.

Sandoval - The vice-leader of Macaraig's gang. A Spanish classmate

of Isagani, he coerces his classmates to lead alongside him the

opening of the Spanish language academy.

Father Bernardo Salvi- Former parish priest of San Diego in Noli Me

Tangere, now the director and chaplain of the Santa Clara convent.

Pepay - Don Custodio's supposed "girlfriend". A dancer, she

is always agitated of her "boyfriend"'s plans. She seems to

be a close friend of Macaraig.

Father Hernando de la Sibyla - A Dominican friar introduced

in Noli Me Tangere, now the vice-rector of the University of

Santo Tomas.

Father Írene - Captain Tiago's spiritual adviser. Although

reluctant, he helped the students to establish the Academia de

Castellano after being convinced by giving him a chestnut.

The only witness to Captain Tiago's death, he forged the last

will and testament of the latter so Basilio will obtain nothing

from the inheritance.

OTHER CHARACTERS:

Hermana Penchang

Tiburcio de Espadana

Don Timoteo Pelaez

Tandang Selo

Hermana bali

Father Millon

Tadeo

Leeds

Tano

Tiburcio de Espadaña - Don Tiburcio is Victorina de Espadaña's

lame husband. He is currently in hiding at Father Florentino's.

Hermana Penchang - Sagpang's rich pusakal (gambler). She offers

Juli to be her maid so the latter can obtain money to free Kabesang

Tales. Disbelieving of Juli and her close friends, she considers

herself as an ally of the friars.

Don Timoteo Pelaez - Juanito's father. He is a rich businessmen

and arranges a wedding for his son and Paulita. He and Simoun

became business partners.

Tandang Selo - Father of Kabesang Tales and grandfather of Tano

and Juli. He raised the sick and young Basilio after he left their house

in Noli me tangere. He died in an encounter on the mountains with his

son Tales, when he was killed by a battalion that included his own

grandson, Tano.

Hermana Báli - Another gambler in Tiani. She became Juli's mother-figure and

counselor; helped to release Kabesang Tales from the hands of bandits.

Father Millon - The Physics teacher of the University of Santo Tomas. He

always becomes vindictive with Placido and always taunts him during class.

Tadeo - Macaraig's classmate. He, along with the other three members of

their gang, supposedly posted the posters that "thanked" Don Custodio and

Father Irene for the opening of the Academia de Castellano.

Leeds - An American who holds stage plays starring severed heads; he is

good friends with Simoun.

Tano - Kabesang Tales's elder son after his older sister, Lucia died in

childhood. He took up the pseudonym "Carolina" after returning from exile in

the Caroline Islands, and became a civil guard. He was among the battalion

killed his grandfather, Selo, who was part of a group of an attacking rebels.

A political novel

A work of the head

A book of thought

It contains bitterness, color, humor and hatred,

pain, violence intelligence and sorrow

Contains 34 Chapters

NOLI ME TANGERE AND EL

FILIBUSTERISMO COMPARED

A romantic novel

A book of the heart

A book of feeling

It has freshness

Contains 64 Chapters

Noli me tangere El filibusterismo

MGA PAHIWATIG SA BAWAT KABANATA NG

EL FILIBUSTERISMO

• Ang bapor Tabo’y larawan ng ating pamahalaan, ng ating

bayan. Mahina ang pagtakbo at maraming balakid sa landas na

ang ibig sabihi’y mahina ang pag-unlad. Marami pang dapat

gawin upang sumulong ang bansa.

• Ang mga taong sakay ng bapor ay may dalawang kinalalagyan;

ang kubyerta at ang ilalim nito. Ang pamahalaan ay

nagpapalagay na may mataas at mababang uri ng tao.

• Si Simoun, ang mayamang mag-aalahas na siyang tagapayo ng

kapitan heneral, ay walang iba kundi si Ibarra.

KABANATA 1: SA KUBYERTA

• Ang mga kabataan ay masigasig sa kanilang mga balak. Humahanapsila ng mga paraan upang maisakatuparan ang kanilang mga adhika. Lipos ng pag-asa ang mga kabataan.

• Mapupusok ang kanilang kalooban. Hayagang sinasagot nangmakahulugan si Simoun gayung ang pagkakakilala nila’y malapit sakapitan heneral.

• Ang pagpapari ni Pare Florentino dahil sa kagustuhan ng ina ay nagpapakita ng kapangyarihan ng mga magulang sa anak noongunang panahon. Anumang bagay na naisin ng magulang maginglaban man sa kalooban ng anak ay nasusunod.

KABANATA 2: SA ILALIM NG KUBYERTA

• Ayon sa alamat, Si Donya Geronima ay tumanda dahil sa

kahihintay sa kaniyang kasintahan. Ito’y nagpapahayag ng

pagkamatapat ng babaing Pilipina.

• Maalamat ang ating bansa. Hindi lamang Pasig ang mayroon.

Halos lahat ng bayan pati na ang pinagmulan ng mga bagay,

halaman o tao.

KABANATA 3: ANG MGA ALAMAT

• Ang pagkakaagaw ng Korporasyon sa lupain ni Tales ay

nagpapahiwatig ng mga kasamaang umiiral noong panahon ng

Kastila.

• Ang paghahanda ni Kabesang Tales ng baril, gulok o palakol ay

nagpapakitang handang ipakipaglaban ng mga Pilipino ang

kanilang karapatan.

• May mga Pilipino ring nagpapahirap sa kapuwa Pilipino. Nariyan

ang mga tulisang dumakip kay Kabesang Tales upang ito’y

ipatubos.

KABANATA 4: KABESANG TALES

• Ang kaawaawang mga Pilipino’y tumatanggap ng mabigat na

parusa sa kaunting pagkukulang. Malulupit ang maraming mga

nasa tungkulin.

• Malaki ang pagnanais ni Kapitan Basiliong makasundo ang kura

at alperes. Sila ang makapangyarihan sa bayan.

KABANATA 5: ANG NOCHE BUENA NG ISANG

KUTSERO

• Ang pagpapaalila ni Basilio upang makapag-aral ay nagpapakita

ng pagpapahalaga ni Rizal sa Karunungan. Maging ano mang

uri ng gawain basta’t marangal ay kailangang pasukan upang

makatapos ng pag-aaral. Kailangan ang pagtitiis, pagtitiyaga at

pagsusumigasig upang matuto.

• Sa kabanatang ito’y napabulaanan ang kasabihang kung ano

ang puno’y soyang bunga. Si Basilio ay may mga mabubuting

katangiang kabaligtaran ng sa ama.

KABANATA 6: SI BASILIO

• Ang lahat ng pag-uusap sa kabanatang ito’y mahalaga.

Isinisiwalat dito ang buong diwa, kaisipan, damdamin at mga

mithiin ng may akda para sa kaniyang bayan.

• Nalalarawan din dito ang dalawang pangkat ng mga Pilipino na

humihingi ng pagbabago. Ang isa’y humihiling na maging bahagi

ang Pilipinas ng Espanya at ang isa nama’y nagnanais

humiwalay upang maging ganap na malaya.

KABANATA 7: SIMOUN

• -Ang mga Pilipino ay mapaniwalain sa mga himala. Ang

paghahanap ni Huli ng Salaping inaasahang ibibgay ng Birhen

ay kaigsian ng pag-iisip. Ibig ipaunawa ni Rizal na nasa tao ang

gawa at nasa Diyos ang awa.

• Ang pagkapipi ni Tandang Selo Ay nagpapahiwatig ng pagkaka-

alis sa mga Pilipino ng kalayaang magpahayag ng kanilang nais

sabihin.

KABANATA 8: MALIGAYANG PASKO

• Masalapi at makapangyarihan ang korporasyon. Walang

Pilipinong maaaring lumaban dito noong panahong iyon.

• Si Pilato ang siyang naggawad ng hatol na si Hesus ay ipako sa

krus. Siya’y naghugas ng kamay at sinabibg siya’y walang

kasalanan.

KABANATA 9: ANG MGA PILATO

• Ang isinasama ng mga mamamayan ay nasa mga taong

namamahala.

• Ang mga Pilipino’y handang magbuwis ng buhay alang-alang sa

kanilang karapatan.

KABANATA 10: KARANGYAAN AT KARALITAAN

• Magkasamang nagpapasiya ang mga prayle at ang

pamahalaan, karaniwang nananaig pa ang pasiya ng mga

prayle.

• Magkaiba ang pamamalakad ng mga Dominiko at mga Heswita.

• Ang panunuyo sa mga may kapangyarihan ay kaugalian nating

mga Pilipino.

KABANATA 11: LOS BANOS

• Ang di pantay-pantay na pagtingin ng guro sa mag-aaral ay

hindi nararapat sapagkat ito’y nagiging dahilan ng pagkawala ng

kawilihan ng mga mag-aaral at ng di-paggalang ng mga ito sa

guro.

KABANATA 12: SI PLACIDO PENITENTE

• Ang mga mag-aaral noong panahong iyon ay hindi nasisiyahan

sa pamamalakad at pamamaraan ng pagtuturo sa pamantasan.

Sila’y naghain ng kahilingan upang magkaroon ng pagbabago.

• Ang malaking laboratoryo sa Pisika ay laging inihahanda sa

mga panauhing darating at hindi sa pag-aaral. Isa ito sa sakit ng

ating lipunan-ang pakitang tao.

KABANATA 13: ANG KLASE SA PISIKA

• Si Sandoval ay larawan ng mga kastilang may malasakit sa

ating bayan at pagpapahalaga sa mga Pilipino.

• Ang pagitang inilalagay ng pulitika sa mga lahi ay nawawala sa

mga paaralan, na wari’y nalulusaw sa init ng kabataan at

karunungan. Magandang halimbawa si Sandoval, isang

Kastilang naging kasama’t kamag-aral nina Isagani at Makaraig.

KABANATA 14: SA BAHAY NG MGA MAG-AARAL

• Upang mailapit at makahingi ng tulong sa isang taong

makapangyarihan, kailangang hanapin muna ang kaibigan o

kinaaalang-alangan nito; isang sakit ng lipunan na ngayon ay

palasak.

• Maraming taong tumitigin sa pansariling kapakanan at

winawalng bahala ang ikabubuti ng bayan.

KABANATA 15: SI GINOONG PASTA

• Ang pagtanggap ng suhol ng mga nanunungkulan sa

pamahalaan at ang pagsasamantala sa mga lumalapit sa kanila

ay nakapagdaragdag ng paghihirap ng bayan. Ito ang

pinakamalubhang sakit ng lipunan sa ngayon.

KABANATA 16: ANG KASAWIAN NG ISANG INTSIK

• Masining ang mga Pilipino. At sa dahilang ang singing ay

kinakikitaan ng damdamin at ng iniisip ng gumagawa nito,

makikitang ang nalalarawan sa kanilang mga inukit ay ayon sa

mga pangyayari noong panahong yaon.

KABANATA 17: ANG PERYA SA QUIAPO

• Ang mga bagay na nabanggit ng ulo ay tumutukoy sa

pangyayaring nagaganap noong panahon ng Kastila.

• Ang pagkatakot at tuluyang pagkakahimatay ni Pari Salvi ay

nagpapakilala ng pagtanggap ng mga prayle sa kanilang

kasamaa’t pagkakasala.

KABANATA 18: ANG MGA PANLILINLANG

• Ang di-mabuting pagtingin ng Kastila sa mga Pilipino ay siyang

nagtataboy sa huli upang maghimagsik.

• Ang layunin ng maraming magulang sa pagpapaaral sa kanilang

anak upang maipagmalaki at masabing sila’y magulang ng

isang nakapag-aral at nagkatitulo.

KABANATA 19: ANG MITSA

• Mataas ang pagpapalagay ng mga Pilipino sa mga banyaga.

Agad-agad tayong humahanga. Hindi na natin sinusuri ang

kanilang mga tunay na pagkatao at kakayahan.

• May paniniwala si Rizal na ang tao’y pantay-pantay. Walang

pagkakaiba ang puti at kayumanggi.

KABANATA 20: ANG NAGPAPALAGAY

• Karaniwan sa maraming tao ang pagwawalang bahala sa

kapakanan ng kapwa at ng bayan. Walang inaalagata ang

marami kundi ang kagalingang pansarili.

KABANATA 21: IBA’T IBANG ANYO NG MAYNILA

• Ang kaugaliang pagdating nang huli sa takdang oras at hindi

taal na sa atin. Ginaya lamang natin ito sa mga Kastila.

• Ang mga Pilipino’y mahilig sa mga palabas na buhat sa ibang

lupain. Maging ano mang bagay na gawa ng mga dayuhan ay

tinatangkilik at hinahangaan natin.

KABANATA 22: ANG PALABAS

• Ang pagbabalik at balak ni Simoung agawin si Maria Clara sa

kumbento ay nagpapatunay ng kawagasan ng pag-ibig nito; at

ang pagkamatay ng dalaga ay nagpapahiwatig ng pananatili ng

kapangyarihan ng relihiyon sa ating bansa.

KABANATA 23: ISANG BANGKAY

• Ang pag-unald na nakikinikinita ni Isagani ay siyang pangarap

ng may-akda para sa kaniyang bayan.

• to’y hindi nanatiling pangarap. Ang lahat ay nagkaroon ng

katuparan.

KABANATA 24: MGA PANGARAP

• Ang kapasiyahang ginawa ni Don Custodio tungkol sa

akademya ay isang katunayang ang kabataan ay hindi

binibigyang laya upang gumawa ng mga bagay na ikauunlad ng

sarili at ng bayan.

• Makapangyarihan ang mga prayle dito sa ating bansa. Sa

pamamagitan ng relihiyon, ng pananampalataya, ay

nangyayaring mapasunod at masakop tayo ng lubusan.

KABANATA 25: TAWANAN AT IYAKAN

• Ang mga makapangyarihan ay nakagagawa ng mga paraan

upang masugpo ang anumang kilusang labag sa kanilang

kapakanan.

• Anumang pagsulong ay hinahadlangan nila sapagkat malaki

ang kanilang pagnanasang manatili sa Pilipinas.

KABANATA 26: ANG MGA PASKIL

• May mga paring marunong umunawa. Hindi lahat ay may

masamang ugali at di-mabuting pagkilala sa mga Pilipino.

KABANATA 27: ANG MGA PRAYLE AT ANG

PILIPINO

• Higit na nakatatakot pagkaminsan ang mga bali-balita kaysa

tunay na pangyayari. Kalimitan, pag-nagpasalin-salin, ito’y

marami nang dagdag.

• Sa kabilang dako, may mga pangyayari namang aring

pagtakpan kahit ng mga pahayagan.

KABANATA 28: ANG MGA KATATAKUTAN

• Ang huling habilin ay nabago na ayon sa nais ni Pare Irene.

• Lubos ang paniniwala ng mga tao noon sa mga himala; isa sa

mga bagay na idiniin sa isipan ng mga mananampalataya.

KABANATA 29: MGA HULING SALITA KAY KAPITAN

TIYAGO

• Walang sukat napuntahan ang mga taong naghahanap ng

katarungan. Ang lahat maging ang mga may tungkulin sa

pamahalaan ay nasa ilalim ng kapangyarihan ng simbahan.

• Walang natitira sa mg kawawa kundi ang mamundok at

manulisan.

• Makapangyarihan ang pag-ibig.

KABANATA 30: SI JULI

• Ang pagtatanggol ng mataas na kawani kay Basilio ay isang

pagpapatunay na may ilan ding Kastilang ,ay ugaling marangal.

• Palaging api ang mga walang lakas at mga dukha. Hanggang

ngayon ay ito ang larawan ng katarungan sa ating bansa.

KABANATA 31: ANG MATAAS NA KAAWANI

• Si Paulita’y larawan ng isang dalagang makabago. magkalayo

ang daigdig nila ni Isagani. Hindi siya makapaghintay sa

katuparan ng mga “pangarap” ng binata.

• Ang dalaga’y makasarili, ang binata’y makabayan.

KABANATA 32: MGA BUNGA NG PASKIL

• Si Simoun at Basilio ay kapuwa uhaw sa paghihganti. Nais

nilang maipaghiganti ang sariling kaapihan.

• Sa mga dukha at api nagsisimula ang paghihimagsik. Bihira ang

nanggagaling sa mga maruruning at mayayaman. Ito’y

pinatutunayan ng kasaysayan.

• Si Simoun ay may paniniwalang ang nilalayon ang nagbibigay

katuwiran sa pamamaraan. Hindi baling masama ang

pamamaraan, mabuti lamang ang layunin. Nalimutan niyang

ito’y labag sa alituntunin ng kagandahang-asal.

KABANATA 33: ANG HULING MATUWID

• Ang kabanatang ito’y naglalarawan ng sakit ng ating lipunan:

• Sa pagpili ng ninong at ninang- Marami ang nagpapaanak sa

mataas na tao kahit ito’y di lubhang kakilala. Ikinararangal nila

iyon at ipinagmamalaki. Sa katotohanan ang mga ito ay hindi

nakagaganap sa kanilang tungkulin bilang ninong pagkat nin

hindi natatandaan ang inaanak.

• Ang paghahanda- sadyang pinagkakagastahan nang malaki ang

kasalan, binyagan at ano mang pisata dito sa Pilipinas. Inuubos

ng may handa ang kanilang makakaya. Ang iba’y kahit na

mangutang.

KABANATA 34: ANG KASAL NI PAULITA

• Makahulugan ang tatlong salitang nakatitik sa papel na

nagpalipat-lipat sa mga piling panauhin. Sinasabing “Bilang na,

natimbang na, hati ang inyong kapangyarihan.”

Nangangahulugang nabibilang na ang araw ng mga

maykapangyarihan. Nalalapit na ang kanilang wakas, sapagkat

natagpuang nagkulang at nakgkasala.

• Magnum Jovem- Dakilang Jupiter. Si Jupiter ay ang Diyos ng

kalangitan, ayon sa relihiyong Romano.

KABANATA 35: ANG PAGDIRIWANG

• Muling ipinakita ng may-akda ang walang katapatan sa

pagbabalita noong panahong iyon.

KABANATA 36: KAGIPITAN NI BEN ZAYB

• Totoo ang kasabihang may pakpak ang balita at may tainga ang

lupa. Walang lihim na hindi nahahayag.

KABANATA 37: ANG HIWAGA

• Maraming mga kawal na Pilipinong mahigpit pa sa mga Kastila.

Walang pakundangan sa kanilang mga kababayan.

KABANATA 38: ANG KASAWIAN

• Ang kayamanan ay malaking tukso sa buhay ng tao.

• Kailangang maging mabuti ang kaparaanan upang maging

mabuti ang wakas.

• Binibigyang diin ang katotohanang kung walang kalayaan ay

walang katarunga.

• Ang kalayaa’y maaaring makamit sa tulong ng pagpapataas ng

uri ng katuwiran at ng karangalan ng tao.

• Nasa kabataan ang pag-asa ng bayan.

KABANATA 39: ANG KATAPAUSAN