NationalismNationalism

Part I – Europeans have even Part I – Europeans have even MORE revolutionsMORE revolutions

Types of Nationalist Types of Nationalist MovementsMovements

UnificationUnification– Mergers of politically divided but Mergers of politically divided but

culturally similar landsculturally similar lands 1919thth century Germany century Germany 1919thth century Italy century Italy

SeparationSeparation– Culturally distant group resists Culturally distant group resists

being added to a state or tries to being added to a state or tries to break awaybreak away Greeks in the Ottoman EmpireGreeks in the Ottoman Empire French-Canadians in CanadaFrench-Canadians in Canada

State-buildingState-building– Culturally distinct groups form into Culturally distinct groups form into

a new state by accepting a single a new state by accepting a single cultureculture The United StatesThe United States TurkeyTurkey

BalkansBalkans

Where are the Balkans?Where are the Balkans? Southeastern EuropeSoutheastern Europe Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania,

western Turkey, Serbia, Croatia, western Turkey, Serbia, Croatia, Bosnia, Macedonia, and KosovoBosnia, Macedonia, and Kosovo

In the early 1800s, all controlled by In the early 1800s, all controlled by Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire

1600s1600s

Late 1800sLate 1800s

Greeks rebelGreeks rebel Greece controlled by TurksGreece controlled by Turks Western Europeans not happyWestern Europeans not happy Russians upsetRussians upset Greeks rebel against Turks in Greeks rebel against Turks in

18211821 Britain, France and Russia unite Britain, France and Russia unite

forces in 1827 to liberate Greeceforces in 1827 to liberate Greece Greece becomes independent in Greece becomes independent in

1830 – first time since Greece 1830 – first time since Greece was taken over by the Romanswas taken over by the Romans

1830 is a big year1830 is a big year Netherlands rules modern day Netherlands rules modern day

Netherlands and BelgiumNetherlands and Belgium Riots break out in Brussels against Riots break out in Brussels against

Dutch rule, Belgium declares Dutch rule, Belgium declares independence in 1830independence in 1830

Italians start to rebel in 1830, some Italians start to rebel in 1830, some small states unify into larger statessmall states unify into larger states

Poles in Warsaw rebel against Poles in Warsaw rebel against Russians in 1830, eventually Russians in 1830, eventually defeated by Russian armydefeated by Russian army

18201820

More revolutions in 1848More revolutions in 1848

Metternich (remember him) is still calling Metternich (remember him) is still calling the shots in Austriathe shots in Austria– There is an emperor, but Metternich is the real There is an emperor, but Metternich is the real

powerpower Riots break out in Vienna, Metternich resignsRiots break out in Vienna, Metternich resigns Other parts of Austrian Empire rebelOther parts of Austrian Empire rebel

– Hungarians in Budapest, Czechs in PragueHungarians in Budapest, Czechs in Prague All of these rebellions fail, but again the All of these rebellions fail, but again the

seeds of revolution are still there, and seeds of revolution are still there, and discontent is still widespreaddiscontent is still widespread

Europe in 1848Europe in 1848

Austrian EmpireAustrian Empire 9 nationalities, 12 languages, 3 religions9 nationalities, 12 languages, 3 religions Centered in Vienna, but Budapest and Prague Centered in Vienna, but Budapest and Prague

are important citiesare important cities Dominated by the German-speaking AustriansDominated by the German-speaking Austrians Prussia, also German-speaking, goes to war Prussia, also German-speaking, goes to war

with Austria in 1866 and takes some German-with Austria in 1866 and takes some German-speaking areasspeaking areas

Hungary, the other Hungary, the other ““halfhalf”” of the Austrian of the Austrian Empire demands equal powerEmpire demands equal power

After losing war with Prussia, Austria bows to After losing war with Prussia, Austria bows to pressure from Hungary and split in to two pressure from Hungary and split in to two independent states but with one Emperorindependent states but with one Emperor

Duel MonarchyDuel Monarchy Each part of the empire now had its Each part of the empire now had its

own:own:– ConstitutionConstitution– Bicameral legislatureBicameral legislature– Government machinery for domestic affairsGovernment machinery for domestic affairs– Capital (Vienna, Austria; Buda, Hungary)Capital (Vienna, Austria; Buda, Hungary)

Holding this all together is one monarchHolding this all together is one monarch– A common army, foreign policy, and A common army, foreign policy, and

finance systemfinance system

Satisfied Hungarians but not other Satisfied Hungarians but not other nationalities in the empirenationalities in the empire

Simply enabled the German-speaking Simply enabled the German-speaking Austrians and Hungarians to Austrians and Hungarians to dominate minorities, especially the dominate minorities, especially the Slavic peoplesSlavic peoples

Empire collapses after World War IEmpire collapses after World War I

After the splitAfter the split

Back to FranceBack to France

Radicals had been behind the revolutions Radicals had been behind the revolutions in 1830 and 1848 all over Europein 1830 and 1848 all over Europe

Only in France was their main goal the Only in France was their main goal the overthrow of the governmentoverthrow of the government– In other countries, they simply wanted some In other countries, they simply wanted some

changeschanges 1830 – France1830 – France’’s King Charles X tries to go s King Charles X tries to go

back to absolute monarchyback to absolute monarchy– Q: WhatQ: What’’s absolute monarchy?s absolute monarchy?

Riots break out and he flees the countryRiots break out and he flees the country

Louis-PhilippeLouis-Philippe

Louis-Philippe becomes king when Louis-Philippe becomes king when Charles fleesCharles flees

He was a supporter of liberal reformsHe was a supporter of liberal reforms Reigned until 1848Reigned until 1848 Revolutionary ideals had been Revolutionary ideals had been

simmering, even though LP tried to pass simmering, even though LP tried to pass reformsreforms

King is overthrown, republic declaredKing is overthrown, republic declared Very unstable, chaos, violenceVery unstable, chaos, violence

Second RepublicSecond Republic

French history is categorized by French history is categorized by when it was ruled as a republicwhen it was ruled as a republic

First Republic – during the French First Republic – during the French Revolution until Napoleon became Revolution until Napoleon became emperor (no president, just a council)emperor (no president, just a council)

Second – 1848-1852Second – 1848-1852– Third – 1870-1940Third – 1870-1940– Fourth – 1944-1958Fourth – 1944-1958– Fifth – 1958 to presentFifth – 1958 to present

Second RepublicSecond Republic

Chaos leads people to approve of a Chaos leads people to approve of a constitution with a strong president constitution with a strong president as the head of governmentas the head of government– Very common in future French Very common in future French

governments, even todaygovernments, even today Election in 1848 – Louis-Napoleon, Election in 1848 – Louis-Napoleon,

nephew of Napoleon, wins and nephew of Napoleon, wins and becomes first president of Francebecomes first president of France

What do you think he does next?What do you think he does next?

A new Emperor NapoleonA new Emperor Napoleon Declares himself Emperor Napoleon III in Declares himself Emperor Napoleon III in

18521852– Chose Chose ““IIIIII”” instead of instead of ““IIII”” out of respect for out of respect for

NapoleonNapoleon’’s son who had died in 1832s son who had died in 1832 Very popular move with the French who Very popular move with the French who

saw him as a strong leadersaw him as a strong leader Also believed he would end the instability Also believed he would end the instability

and the riotsand the riots Napoleon III turned out to be a successNapoleon III turned out to be a success

– Government built railroads, factories, and Government built railroads, factories, and helped industrialize Francehelped industrialize France

– Was the first elected president of France, and Was the first elected president of France, and the last emperor of Francethe last emperor of France

Napoleon IIINapoleon III

War in the CrimeaWar in the Crimea

Who would benefit from the break up Who would benefit from the break up of the Ottoman Empire?of the Ottoman Empire?

Map—page 623Map—page 623 Austria, Russia, Britain, and France Austria, Russia, Britain, and France

all want in.all want in.

WarWar

Issue: Right to protect Christian shrines Issue: Right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine—France has it Russia wants in Palestine—France has it Russia wants it.it.

Russia invades Moldavia/WallachiaRussia invades Moldavia/Wallachia Ottoman Empire declares war on RussiaOttoman Empire declares war on Russia Britain and France declare war on RussiaBritain and France declare war on Russia

– Why?Why? Austria remains neutralAustria remains neutral

Why?Why?

Balance of powerBalance of powerDardanellesDardanellesNaval ControlNaval Control

Overall, poorly planned and foughtOverall, poorly planned and fought

Outcome Outcome

Ultimately Russia is defeated and Ultimately Russia is defeated and sues for peacesues for peace

Treaty of Paris (1856)Treaty of Paris (1856)– Russia gives up Bessarabia and accepts Russia gives up Bessarabia and accepts

Black Sea neutralityBlack Sea neutrality– Moldavia and Wallachia under protection Moldavia and Wallachia under protection

of all 5 powersof all 5 powers Florence NightingaleFlorence Nightingale

Significance Significance

Broke up long-standing power relationshipsBroke up long-standing power relationships Destroyed Concert of EuropeDestroyed Concert of Europe Austria & Russia enemies (no Austrian Austria & Russia enemies (no Austrian

help)help) Russia withdraws for two decadesRussia withdraws for two decades Britain pulls back from continental affairsBritain pulls back from continental affairs Austria without friendsAustria without friends Situation made it possible for unification of Situation made it possible for unification of

Italy and GermanyItaly and Germany

RussiaRussia Not just Russians in the empireNot just Russians in the empire 22 million Ukrainians, 8 million Poles22 million Ukrainians, 8 million Poles Dozens of other ethnic groups as wellDozens of other ethnic groups as well Alexander III, like many of his Alexander III, like many of his

predecessors wanted to maintain total predecessors wanted to maintain total control of the empirecontrol of the empire

Russification – forcing Russian culture on Russification – forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the empireall ethnic groups in the empire

Backfires and creates nationalism among Backfires and creates nationalism among minority groupsminority groups

Empire collapses during World War IEmpire collapses during World War I

Define NationalismDefine Nationalism Nationalism is the belief that peopleNationalism is the belief that people’’s s

greatest loyalty should not be to a king, greatest loyalty should not be to a king, but to a nation of people who share but to a nation of people who share common history and culture. Deep common history and culture. Deep devotion to onedevotion to one’’s nations nation

Nationalism blurs the lines in political Nationalism blurs the lines in political spectrum (conservative, liberal, radical)spectrum (conservative, liberal, radical)

Appeals to all parts of life: Culture, History, Appeals to all parts of life: Culture, History, Language, Territory, Nationality, ReligionLanguage, Territory, Nationality, Religion