BY

SANJAY P.R

Reg. No:12120098

No:99

CS S7 B

CONTENTS

Introduction

History of cyborgs

Types of cyborgs

Robots and cyborgs

Applications-Some cyborg technologies

Advantages

Disadvantages

Real life Cyborgs

Reference

Conclusion

INTRODUCTION

Cyborg is a compound word derived from cyberneticsand organism.

It is a term coined by Manfred Cylnes in 1960 todescribe the need for mankind to artificially enhancebiological functions.

A Cyborg referred to a human being with bodilyfunctions aided or controlled by technological devices.

A cyborg is a being with biological and artificialparts, a living being whose powers are enhanced bycomputer implants.

HISTORY OF CYBORGS

The term “cyborg” was first coined by NASA scientists,

Nathan Kline and Manfred Clynes in 1960.

They discussed the potential advantages of a

machine/human hybrid that could operate in outer space.

Cyborgs are often depicted as “half-man half-machine”

beings with robotic or bionic implants.

In 2010, the Cyborg Foundation became the world’s first

international organization dedicated to help humans

become cyborgs.

Types of Cyborgs

Cyborgs

Convenient Cyborgs

Convenient cyborgs may refer to

any external provision of an

exoskeleton for satisfying the

altered fancy needs of the body.

Conditional Cyborg

Conditional cyborgs includes

bionic implants replanting the

lost or damaged body for the

normal living in the present

environment.

Cyborg Robot

Cyborgs are a combination of aliving organism and a machine.It doesn’t necessarily have to behuman; it can be a dog, a bird, orany other living thing.

A cyborg is a combination of anorganism with a machine.Its apart of living beings.

Cyborgs are typically verycomplex.

A robot is basically a machine

that is very advanced . It is

often automated and requires

very little interaction with

humans.

A robot is an automated

machine.Its not alive.

Robots can be simple or very

complex.

Application of cyborg technology

medicine ArtMilitary

MARINEDEAF STUDIES

POPULAR CULTURE

Medicines

There are 2 types of cyborgs-

1. Restorative-restore lost

functions, organs & limbs.

2. Enhanced-follows a

principle of optimal

performance.

Cochlear Implant I-Limb

BRAIN COMPUTER INTERFACE

A brain–computer interface (BCI), sometimes called

a direct neural interface or a brain–machine

interface, is a direct communication pathway

between a brain and an external device.

Computer-brain interfaces are designed to restore

sensory function, transmit sensory information to

the brain, or stimulate the brain through artificially

generated electrical signals.

BCI APPROACHES

INVASIVE INTERFACE

An invasive approach requires physical implants of

electrodes in humans or animals, making it possible to

measure single neurons or very local field potentials.

Invasive BCIs are implanted directly into the grey matter of

the brain during neurosurgery.

As they rest in the grey matter, invasive devices produce

the highest quality signals of BCI devices but are prone to

scar- tissue build-up, causing the signal to become weaker

or even lost as the body reacts to a foreign object in the

brain.

Jens Naumann, a man with

acquired blindness, being

interviewed about his vision

SEMI INVASIVE

BCI devices that are implanted inside the skull.

Electrocorticography (ECoG) measures the

electrical activity of the brain taken from

beneath the skull in a similar way to non-invasive

electroencephalography but the electrodes are

embedded in a thin plastic pad that is placed above

the cortex, beneath the Dura mater.Cathy Hutchinson, who was one of

the first persons to have a direct

connection between her brain and a

computer implanted

A non-invasive approach makes use of, for instance,

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and EEG technology

to make measurements. Both gives different perspectives

and enables us to look inside the brain and to observe

what happens.

Electroencephalography In conventional scalp EEG, the

recording is obtained by placing electrodes on the scalp

with a conductive gel or paste, usually after preparing the

scalp area by light abrasion to reduce impedance due to

dead skin cells. Many systems typically use electrodes,

each of which is attached to an individual wire.

NON INVASIVE

fMRI = Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI

exploits the changes in the magnetic properties of

hemoglobin as it carries oxygen. Activation of a part of the

brain increases oxygen levels there increasing the ratio of

ox hemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin.

The main principle behind these interface is the bio-

electrical activity of nerves and muscles.

Our brain is composed of millions of neurons.

Every time we think, move, feel or remember something,

our neurons are at work.

When the neuron fires or activates there is a voltage

change across cell which generate signals on the brain .By

monitoring and analyzing these signals we can understand

the working of the brain.

Principle Behind BCI

This technology is based on to sense, transmit, analyze

and apply the language of neurons.

It consist of a sensor that is implanted in the motor

cortex of the

brain and a device that analyses brain signals. The

signals generated by brain are interpreted and

translated to computer commands.

How BCI Works?

The BCI technology is comprised of two main components; a

signal acquisition system, a signal processing system.

SIGNAL ACQUISITION SYSTEM

In the signal acquisition system the electrical activity of the

brain is recorded using invasive/non-invasive techniques.

These phase also consist of an amplifier, which amplifies the

obtained signal.

SIGNAL ACQUISITION PHASE

There are 5 major types of EEG waves

1. Delta Waves

2. Theta Waves

3. Alpha Waves

4. Beta Waves

5. Gamma Waves

It consist of a pattern recognition system, and a device control

system.

The signal processing system includes the algorithms for the

linear prediction of the signal.

Processed signal is associated to a given class.

Association is done by feeding a neural network with preprocessed

data.

SIGNAL PROCESSING PHASE

Neural net output is further processed and final output

corresponds to a given class.

Neural net should be trained in order to learn the association.

Interfaces have been developed to control different devices .

SIGNAL PROCESSING PHASE

A SIMPLE BCI APPLICATION

A more difficult task is interpreting the brain signals for

movement in someone who can't physically move his own arm.

With a task like that, the subject must "train" to use the device.

With an implant in place, the subject should visualize closing his

or her disabled hand. After many trials, the software can learn to

recognize the signals associated with the thought of hand-

closing.

when the subject thinks about closing the hand, the signals are

sent .

Software connected to a robotic hand is programmed to receive

the "close hand" signal and interpret it to mean that the robotic

hand should close.

Military

Development of “Cyborg soldier”

a soldier whose weapons as well as the

survival systems are integrated into the

self, creating a human-machine

interface.

Developing “cyborg insects”.

to transmit data from sensors implanted

into the insect during it’s pupal stage

for detecting explosives…etc

Powered Exoskeleton.

which combines a human control

system with robotic muscle.

CYBORGS IN

POPULAR CULTURE

Cyborgs have become a well-known

part of science, fiction literature and

other media.

Examples of fictions based on

cyborgs include Iron Man, Robo Cop

etc.

IN SPORTS

The prosthetic leg and feet allows the runners to adjust the

length of their stride which could potentially improve run times and

in time actually allow a runner with prosthetic leg to be fastest in the

world.

South Africa’s Oscar Pistorius is a famous blade runner.

IN ART

The concept of cyborgation to associate people with science

fiction, they tend to believe cyborgs exist only in imaginations of

writers and artists. Cyborgs get famed through mainly science

fiction films and through stories of writers.

CYBORGIZATION IN CRITICAL

DEAF STUDIES

“Cyborgization" is an attempt to codify "normalization“.

Hearing aids are widely used and can help assist

individuals that are hard of hearing.

Advantages Enables to lead a normal life.

Long life of the mechanical parts.

Possibly longer life span.

Increased Strength

Assuming that it is possible to replace or

enhance the human endoskeleton with metal and

pneumatic/hydraulic pumps, the strength of a cyborg

could be drastically increased above a normal

human. A metal skeleton would even possibly allow

you to even take hits a normal human couldn't

survive (e.g. A sledgehammer to the chest, or a

gunshot to the head)

Increased Intelligence/ Computational Power/ Perception

A possibility of a cyborg can be to add microchips to the brain,

which would allow your brain to offload commands such as

doing calculations to the chip, which could do the calculations

instantaneously and return the answers to the brain. Perception

could be increased by assisting parts of the brain that deal with

awareness.

Added Functionality

A cyborg does not have the limits of a standard human. For

example due to increased weight, they could replace or add

appendages such as a building a gun inside the arm, that can

extend out and shoot, with there being less recoil thanks to

weight and strength.

Disadvantages

Possible loss of humanity.

Pain during operation .

Likely to Die in the Creation Procedures.

Cyborgs are very expensive.

Requires maintenance.

Feeling ‘different’ to everyone else.

The risk of rejection/infection.

Real life Cyborgs

In 2002, Canadian Jens Naumann, also blinded in adulthood,

became the first in a series of 16 paying patients to receive

Dobelle’s second generation implant, marking one of the

earliest commercial uses of BCIs. The second generation

device used a more sophisticated implant enabling better

mapping of phosphenes into coherent vision. Phosphenes are

spread out across the visual field in what researchers call the

starry-night effect. Immediately after his implant, Jens was

able to use his imperfectly restored vision to drive slowly

around the parking area of the research institute.

Jens Naumann being interviewed for

his vision BCI on CBN The Early

Show.

In 2004, under the heading Bridging the

Island of the Colorblind Project, a British and

completely color-blind artist, Neil Harbisson,

started wearing an eyeborg on his head in

order to hear colors. His prosthetic device was

included within his 2004 passport photograph

which has been claimed to confirm his cyborg

status. In 2012 at TEDGlobal, Harbisson

explained that he didn't feel like a cyborg

when he started to use the eyeborg, he started

to feel like a cyborg when he noticed that the

software and his brain had united and given

him an extra sense.Neil Harbisson is sometimes clamied to

be a cyborg.

Kevin warwick is professor of cybernetics at the university

of reading.

The world’s leading expert in cybernetics.

In 2002, under the heading Project Cyborg, a British scientist,

Kevin Warwick, had an array of 100 electrodes fired in to his

nervous system in order to link his nervous system into the

Internet to control a robotic hand ,a loudspeaker and amplifier.

This is a form of extended sensory input and the first direct

electronic communication between the nervous systems of two

humans.

Kevin Warwick

CONCLUSION

It seems that in future we may have more and more artificial

body parts like eyes,nose,hands and legs.

It act as a boom to human body by improving the quality and the

life .

The ethics and desirability of "enhancement prosthetics" have

been debated; their proponents include the trans-humanist

movement, with its belief that new technologies can assist the

human race in developing beyond its present, normative

limitations such as aging and disease, as well as other, more

general incapacities, such as limitations on speed, strength,

endurance, and intelligence.

But it also acts as a curse.

REFERENCE

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg.

Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline-

“Cyborgs and Space in Astronautics”.

Donna Haraway –”A Cyborg Manifesto:

Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in

the Late Twentieth Century”.

Judy, Jack. -"Hybrid Insect MEMS (HI-

MEMS)".

Initialize the weights in the network

while stopping criterion has reached do

for all example e 2 training set do

O = actual, output(network, e); propagate forward

T = wanted output for e

Calculate error (T - O) at each neuron in the output layer

Compute Mean Squared Error value; propagate backward

Compute deltaweightupdate for all weights

Update all the weights in the network such that the sum-squared value of

error is minimized.

end for

end while

The Mean Squared Error (MSE) value is calculated using equation 4.3. This value

reflects the effectiveness of the training done so far. The stopping criterion could

either be when the MSE has reached an acceptable limit, or when the number of

training cycles is attained.

0ˆ= E[(ˆ0) (X) -0 )^2]//0-theta ^2-square