ENBE Project 2 - Report

ENBE | Final Project | Part A – Report | The Future City Representation

Peng Yep Siang| 0315259 | Group N | FNBE April 2013 | Taylor’s University

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ENBE Final Project

SPHERA

Peng Yep Siang 0315259

FNBE April 2013



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Content:

1. Introduction

2. A City

3. Investigation & Data Collection: The Ancient cities

4. Investigation & Data Collection: The present city/cities)

5. Investigation & Data Collection: The future city/cities

6. The “X” City

7. Sphera

8. The Conclusion

9. References list



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1. Introduction

This project asks us to produce a city proposal through a report and a video

individually. That is the part A of the project. The Part B requires us to build a

city model that is chosen by the lecturers.

In the Part A of the project, we have to first understand the process and

components in city building thoroughly. We have to research about various

kinds of cities of different era and thinking. Then, we have to research about

the key success criteria of a city in order to produce a better city. Then, plan

out the city with the information extracted from the researches and critical

thinking.

We were given a time frame and some other city-related restriction. The time

was set on 2033, the area at 25 – 40 kilometres square and a population of 150

000 – 500 000.

1. The City

There are 2 definitions of city:

1. Demographic Definition

A city is an urban area with the following criteria:

Permanence

A permanent human active area that will only undergo

development and expansion, not relocation

Large Population Size

The number of people living in the area

High Population Density

The number of people per unit area

Social Heterogeneity

The accommodation of an area for socialization

2. Functional Definition

Focus on regional context

According to functional definition, a small settlement that plays a

very important function or possess a strong certain influence is



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Cities are made from development of smaller settlement or urban planning.

Development of smaller settlement

In the past, cities are made from combination of villages and slowly develop

into a city. This kind of city is not systematic and segregated because the initial

villages are not built in relation with each others. Each village has their own

development before the fusion. (I.e. most ancient cities)

The illustration above shows the transformation of a rural area to cities. From year 1950 –

1999, the percentage of rural areas decreases because the rural areas developed into suburbs.

The percentage of cities also decreases because the development of suburbs into cities takes

a much longer time than the development of rural areas into suburbs. At 1999, the

percentage of cities decreases to 24.7% even when the real area of cities did not decrease at

all.

Urban Planning

After human possess the building knowledge and the ability to plan, large

empire plan out their city. They pick a strategic location and design the

structure of the city. The cities are more organized and systematic. Cities built

on a strategic location also have better economy. (I.e. Alexandria)



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Cities are generally urban area. Big cities are usually associated with suburbs and exurbs.

A good city has 7 Essential Support Systems

Transportation- ease of access to every corner of the corner and within walking distance from

the stations

Energy – cheap, efficient and environment-friendly energy source

Water - health water supply that is sufficient for the whole city

Natural Environment – Closer to the nature through green space in city

Agricultural – High production per unit area to overcome the high demand

Solid Waste -

Economic

A healthy city criteria set by World health Organization (WHO)

Clean and safe environment

Meet basic needs of inhabitant

Involve community in local government

Easy access to health service

A good city also has a good structure. The structures of cities are normally in:

Grid - a formation of city where the streets intersect each other in 90 degrees

This system facilitates development and can be easily divided into sections for

easier planning. However, the long , straight road promotes speeding which

lead to high accident rate.

Concentric ring – multiple rings expanding from a point

This formation is often interrupted natural or physical landscape features for

example a lake. Its zone can be blurred by modern development



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Sectoral – a modified concentric ring with wedge-shaped sectors

Modified from the concentric ring, instead of expanding outwards equally,

sectoral formation has a few sectors that are more attractive and developed.

This is due to the unbalanced development.

Multiple nuclei – a few formation with a few focal point of city

Different focal point of city has different specific development forming a

another zoning. This formation is designed for increased car ownership

because it hass a low walkability since every zone is clearly-defined.

Irregular pattern – a undeveloped third world structure

This is the result of lack of urban planning. It has no fix order and no city center.



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2. Investigation & Data Collection:

Ancient Cities

Amsterdam

Amsterdam is the capital and the most

populous city in Netherland or more

commonly known as Holland. 20% of its

lands are below sea level and 50% less

than one metre above sea level.

Amsterdamn has a city structure of four

concentric half-circle of canal. 3 canals

are known as Grachtengordel, namely the

Herengracht, keizergracht and Prinsengracht. The outermost canal is Singelgracht

and the innermost is Singel as moat. The purposes of these canals are defense, water

management and transport. The fort was built outside of Singelgracht and the houses

outside of the fort were built so that it can be burn easily. Amsterdam defense system

has no chance to its worth because by the time the fort was completed, air invasion

was practiced. The early construction of these canals was carried out from the west

to east, not from the center expanding out.

The transportation in Amsterdam is mainly water transport because the water canals

connect to everywhere. Bicycling is also a popular choice of transport in Amsterdam

as most of the places have excellent walkability and city scenery is attractive.

However, this has become a problem recently. The bicycles are cheap and there is

too many bicycles owned by an individual, thus bicycles are abandoned around the

city. it is a problem to manage all these abandoned bicycles

The public space in Amsterdam is the Dam Square which has a national monument

and a royal palace. Amsterdam also has a red-light district called the De Wallen. It

used to a tourist attraction but it has developed into a asocial ill now because of the

increased crime rate in that area and exploitation of women. It also causes social

distress for the society.

Conclusion

Amsterdam has an organized city structure of concentric ring formation. Instead of

streets, there are canals running the city. The canals serve multiple functions. Initially,



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it was built because Amsterdam stands in the way of a river. They need to channel

the water away and it was also for defensive purpose. The water act as a primary

defensive barrier which can be used in my city. The problem with bicycle need to be

taken care of if my city is to like Amsterdam

Havana

Havana is located in Cuba.

Havana is not an ancient city but

several years back. Havana faced

a big event which changed it.

In 1989, the Soviet Bloc collapsed

and Cuba was cut out of resources

because Soviet Bloc is Cuba food

import and agricultural input of 50%

of Cuba caloric intake. The

condition was serious especially in

Havana because of transportation problem. Shortage of petroleum inhibits the

rural area from transporting food to the city.

The citizen response by planting vegetation around their house and the

government support them by securing land use for gardener, provide free land

for agricultural purpose, distribute agricultural knowledge and advices. They

also establish centres around the city that sell agricultural supply and tools.

After 2 years of struggle, the city was back on its track and the city changed.

The citizens did not stop farming in their houses. This leads to urban farming in

the city. it was a rare scene in city back then.

Conclusion We should avoid relying on external source to support the city because it is unreliable.

Sustainability in city is very important. This can be achieved with urban farming. As the

mayor, I have to provide specific utilities such as processed waste distribution to

encourage urban farming. I have to provide them with spaces as well.



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Alexandria

Alexandria is an ancient city

located in the Egypt. It was built

on a strip of land between

Mediterranean and Lake

Mareoits. It was a city found by

Alexander the Great,

developed by the the first 2

Ptolemy and designed by

Dinocrates, Alexander’s

personal architect. It was a city

planned right from the

beginning. This was an early

practice of urban planning. Not many cities were planned in that era.

The city was built in a grid formation with a huge boulevard running through

the center. It was made for transportation by cart or other larger transportation

mean. This is due accommodate the large amount of traffic that is going on in

the city because of its trading activities. The city was placed in a strategic spot

where traders pass by before going to the Mediterranean. Its water supply

originates from the Lake Mareotis which is linked to the Nile River. Alexandria

also has trading activities with the Roman through the lake.

The landscape of the city is quite unique. It has a T-shaped peninsula

extending out of its mainland. Erected on the T-shaped peninsula is the Pharos

Lighthouse which is one of the Ancient 7 Wonders of the world. The lighthouse

serves as a monument and a beacon for the ships and boats.

The whole city is now submerged underneath the sea. It became a myth

before people found it.

Conclusion

Economy and trading is very important to ward a city development. However,

the city should have the suitable infrastructure to accommodate the activities.

The infrastructure and the amenities of a city should be made to suit the city

and people’s need. Alexandria was able to reach its peak of development

because of its grid city structure. Therefore, a city structure is important.



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Present Cities

Shanghai Shanghai is located in China. As

one of the world trade center,

Shanghai has a very busy traffic.

Shanghai has a lot of trains but it is

still not enough. The main reason

for this scenario is because the

locals that travel from further in

the mainland usually take their

own private transportation. The

local population density is also

very high. So Shanghai has other

solution to solve this problem –

inner ring elevated road.

Inner ring elevated road is a kind of

ring road. Ring road is a highway

which encircles a town or a city. Most

metropolitan community has ring

road, mostly circumferental city. the ring road allows people to have a quick look of the

whole city. Elevated road is, as its name described, a road which is above ground level. The

objective of this road system is to reduce traffic light and traffic congestion which in turn

reduce traffic accident rate.

Shanghai has a many elevated ring road. The tallest of them all is a 7-floor elevated road.

Assuming every floor has 3 lanes, 7 floors will make up to 21lanes. 21 lanes can

accommodate a huge traffic flow.

Conclusion

The elevated road is a good idea. It will not obstruct the development on the ground

and it can provide a partial shade to the pedestrian on the ground. An elevated

road can also provide a good scenery.



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Paris Paris is another city which a ring

road. The road has a name

called Boulevard Peripherique.

It is built on the last remaining

city wall of Paris. The

destruction of the wall provides

a vacant land for the

construction of the road.

The ring road in Paris is a dual

ring road. It is two-way, unlike

Shanghai’s ring road. It provides

an unhindered flow of traffic

highway. There is no traffic light,

no at grade crossing and no

hard shoulder. It is not always on the ground. 50% of the road is above grade, 40% of the road

is below grade and 10% of the road is at grade.

However, the outcome of the ring road in Paris is different from Shanghai’s. It has certain side

effects. Although the initial objective of the road is to reduce traffic congestion, it has causes a

widespread congestion. It also inhibits the expansion of the surrounding urban area because it

is not elevated like Shanghai’s.

Conclusion

Using the same system may not produce the same effect because the location and condition

is different. It is better to modify the system to suit your local culture and condition.



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Singapore

Singapore is a South East Asian

nation that is located right below

of Malaysia. Although Singapore is

officially a nation, Singapore is

also known as a city due to its

scale.

Singapore has a few

disadvantages compared to

other nations. It has a shortage of

land and natural resources and

high population density. However, Singapore was still able to become a world-

class country because of its urban planning. Singapore is the modern closest

example of a self-sustain city.

4 Principle of a sustainable city

- Eco-industrial park

An industrial region where the companies practice industrial symbiosis. i.e A

production company collaborates with a chemical company so that it can

sell its waste to the chemical company.

- Urban farming

Integrate agriculture with urban planning. Agriculture and urban have

always been separated because the use of space for both field is different.

This problem can be overcome with technology.

- Urban infill

Migration of human resource into the city to supplement urban farming and

contribute to the nation’s development.

- Walkable urbanism

Focus on mixed use development, walkable street and public spaces in

urban planning so that a space can have multiple functions. This increases

walkability a scale of city expansion.

Singapore is also a very high density development.

10 principles to livable high density city

1. Plan for long-term growth and renewal

2. Embrace diversity, foster inclusiveness

3. Integrate nature with people and city



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4. Develop affordable and mixed use neighborhood

5. Maximize potential of every space

6. Prioritize green buildings and transport to reduce energy consumption

7. Relieve density with variety and green boundaries by intersperse high-rise

with low rises to reduce sense of crowded spaces

8. Activate space for greater safety by activating visual access to space so

that residents can foresee danger

9. Promote innovative solution

10. Forge “3P”(people, public, private) partnership – community collaborate

to improve each other’s quality of life.

Conclusion

Generally, the concept of a sustainable city is to utilize every single space

without crowding the city. The green element can help to reduce the sense of

a crowded space. The balance between energy output and energy input of a

city is also very important. The sustainability of a city cannot be determined by

the city planning alone. The community has to play a part as well. The city can

provide the community that chance to get involved such as urban farming.



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Future Cities

Water Re-balance

Water Re-Balance is

actually a skyscraper that is

designed to improve the

water supply of Shanghai.

Shanghai has a major

problem of water supply. It

is lack of underground

water, municipal water and

rainfall. Shanghai have

taken so much water from

under the city since 1860

that the city itself has sunk

1.7 meters in the past 40 years. Most of the river water in Shanghai is polluted

and unusable. Despite that shortage, the city does experience flood during

monsoon season.

Water Re-balance is created to overcome this problem by collecting rainwater

and purified it. The tower is thin and is based underground, allowing the

structure to pump collected and cleaned rainwater into the underground

water table. From this base it spirals up and flowers at the top with a large

platform that holds a green roof that collects the rainwater. After it is collected

on top, water filters as it flows down through the tower, and is clean by the

time it reaches ground level.

Conclusion

The idea of collecting rainwater is good because rainwater is technically the

cleanest water. So the purifying process will not take long and cost a lot of

money.



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Tehran Tower

Tehran, Iran’s largest city and its capital, is plagued by extreme air pollution, 80% of

which is caused by auto traffic. Amongst its 8.5 million residents, it is estimated that 27

people die daily from pollution-related diseases, showing the tangible and deadly

dangers that result from the traffic caused by urban sprawl. To combat this reality,

the designers of the Tehran Tower propose building up, locating massive skyscrapers

within Tehran to house masses of residents centrally.

The Tehran Tower is actually a residential tower. The tower stands on two legs and

joins at the top. The legs only occupied 1200 square metres of land compared the 30

000 metres of a typical high-rise. The tower utilizes the space well. The towers also

diverge at the top, giving shade to the residential unit that is placed below. There is a

green rooftop expanse to be enjoyed by residents. The tall height of the garden and

the prefab residential cells help protect them from the noise pollution of the city,

Conclusion

The idea of maximizing the use of space and land is parallel to the concept of

sustainability. The development of should not be just expansion to the side. The

development should be within the city and solve the problem of the city instead of

escaping. The garden is deprived of noise pollution I also a very good move because

it allow the garden’s function to be fulfill which is to relax



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5. The “X” City

In 2030, the Earth begins to get hotter. First in the core then it radiates to the surface. The land

was so hot that people can’t walk on it. The glacier and ice caps begin to melt. Freshwater

lakes evaporate. Sea is the only escape thus a floating city is built.

“X” city is located in the middle of the travel path from west to east by hip. In the past, “X’

city is a very rich city because the traders travelling to the east will stop by “X” city to

replenish their fuel, food and water. After the introduction of air transport, “X” city has

become less developed but “X” city can still stand in the global battle of the developed

civilizations.

The people in the old “X” city are comprised of different races and ethnics forming a

multicultural society. The 3 main races in “X” city are Malays, Chinese and Indian. There are

also negligible numbers of other ethnics. Malay occupied most of the population with

Chinese coming second and Indian, the least. In the past, there is a discrimination of races

through economic role. The discrimination has been eradicated but the people of “X” city

are still not united.

In conclusion, the new city for the old “x” city needs to cater for all the races and

ethnics. They will need some space to preserve their respective culture. Each race

should have a fair share of the spaces. The new city should obtain food source that

can be consume by all races.



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In term of environment, the new city should have a balance between the natural

environment and the built environment. The new city can be a fusion of both. The new

city will need to have good ventilation and cooling system.

More importantly, the new city should be able to self-sustain because the natural

resourcess will finish eventually and the external source is unpredictable and

unreliable. The new city should maximize every single space and utilize fully the

renewable energy source. The new cannot be a pollutant to the environment as that

will harm us eventually.

6. Sphera

Sphera is a self-sustaining city that floats on water. In present time, a fully self-

sustainable city is still impossible because of lack of resource. The present cities

are interdependent. With rising sea level, building a self-sufficient city on water

is the best choice because it consumes the least cost and energy.

Disadvantages of different terrain

Underwater

Need to concern about the pressure exerted onto the structure –

leading to high consumption of expensive high material to build a

structure that can withstand the structure.

Hard to access the city

May not receive sufficient natural sunlight

Underground

Lacking of sunlight

Highly likely to lose track of direction and time because of absence of

day and night

Prone to earthquake



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On sky

Cold climate due to high altitude

High energy consumption to stay afloat.

Malfunction of floating system cause huge disaster – high risk

Floating on water

Pros

Closer to human former habitat’s characteristics

Ease of water supply

Sunlight available

Buoyancy reduce energy needed to stay afloat

Cons

Prone to drastic weather change.

Disorientation caused by losing track of direction.

High sunlight exposure.

Design Concept

The main concept of Sphera’s design is sustainability. Sustainability is to

maintain a balance between the net consumption and net production. A

sustainable city will maintain the physical resources and system that support life

and insure the quality of life or system that interact with life such as the farm

system. A sustainable city maximizes the utility of the natural resources without

harming the ecosystem.



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Section of the city

Water catchment area above Sphera



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Plan view

Above ground



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Ground

Underground



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Shape

Sphera is made up of 3 equal spheres and one bigger sphere. The spheres join

together and form a fusion of spheres with 4 main regions. The middle region is

supposedly empty. After the fusion, the middle section is become a circle.

The landscape of Sphera is basically overlapping circlre. Sphera is made out of

sphere for a few reasons.

- With a limited perimeter, the area enclosed within a shape increases as the

number of vertices increase. This is also why honeycomb shape is used

rather than square in some urban planning. From here, we can conclude

that circle has the largest area. A sustainable city needs to maximize its

land as much as possible.

- The drag resistance experienced by a sphere is the one of the lowest. The

owner with the lowest drag resistance is aerofoil shape.

- The characteristic of a sphere to able to withstand large force from out as

the force is distributed over the curved surface. At the same spot, a force

from the opposite direction, the inside of the sphere will break the structure

easily as the force is converging to that one point. After earthquake, the

assessment team always check the pipes from the inside because that is

where it starts to crack



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The overall structure is made up of 4 spheres because it provides the stability

needed when floating on water like boat. Each sphere supports each other so

the structure does not sway too much. The urban region has a stage-like

topography. There Is 4 stages in total. The length of the area decreases and

the height increases as the stages go higher. This creates a curve which helps

in ventilating the air in the structure



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Zoning

The city contains an urban area and a suburb area. The urban area (large sphere)

contains regions that run the city economy and production while the suburb (3 small

spheres) contains residential region and farming region. The suburb produces raw

material and the urban manufacture it.



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Urban region

Stage 4 - The government building

The government building has the highest stage with the a large open spaces which is

actually a lake. The water act as a access restriction for the people who have no

good intention.

Stage 3 – Defense towers

The defense towers have water all around them as a primary military defense barrier

which limit the valid access points. This allow them to manage invasion or any military

attack easily. The towers also stand between the government buildings and the rest

of the urban area to control the access to the government buildings and ensure

safety of political bodies like a custom. The ring-road railway to the government

buildings is also control by the defense towers. The railway is retractable.



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The defense tower s is built on stage 3 to have a better view of the whole city and

foresee any danger.

Stage 2 – Central business district, commercial area, hospital and fitness centre

The business and commercial buildings are placed on stage 2 to avoid blocking the

sunlight for the other buildings as the business and commercial buildings are usually

high-rises. The commercial area and the business area are place together because

the people in the business field have more consuming power. The fitness centre is

place close to the business area for the white people to exercise after work. This will

maintain the average health of the citizen and deter any formation of unhealthy

condition such as obesity. The fitness centre is place beside the hospital because

people are more prone to injuries when exercising.

Stage 1 and ground- residential, education, hospital, museum and cultural

On the left flank of the urban region, the residential and education area is place

together so that the students do not have to travel far to their school. They are place

nearer to the lake which is the city center so that they have a scenic view and a

more relaxing atmosphere. The religion area is place right in front of the residential

area on the lake.



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In the middle is the port entrance which connects to the outside of Sphera. The port

is partially underground.

On the right flank, there is a tourism spot. There are museum, science center and

culture for the tourist to understand our culture better and offer the students an

opportunity for case study. The hotel, theme park and shopping complex are place

closer together. The theme park is partly on the water because there is a water

amusement park.

An artificial waterfall separates the urban region and the suburb region. The water

fall acts as the center of Sphera and a cooling system for the Sphera. The constant

moving water absorbs the heat from the heat island which is a side effect of a high

density city.



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Suburb region

The suburb area has a symmetrical distribution of function. There are residential

area, mix-use development area, an open square and a park surrounding the

artificial river. There is a bridge connecting both sides. The open square and

the park allow people to have events or celebration as Malaysia has

multicultural society and a lot of festivals.

Hanging above the suburb, there is a lake garden with residence. There is a

monumental hanging crystal which hangs onto the roof underneath the rain

catchment area. The water from the catchement area will flow down the tips

of the crystal onto the the lake like a veil.



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The monumental hanging crystal above the lake



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Underground

The industrial area is place near the port and directly underneath

the urban area to allow the industrial activity goes smooth.

Communication or contact between the industrial area and

business area will be easier and faster. The industrial area is place

underground to improve the surface appearance. The power plant,

water supply and waste management is place close to the

industrial area because it consumes more electrical power and

water and the waste produced is harder to process.

The underground hospital is place in the middle for easy access.

The research institute mainly focus on biological and medical

research because medical is very important. (refer to “Medical”

below) The research institute is placed underneath the farming

section so that it is more convenient to obtain raw material. The

institute is also closer to the hospital so that it can communicate

and exchange medical data.



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The waste storage system is place furthest from the hospital and it is isolated for

the health of the patients The waste is channel back to the residence to

encourage urban farming.

In case of accidents, buffer zone surrounding the underground hospital leads

the leaked waste to waste management centre underneath the urban area.



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Transport



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Walkability radius from the stations



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Sphera is a car-free city with only public transport which is trams and trains.

Objective of transport planning:

To reduce consumption of energy

Prevent traffic congestion

Prevent pollution as Sphera is an enclosed structure.

The trams only concentrate at the urban region. On each stage (except the

last and highest stage) there are 2 separated trams. The separated trams

shorten the travel distance of each tram, thus reduce the waiting time interval.

The underwater train

There are 2 trains that connect the urban area and suburban area. One is the

underwater train and the other is the cargo train. The underwater train is

designed for the passengers to experience the underwater world in the

quickest and easiest way. The cargo train has 2 lines moving thru and forth

from the industrial area, the port, the research institute.

The last train railway is a ring-road railway. Ring road is highway that circles a

metropolis. In Sphera, the ring road is modified into an elevated railway. The

passengers can have a clear and scenic view of the city.

Food and energy

Sphera’s main energy source is wind energy and tidal energy because Sphera

is a floating city and ocean always has a unpredictable and drastic weather.



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Wind turbines and water turbines are scattered on the outer wall of Sphera.

The wind turbines extend from sea level to middle line of the whole structure as

to not blocking the sunlight. Air can go into Sphera through the wind turbines

and ventilates the inner atmosphere of Sphera. Sphera also utilize the high

sunlight exposure in the ocean for solar energy. The buildings in the city have

solar panel to absorb energy.

As for food source, Sphera has a farming section in the suburb area. There are

two main agricultural activities in the farm – plantation farm and fish farm.

Earlier civilizations always build their settlement around a river for 2 reason –

water and fish. Fish is Sphera’s main source of protein. Fish is easier to take care

and they are confined to the lake. They will not intrude the residential area

and cause disturbance. Fish also contain less cholesterol and more b-complex

vitamin which is essential for brain development. As a result, the children born

in Sphera can have a full development in term of physical and mental.

Green space

Green space is scattered around Sphera. The green space in Sphera can also

be considered tourist attractions.

In the suburb area, the bigger green space is the park around the artificial

waterfall and river. Most of the residential units also have a balcony to plant.

They will be provided with processed waste from their own isolated waste

storage system. This is to encourage urban farming.

Linear park below railway



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Green space is especially important in the urban area because high density

development always causes heat island. The green spaces can mitigate the

effect of heat island. In the urban area, there is a linear park underneath the

ring-road railway. The linear parks also act as the secondary ring-road which

allows people to walk around the city. The trees filter out the loud noise from

the train.

People can go travel between the stagesthrough the stairs



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Another major green space in the urban area is the garden above all the

building blocks. All the garden is connected so it looks like a spider web. It

mitigates the high temperature in the heat island, provide the working people

a place to relax and provide shelter for the people below the garden. People

can choose to travel through the city by walking in the garden or the streets. It

also connect all the stages together. It forms a vitual hill.

Medical

Medical advancement is very important to preserve life and prevent plague

because a plague in an enclosed structure like Sphera is very dangerous.

There are two hospitals in Sphera, one in the center of urban area and one in

the middle of suburb area (underground). The hospitals can be access through

the subways because the hospitals entrance and the subways entrance are

connected.

The above diagram shows the access route to the hospitals. The black boxes is

the subway entrances

Activities & Features



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Pasar malam in front of the residence and shoplots

Free 3D movie on the waterfall every movie night



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Advertisement on the wall of the stages

Underwater train going through the artificial river



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7. Conclusion

Sustainability used to be a word where you have to spell it out for the other to

understand. People were more focus on the functional development of the

city in the past. However, people are beginning to take a concern in the

environmental issue and aware of the importance of sustainability in city. The

revolution of city is going down towards a greener path.

The future cannot be determined but it can be predicted. Many researchers

and scientists have predicted that our home will one day be gone. It is still not

too late to save our home.

From the cities I researched, I have gained a better insight as to how to plan a

city. From the past cities, I learnt that the success of a city depends on its

foundation which is the city planning; from the present cities, I learnt that the

correct implementation of the city planning is very important; from the future

cities, I learnt that I have to solve the problem my city faces and will face.



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8. Reference Links

Alexandria. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ancientsites.com/aw/Places/Place/419305

Amsterdam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). Retrieved July 18, 2013, from

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Technology

ENBE Project 2 - Report