Chapter 24

Industrialism & Imperialism: The Making of the European Global

Order

by Ruth, Peter, Marianne and Vinsonioso

Creating Land Empires in Asia

1.Trading companies establish centers

2.Company officials in Europe do NOT want territory

3.Slow communication

4.Europeans in Asia drawn into local struggles -> land -> political

control

5.Initially adapt to local practices

6.Then westernize colonies

The Dutch in Java

• 1600s: Dutch trade center

• Tribute to Mataram Sultanate

- don’t want territory

• Then, intervene in local

conflict

• Strong Dutch army of locals

• Demand land for military

help

● 1750s: Mataram Sultanate tries to

restore control, fails. Dutch take

over

The British in India

• 1600s: Trade centers - Calcutta,

Bombay, Madras (become

presidencies - administrative

centers)

• Don’t want territory

• British-French competition...

• ...1757 Battle of Plassey: French

& Indians vs British sepoys (Robert

Clive) -> control Bengal.

• Drawn into local conflict ->

territory

• India not unified to drive out.

British Raj established

• India jewel of British Empire

Early Imperialism: Adaptiveness

• Social systems mostly unchanged

• Adopt local culture

• Relations with local women

Social Reforms in British Colonies in India• British originally uninterested in reforms in colonies.

• In the 1770s the British were forced to enact reforms.

• Nabobs, they made their fortunes by cheating and exploiting.

• The Bengal famine of 1770, one third of the population of colonies die.

• Political reforms led by Lord Charles Cornwallis in 1790s.

• The Evangelical Religion was introduced to the British colonies.

• Utilitarian philosophers push for westernization in colonies.

• In 1830 sati was outlawed by the British.

Lord Charles Cornwallis

Rivalries in the Industrial Revolution and the Division of the World

• Spread of the industrial revolution.

• 1870s: Europeans start to create

colonies.

• Political & economic rivalries.

• Colonies essential to demonstrate

power, fall back for raw material

shortages & loss of overseas trade

outlets.

• Europeans ahead with waging war.

• Europeans had mineral resources.

Breech loading rifles replaced muzzle

loading. 1880’s: machine gun

effective weapon & Suez Canal

opened 1869.

• Europeans advanced tech. gave

power over Africa & Pacific Islands.

China or Vietnam cannot match

Europe.

• Africans & Asians resist colonial rule,

even when odds against them. When

Vietnamese Emperors refused to

fight European powers, local officials

organized guerilla resistance.

• British defeated by Zulus in South

Africa at Isandhlwana in 1879.

• Guerilla resistance, sabotage &

banditry sometimes best way to fight

Europeans.

Breech Loading Rifle

Patterns of Dominance European Colonies:

• Tropical Dependencies: Africa, Asia and South America. A few colonists ruled over a large population of natives.

• Settlement Colonies: Canada, Australia. White Dominions: European Descendants made up the majority, small native population decimated by disease and wars.

• Combined colonies: Algeria, kenya, New Zealand, Hawaii. Environment allowed Europeans and indigenous people to grow in number, conflicts over land and resources.

Pattern of Dominance cont.• Colonizers divided Africans into Tribes based on ethnicity, used

animistic religion believers to attack muslims in East and West Africa.

• In India, Senegal and Java, Europeans inhabited in towns, administrations were carried out by African and Asian Subordinates and local leaders (educated in western style)

• Education in Africa left to missionaries-not promoted-less educated people

• Education in India heavily supported- a class of western educated elites-nationalists agitation

• Europeans kept to themselves, racially mixed marriages were frowned upon,

• White racial supremacy -scientific proof that non-whites were lesser people

Battle of Isandhlwana in Natal, South Africa, 1879.

A British soldier fights a band of Zulu warriors with Assegais

Exploitation techniques • More advanced farming

techniques, compelled African and Asian farmers to produce crops for little pay.

• tax imposed on Colonized people, harsh punishment for failing to meet quotas.

• Advanced mining industry, cultivation of lands.

• Cocoa, rubber, palm oil, hemp.

• Railways, Roads, Bridges were

constructed to link inland farms and

ports.

• More materials were produced to aid

industrialization of mainland Europe.

South Africa • Dutch colony at Cape Town was established

as a way station.

• Decades later, Boers (Descendants of Dutch immigrants) moved further inwards for temperate climates and stable farming conditions.

• Enslaved indigenous peoples (Khoikhoi)

• Britain captured Cape Town during France’s revolution in 1790

• Annexed in 1815 as a link to India

• British missionaries pressured the Boers into eradicating slavery

• Boers migrated northeastward, British followed (Durban)

• Boer republics establish

• Boer War

Pacific Tragedies

• Social disruptions and demographic disasters

• Isolated cultures

• “Corrosive” influences (Religions, Sexual mores, Lethal weapons, Cheap consumer goods)

• Whalers, Merchants, Missionaries, Colonial administrators from the 1760s+

• New Zealand and Hawaii experienced clearest crises

• Eventual recovery (Accommodations and revival of tradition)

New Zealand• Maori experienced 2 periods

of disruption

• 1790s

• Timber merchants and whalers established small settlements on the coast

• Alcoholism and prostitution

• Firearms upset existing balance between tribal groups

• Smallpox, tuberculosis and common cold ravaged Maori communities (130 000 to 80 000)

• 1850s

• Britain decides to claim the islands

• Fought back, but were driven back into the interior

• Flocked to religious prophets

• Eventual resistance

Hawaii• Britain briefly claimed the islands in 1843, though US annexed it

properly in 1898

• Britain assisted young Hawaiian prince Kamehameha in uniting the small warring regional units as a single force under his dominance.

• Kamehameha succeeded and encouraged western merchants

• Built various western style buildings, converted many to christianity and created conflict between traditional beliefs and western culture.

• Disease killed many as usual (500 000 to 80 000)

• Hawaii formally annexed to “protect American lives and property” in 1893

Global Connections

• End of 19th century, Western industrial powers directly colonized most of Asia and Africa, while indirectly controlling the remaining area.

• Unprecedented flow of goods from Africa, Asian and Latin America to Europe and North America

• No culture was strong enough to remain untouched by European culture

• Greatest challenge to European rule came from Asian and African NATIONALISTS who resurrected their own cultures.

• Nationalism used modern globalized communication systems to mobilize resistance to global domination

Question

Which was better?

A) Early imperialism, which was marked by European adaptiveness to local culture.

or

B) Later imperialism, which was marked by European attempts to westernize the colonies, introducing new products from Europe’s industrial revolution.

Bibliography

Brown, Ryan. The British Empire in India. Ohio: Ashbrook University, 2010. Print.

Heaphy, Linda. Kashgar: Life in India: The Practise of Sati or Widow Burning. 2010. Web. 13 December 2015. <http://www.kashgar.com.au/articles/life-in-india-the-practice-of-sati-or-widow-burning> Mcclintok, Anne. Imperial Leather: Race, Gender, and Sexuality in the Colonial Contest. London: Routledge, 1995. Print.

Stearns, Peter N., Michael Adas, Stuart B. Schwartz, and Marc J. Gilbert. World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP* Edition. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Education, Inc, 2007. Print.

Image Bibliography

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http://cf067b.medialib.glogster.com/media/c7/c76708f5a20c777876e101a860611ddd84ed41c42a05aaf29c0ee3d1f418cb15/sepoy.jpg

https://www.mtholyoke.edu/~ngpopat/1947_british_empire_india.gif

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/736x/2c/a0/82/2ca08205195f1a39115dc917010c3d40.jpg

http://www.revolutionary-war.net/charles-cornwallis.html

http://www.thetruthaboutguns.com/2011/02/robert-farago/history-channel-top-shot-gun-sharps-breech-loading-rifle/