The Industrial Revolution

1. What causes revolution?2. How are these revolutions

similar / different?

Important Vocabulary

• Capital• Entrepreneur• Industrial

Capitalism• Assembly line• Mass Production

• Proletariat

Industrial Revolution

• The movement and transition to new manufacturing processes that had a large impact on human life. (1780’s – 1840’s)

• Two Phases– First – Mostly in Britain, agricultural,

manufacturing, steam power– Second- Spread to Western Europe, U.S., mass

production and reactions

Agricultural Developments

• Crops spread around the world

• New machines decrease labor demand

• People move off the land and into cities

Water Powered Mill

Steamship and Locomotive

Cottage Industry vs. Assembly Line

• Interchangeable Parts

• Increased Production

• Lower Prices

Population Growth / Urbanization

• From 1750-1850 population in Europe doubled.

• Most large cities doubled in size in Europe

• Rapid growth of cities led to pitiful living conditions.

• Increased Pollution

New Social Classes

• Working class:– 12-16 hour workdays, 6

days a week.– Little employment

security and no minimum wage.

– Unhealthy working conditions: Coal mines / Cotton mills.

Women and Children

• Women and children made up 2/3 of cotton mill workers.

• Factory act of 1833 limited children working in factories.

• However, most children’s childhood didn’t last past age 9 or 10 when they started work.

• Women were mostly relegated to low skill work and marriage was only option.

More Vocabulary

• Socialism• Nationalism (pg. 167)• Romanticism• Realism• Natural selection• Social Darwinism• Suffrage

Free Market Capitalism

• Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations 1776

• Definition of 'Free Market'A market economy based on supply and demand with little or no government control.

Supply and Demand Curve

Socialism / Communism

• Karl Marx – The Communist Manifesto (1848)

• Exploitation of workers causes unrest and revolution

• Advocates government ownership of “Means of Production”

• Socialism• Unions

Nationalism

• Prior to this, people identified more with local, tribal, ethnic groups.

• Often times started as a result of conflict and opposition to another nation state.

• A nation requires borders, sovereignty, government and a population.

• Occurring all around the world in different ways for different reasons.

Dark Side of Nationalism

Nationalism

• Italy• Germany• Austria• Russia• United States (Mr. Stuenkel)• Latin America (Mr. Stuenkel)

Nationalism in U.S.

• Slavery was divisive issue. – 1 million in 1800– 4 million in 1860

• Civil war to decide slavery and federalism

• United States remain united, see themselves as one country.

Nationalism in Latin America

• One example• Jose de San Martin of

Argentina• Fought against Spain

and won independence• Monroe Doctrine

(Warned against European interference in Western Hemisphere)

Public Education

• Prior to Industrial Revolution, only for wealthy

• Need for highly trained and skilled workers

• Political need for educated citizens to participate in democracy / nationalism

Romanticism• An artistic and literary

movement based on extreme emotion.

• A reaction to the enlightenment and industrial revolution’s reason and calculation

• Edgar Allen Poe’s dark literary work. Ex: Tell Tale Heart

Eugene Delacroix

• Famous Romantic Artist

• Focus on exotic subject matter and extreme color

• Battle of Poitiers 1830

Realism

• A belief that the world should be viewed realistically (after 1850)

• Sought to show realities of life for lower classes

• Courbet said, “I have never seen angels nor goddesses, so I am not interested in painting them.”

Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners, 1857

Modernism

• Complete rebellion by artists against beliefs about art

• Cameras invented to depict things realistically

• Art should function for it’s own sake

• Impressionism / Abstract

Van Gogh – Starry Night 1889

Impressionism Monet –Woman with a Parasol - 1875

Cubism – Picasso – Portrait of a Young Girl 1938

Social Reactions to Industrialization

• Feminism- the movement for women’s rights– Wanted suffrage for women– 1920 in America (19th Amendment)– Clara Barton (women’s role in medicine)

• Freud and Psychoanalysis- human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences– Trace repressed thoughts all the way to childhood

• Social Darwinism-natural selection = the survival of the fittest– Used as a theoretical basis for racism

Industrialization and Imperialism

• New technology = new weapons• Industrial countries can force their will• Factories need more raw materials• Countries need to sell goods to foreign markets• Early industrial countries are…– Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, U.S., Japan– Colonial regions = SE Asia, Africa, India, Middle East,

Mexico

Imperialism in Africa

• New Resources Found in South Africa– Diamonds and Gold

• Dutch and British fight for control of the region

• British win the conflict• South Africa becomes a crown

colony • Native groups are kept

disenfranchised• Apartheid until 1990’s

Traditional Ethnic Homelands in Africa

Nationalism in Mexico

• Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico from 1877-1911 supported by wealthy elites and Catholic Church

• 95% of rural peasants owned no land

• Emiliano Zapata led a peasants revolt

• New Constitution in 1917 with male suffrage and land reform

Colonialism in India• British East India Company controls British trade in India• By the early 1800’s the British had conquered most of the

Indian sub-continent• The Sepoy (Great) Rebellion

– Sepoys = Indian mercenary soldiers– Beef and pork fat cartridge grease

• 2 years of unrest• After the rebellion was put down many • believed Britain should rule India directly• India was made a crown colony in 1877• Gandhi (Father of non-violent resistance)