Fire Safety Fire Safety incorporating the Hazards, Risks and Control incorporating the Hazards, Risks and Control MeasuresMeasures

Prepared by Dr. Julian Jolly, PhD (UK)Prepared by Dr. Julian Jolly, PhD (UK) SIIRSM, UK.SIIRSM, UK. TTT (NIOSH)TTT (NIOSH)

Executive Diploma in OSHExecutive Diploma in OSH

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FIREFIRE

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Key Learning ElementsKey Learning Elements►To explain the science of fire.To explain the science of fire.►To illustrate fire protection goals. To illustrate fire protection goals. ►To describe the potential hazards and risks To describe the potential hazards and risks

leading to a fire at the workplace.leading to a fire at the workplace.►To highlight the control measures to prevent To highlight the control measures to prevent

fires.fires.►To identify the various Alarm and Sprinkler To identify the various Alarm and Sprinkler

systems in use.systems in use.►To explain the evacuation plan in the event of To explain the evacuation plan in the event of

a fire.a fire. 4

ManagementManagement

Why do we need Fire Safety?Why do we need Fire Safety?

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Fire Protection GoalsFire Protection Goals

►Life safety (human life).Life safety (human life).►Property protection (buildings and assets).Property protection (buildings and assets).►Continuity of operations (financial and Continuity of operations (financial and

economic loss).economic loss).

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Fires are costlyFires are costly

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Explosion from firesExplosion from fires

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People die in trying to save othersPeople die in trying to save others

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ScienceScience

What is Fire?What is Fire?

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The ScienceThe Science

►A process or chemical reaction called A process or chemical reaction called COMBUSTIONCOMBUSTION

►The process works The process works onlyonly when 3 elements when 3 elements are present namely:are present namely:OxygenOxygenFuelFuel ( (not confined to petrol or gasnot confined to petrol or gas))HeatHeat

►The chain-reaction causes FLAME.The chain-reaction causes FLAME.11

The Fire TriangleThe Fire Triangle

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The FlameThe Flame►Known as the Known as the FIRE TRIANGLEFIRE TRIANGLE , the , the

chemical reaction producing the flame chemical reaction producing the flame persistspersists when all 3 elements remain without when all 3 elements remain without being stopped (extinguished) either being stopped (extinguished) either voluntarily or otherwise.voluntarily or otherwise.

►Flame is energy released into the Flame is energy released into the atmosphere.atmosphere.

► It is dangerous and unpredictable (can It is dangerous and unpredictable (can reach 2000°F in a matter of seconds).reach 2000°F in a matter of seconds).

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Fire ChemistryFire Chemistry

1.1. HeatHeatThe temperature at which a material The temperature at which a material produces a vapour, and the temperature produces a vapour, and the temperature at which vapours will burn. (Vapours will at which vapours will burn. (Vapours will self-ignite if the temperature is hot self-ignite if the temperature is hot enough.)enough.)

2.2. FuelFuelThe fuel for a fire may be a The fuel for a fire may be a solid, liquid, solid, liquid, or gasor gas. The type and quantity of the fuel . The type and quantity of the fuel will determine which method should be will determine which method should be used to extinguish the fire. used to extinguish the fire.

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3.3. OxygenOxygenFires will burn vigorously in any atmosphere of Fires will burn vigorously in any atmosphere of at least 20 percent oxygen. Without oxygen, fuel at least 20 percent oxygen. Without oxygen, fuel could be heated until entirely vapourized, and it could be heated until entirely vapourized, and it would not burn.would not burn.

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Flammability CharacteristicsFlammability Characteristics

Fire PointFire PointThe temperature at which the fluid surface The temperature at which the fluid surface emits enough vapour to sustain a fire for five emits enough vapour to sustain a fire for five seconds in the presence of a flame.seconds in the presence of a flame.

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Flammability CharacteristicsFlammability Characteristics

Lower and Upper Explosive Limits (LEL & Lower and Upper Explosive Limits (LEL & UEL)UEL)

The The minimumminimum concentration of a particular concentration of a particular combustible gas or vapour necessary to combustible gas or vapour necessary to support its combustion in air is defined as the support its combustion in air is defined as the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) for that gas. Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) for that gas. Below this level, the mixture is too “lean” to Below this level, the mixture is too “lean” to burn. The burn. The maximummaximum concentration of a gas concentration of a gas or vapour that will burn in air is defined as or vapour that will burn in air is defined as the Upper Explosive the Upper Explosive Limit (UEL).Limit (UEL). 17

Ignition and Self Ignition Ignition and Self Ignition TemperatureTemperature

► Ignition occurs when the heat produced by a Ignition occurs when the heat produced by a reaction becomes sufficient to sustain a reaction becomes sufficient to sustain a chemical reaction (heating a material to the chemical reaction (heating a material to the point where it spontaneously combusts).point where it spontaneously combusts).

►The Self-Ignition Temperature is the The Self-Ignition Temperature is the minimumminimum temperature at which the self- temperature at which the self-heating properties of a material lead to heating properties of a material lead to IGNITION e.g. sparksIGNITION e.g. sparks

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Other related definition of TermsOther related definition of Terms► Apparent Ignit ion TemperatureApparent Ignit ion Temperature - the - the

temperature required to begin or cause burning.temperature required to begin or cause burning.► Flash FireFlash Fire - sudden intense fire caused by - sudden intense fire caused by

ignition of flammable solids, liquids or gaseous ignition of flammable solids, liquids or gaseous (e.g. 9/11).(e.g. 9/11).

► Flash PointFlash Point - lowest temperature at which a - lowest temperature at which a flammable liquid can form an ignitable mixture in flammable liquid can form an ignitable mixture in air where the vapour may cease to burn when the air where the vapour may cease to burn when the source of ignition is removed.source of ignition is removed.

► Spontaneous CombustionSpontaneous Combustion - the lowest - the lowest temperature at which a substance will ignite temperature at which a substance will ignite without the introduction of a flame.without the introduction of a flame.

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Fuels & their Flash PointsFuels & their Flash Points

►EthanolEthanol 12.8°C (55°F) 12.8°C (55°F) ►GasolineGasoline (petrol)<−40°C (−40°F) (petrol)<−40°C (−40°F)►DieselDiesel >62°C (143°F) >62°C (143°F)►Jet fuelJet fuel >38°C (100°F) >38°C (100°F)►KeroseneKerosene (paraffin oil)>38–72°C (100– (paraffin oil)>38–72°C (100–

162°F)162°F)►Vegetable oilVegetable oil (canola)327°C (620°F) (canola)327°C (620°F)►BiodieselBiodiesel >130°C (266°F) >130°C (266°F)

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Fire Spread and Heat TransferFire Spread and Heat Transfer

The flame can spread and transfer The flame can spread and transfer heat in 4 ways namely:heat in 4 ways namely:

ConductionConduction (solids/materials). (solids/materials).ConvectionConvection (gas or liquids/expands (gas or liquids/expands

when when heated).heated).RadiationRadiation (materials can be ignited if (materials can be ignited if

placed too close to the source of energy or placed too close to the source of energy or reflected from hot objects reflected from hot objects e.g. sun’s rayse.g. sun’s rays).).

Direct BurningDirect Burning (as a result of intentional (as a result of intentional ignition).ignition).

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Heat TransferHeat Transfer

Heat Transfer and Thermal EnergyHeat Transfer and Thermal Energy

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Sources of Ignition (Heat)Sources of Ignition (Heat)

►Smoker's materialsSmoker's materials►Naked flamesNaked flames►Fixed or portable heatersFixed or portable heaters►Hot processes Hot processes e.g. welding, heating elemente.g. welding, heating element►Electrical equipment or machineryElectrical equipment or machinery►Static ElectricityStatic Electricity►CookingCooking

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FrictionFriction

Sources of OxygenSources of Oxygen

►Oxygen supplies Oxygen supplies e.g. cylinders or piped e.g. cylinders or piped supplysupply

►Ventilation systemsVentilation systems►Chemicals e.g. Chemicals e.g. oxidising agentsoxidising agents

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Classification of FiresClassification of Fires

1.1. Class A - involving solids Class A - involving solids e.g. woode.g. wood2.2. Class B - involving flammable liquids Class B - involving flammable liquids e.g. petrole.g. petrol3.3. Class C - involving gases like LPG or acetyleneClass C - involving gases like LPG or acetylene4.4. Class D - involving metals and metal powders Class D - involving metals and metal powders

e.g. aluminiume.g. aluminium5.5. Class EClass E - - involving electrical firesinvolving electrical fires6.6. Class F - involving cooking oils and fatsClass F - involving cooking oils and fats

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Convection over landConvection over land

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Convection Convection

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Solar RadiationSolar Radiation

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Direct BurningDirect Burning

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Common Causes of FireCommon Causes of FireFire starts when the heat is generated by a Fire starts when the heat is generated by a deliberate work process or by accident.deliberate work process or by accident.Common Causes at workplace:Common Causes at workplace:

SmokingSmokingElectrical short circuitElectrical short circuitFrictionFrictionHeatersHeatersSparksSparksRadiationRadiationStatic Electricity DischargeStatic Electricity DischargeChemical ReactionChemical ReactionArsonArson 34

Smoking - ManagementSmoking - Management

► The prevention aspect includes administrative The prevention aspect includes administrative measures measures e.g. awareness campaign focusing on e.g. awareness campaign focusing on the ill-effects of tobaccothe ill-effects of tobacco..

► Restricting the activity in the workplace.Restricting the activity in the workplace.► Confining it to defined areas within the perimeter Confining it to defined areas within the perimeter

of the workplace of the workplace e.g. smoking zones.e.g. smoking zones.► Health programme to assist smokers to quit the Health programme to assist smokers to quit the

habit.habit.

Short CircuitShort Circuit

Electrical SparksElectrical Sparks

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RadiationRadiation

Static Electricity DischargeStatic Electricity Discharge

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Static electricity is dangerousStatic electricity is dangerous

Exothermic Reaction between Exothermic Reaction between Oxygen and Phosphorus.Oxygen and Phosphorus.

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Removal of FireRemoval of Fire

This can be achieved by 3 processes:This can be achieved by 3 processes:1.1. Cooling - removing the heat Cooling - removing the heat e.g. using e.g. using water.water.2.2. Starving - moving fuels/materials away Starving - moving fuels/materials away from the area of fire or “closing off” an from the area of fire or “closing off” an area area of combustible material.of combustible material.3.3. Smothering - limiting the oxygen Smothering - limiting the oxygen e.g. by e.g. by using a fire blanket on small fires.using a fire blanket on small fires.

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Consequences of FireConsequences of Fire

►Human Loss – death from smoke inhalation Human Loss – death from smoke inhalation and burns.and burns.

►Financial Loss – assets lost in the fire.Financial Loss – assets lost in the fire.►Overall Business Loss – disruption to Overall Business Loss – disruption to

normal operations.normal operations.► Indirect costs (re. “Iceberg” Theory).Indirect costs (re. “Iceberg” Theory).

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The Burning Process (Stages)The Burning Process (Stages)► Can be viewed from either the Molecular Can be viewed from either the Molecular

oror Macro scale. Macro scale.► Macro Scale:Macro Scale:1.1. Initial Fire (smoldering/presence of Initial Fire (smoldering/presence of

smoke).smoke).2.2. Fire Build-Up (flame accelerate).Fire Build-Up (flame accelerate).3.3. Flashover/Fully Developed Fire (stable Flashover/Fully Developed Fire (stable

phase/fire propagation period).phase/fire propagation period).4.4. Cooling Period (fire burns itself out).Cooling Period (fire burns itself out).

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The 3Es to Fire SAFETYThe 3Es to Fire SAFETY

1.1. EngineeringEngineering (the UBBL or Uniform Building (the UBBL or Uniform Building By Laws 1994).By Laws 1994).

2.2. EducationEducation (fire safety program, safety audits (fire safety program, safety audits and fire drills).and fire drills).

3.3. EnforcementEnforcement (Fire Services Act 1988). (Fire Services Act 1988).

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Standards and Codes (Malaysia)Standards and Codes (Malaysia)

► Malaysian Standard (MS) through SIRIM Malaysian Standard (MS) through SIRIM regulated by the Industry Standards Committee regulated by the Industry Standards Committee or ISC with the following scope:or ISC with the following scope:

““Standardization in the Fire Safety and Standardization in the Fire Safety and Fire Prevention Sectors”.Fire Prevention Sectors”.

a)a) Equipment for the prevention and suppression Equipment for the prevention and suppression of fire extinguishing equipment, fire detecting of fire extinguishing equipment, fire detecting equipment and system and materials for fire equipment and system and materials for fire control.control.

b)b) Fire test on building materials, components and Fire test on building materials, components and structures.structures.

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Building SafetyBuilding Safety

► It is a component of Fire Safety.It is a component of Fire Safety.►Building a facility in compliance with Building a facility in compliance with

approved local building codes.approved local building codes.►Materials used for construction shall Materials used for construction shall

comply with drawing specifications comply with drawing specifications stipulated by Engineering Architect e.g. stipulated by Engineering Architect e.g. BRC, sizes of steel bars, Y-bars, Round BRC, sizes of steel bars, Y-bars, Round bars for footings, columns and beams.bars for footings, columns and beams.

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Building SafetyBuilding Safety

The following possible failure modes to The following possible failure modes to achieve safety margins of the design are achieve safety margins of the design are considered:considered:

► Smoke leakage.Smoke leakage.► Thermal Insulation.Thermal Insulation.► Integrity (poor workmanship).Integrity (poor workmanship).► Load bearing.Load bearing.

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Rational Approach to accomplish Building Rational Approach to accomplish Building Safety (Design Recommendation)Safety (Design Recommendation)

►Building compartmentation and fire ratings Building compartmentation and fire ratings for fire and smoke containment.for fire and smoke containment.

►Probability analysis and risk assessments.Probability analysis and risk assessments.►Occupant behaviour in fire situations. Occupant behaviour in fire situations. ►Fire detection and alarm systems for early Fire detection and alarm systems for early

detection of smoke and activation of detection of smoke and activation of alarms. alarms.

►Assessment of anticipated fire loads.Assessment of anticipated fire loads.49

Rational Approach to accomplish Building Rational Approach to accomplish Building Safety (Design Recommendation)Safety (Design Recommendation)

► Smoke hazard management systems for control of Smoke hazard management systems for control of smoke within the building. smoke within the building.

► Emergency warning systems for early warning to Emergency warning systems for early warning to building occupants.building occupants.

► Active fire protection systems such as fire Active fire protection systems such as fire sprinklers for control of fire spread and products of sprinklers for control of fire spread and products of combustion. combustion.

► Egress provisions, egress times and travel Egress provisions, egress times and travel distances. distances.

► Fire Brigade access and fire fighting provisions.Fire Brigade access and fire fighting provisions.50

Load BearingLoad Bearing

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Ultimate ObjectiveUltimate Objective

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Other Important Standards/Codes Other Important Standards/Codes (used worldwide)(used worldwide)

►ASTM - International Standard ASTM - International Standard /American Society for Testing and /American Society for Testing and Materials.Materials.

►BS - British Standard.BS - British Standard.►NBS - National Bureau of Standard NBS - National Bureau of Standard

(US).(US).►JIS - Japanese Industrial Standard.JIS - Japanese Industrial Standard.

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Local Authority RegulationsLocal Authority Regulations

►By-Laws set by Municipal or City Councils By-Laws set by Municipal or City Councils (approval of architectural design/plan for (approval of architectural design/plan for commercial or private dwellings).commercial or private dwellings).

►Technical Specifications set by Technical Specifications set by PETRONAS for the Oil and Gas PETRONAS for the Oil and Gas industries.industries.

►Construction Industry Development Board Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB).(CIDB).

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Education on Fire SafetyEducation on Fire Safety► Jabatan Bomba Malaysia is tasked to Jabatan Bomba Malaysia is tasked to

disseminate information disseminate information e.g. to rural areas.e.g. to rural areas.► Pamphlets on Fire Safety distributed to schools.Pamphlets on Fire Safety distributed to schools.► Corporate bodies are alerted on fire safety Corporate bodies are alerted on fire safety

aspects in the workplace and mandatory for aspects in the workplace and mandatory for factories to train personnel as fire fighters.factories to train personnel as fire fighters.

► Members of the public are informed by the Members of the public are informed by the Government on fire safety awareness Government on fire safety awareness e.g. public e.g. public forums, TV.forums, TV.

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Fire ProtectionFire Protection(achieving a balanced approach)(achieving a balanced approach)

1.Passive Fire Protection (PFP)1.Passive Fire Protection (PFP) ► Developed prior to the widespread use of Active Developed prior to the widespread use of Active

Fire Protection (AFP).Fire Protection (AFP).► Considered at design stage of building Considered at design stage of building

construction or facility (not limited to buildings) construction or facility (not limited to buildings) and scope includes capabilities to control or limit and scope includes capabilities to control or limit fire spread and structural fire protection.fire spread and structural fire protection.

► Compartmentalization, escape routes, number of Compartmentalization, escape routes, number of exit points for quick evacuation, interior finishing exit points for quick evacuation, interior finishing of fire proof insulation materials, over sizing of of fire proof insulation materials, over sizing of walls, etc.walls, etc.

► More costly to install but less costly to maintain.More costly to install but less costly to maintain.56

Passive Fire ProtectionPassive Fire Protection

PFP will establish 3 things:PFP will establish 3 things: Integrity (should not allow smoke, flame Integrity (should not allow smoke, flame

through)through) Stability (structural strength of what it is Stability (structural strength of what it is

protecting)protecting) Insulation (prevent significant heat Insulation (prevent significant heat

transmission).transmission).

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Active Fire Protection (AFP)Active Fire Protection (AFP)

►AFP appears to be leading in fire safety for AFP appears to be leading in fire safety for the 21the 21stst century. century.

►Main item used extensively is the Main item used extensively is the “Sprinkler” system.“Sprinkler” system.

►Emergency Voice Alarm Communication Emergency Voice Alarm Communication (EVAC) is widely used in large factories (EVAC) is widely used in large factories and office facility (i.e. clear spoken and office facility (i.e. clear spoken instruction).instruction).

►Although lesser capital to install, it requires Although lesser capital to install, it requires significant operational resources.significant operational resources.

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Sprinkler SystemSprinkler System(refer separate module)(refer separate module)

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Fire Risk ManagementFire Risk Management

► It involves the study of the behaviour, It involves the study of the behaviour, compartmentalization, suppression and compartmentalization, suppression and investigation of fire.investigation of fire.

► It is fundamentally based on 2 principles:It is fundamentally based on 2 principles:

a) Controlling combustible materials (proper a) Controlling combustible materials (proper storage and labelling). storage and labelling).

b) Controlling ignition source (safe and good b) Controlling ignition source (safe and good housekeeping especially with electrical housekeeping especially with electrical equipment and system). equipment and system).

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Control MeasuresControl Measures

1.1. Elimination of or reduction in the use and Elimination of or reduction in the use and storage of flammable and combustible storage of flammable and combustible materials.materials.

2.2. Control ignition sources.Control ignition sources.3.3. Systems of work.Systems of work.4.4. Good Housekeeping.Good Housekeeping.5.5. Safe storage and use of flammable liquids. Safe storage and use of flammable liquids.

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CompartmentalizationCompartmentalization

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Structural Measure to prevent Structural Measure to prevent spread of Fire & Smokespread of Fire & Smoke

1.1. CompartmentsCompartments2.2. Properties of buildingsProperties of buildings

Steel framesSteel frames ConcreteConcrete TimberTimber BricksBricks Blocks and boardsBlocks and boards Fire rated doorsFire rated doors

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Alarm SystemAlarm System

► It is an Active Fire Protection System (AFP).It is an Active Fire Protection System (AFP).► Either MANUAL Either MANUAL oror AUTOMATIC. AUTOMATIC.► Detects fire Detects fire oror the effects of fire. the effects of fire.► Alert the occupants (Activation of lights, bells, Alert the occupants (Activation of lights, bells,

sirens/PA).sirens/PA).► Controls the fire alarm components in the facility.Controls the fire alarm components in the facility.► Requires periodic testing and maintenance.Requires periodic testing and maintenance.► Alert the Fire Services automatically.Alert the Fire Services automatically.

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Detection SystemDetection System

Detection is a means to trace smoke in the Detection is a means to trace smoke in the presence of a fire. presence of a fire. ► Manual systemsManual systems► Manual / electricManual / electric► Automatic detectorAutomatic detector

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Manual Alarm SystemManual Alarm System

►Manual - suitable for small workplace Manual - suitable for small workplace e.g. e.g. hand bells and whistleshand bells and whistles..

►Located on walls or staircases.Located on walls or staircases.►Continuous alarm is not guaranteed.Continuous alarm is not guaranteed.►Will not work if occupants are complacent.Will not work if occupants are complacent.

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Automatic Detectors/Alarm Automatic Detectors/Alarm SystemSystem

►Automatic Detectors - mounted on ceiling Automatic Detectors - mounted on ceiling air ducts, even outside of buildings.air ducts, even outside of buildings.

►Louder thus more effective.Louder thus more effective.►Computerized to ensure efficiency.Computerized to ensure efficiency.►Automatic shutdown features Automatic shutdown features e.g. used in e.g. used in

the Oil and Gas facilities.the Oil and Gas facilities.►Models vary - detect smoke and fumes or Models vary - detect smoke and fumes or

may incorporate sensors/cells.may incorporate sensors/cells.67

Fire Alarm Shut-Down SystemFire Alarm Shut-Down System

►State-of-the-art detecting senses resulting State-of-the-art detecting senses resulting in a signal being sent to the Control Panel in a signal being sent to the Control Panel or Unit which can be located miles away or Unit which can be located miles away e.g. Offshore Platforms with the Panel e.g. Offshore Platforms with the Panel Onshore.Onshore.

►Fire Alarm Control Unit which receive all Fire Alarm Control Unit which receive all the data (Control Unit is normally manned the data (Control Unit is normally manned on a 24-hour basis).on a 24-hour basis).

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Fire Break Glass AlarmFire Break Glass Alarm

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Smoke DetectorsSmoke Detectors

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Sprinkler headSprinkler head

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Suppression of FireSuppression of Fire

The 3 main categories are:The 3 main categories are:►Starvation - removing the fuel.Starvation - removing the fuel.►Smothering - removing the oxygen.Smothering - removing the oxygen.►Cooling - removing the heat.Cooling - removing the heat.Important NoteImportant NoteWATER -WATER - not effective for Class C fire but not effective for Class C fire but

excellent for Class A fire.excellent for Class A fire.

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Portable Fire Fighting EquipmentsPortable Fire Fighting Equipments

1.1. Portable Fire ExtinguishersPortable Fire Extinguishers MarkingMarking SitingSiting MaintenanceMaintenance TrainingTraining

1.1. Fire blanketsFire blankets

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Other Fire Fighting EquipmentsOther Fire Fighting Equipments

►Hose ReelsHose Reels►HydrantsHydrants►Foam SystemFoam System►Automatic SprinklerAutomatic Sprinkler

Fire Hose ReelFire Hose Reel

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Types of Fire ExtinguishersTypes of Fire ExtinguishersThere are 5 types of Fire Extinguishers :There are 5 types of Fire Extinguishers :

► WaterWater (heat removal on Class A fires/marking (heat removal on Class A fires/marking RED).RED).

► Dry Chemical Dry Chemical (sodium bicarbonate base/Class (sodium bicarbonate base/Class B and C fires/marking BLUE).B and C fires/marking BLUE).

► HalonHalon (Class B and C fires/marking BLUE). (Class B and C fires/marking BLUE).► Carbon Dioxide Carbon Dioxide (Class B and C fires/marking (Class B and C fires/marking

BLACK).BLACK).► FoamFoam (used for specific purpose/marking (used for specific purpose/marking

CREAM).CREAM).

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Extinguishing MediaExtinguishing Media

1.1. WaterWater2.2. FoamFoam3.3. Dry powderDry powder4.4. Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide5.5. Vaporising liquidsVaporising liquids

FM 200FM 200ArgoniteArgonitePyrogenPyrogenNitrogenNitrogen

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Portable Fire ExtinguishersPortable Fire Extinguishers

Real pictures of FEReal pictures of FE

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How to handle a Fire How to handle a Fire ExtinguisherExtinguisher

A portable fire extinguisher includes the A portable fire extinguisher includes the following components:following components: Pressure gaugePressure gauge HoseHose CylinderCylinder Carrying handle and triggerCarrying handle and trigger

Remember Remember PASSPASS..

Pull, Aim, Squeeze, SweepPull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep . . ►Always aim at the base of the fireAlways aim at the base of the fire►Do not handle the extinguisher if in doubt.Do not handle the extinguisher if in doubt.

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Emergency Evacuation Procedures Emergency Evacuation Procedures oror Egress SystemEgress System

1.1. Emergency Response PlanEmergency Response Plan2.2. Emergency Response TeamsEmergency Response Teams3.3. Fire Marshalls or WardensFire Marshalls or Wardens4.4. Fire DrillsFire Drills5.5. Roll CallRoll Call6.6. Provision for the infirm and disabledProvision for the infirm and disabled

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Establish the followingEstablish the following

1.1. Travel distanceTravel distance2.2. StairsStairs3.3. PassagewaysPassageways4.4. DoorsDoors5.5. Emergency lightingEmergency lighting6.6. Exit and directional signsExit and directional signs7.7. Assembly pointsAssembly points8.8. Occupants check listOccupants check list

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Roll Call (Head Count)Roll Call (Head Count)

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Assembly PointAssembly Point

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Emergency Evacuation PlanEmergency Evacuation Plan►Must be approved by management and Must be approved by management and

safety personnel.safety personnel.►Objective is to evacuate occupants quickly in Objective is to evacuate occupants quickly in

an orderly manner to safety.an orderly manner to safety.►Occupants must be familiar with all exit Occupants must be familiar with all exit

points and assembly area (designated points and assembly area (designated area/building compound or parking lot).area/building compound or parking lot).

►Appointment of a Marshall and Wardens to Appointment of a Marshall and Wardens to assist in evacuation and do a roll call (head assist in evacuation and do a roll call (head count).count). 85

Emergency Evacuation Plan Emergency Evacuation Plan

►Safety fire drills should be carried out at Safety fire drills should be carried out at least once annually.least once annually.

► Important to shut all doors and windows Important to shut all doors and windows before leaving the office/room to prevent before leaving the office/room to prevent oxygen from getting in.oxygen from getting in.

►Keep low when moving out when there is Keep low when moving out when there is smoke.smoke.

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Incident Command Organisation Incident Command Organisation (Based On Incident Command System)(Based On Incident Command System)

Operations•Damage

Control (Fire Fighting, etc.)

•Rescue•Evacuation

•Traffic Control

Planning•Situation Analysis•Records

•Documents•Strategy

Logistics•Communications

•HR•ECC

•First Aid•Transport

•IT

Administration•Legal

•Procurement•Recovery

IncidentCommander

National Inter-Agency Incident Management SystemUsed by FEMA and included in NFPA 1600:2000

Train personnel to treat burns Train personnel to treat burns (as part of the ERP)(as part of the ERP)

Brunei SHELL ERP TrainingBrunei SHELL ERP Training

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NFPA CHEMICAL LABELNFPA CHEMICAL LABEL

NFPA (USA)NFPA (USA)► The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

designed NFPA 704 as a standard for the designed NFPA 704 as a standard for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response. Emergency Response.

► This is commonly known as the This is commonly known as the NFPA NFPA DIAMONDDIAMOND. The four section multicolor diamond . The four section multicolor diamond shape indicates the health, flammability, instability shape indicates the health, flammability, instability and related hazards that are presented by short-and related hazards that are presented by short-term, acute exposure to a material during a fire, term, acute exposure to a material during a fire, spill or other emergency-related condition. spill or other emergency-related condition.

► These identifiers in sign form are found on the These identifiers in sign form are found on the outside doors or walls and the inside of many outside doors or walls and the inside of many facilities that use chemicals in their daily facilities that use chemicals in their daily processes. processes.

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Rating Summary

Health (Blue)

4 Danger May be fatal on short exposure. Specialized protective equipment required

3 Warning Corrosive or toxic. Avoid skin contact or inhalation2 Warning May be harmful if inhaled or absorbed1 Caution May be irritating0 No unusual hazard

Flammability (Red)4 Danger Flammable gas or extremely flammable liquid3 Warning Flammable liquid flash point below 100° F2 Caution Combustible liquid flash point of 100° to 200° F1 Combustible if heated0 Not combustible

Reactivity (Yellow)4 Danger Explosive material at room temperature

3 Danger May be explosive if shocked, heated under confinement or mixed with water

2 Warning Unstable or may react violently if mixed with water1 Caution May react if heated or mixed with water but not violently0 Stable Not reactive when mixed with water

Special Notice Key (White) W Water ReactiveOxy Oxidizing Agent

The HAZARD – NOXIOUS The HAZARD – NOXIOUS SMOKESMOKE

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Death from Noxious GasDeath from Noxious Gas

The most common cause of death in fires is the inhalation of noxious gases rather than thermal injury.

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Respiratory failureRespiratory failure

►Toxic smoke can cause respiratory failure Toxic smoke can cause respiratory failure leading to unconsciousness/death and is leading to unconsciousness/death and is therefore acute in nature.therefore acute in nature.

►The exchange of gases in the alveolus are The exchange of gases in the alveolus are affected and breathing becomes difficult affected and breathing becomes difficult when oxygenation is hampered (not enough when oxygenation is hampered (not enough oxygen in the cells).oxygen in the cells).

Exchange of Gases in lungsExchange of Gases in lungs

Hydrogen Cyanide GasHydrogen Cyanide Gas

►Hydrogen cyanide gas, the most toxic Hydrogen cyanide gas, the most toxic product of combustion, is seldom product of combustion, is seldom recognized as a significant hazard in smoke recognized as a significant hazard in smoke inhalation. inhalation.

►Sources of cyanide toxicity include the Sources of cyanide toxicity include the increased use of synthetic polymers in increased use of synthetic polymers in building materials and furnishings. building materials and furnishings.

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Therapy for cyanide intoxicationTherapy for cyanide intoxication►Prompt recognition of and therapy for Prompt recognition of and therapy for

cyanide intoxication may reduce the cyanide intoxication may reduce the morbidity and number of delayed deaths in morbidity and number of delayed deaths in fire victims. fire victims.

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RISK MANAGEMENTRISK MANAGEMENT

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Management of RisksManagement of Risks

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Handling and Storage of Handling and Storage of Hazardous MaterialsHazardous Materials

►CLASS Regulations in MalaysiaCLASS Regulations in MalaysiaThe 5 basic rules:The 5 basic rules:

1. Handle with care 1. Handle with care i.e. refer SDSi.e. refer SDS2. Proper containers/packaging2. Proper containers/packaging3. All containers to have a lid each3. All containers to have a lid each4. Label all containers4. Label all containers

5. Store separately5. Store separately

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CLASS Regulations 2013CLASS Regulations 2013 The CLASS Regulations, promulgated under the The CLASS Regulations, promulgated under the

OSH Act 1994, OSH Act 1994, has replacedhas replaced the OSH the OSH (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of (Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997, known Hazardous Chemicals) Regulations 1997, known as the CPL Regulations).as the CPL Regulations).

The main objective of the CLASS Regulations is to The main objective of the CLASS Regulations is to ensure chemicals supplied provide sufficient ensure chemicals supplied provide sufficient information on hazards of chemicals, so as to information on hazards of chemicals, so as to mitigate the risk of accidents happening at the mitigate the risk of accidents happening at the workplace.workplace.

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INTENDED LEARNING INTENDED LEARNING OUTCOMESOUTCOMES

Participants shall be able to:Participants shall be able to: Identify basic fire hazards in the workplace.Identify basic fire hazards in the workplace. Evaluate the main fire risks in a workplace.Evaluate the main fire risks in a workplace. Advise on basic fire prevention and prevention of Advise on basic fire prevention and prevention of

fire spread in buildings.fire spread in buildings. Identify appropriate fire alarm system and fire-Identify appropriate fire alarm system and fire-

fighting equipment for the workplace.fighting equipment for the workplace. Assess the adequacy and maintenance of Assess the adequacy and maintenance of

existing means of escape in a workplace.existing means of escape in a workplace. Implement a successful evacuation of a Implement a successful evacuation of a

workplace in the event of a fire.workplace in the event of a fire.104

Make Your Workplace SaferMake Your Workplace Safer

Fire Safety is every Fire Safety is every worker’s worker’s responsibility!responsibility!

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