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S VALUES FOR 131I BASED ON THE ICRPADULT VOXELPHANTOMSStephanie Lamart, Steven L. Simon, Andre Bouville†, Brian E. Moroz and Choonsik Lee*Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health,Bethesda, MD, USA

*Corresponding author: [email protected]

Received 23 October 2014; revised 5 February 2015; accepted 6 February 2015

To improve the estimates of organ doses from nuclear medicine procedures using 131I, the authors calculated a comprehensive setof 131I S values, defined as absorbed doses in target tissues per unit of nuclear transition in source regions, for different sourceand target combinations. The authors used the latest reference adult male and female voxel phantoms published by theInternational Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP Publication 110) and the 131I photon and electron spectra from theICRP Publication 107 to perform Monte Carlo radiation transport calculations using MCNPX2.7 to compute the S values. Foreach phantom, the authors simulated 55 source regions with an assumed uniform distribution of 131I. They computed the S valuesfor 42 target tissues directly, without calculating specific absorbed fractions. From these calculations, the authors derived a compre-hensive set of S values for 131I for 55 source regions and 42 target tissues in the ICRP male and female voxel phantoms. Comparedwith the stylised phantoms from Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) that consist of 22 source regions and 24 target regions,the new data set includes 1662 additional S values corresponding to additional combinations of source–target tissues that are notavailable in the stylised phantoms. In a comparison of S values derived from the ICRP and ORNL phantoms, the authors foundthat the S values to the radiosensitive tissues in the ICRP phantoms were 1.1 (median, female) and 1.3 (median, male) times greaterthan the values based on the ORNL phantoms. However, for several source–target pairs, the difference was up to 10-fold. The newset of S values can be applied prospectively or retrospectively to the calculation of radiation doses in adults internally exposed to131I, including nuclear medicine patients treated for thyroid cancer or hyperthyroidism.

INTRODUCTION131I is a beta-particle emitter with a half-life of 8.02 dthat has been widely used in nuclear medicine to treatdiseases of the thyroid, which naturally accumulatesiodine to produce thyroid hormones. Patients withhyperthyroidism or thyroid cancer have been com-monly treated by the administration of 131I(1, 2).However, while radioiodine is predominantly retainedin the thyroid and other organs and tissues, the entirebody is exposed to beta and gamma radiations untilradioiodine is eliminated by radioactive and biologic-al decay. To assess the potential late health effects ofinternal exposure to 131I(3), it is necessary to recon-struct the incidental doses delivered to healthy organsand tissues of patients internally exposed to 131I(4, 5).

To estimate doses to organs exposed to an internal-ly deposited radionuclide, the following two compo-nents are necessary: (1) the time-integrated activities(Bq s), which correspond to the number of disintegra-tions occurring in all specific organs containing theconsidered radionuclide and (2) the S values [mGy(Bq s)21], representing the absorbed doses delivered totarget tissues, rT, per unit disintegration of the radio-nuclide in source regions rS

(6). The S values are typicallyderived from absorbed fraction or specific absorbed

fraction (AF and SAF, respectively) values, which arecomputed from computational anthropomorphic phan-toms coupled with a Monte Carlo transport method:

SðrT rSÞ ¼ 1:602

� 10�10 1MðrTÞ

XN

i¼1EiYiwðrT rS; EiÞ;

ð1Þ

where M(rT) is the target tissue mass (kg), Ei is one dis-crete energy of a particle (MeV), Yi is the energy yieldof the particle emission at the energy Ei per nucleartransition [(Bq s)21] and wðrT rS; EiÞ; also calledAF, is the fraction of energy deposited in a target tissuegiven a uniform source region emitting a particle ofenergy Ei. The SAF values are defined as the AFvalues divided by the target tissue mass (kg21). Hence,should one use Equation 1 to compute the S values,one has first to calculate the AF or SAF for each par-ticle (e.g. photon and electron) and for a sample of dis-crete energies in the energy range of interest (e.g. from1 keV to 1 MeV, every 10 keV).

Computational phantoms have evolved from sty-lised phantoms (also known as mathematical phan-toms), which are based on a mathematical descriptionof the human anatomy(7), to a more advanced classof phantoms—voxel phantoms—that are developedfrom tomographic images of real patients(8, 9). TheInternational Commission on Radiological Protection†Retired.

Published by Oxford University Press 2015. This work is written by (a) US Government employee(s) and is in the public domain in the US.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry (2016), Vol. 168, No. 1, pp. 92–110 doi:10.1093/rpd/ncv016Advance Access publication 31 March 2015

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(ICRP) recently published the reference adult maleand female voxel phantoms(10); both were developedfrom patient computed tomography images andadjusted to match the reference data of organ massand body dimensions(11).

A comprehensive set of reference SAF values wasfirst computed at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory(ORNL) by using the paediatric and adult stylisedphantom series(7). Over time, considerable differencesin organ dose estimates have been reported from com-parisons between the stylised phantoms and morerealistic voxel phantoms, primarily due to the over-simplified locations and shapes of organs in the stylisedphantoms(12–16). To derive more realistic internal organdoses, several authors have reported updated SAFs(17, 18)

and S values(19–21) by using the ICRP adult voxel phan-toms. However, those studies report S values only for alimited number of source and target organ pairs.

The authors previously developed a method to dir-ectly compute 131I S values with the thyroid as asource region but without the SAF calculation and aselected number of organs as targets(16). The purposeof the present work was to apply that method to cal-culate a comprehensive set of S values for 131I usingthe new ICRP reference adult male and female voxelphantoms(10) for 55 source regions and 42 targettissues. The authors also compared the new S valueswith the previously published data that were derivedfrom the ORNL stylised phantoms.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Computational human phantoms

The authors used the ICRP adult male and female voxelphantoms published in ICRP Publication 110(10) to cal-culate a new set of S values for internal exposure to 131I.The male and female phantoms represent persons of176 and 163 cm height with masses of 73 and 60 kg, re-spectively. The electronic files of the phantom matrixwere obtained from the CD-ROM included in ICRPPublication 110. The elemental composition and densityof the organs and tissues were retrieved from the ICRPPublication 89(11) and incorporated into the MonteCarlo radiation transport calculations.

The authors also used the S values derived fromthe ORNL adult male and female stylised phan-toms(7) for comparison. The anatomical structuresin the stylised phantoms were described using math-ematical equations and were adjusted to match thereference body size and organ mass provided by theICRP Publication 23(22) for applications to radiationprotection. Reference body masses were 70 and 58 kgfor adult male and female, respectively.

Direct computation of S values for 131I

To compute S values [mGy (Bq s)21] for 131I from theICRP male and female phantoms for all target tissues

except bone tissues and organ walls, the authorsapplied the method they introduced in their previouspublication(16) as described in the following equation,which is derived from Equation 1:

SðrT rSÞ ¼ 1:602� 10�10 1MðrTÞ

½EgðrTÞYg

þ EbðrTÞYb�; ð2Þ

where Eg (rT) and Eb (rT) are the energy depositions(MeV) in each target tissue rTof mass M(rT) per emittedparticle in source region rS for photons and betas, re-spectively, and Yg and Yb are the total photons andelectrons yields per decay, respectively. Using thismethod, the authors could eliminate the calculation ofSAFs and, in doing so, minimise long computationtimes and post-processing to derive the S values.

The authors conducted the radiation transportcalculations using a Monte Carlo transport code,MCNPX2.7(23). For both male and female voxel phan-toms, the authors generated the input files for each ofthe 55 source regions and for both photons and betasfor which emission energies and yields were obtainedfrom the radiation decay data recently published inICRP Publication 107(24). The authors fully trans-ported secondary electrons and calculated the energydeposition (MeV per particle) using *f8:p,e tally inMCNPX2.7 from photon and beta sources separatelyfor 42 target tissues. A total of 108 photon particles foreach source–target pair were simulated to reduce therelative errors of the Monte Carlo transport for mostresults to ,1 %.

Skeletal dosimetry

Within the skeleton, three different source tissues wereincluded in the S value calculations: cortical bone(CB), trabecular bone (TB) and bone marrow (activeand inactive). The target tissues within the skeletonincluded active bone marrow and shallow marrow,which are associated with radiogenic leukaemia andbone cancer, respectively. The authors performed in-dependent calculations for photon and electronsources and combined the two components. Multiplemethods were used to calculate S values within theskeleton as summarised in Table 1 for different sourceand target combinations.

When the photon source is within the skeleton, i.e.within CB, TB or bone marrow as shown in Table 1,photon particles were sampled within the CB andTB regions, which are explicitly modelled in theICRP voxel phantoms. Photon sampling from thebone marrow was performed by controlling the sam-pling rate in trabecular regions based on the bonemarrow distribution(25). The authors used dose–re-sponse functions (DRFs) to calculate S values inactive and shallow bone marrows. DRFs represent

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computational conversion coefficients to calculateabsorbed dose in anatomically complex tissue regionswithin the human skeleton, which relate the absorbeddose in a skeletal target region to the photon fluencein a skeletal source region. DRFs were originallydeveloped at the ORNL(7) based on stylised computa-tional phantoms and recently updated for the ICRPreference adult male phantom(26). In the currentstudy, the authors applied the latest data to the bonesite-specific fluence (photon m22) obtained fromMCNPX2.7 to compute the S values for all sourceand target combinations in Table 1 except when thetissues outside of the skeleton are targets, in which ex-plicit energy scoring (*f8 tally) was performed by theMonte Carlo radiation transport calculations.

Electron crossfire between the source outside ofskeleton and the skeleton was assumed to be zero,which is indicated as NC (not calculated) in the elec-tron section of Table 1. When the electron source waswithin CB, TB, CBþTB and bone marrow and thetarget tissues are active and shallow bone marrows(Table 1), the bone site-averaged SAFs(25) derived forthe three source and two target tissues in the ICRPmale voxel phantom were used to calculate S values.The SAFs for the adult female phantom were derivedby weighting the SAFs by the ratio of the mass of thetarget tissues between the male and female phantoms.

Walled organ dosimetry

Voxel phantoms are limited in their capacity to appro-priately handle electron dose calculations for sometissues (e.g. organ walls), because the voxel resolutioncan be greater than the thickness of the actual targetcell and source region layers(21). ICRP Publication100(27) describes geometric models that represent the

source regions and target tissues for the alimentarytract, which is of major concern for 131I dosimetry.Hence, the authors adopted the electron AFs pub-lished in Annex F of ICRP Publication 100 and alsocalculated additional electron AFs for the wall-to-wall dosimetry based on the geometric models for thestomach, right and left colon and rectosigmoid, byusing radiation transport calculations. The geometricmodel used in our work consists of concentric cylin-ders, except for the stomach, which is represented byconcentric spheres (Figure 1). As recommended inICRP Publication 100, our calculations used (1) thereference inner radii of organ walls: 3.5, 3, 2.5 and 1.5cm for the stomach, right and left colon and rectosig-moid, respectively, (2) the reference depth limits of thetarget cell layers within the organ wall and the extentof the source region into the organ wall (Figure 1,Table 2) and (3) the reference mass of target cells:0.62, 1.3, 1.2 and 0.73 g for the stomach, right andleft colon and rectosigmoid, respectively. In additionto the improved electron dosimetry for these walledorgans, the authors also used the electron SAFs forthe gall bladder wall, skin and adipose tissue(21) toderive more realistic electron S values for 131I, Sb

[mGy (Bq s)21] according to the following formula:

SbðrT rSÞ ¼ 1:602� 10�10

� SiEbiYbi FbiðrT rSÞ;ð3Þ

where Ebi is the mean energy (MeV), Ybi is the yieldof beta emission i of 131I and FbiðrT rSÞ is the SAFin target tissue rT from source region rS for beta emis-sion i. The same S values were assigned to the adultmale and female phantoms.

Table 1. Different calculation methods applied to the combinations of the source regions and target tissues related to theskeletal tissues, where either self-absorption or cross-fire was simulated for photon and electron.

Target regions Source regions

CBa TBb Bone marrow Outside of skeleton

PhotonActive bone marrow DRFc DRF DRF DRFShallow marrow DRF DRF DRF DRFOutside of skeleton *f8 tally *f8 tally *f8 tally *f8 tally

ElectronActive bone marrow Hough SAFd Hough SAF Hough SAF NCe

Shallow marrow Hough SAF Hough SAF Hough SAF NCOutside of skeleton NC NC NC *f8 tally

aCortical bone.bTrabecular bone.cDose response function.dSpecific absorbed fraction calculated for the ICRP phantoms(25).eNC, not calculated, assumed to be zero.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Comprehensive S values for 131I

The authors calculated a comprehensive set of S valuesfor 131I from the ICRP adult male and female referencevoxel phantoms including 55 source regions and 42target tissues (Tables A1 and A2 for male and female, re-spectively). Compared with the ORNL phantoms, thepresent ICRP phantoms include 28 additional sourceregions and 18 additional target tissues. Of particular im-portance are those additional source regions that mayretain 131I (e.g. salivary glands, small intestine wall andcontents, skin) and the additional target tissues that areclassified as radiosensitive in ICRP Publication 103(28)

(e.g. esophagus, salivary glands, lymphatic nodes andsmall intestine wall). Furthermore, the authors computedthe S values for the source regions and target tissuesrelated to the skeleton by using the latest DRF and SAFs.

Here, the authors present the S values from fourselected source regions where 131I is retained, i.e. thyroid,salivary glands, urinary bladder contents and small intes-tine contents, and for the 27 target tissues classified asradiosensitive in ICRP 103, including the tissues newlyavailable in the ICRP voxel phantoms (Figure 2). Next

to the S value for thyroid self-dose [1.9`� 1029 mGy(Bq s)21], the second greatest S value for the thyroid asa source was for the esophagus [8.7 `� 10212 mGy(Bq s)21] in the ICRP female phantom (Figure 2, upperleft panel). These S values may be particularly useful fordosimetry for patients treated with 131I for hyperthyroid-ism. The urinary bladder contents as a source deliveredthe largest dose per disintegration to the bladder wall [Svalue ¼ 2.0 � 10211 mGy (Bq s)21]. The second largestdose from the bladder contents, among the 14 mainradiosensitive tissues, was to the gonads in the female[S value ¼ 4.0 � 10212 mGy (Bq s)21] (Figure 2, upperright panel). The small intestine contents as a sourcedelivered the largest dose per disintegration to the smallintestine wall [S value ¼ 1.06`� 10211 mGy (Bq s)21

for the female phantom] but also significantly contrib-uted dose to several tissues including stomach wall,colon wall, gonads and urinary bladder wall with Svalues of 2.1`� 10212, 1.9`� 10212, 1.8`� 10212 and1.6 � 10–12 mGy (Bq s)21, respectively, for the femalephantom (Figure 2, lower left panel). The salivaryglands can be an important source region because of theaccumulation of 131I(29). The largest S value for the saliv-ary glands was for self-irradiation [4.7 `� 10–10 mGy(Bq s)21], but significant doses per disintegration werealso imparted to the thyroid and brain [1.7`� 10–12 and1.3`� 10–12 mGy (Bq s)21, respectively] for the femalephantom (Figure 2, lower right panel).

The authors also present the S values for the majorsource regions incorporating 131I for four targettissues of interest : brain, small intestine, activemarrow and esophagus (Figure 3). The importance ofthese targets is either because the S values can now becalculated for the first time (small intestine wall andesophagus), a new calculation method was used(active marrow) or because of particular interests forradiation health risk studies (brain).

The largest S value for the brain as a target was fromthe salivary glands as the source [1.3`� 10–12 mGy(Bq s)21] (Figure 3, upper left panel). Whereas thelargest S value for the small intestine wall was from itscontents [1.06`� 10–11 mGy (Bq s)21], the colon [2.2� 10–12 mGy (Bq s)21], urinary bladder [1.9`� 10–12

mGy (Bq s)21] and stomach contents [1.1 `� 10–12

mGy (Bq s)21] also resulted in significant S values(Figure 3, upper right panel) to the small intestine wall.The S values for the active marrow as a target were ofthe same order of magnitude from 10 source regions ofinterest ranging from 4.4 � 10213 mGy (Bq s)21 (fromthe stomach contents) to 8.1`� 10213 mGy (Bq s)21

(from the urinary bladder contents) for the femalephantom, because the active marrow is distributedacross different parts of the skeleton (Figure 3, lowerleft panel). In contrast, when target tissues are locatedin a limited region of the body, S values could varywidely, e.g. with up to four orders of magnitude forthe brain in the female phantom: from 4.2`� 10–16

mGy (Bq s)21 (from the urinary bladder contents) to

Figure 1. Cross section of the geometric model used for thedosimetry simulation of walled organs (as described in theICRP Publication 100), where tw is organ wall thickness;dt,in and dt,out are inner and outer depth limits of the targetcell layers within the organ wall, respectively; and ds is thedepth of the extent of the source region into the organ wall.

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Table 2. Parameters used for electron dosimetry and resulting S values incorporated into the final S value data set for walled organs of which electron dosimetry cannot be directlycalculated from the voxel phantoms.

Data source Target Depth(mm)

Source Depth(mm)

Incorporation of the specific electron S values into our data set

Target Source 131I electron S value[mGy (Bq s)21]

Formulae used to incorporate the data intoour data sets, if applicable

ICRP 100 Oralmucosa

190–200 Teeth 10 Oralmucosa

Teeth 1.26E–09 AF(ESO ESO) ¼ AF(ESO W ESO slow)þ AF(ESO W ESO fast)

ESO W 190–200 ESOslow

Unknown ESO ESO 9.29E–10

ESO W 190–200 ESO fast CSTO W 60–100 STO C C STO W STO C 4.55E–11SI W 130–150 SI C C SI W SI C 5.73E–12SI W 130–150 SI villi 500 SI W SI W 5.89E–11RC W 280–300 RC C C Colon W Colon C 4.99E–12 AF(Colon W Colon C) ¼ AF(RC W RC C)

þ AF(LC W LC C) þ AF(Rectum W RectumC)

LC W 280–300 LC C CREC W 280–300 Rectum

CC

Calculations conductedby the authors

STO W 60–100 STO W 300 STO W STO W 4.21E–12RC W 280–300 RC W 300 Colon W Colon W 3.13E–12 AF(Colon W Colon W) ¼ AF(RC W RC W) þ

AF(LC W LC C) þ AF(Rectum W Rectum W)LC W 280–300 LC W 300RectumW

280–300 RectumW

300 RectumW

RectumW

1.45E–12 AF(Rectum W Rectum W) ¼ AF(RECS W RECS W)

ESO slow and fast represent two source regions in the esophagus associated with two transit rates of the radionuclides in the esophagus.AF, absorbed fraction; W, wall; C, contents; ESO, esophagus; RC, right colon; LC, left colon; RECS, rectosigmoid.

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1.3`� 10–12 mGy (Bq s)21 (from the salivary glands)(Figure 3, upper left panel). The S value for the esopha-gus as a target was the largest from the thyroid, fol-lowed by the heart contents as sources: 8.7`� 10–12

and 3.5 � 10–12 mGy (Bq s)21, respectively, for the fe-male phantom (Figure 3, lower right panel). With a fewexceptions, the S values for the male phantom were

smaller than the values for the female phantom, 11 %on average, due to greater body size resulting in largerdistances between source regions and target tissues andgreater photon attenuations.

As shown in Figure 4, the electron S values for thewalled organs depend on the inner radius of the walledorgan, the depth limits of the target cell layers within

Figure 2. S values for 131I assumed to be uniformly distributed in the thyroid, urinary bladder contents, salivary glands and smallintestine contents for the ICRP male and female phantoms to radiosensitive target tissues for which tissue weighting factors(included in the parentheses next to each target tissues with r indicating remainder tissues) are assigned in the ICRP Publication 103.

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the organ wall and the extent of the source region intothe wall. The S values range from 1.4`� 10212 to5.9`� 10211 mGy (Bq s)21. The photon S values,which the authors calculated using the actual organwalls of the ICRP phantoms, range from 4.0 � 10– 12

to 1.0 � 10– 10 mGy (Bq s)21.

Comparison of the S values from the ORNLand ICRP phantoms

The authors compared their calculations of S valuesbased on the ICRP voxel phantoms with the values

previously adopted as reference values in internal dos-imetry based on the ORNL stylised phantoms(7).Figure 5 presents the ratios of the S values derivedfrom the ICRP voxel phantoms to those from theORNL stylised phantoms for 9 major source regionsand 12 radiosensitive tissues. The S values of theradiosensitive tissues from the ICRP voxel phantomswere 1.1 (median, female) and 1.3 (median, male)times greater than the values from the ORNL phan-toms. Even though the size and weight of the ICRPphantoms were greater than those of the ORNLphantoms, the overall inter-organ distances can still

Figure 3. S values for the brain, small intestine wall, active marrow and esophagus in the ICRP male and female phantomsfor 131I assumed to be uniformly distributed in major source regions.

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be shorter in the ICRP phantoms, mainly because themathematical equations used to describe the organsin the ORNL phantoms prevent the organs to fullyintertwine with each other. Shorter inter-organ dis-tances resulted globally in greater S values with theICRP phantoms(17). With respect to the S values forthe skin, there was no significant difference betweenthe values derived from the ICRP and ORNL phan-toms. The S values for the lungs, stomach wall, activemarrow, breasts, thyroid, liver and brain obtainedusing the ICRP phantoms were, in general, greaterthan the values for the ORNL phantoms with themedian ratios ranging from 1.3 to 3.7, whereas thevalues were smaller for gonads with median ratios of0.5 and 0.6 for the male and female phantoms, re-spectively. The S values for the thyroid were greaterfor the ICRP voxel phantom with the median ratiosof 3.7 and 2.5 for the male and female, respectively,whereas the S value for the brain (target) from thyroid(source) was smaller for the ICRP phantoms than forthe ORNL phantoms. For walled organs such as thecolon and urinary bladder, the S values to the organwalls from the contents were about 10 times smaller

for the ICRP phantoms than the respective values forthe ORNL phantoms.

CONCLUSION

The authors derived a set of 131I S values for a com-prehensive list of source regions and target tissues byusing the latest ICRP reference adult female and malevoxel phantoms, which feature anatomy of greaterrealism and a greater number of tissues comparedwith the ORNL stylised phantoms. Overall, they cal-culated S values for 28 additional source regions and18 additional target tissues, which resulted in 1662additional S values as compared with the ORNLphantoms. They compared their S values derived fromthe ICRP phantoms with the values from the ORNLstylised phantoms still used in internal dosimetry. TheS values for the radiosensitive tissues in the ICRPphantoms were 1.1 (median, female) and 1.3 (median,male) times greater than the values obtained using theORNL phantoms. However, for several source–targetpairs, the difference was up to 10-fold. These differ-ences mostly result from the differences in organ

Figure 4. Electron and photon S values [mGy (Bq s)21] for selected walled organs in the ICRP phantoms.

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shapes and distances between source regions andtarget tissues in the ICRP and ORNL phantoms butalso in the methods to handle the electron dosimetryfor walled organs. The new S values computed by the

authors allow the assessment of mean dose to someorgans and tissues for which S values were not previ-ously available, whereas these are classified as radiosen-sitive in ICRP Publication 103 (e.g. esophagus,

Figure 5. Ratio of the S value from the ICRP phantoms to the values from the ORNL phantoms for selected source regionsand for radiosensitive target tissues except for the remainder tissues. Medians of the ratios are indicated for each target tissue

by gender (M ¼ male, F ¼ female).

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salivary glands, lymphatic nodes and small intestinewall). These S values can be applied prospectively orretrospectively to the calculation of radiation doses toadults internally exposed to 131I, including nuclearmedicine patients treated for thyroid cancer or hyper-thyroidism.

FUNDING

This work was supported by the intramural researchprogramme of the National Institutes of Health,National Cancer Institute and Division of CancerEpidemiology and Genetics. This study utilised thehigh-performance computational capabilities of theBiowulf computing system at the National Institutesof Health, Bethesda, MD (http://biowulf.nih.gov).

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22. ICRP. Report on the Task Group on Reference Man. Ann.ICRP/ICRP Publ. 23 1–480 (1975).

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24. ICRP. Nuclear decay data for dosimetric calculations.ICRP Publ. 107, Ann. ICRP 38 1–96 (2008).

25. Hough, M., Johnson, P., Rajon, D., Jokisch, D., Lee, C.and Bolch, W. An image-based skeletal dosimetry modelfor the ICRP reference adult male: internal electronsources. Phys. Med. Biol. 56, 2309 (2011).

26. Johnson, P. B., Bahadori, A. A., Eckerman, K. F., Lee,C. and Bolch, W. E. Response functions for computingabsorbed dose to skeletal tissues from photon irradi-ation—an update. Phys. Med. Biol. 56, 2347 (2011).

27. ICRP. Human alimentary tract model for radiological pro-tection. ICRP Publ. 100, Ann. ICRP 36 1–336 (2006).

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29. Mandel, S. J. and Mandel, L. Radioactive iodine and thesalivary glands. Thyroid 13, 265–271 (2003).

S VALUES FOR 131I

101

Dow



http://biowulf.nih.gov





Table A1. S values for 131I [mGy (Bq s)21] for 55 source regions and 42 target tissues in the ICRP adult male voxel phantom.

Adult male Source regions

Target regions Adrenal CB TB Cartilage ET1 ET2 Oral mucosa Trachea Bronchi Blood vessels Brain Breast G Eye lens GB W

Adrenal 2.19E209 2.69E213 3.14E213 3.02E213 1.62E214 2.70E214 2.39E214 1.48E213 4.18E213 8.66E213 8.66E215 2.36E213 1.02E214 1.98E212ET1 1.43E214 5.07E213 1.47E213 3.16E212 2.77E209 8.33E212 4.11E212 1.64E213 7.83E214 2.25E214 9.01E213 1.08E213 8.60E212 2.28E214ET2 2.45E214 5.73E213 2.77E213 2.75E212 8.31E212 1.07E209 9.61E212 3.26E212 1.72E213 8.05E214 1.82E212 8.74E214 3.75E212 2.53E214Oral mucosa 2.19E214 7.58E213 3.15E213 4.11E213 4.14E212 9.62E212 8.76E210 6.20E213 1.44E213 5.29E214 9.94E213 1.14E213 2.31E212 2.88E214Trachea 1.44E213 4.09E213 3.61E213 1.64E212 1.74E213 3.25E212 6.17E213 3.00E209 2.51E212 1.53E212 1.23E213 2.12E213 1.32E213 1.17E213Bronchi 4.19E213 2.55E213 2.56E213 2.15E213 8.24E214 1.74E213 1.48E213 2.52E212 4.48E210 7.95E213 3.92E214 8.53E213 5.67E214 3.83E213Blood vessels 8.75E213 2.78E213 3.32E213 5.50E213 2.35E214 8.29E214 5.42E214 1.53E212 8.01E213 8.38E211 1.54E214 1.70E213 1.73E214 8.25E213Brain 7.76E215 4.80E213 2.92E213 6.13E214 9.11E213 1.83E212 1.00E212 1.25E213 3.80E214 1.50E214 2.81E211 2.65E214 1.41E212 7.69E215Breast 2.29E213 7.57E214 1.03E213 8.10E214 1.11E213 8.48E214 1.12E213 2.04E213 8.30E213 1.61E213 2.45E214 3.10E209 7.39E214 3.92E213Eye lens 9.65E215 3.62E213 1.49E213 1.91E213 8.38E212 3.57E212 2.15E212 1.31E213 5.06E214 1.20E214 1.36E212 7.33E214 7.25E208 1.26E214GB W 1.98E212 1.44E213 2.00E213 2.67E213 2.60E214 2.85E214 3.14E214 1.21E213 3.86E213 8.27E213 8.60E215 4.20E213 1.59E214 2.92E209STO W 1.50E212 1.41E213 1.76E213 1.95E213 3.07E214 3.52E214 3.74E214 1.62E213 6.83E213 8.53E213 9.22E215 6.65E213 1.80E214 1.22E212SI W 7.03E213 1.89E213 2.69E213 5.79E213 7.74E215 7.80E215 8.53E215 3.32E214 1.11E213 9.80E213 2.34E215 1.12E213 4.49E215 8.38E213Colon W 5.88E213 1.47E213 2.05E213 3.35E213 1.19E214 1.14E214 1.28E214 4.28E214 1.49E213 5.25E213 3.42E215 1.75E213 7.04E215 1.43E212Rectum W 4.24E214 2.89E213 3.56E213 6.47E213 7.66E216 8.70E216 8.11E216 2.86E215 7.59E215 2.07E213 3.18E216 8.70E215 4.54E216 4.92E214Heart W 6.82E213 2.27E213 2.47E213 2.43E213 6.19E214 1.26E213 1.06E213 1.40E212 3.45E212 1.12E212 2.71E214 8.43E213 3.85E214 5.89E213Kidney (left) 7.74E212 1.89E213 2.52E213 3.25E213 1.13E214 1.69E214 1.59E214 8.48E214 2.79E213 8.06E213 5.33E215 1.92E213 7.35E215 6.02E213Kidney (right) 7.66E212 2.02E213 2.68E213 3.93E213 1.31E214 1.70E214 1.70E214 8.31E214 2.07E213 6.76E213 5.69E215 1.64E213 8.23E215 2.70E212Liver 2.11E212 1.76E213 2.18E213 1.92E213 3.45E214 4.27E214 4.40E214 2.09E213 6.92E213 5.80E213 1.28E214 6.07E213 2.16E214 5.35E212Lung (left) 6.30E213 3.50E213 2.94E213 2.00E213 6.14E214 1.62E213 1.25E213 1.23E212 5.34E212 7.93E213 3.78E214 6.43E213 4.73E214 2.34E213Lung (right) 5.19E213 3.44E213 3.00E213 2.13E213 7.07E214 1.64E213 1.31E213 1.59E212 4.41E212 5.99E213 4.14E214 7.22E213 5.16E214 5.93E213LN 7.06E213 2.79E213 3.09E213 6.08E213 6.60E214 9.43E213 2.73E213 3.63E212 1.21E212 1.96E212 5.93E214 2.34E213 5.44E214 6.85E213Muscle 2.08E213 2.70E213 2.44E213 2.64E213 6.03E214 1.94E213 1.98E213 2.21E213 1.88E213 2.36E213 5.69E214 1.16E213 5.91E214 1.46E213ESO 7.40E213 4.50E213 4.09E213 9.79E213 1.11E213 2.25E212 4.23E213 1.14E211 2.46E212 2.41E212 8.29E214 3.20E213 9.23E214 5.36E213Testes 6.03E215 9.21E214 9.59E214 8.11E214 3.24E216 2.28E216 2.24E216 6.94E216 1.41E215 1.59E213 9.33E217 1.56E215 1.87E216 7.69E215Pancreas 2.11E212 1.77E213 2.44E213 4.39E213 1.98E214 2.21E214 2.38E–14 1.03E–13 3.51E–13 1.86E–12 6.22E–15 3.30E–13 1.19E–14 8.51E–12PG 1.19E–14 5.88E–13 2.51E–13 1.36E–13 2.10E–12 1.68E–11 3.16E–12 2.30E–13 5.72E–14 2.90E–14 7.28E–12 4.92E–14 2.59E–12 1.11E–14Prostate 2.73E–14 2.99E–13 3.73E–13 4.58E–13 8.64E–16 5.07E–16 6.32E–16 2.00E–15 5.95E–15 1.77E–13 2.01E–16 6.63E–15 4.29E–16 3.63E–14RT 4.16E–13 1.99E–13 2.00E–13 2.49E–13 1.77E–13 2.14E–13 1.49E–13 3.03E–13 2.29E–13 3.75E–13 9.18E–14 1.94E–13 1.62E–13 2.75E–13SG 2.59E–14 4.25E–13 2.19E–13 4.14E–13 7.42E–13 2.74E–12 2.86E–12 7.03E–13 1.53E–13 7.47E–14 9.44E–13 8.35E–14 7.70E–13 2.56E–14Skin 1.16E–13 1.49E–13 1.40E–13 1.35E–13 2.12E–13 1.22E–13 1.21E–13 1.28E–13 1.20E–13 1.59E–13 1.04E–13 3.38E–13 1.90E–13 1.03E–13Spinal cord 1.15E–12 7.41E–13 6.11E–13 5.04E–13 1.86E–13 1.16E–12 7.93E–13 1.96E–12 7.68E–13 6.39E–13 3.68E–13 1.61E–13 1.95E–13 4.32E–13Spleen 4.10E–12 2.28E–13 2.51E–13 1.45E–13 2.27E–14 4.12E–14 3.65E–14 2.02E–13 7.49E–13 6.11E–13 1.22E–14 3.39E–13 1.60E–14 3.91E–13Teeth 2.76E–14 5.95E–12 3.14E–13 3.53E–13 5.86E–12 4.73E–12 3.27E–11 4.80E–13 1.56E–13 5.07E–14 9.15E–13 1.30E–13 2.62E–12 3.68E–14Thymus 1.59E–13 3.91E–13 3.72E–13 8.11E–13 1.41E–13 6.38E–13 3.49E–13 1.18E–11 2.50E–12 1.95E–12 7.66E–14 3.14E–13 8.56E–14 1.58E–13Thyroid 9.74E–14 3.59E–13 2.97E–13 1.35E–12 1.96E–13 1.98E–12 7.36E–13 2.04E–11 9.33E–13 8.61E–13 1.51E–13 1.41E–13 1.64E–13 8.27E–14Tongue (inner) 2.48E–14 6.01E–13 3.11E–13 4.71E–13 2.93E–12 7.17E–12 3.83E–11 7.61E–13 1.65E–13 5.97E–14 8.77E–13 1.26E–13 1.82E–12 3.09E–14Tonsils 1.62E–14 7.72E–13 3.87E–13 2.18E–13 1.59E–12 1.17E–11 7.48E–12 4.30E–13 9.14E–14 4.02E–14 2.58E–12 5.65E–14 1.86E–12 1.49E–14Ureter 6.90E–13 2.86E–13 4.29E–13 1.10E–12 6.14E–15 6.65E–15 6.40E–15 2.78E–14 8.51E–14 1.86E–12 1.94E–15 8.12E–14 3.57E–15 6.97E–13UB W 4.91E–14 2.92E–13 4.15E–13 6.31E–13 1.23E–15 9.53E–16 1.06E–15 3.50E–15 1.01E–14 3.03E–13 3.41E–16 1.14E–14 5.86E–16 6.52E–14AM 6.36E–13 1.04E–12 5.51E–12 1.37E–12 1.38E–13 3.53E–13 3.39E–13 7.34E–13 4.82E–13 6.40E–13 2.35E–13 1.77E–13 1.51E–13 3.97E–13SM 2.94E–13 2.46E–12 1.47E–11 1.01E–12 2.22E–13 3.92E–13 3.81E–13 3.84E–13 2.46E–13 3.63E–13 4.83E–13 9.28E–14 2.76E–13 1.94E–13

APPENDIX 1

S.L

AM

AR

TE

TA

L.

102

Dow




Target regions GB C STO W STO C SI W SI C Colon W Colon C Rectum W Heart W Heart C Kidneys Liver Lungs LN-ET

Adrenal 1.81E–12 1.51E–12 1.56E–12 6.94E–13 1.28E–12 5.95E–13 5.56E–13 4.20E–14 6.81E–13 6.82E–13 7.69E–12 2.11E–12 5.61E–13 4.47E–14ET1 2.27E–14 2.93E–14 2.91E–14 7.06E–15 1.06E–14 1.11E–14 1.10E–14 5.87E–16 5.85E–14 5.72E–14 1.01E–14 3.16E–14 6.33E–14 7.24E–13ET2 2.52E–14 3.31E–14 3.36E–14 6.91E–15 1.17E–14 1.07E–14 1.02E–14 7.34E–16 1.22E–13 1.07E–13 1.55E–14 3.96E–14 1.61E–13 4.30E–11Oral mucosa 2.84E–14 3.48E–14 3.62E–14 7.55E–15 1.24E–14 1.17E–14 1.17E–14 7.92E–16 1.02E–13 9.41E–14 1.46E–14 4.26E–14 1.27E–13 6.98E–12Trachea 1.15E–13 1.58E–13 1.71E–13 3.01E–14 5.33E–14 4.31E–14 4.22E–14 2.84E–15 1.39E–12 9.66E–13 8.14E–14 2.07E–13 1.43E–12 7.69E–12Bronchi 3.75E–13 6.81E–13 7.48E–13 1.09E–13 1.94E–13 1.48E–13 1.37E–13 7.76E–15 3.44E–12 2.96E–12 2.40E–13 6.91E–13 4.99E–12 3.26E–13Blood vessels 7.54E–13 8.54E–13 7.64E–13 9.81E–13 1.09E–12 5.27E–13 5.28E–13 2.03E–13 1.12E–12 8.47E–13 7.39E–13 5.82E–13 6.80E–13 1.61E–13Brain 7.63E–15 8.74E–15 8.94E–15 2.10E–15 3.36E–15 3.22E–15 3.15E–15 2.48E–16 2.58E–14 2.31E–14 5.03E–15 1.22E–14 3.97E–14 4.56E–13Breast 3.99E–13 6.52E–13 6.65E–13 1.02E–13 1.77E–13 1.63E–13 1.63E–13 7.16E–15 8.18E–13 8.18E–13 1.64E–13 5.90E–13 6.88E–13 1.30E–13Eye lens 1.01E–14 1.68E–14 1.32E–14 5.07E–15 3.92E–15 9.77E–15 6.22E–15 5.52E–16 3.48E–14 3.60E–14 4.34E–15 1.43E–14 5.28E–14 5.40E–13GB W 5.11E–11 1.23E–12 9.37E–13 8.36E–13 1.40E–12 1.44E–12 2.32E–12 4.89E–14 5.93E–13 5.73E–13 1.67E–12 5.36E–12 4.34E–13 4.63E–14STO W 1.13E–12 1.88E–11 5.58E–11 9.35E–13 1.84E–12 1.36E–12 1.16E–12 3.25E–14 1.96E–12 1.81E–12 9.62E–13 1.40E–12 7.12E–13 5.92E–14SI W 8.47E–13 9.37E–13 8.93E–13 6.37E–11 9.69E–12 1.80E–12 1.50E–12 6.70E–13 1.95E–13 1.99E–13 1.06E–12 4.27E–13 1.21E–13 1.26E–14Colon W 1.52E–12 1.36E–12 1.22E–12 1.79E–12 2.11E–12 9.82E–12 9.80E–12 9.91E–13 2.29E–13 2.36E–13 1.07E–12 6.73E–13 1.58E–13 1.82E–14Rectum W 5.00E–14 3.21E–14 3.05E–14 6.69E–13 2.60E–13 9.92E–13 1.62E–12 8.94E–11 1.04E–14 1.11E–14 7.61E–14 3.16E–14 9.12E–15 1.12E–15Heart W 5.63E–13 1.96E–12 2.27E–12 1.93E–13 3.57E–13 2.31E–13 2.13E–13 1.09E–14 1.01E–10 8.39E–12 3.72E–13 9.91E–13 2.12E–12 2.32E–13Kidney (left) 5.61E–13 1.48E–12 1.57E–12 1.36E–12 2.58E–12 9.98E–13 7.21E–13 6.77E–14 4.64E–13 4.78E–13 1.13E–10 4.70E–13 3.30E–13 2.88E–14Kidney (right) 2.63E–12 4.65E–13 4.13E–13 7.67E–13 1.13E–12 1.15E–12 1.17E–12 8.43E–14 2.84E–13 2.79E–13 1.14E–10 2.14E–12 2.70E–13 2.86E–14Liver 4.61E–12 1.40E–12 1.18E–12 4.25E–13 6.94E–13 6.74E–13 8.70E–13 3.18E–14 9.92E–13 9.35E–13 1.31E–12 2.28E–11 8.67E–13 7.11E–14Lung (left) 2.22E–13 1.06E–12 1.18E–12 1.41E–13 2.61E–13 1.89E–13 1.48E–13 8.61E–15 2.47E–12 2.30E–12 3.21E–13 3.24E–13 2.82E–11 3.07E–13Lung (right) 5.84E–13 4.07E–13 4.03E–13 1.03E–13 1.70E–13 1.28E–13 1.44E–13 8.99E–15 1.84E–12 1.52E–12 2.84E–13 1.32E–12 2.91E–11 3.02E–13LN 6.68E–13 1.68E–12 1.19E–12 1.34E–12 1.16E–12 9.66E–13 8.04E–13 1.27E–12 1.33E–12 9.53E–13 5.64E–13 5.32E–13 7.42E–13 2.11E–10Muscle 1.45E–13 1.54E–13 1.49E–13 2.36E–13 1.95E–13 2.24E–13 2.14E–13 3.31E–13 1.61E–13 1.53E–13 2.28E–13 1.65E–13 2.18E–13 2.87E–13ESO 4.98E–13 1.30E–12 1.16E–12 1.54E–13 2.80E–13 1.52E–13 1.48E–13 9.01E–15 4.11E–12 2.90E–12 3.57E–13 8.87E–13 1.65E–12 3.32E–12Testes 7.87E–15 5.70E–15 5.13E–15 6.32E–14 2.83E–14 4.06E–14 5.47E–14 3.98E–13 1.86E–15 2.12E–15 1.05E–14 5.33E–15 1.63E–15 2.28E–16Pancreas 7.18E–12 3.68E–12 2.68E–12 1.99E–12 3.86E–12 1.44E–12 1.72E–12 6.40E–14 6.77E–13 6.76E–13 1.93E–12 2.27E–12 3.78E–13 3.68E–14PG 1.04E–14 1.54E–14 1.46E–14 1.91E–15 4.77E–15 5.09E–15 5.13E–15 6.28E–16 4.52E–14 3.46E–14 6.66E–15 1.56E–14 5.92E–14 1.14E–12Prostate 3.52E–14 2.54E–14 2.26E–14 3.90E–13 1.63E–13 2.53E–13 3.53E–13 7.02E–12 7.86E–15 8.06E–15 4.90E–14 2.22E–14 6.64E–15 8.34E–16RT 2.60E–13 3.69E–13 3.29E–13 5.07E–13 4.41E–13 4.28E–13 3.88E–13 5.07E–13 2.45E–13 2.18E–13 3.80E–13 2.32E–13 2.37E–13 2.13E–13SG 2.59E–14 3.20E–14 3.30E–14 7.07E–15 1.18E–14 1.12E–14 1.06E–14 7.25E–16 1.01E–13 8.91E–14 1.66E–14 4.04E–14 1.50E–13 4.44E–12Skin 1.02E–13 1.12E–13 1.10E–13 1.10E–13 1.07E–13 1.24E–13 1.19E–13 1.12E–13 1.08E–13 1.06E–13 1.23E–13 1.18E–13 1.23E–13 1.40E–13Spinal cord 4.07E–13 4.10E–13 4.13E–13 1.78E–13 2.95E–13 1.51E–13 1.46E–13 1.53E–14 8.10E–13 6.92E–13 6.26E–13 5.13E–13 9.16E–13 1.55E–12Spleen 3.63E–13 2.47E–12 2.54E–12 5.40E–13 9.87E–13 7.33E–13 5.13E–13 2.38E–14 1.07E–12 1.11E–12 1.79E–12 4.18E–13 1.12E–12 7.13E–14Teeth 3.62E–14 4.47E–14 4.52E–14 1.01E–14 1.67E–14 1.57E–14 1.59E–14 9.22E–16 1.12E–13 1.08E–13 1.89E–14 5.16E–14 1.34E–13 2.84E–12Thymus 1.55E–13 2.21E–13 2.36E–13 4.01E–14 7.07E–14 5.57E–14 5.62E–14 3.24E–15 2.17E–12 1.55E–12 9.32E–14 2.67E–13 1.79E–12 1.32E–12Thyroid 8.24E–14 1.15E–13 1.23E–13 2.28E–14 3.87E–14 3.14E–14 3.12E–14 2.01E–15 6.46E–13 5.17E–13 5.63E–14 1.44E–13 9.25E–13 4.56E–12Tongue (inner) 3.12E–14 3.88E–14 4.06E–14 8.75E–15 1.39E–14 1.35E–14 1.32E–14 8.05E–16 1.16E–13 1.07E–13 1.63E–14 4.56E–14 1.48E–13 7.51E–12Tonsils 1.58E–14 1.96E–14 2.15E–14 4.00E–15 7.38E–15 5.73E–15 5.37E–15 3.75E–16 6.27E–14 5.83E–14 9.14E–15 2.44E–14 9.08E–14 2.53E–12Ureter 6.96E–13 4.78E–13 4.50E–13 2.84E–12 2.35E–12 1.09E–12 1.09E–12 8.53E–13 1.42E–13 1.42E–13 1.76E–12 3.75E–13 9.77E–14 1.01E–14UB W 6.69E–14 4.50E–14 4.17E–14 1.07E–12 4.22E–13 5.26E–13 7.36E–13 6.25E–12 1.46E–14 1.45E–14 8.95E–14 4.09E–14 1.13E–14 1.51E–15AM 3.80E–13 3.38E–13 3.31E–13 6.08E–13 5.01E–13 4.19E–13 4.42E–13 7.63E–13 4.93E–13 4.45E–13 5.25E–13 3.99E–13 5.38E–13 4.37E–13SM 1.88E–13 1.66E–13 1.64E–13 3.44E–13 2.65E–13 2.42E–13 2.58E–13 5.11E–13 2.39E–13 2.17E–13 2.60E–13 1.96E–13 2.76E–13 3.21E–13

Continued

SVA

LU

ES

FOR

131I

103

Dow




Target regions LN-thorax LN-head LN-trunk LN-arms LN-legs Muscle ESO Pancreas PG RT SG Skin Spinal cord Spleen

Adrenal 2.91E–13 3.92E–14 8.83E–13 3.29E–13 2.01E–15 2.13E–13 7.53E–13 2.10E–12 1.10E–14 4.20E–13 2.83E–14 1.23E–13 1.17E–12 4.09E–12ET1 1.04E–13 4.91E–13 3.31E–14 1.34E–14 1.75E–16 5.90E–14 1.06E–13 1.77E–14 2.09E–12 1.69E–13 7.38E–13 2.18E–13 1.78E–13 1.94E–14ET2 9.92E–13 2.06E–12 1.24E–13 2.20E–14 5.82E–17 1.94E–13 2.25E–12 2.00E–14 1.71E–11 2.12E–13 2.75E–12 1.31E–13 1.15E–12 3.86E–14Oral mucosa 3.59E–13 1.93E–12 7.50E–14 2.10E–14 8.30E–17 1.97E–13 4.22E–13 2.14E–14 3.14E–12 1.50E–13 2.87E–12 1.28E–13 7.92E–13 3.40E–14Trachea 5.65E–11 1.06E–12 1.08E–12 1.10E–13 1.95E–16 2.23E–13 1.14E–11 9.78E–14 2.31E–13 3.12E–13 7.08E–13 1.35E–13 1.98E–12 1.97E–13Bronchi 1.09E–11 2.22E–13 8.79E–13 2.47E–13 4.80E–16 1.92E–13 2.46E–12 3.43E–13 5.79E–14 2.33E–13 1.56E–13 1.24E–13 7.78E–13 7.43E–13Blood vessels 1.86E–12 2.80E–13 2.22E–12 8.66E–13 1.45E–12 2.38E–13 2.41E–12 1.86E–12 2.43E–14 3.78E–13 7.60E–14 1.65E–13 6.48E–13 6.10E–13Brain 8.10E–14 7.44E–13 2.04E–14 8.38E–15 5.88E–17 5.75E–14 8.19E–14 5.49E–15 7.11E–12 9.32E–14 9.62E–13 1.33E–13 3.70E–13 1.19E–14Breast 2.88E–13 7.81E–14 2.61E–13 1.32E–13 6.13E–16 1.12E–13 3.04E–13 3.05E–13 4.28E–14 1.89E–13 8.16E–14 3.42E–13 1.50E–13 3.22E–13Eye lens 7.14E–14 4.34E–13 2.47E–14 6.06E–15 1.14E–17 5.86E–14 7.39E–14 9.42E–15 2.41E–12 1.77E–13 7.11E–13 1.99E–13 1.91E–13 1.33E–14GB W 2.16E–13 3.50E–14 8.73E–13 2.31E–13 2.46E–15 1.51E–13 5.37E–13 8.52E–12 1.18E–14 2.87E–13 2.92E–14 1.10E–13 4.48E–13 3.92E–13STO W 3.12E–13 4.49E–14 2.18E–12 2.46E–13 1.81E–15 1.57E–13 1.31E–12 3.67E–12 1.43E–14 3.73E–13 3.46E–14 1.18E–13 4.24E–13 2.46E–12SI W 6.06E–14 1.04E–14 1.75E–12 1.79E–13 1.78E–14 2.40E–13 1.55E–13 1.99E–12 3.29E–15 5.14E–13 8.06E–15 1.16E–13 1.83E–13 5.41E–13Colon W 7.24E–14 1.45E–14 1.25E–12 2.64E–13 1.17E–14 2.27E–13 1.52E–13 1.44E–12 4.94E–15 4.32E–13 1.18E–14 1.29E–13 1.56E–13 7.32E–13Rectum W 4.67E–15 1.10E–15 1.64E–12 3.97E–14 1.11E–13 3.31E–13 8.43E–15 6.25E–14 3.85E–16 5.17E–13 8.08E–16 1.17E–13 1.69E–14 2.44E–14Heart W 3.86E–12 1.54E–13 1.49E–12 2.18E–13 6.60E–16 1.64E–13 4.12E–12 6.70E–13 4.29E–14 2.50E–13 1.05E–13 1.14E–13 8.23E–13 1.07E–12Kidney (left) 1.64E–13 2.53E–14 8.12E–13 4.11E–13 3.20E–15 2.23E–13 4.17E–13 1.66E–12 7.04E–15 4.35E–13 1.80E–14 1.31E–13 6.16E–13 3.31E–12Kidney (right) 1.48E–13 2.32E–14 5.97E–13 4.03E–13 3.54E–15 2.40E–13 3.06E–13 2.18E–12 7.39E–15 3.41E–13 1.80E–14 1.27E–13 6.68E–13 3.03E–13Liver 3.80E–13 5.41E–14 6.51E–13 3.09E–13 1.63E–15 1.67E–13 8.88E–13 2.26E–12 1.80E–14 2.38E–13 4.33E–14 1.24E–13 5.27E–13 4.17E–13Lung (left) 2.06E–12 2.26E–13 8.82E–13 3.33E–13 5.44E–16 2.23E–13 1.78E–12 3.41E–13 5.42E–14 2.53E–13 1.49E–13 1.29E–13 9.14E–13 2.11E–12Lung (right) 2.62E–12 2.17E–13 7.06E–13 2.70E–13 5.55E–16 2.17E–13 1.61E–12 4.02E–13 5.79E–14 2.27E–13 1.55E–13 1.26E–13 9.86E–13 3.20E–13LN 2.12E–10 2.10E–10 2.12E–10 2.13E–10 2.12E–10 2.54E–13 2.03E–12 1.56E–12 9.75E–14 4.03E–13 5.28E–13 1.54E–13 6.32E–13 6.35E–13Muscle 2.05E–13 2.77E–13 2.45E–13 2.77E–13 2.92E–13 1.42E–12 1.98E–13 1.52E–13 9.82E–14 2.41E–13 2.05E–13 1.74E–13 2.54E–13 2.05E–13ESO 1.05E–11 6.96E–13 1.88E–12 1.76E–13 5.05E–16 2.01E–13 9.69E–10 5.91E–13 1.44E–13 2.77E–13 5.19E–13 1.12E–13 2.16E–12 8.04E–13Testes 8.61E–16 1.99E–16 1.58E–13 7.46E–15 2.12E–12 3.14E–13 1.58E–15 9.79E–15 1.15E–16 3.75E–13 2.24E–16 4.64E–13 2.20E–15 3.75E–15Pancreas 1.96E–13 2.92E–14 2.03E–12 2.13E–13 3.17E–15 1.56E–13 5.99E–13 2.48E–10 9.29E–15 3.82E–13 2.24E–14 1.02E–13 5.69E–13 8.17E–13PG 1.31E–13 1.15E–12 2.65E–14 1.13E–14 6.45E–18 1.04E–13 1.47E–13 6.70E–15 4.93E–08 1.51E–13 1.69E–12 1.11E–13 6.19E–13 1.70E–14Prostate 3.43E–15 8.95E–16 2.40E–12 2.83E–14 2.43E–13 4.09E–13 5.99E–15 4.39E–14 2.01E–16 4.79E–13 5.63E–16 1.26E–13 1.01E–14 1.67E–14RT 2.99E–13 2.15E–13 4.29E–13 3.53E–13 3.46E–13 2.40E–13 2.74E–13 3.73E–13 1.62E–13 1.82E–12 1.52E–13 2.68E–13 2.91E–13 3.38E–13SG 4.17E–13 8.38E–12 8.99E–14 2.34E–14 1.01E–16 2.06E–13 5.10E–13 1.94E–14 1.68E–12 1.52E–13 3.81E–10 1.96E–13 8.12E–13 3.97E–14Skin 1.16E–13 2.26E–13 1.23E–13 3.06E–13 2.39E–13 1.63E–13 1.06E–13 9.46E–14 9.66E–14 2.52E–13 1.90E–13 9.11E–12 1.10E–13 1.44E–13Spinal cord 1.83E–12 1.13E–12 6.01E–13 1.40E–13 5.92E–16 2.56E–13 2.16E–12 5.58E–13 6.19E–13 2.90E–13 8.21E–13 1.14E–13 8.48E–10 6.12E–13Spleen 4.10E–13 5.83E–14 7.67E–13 5.46E–13 1.26E–15 2.09E–13 8.16E–13 8.16E–13 1.67E–14 3.44E–13 4.27E–14 1.49E–13 6.25E–13 2.33E–10Teeth 2.93E–13 1.51E–12 7.30E–14 2.41E–14 1.82E–16 1.58E–13 3.16E–13 2.91E–14 2.41E–12 1.47E–13 2.14E–12 1.43E–13 4.97E–13 3.94E–14Thymus 7.65E–12 5.75E–13 1.65E–12 1.22E–13 1.83E–16 1.88E–13 3.35E–12 1.33E–13 1.56E–13 2.42E–13 3.67E–13 1.40E–13 9.99E–13 2.19E–13Thyroid 1.24E–11 1.52E–12 2.09E–12 8.86E–14 1.57E–16 2.49E–13 7.51E–12 6.87E–14 2.77E–13 2.59E–13 9.34E–13 1.47E–13 1.69E–12 1.52E–13Tongue (inner) 4.33E–13 2.31E–12 8.56E–14 2.25E–14 8.88E–17 1.99E–13 5.12E–13 2.38E–14 2.72E–12 1.35E–13 3.54E–12 1.25E–13 8.77E–13 3.87E–14Tonsils 2.59E–13 2.08E–12 5.62E–14 1.53E–14 7.54E–18 2.23E–13 2.86E–13 1.17E–14 1.14E–11 1.85E–13 3.05E–12 1.16E–13 1.87E–12 2.50E–14Ureter 5.14E–14 8.78E–15 2.53E–12 1.58E–13 2.16E–14 2.85E–13 1.21E–13 1.29E–12 2.76E–15 5.96E–13 6.16E–15 1.06E–13 2.47E–13 3.45E–13UB W 5.90E–15 1.26E–15 2.17E–12 4.23E–14 1.15E–13 3.21E–13 1.07E–14 8.53E–14 4.11E–16 4.82E–13 1.04E–15 1.19E–13 1.83E–14 2.87E–14AM 7.31E–13 3.09E–13 7.19E–13 1.82E–13 5.49E–14 3.50E–13 8.48E–13 5.32E–13 2.54E–13 3.08E–13 2.80E–13 1.46E–13 1.33E–12 4.27E–13SM 3.65E–13 2.74E–13 3.93E–13 1.81E–13 1.57E–13 2.90E–13 4.15E–13 2.54E–13 4.40E–13 2.39E–13 2.88E–13 1.72E–13 6.57E–13 2.13E–13

S.L

AM

AR

TE

TA

L.

104

Dow




Target regions Teeth Thymus Thyroid Tongue Tonsils Ureter UB W UB C Testes Prostate AM Breast A Adipose þ RT

Adrenal 2.22E–14 1.61E–13 9.71E–14 2.68E–14 1.68E–14 6.85E–13 4.93E–14 5.43E–14 6.50E–15 2.68E–14 2.59E–13 4.25E–13 5.49E–13ET1 5.69E–12 1.32E–13 1.85E–13 2.91E–12 1.55E–12 4.68E–15 8.80E–16 9.69E–16 2.73E–16 5.83E–16 1.00E–13 1.73E–13 1.24E–13ET2 4.46E–12 6.35E–13 1.97E–12 7.17E–12 1.16E–11 5.24E–15 8.59E–16 8.16E–16 1.71E–16 5.84E–16 8.66E–14 2.12E–13 3.08E–13Oral mucosa 1.28E–09 3.52E–13 7.27E–13 3.84E–11 7.45E–12 5.58E–15 9.28E–16 1.06E–15 2.14E–16 6.42E–16 1.05E–13 1.49E–13 3.00E–13Trachea 4.22E–13 1.18E–11 2.03E–11 7.52E–13 4.27E–13 2.76E–14 2.81E–15 3.85E–15 7.10E–16 1.71E–15 2.39E–13 2.99E–13 6.38E–13Bronchi 1.35E–13 2.51E–12 9.30E–13 1.68E–13 9.21E–14 8.50E–14 9.51E–15 1.06E–14 1.53E–15 5.42E–15 9.80E–13 2.31E–13 4.21E–13Blood vessels 4.31E–14 1.96E–12 8.57E–13 6.26E–14 4.15E–14 1.84E–12 2.98E–13 3.15E–13 1.61E–13 1.76E–13 1.88E–13 3.78E–13 5.61E–13Brain 8.01E–13 7.80E–14 1.52E–13 8.83E–13 2.60E–12 1.68E–15 3.06E–16 3.05E–16 8.38E–17 1.84E–16 2.46E–14 9.33E–14 2.10E–13Breast 1.17E–13 3.03E–13 1.35E–13 1.24E–13 5.71E–14 7.30E–14 9.92E–15 1.00E–14 1.26E–15 5.20E–15 7.64E–11 2.47E–13 1.47E–13Eye lens 2.23E–12 7.64E–14 1.34E–13 1.76E–12 1.68E–12 2.98E–15 8.70E–17 1.01E–15 2.05E–26 6.13E–17 6.01E–14 1.62E–13 1.41E–13GB W 3.22E–14 1.62E–13 8.48E–14 3.30E–14 1.70E–14 7.03E–13 6.45E–14 7.14E–14 8.12E–15 3.59E–14 4.56E–13 2.85E–13 3.50E–13STO W 3.73E–14 2.26E–13 1.18E–13 4.17E–14 2.06E–14 4.79E–13 4.48E–14 4.88E–14 6.08E–15 2.42E–14 7.46E–13 3.73E–13 2.96E–13SI W 8.70E–15 4.29E–14 2.39E–14 9.36E–15 4.67E–15 2.84E–12 1.06E–12 1.21E–12 6.46E–14 3.89E–13 1.21E–13 5.14E–13 5.32E–13Colon W 1.32E–14 5.69E–14 3.29E–14 1.41E–14 6.86E–15 1.10E–12 5.23E–13 5.27E–13 4.16E–14 2.51E–13 1.89E–13 4.32E–13 3.67E–13Rectum W 8.36E–16 3.31E–15 2.09E–15 9.27E–16 4.97E–16 8.58E–13 6.23E–12 4.92E–12 4.09E–13 7.05E–12 8.93E–15 5.16E–13 6.68E–13Heart W 9.61E–14 2.19E–12 6.47E–13 1.20E–13 6.72E–14 1.39E–13 1.43E–14 1.55E–14 2.10E–15 7.83E–15 1.00E–12 2.51E–13 4.32E–13Kidney (left) 1.50E–14 9.82E–14 6.06E–14 1.77E–14 1.04E–14 2.23E–12 8.19E–14 8.87E–14 1.04E–14 4.52E–14 2.08E–13 4.33E–13 4.34E–13Kidney (right) 1.62E–14 9.33E–14 5.62E–14 1.79E–14 1.11E–14 1.30E–12 9.45E–14 1.03E–13 1.18E–14 5.31E–14 1.79E–13 3.41E–13 4.83E–13Liver 4.40E–14 2.72E–13 1.44E–13 4.83E–14 2.62E–14 3.75E–13 4.03E–14 4.38E–14 5.37E–15 2.20E–14 6.79E–13 2.38E–13 3.51E–13Lung (left) 1.07E–13 1.69E–12 9.47E–13 1.43E–13 8.87E–14 1.02E–13 1.06E–14 1.15E–14 1.61E–15 5.92E–15 7.35E–13 2.53E–13 4.65E–13Lung (right) 1.18E–13 1.83E–12 8.79E–13 1.48E–13 9.29E–14 9.37E–14 1.12E–14 1.19E–14 1.62E–15 6.33E–15 8.36E–13 2.28E–13 4.90E–13LN 1.63E–13 1.66E–12 2.31E–12 3.11E–13 1.85E–13 1.95E–12 1.66E–12 9.82E–13 2.94E–13 1.84E–12 2.67E–13 4.03E–13 5.43E–13Muscle 1.46E–13 1.85E–13 2.46E–13 1.99E–13 2.23E–13 2.80E–13 3.18E–13 3.01E–13 3.14E–13 4.03E–13 1.37E–13 2.41E–13 3.06E–13ESO 2.75E–13 3.37E–12 7.48E–12 5.17E–13 2.84E–13 1.20E–13 1.12E–14 1.18E–14 1.66E–15 6.11E–15 3.56E–13 2.79E–13 7.45E–13Testes 2.26E–16 6.18E–16 3.14E–16 2.48E–16 1.14E–16 7.68E–14 4.61E–13 4.31E–13 9.36E–10 1.05E–12 1.65E–15 3.71E–13 1.36E–13Pancreas 2.45E–14 1.37E–13 7.13E–14 2.64E–14 1.31E–14 1.30E–12 8.62E–14 9.48E–14 1.07E–14 4.55E–14 3.63E–13 3.81E–13 4.69E–13PG 2.18E–12 1.43E–13 2.79E–13 2.77E–12 1.14E–11 1.09E–15 9.82E–17 6.18E–17 3.00E–16 6.20E–18 3.41E–14 1.60E–13 2.20E–13Prostate 8.21E–16 2.37E–15 1.37E–15 6.76E–16 3.23E–16 5.19E–13 6.82E–12 6.81E–12 1.06E–12 1.90E–09 6.82E–15 4.73E–13 6.60E–13RT 1.37E–13 2.40E–13 2.56E–13 1.34E–13 1.96E–13 5.86E–13 4.73E–13 4.12E–13 3.70E–13 4.71E–13 2.51E–13 1.82E–12 1.92E–12SG 1.94E–12 3.62E–13 9.19E–13 3.53E–12 3.02E–12 5.78E–15 8.62E–16 9.67E–16 2.18E–16 5.22E–16 8.29E–14 1.53E–13 2.42E–13Skin 1.29E–13 1.35E–13 1.40E–13 1.18E–13 1.05E–13 9.90E–14 1.12E–13 1.08E–13 4.60E–13 1.18E–13 2.21E–13 2.52E–13 1.19E–13Spinal cord 4.27E–13 9.95E–13 1.68E–12 8.72E–13 1.87E–12 2.38E–13 1.74E–14 1.90E–14 2.35E–15 9.95E–15 1.74E–13 2.92E–13 1.17E–12Spleen 3.32E–14 2.24E–13 1.56E–13 4.05E–14 2.58E–14 3.47E–13 2.92E–14 3.12E–14 4.01E–15 1.66E–14 3.68E–13 3.43E–13 3.73E–13Teeth 6.92E–10 3.26E–13 5.66E–13 1.83E–11 3.84E–12 7.99E–15 1.49E–15 1.44E–15 3.35E–16 7.57E–16 1.21E–13 1.47E–13 2.74E–13Thymus 2.84E–13 1.29E–09 8.46E–12 4.06E–13 2.53E–13 3.32E–14 4.15E–15 4.66E–15 6.42E–16 2.26E–15 3.52E–13 2.41E–13 6.77E–13Thyroid 4.92E–13 8.50E–12 1.59E–09 8.83E–13 5.29E–13 1.94E–14 2.48E–15 2.82E–15 4.24E–16 1.40E–15 1.56E–13 2.62E–13 5.09E–13Tongue (inner) 1.76E–11 4.10E–13 8.75E–13 7.89E–10 6.17E–12 6.65E–15 1.03E–15 1.12E–15 2.91E–16 6.23E–16 1.17E–13 1.33E–13 3.07E–13Tonsils 3.51E–12 2.56E–13 5.23E–13 6.17E–12 1.03E–08 2.97E–15 7.08E–16 4.81E–16 1.42E–16 2.17E–16 5.27E–14 1.90E–13 4.35E–13Ureter 6.71E–15 3.45E–14 1.92E–14 7.18E–15 3.61E–15 1.88E–09 1.45E–12 1.82E–12 7.93E–14 5.19E–13 8.85E–14 6.01E–13 9.13E–13UB W 1.31E–15 4.56E–15 2.73E–15 1.20E–15 6.06E–16 1.46E–12 6.14E–10 1.86E–11 4.70E–13 6.85E–12 1.20E–14 4.81E–13 7.57E–13AM 2.85E–13 7.61E–13 5.79E–13 3.57E–13 4.91E–13 1.04E–12 8.65E–13 8.28E–13 1.58E–13 7.59E–13 1.58E–11 3.08E–13 1.80E–12SM 3.44E–13 3.85E–13 3.33E–13 3.48E–13 5.87E–13 5.49E–13 5.99E–13 5.65E–13 1.24E–13 5.45E–13 7.00E–12 2.39E–13 1.07E–12

Acronyms are defined in Appendix 2.

SVA

LU

ES

FOR

131I

105

Dow



Table A2. S values for 131I [mGy (Bq s)21] for 55 source regions and 42 target tissues in the ICRP adult female voxel phantom.

Adult female Source regions

Target regions Adrenal CB TB Cartilage ET1 ET2 Oral mucosa Trachea Bronchi Blood vessels Brain Breast G Eye lens GB W

Adrenal 2.42E–09 4.31E–13 5.85E–13 6.08E–13 2.96E–14 3.57E–14 4.03E–14 1.56E–13 4.80E–13 1.14E–12 1.04E–14 3.23E–13 2.30E–14 8.99E–12ET1 2.79E–14 6.77E–13 2.58E–13 1.86E–13 6.89E–09 4.34E–12 6.47E–12 3.54E–13 1.04E–13 7.36E–14 1.14E–12 1.91E–13 1.03E–11 3.33E–14ET2 3.23E–14 7.55E–13 5.04E–13 1.75E–12 4.34E–12 2.09E–09 1.44E–11 5.18E–12 2.57E–13 3.20E–13 1.74E–12 1.67E–13 2.40E–12 3.31E–14Oral mucosa 3.82E–14 1.00E–12 4.55E–13 5.21E–13 6.46E–12 1.45E–11 1.34E–09 1.49E–12 2.22E–13 2.16E–13 1.04E–12 2.27E–13 2.50E–12 4.17E–14Trachea 1.51E–13 4.53E–13 4.94E–13 5.35E–13 3.60E–13 5.22E–12 1.49E–12 3.72E–09 9.04E–12 2.19E–12 2.03E–13 4.73E–13 2.22E–13 1.33E–13Bronchi 4.84E–13 3.77E–13 4.31E–13 2.88E–13 1.09E–13 2.71E–13 2.25E–13 9.05E–12 3.37E–09 1.90E–12 5.81E–14 8.73E–13 7.72E–14 3.83E–13Blood vessels 1.15E–12 3.12E–13 3.80E–13 3.85E–13 7.49E–14 3.22E–13 2.16E–13 2.19E–12 1.90E–12 8.05E–11 5.18E–14 2.73E–13 5.50E–14 1.55E–12Brain 9.38E–15 5.49E–13 4.40E–13 5.04E–14 1.15E–12 1.75E–12 1.04E–12 2.04E–13 5.53E–14 5.14E–14 3.11E–11 4.96E–14 1.54E–12 9.55E–15Breast 3.18E–13 1.10E–13 1.66E–13 1.87E–13 1.93E–13 1.64E–13 2.25E–13 4.74E–13 8.54E–13 2.67E–13 4.91E–14 1.71E–10 1.45E–13 3.71E–13Eye lens 2.02E–14 4.49E–13 2.49E–13 9.78E–14 1.02E–11 2.35E–12 2.46E–12 2.04E–13 7.15E–14 4.97E–14 1.47E–12 1.36E–13 7.25E–08 2.35E–14GB W 9.03E–12 2.99E–13 4.26E–13 5.62E–13 3.52E–14 3.50E–14 4.46E–14 1.33E–13 3.88E–13 1.55E–12 1.07E–14 3.89E–13 2.90E–14 3.55E–09STO W 2.48E–12 1.57E–13 2.38E–13 3.57E–13 3.64E–14 3.43E–14 4.24E–14 1.27E–13 4.12E–13 6.03E–13 1.09E–14 4.22E–13 2.84E–14 2.56E–12SI W 9.35E–13 2.13E–13 4.25E–13 5.08E–13 1.04E–14 8.24E–15 1.07E–14 2.81E–14 7.95E–14 7.78E–13 2.73E–15 8.28E–14 8.53E–15 1.47E–12Colon W 3.31E–13 2.03E–13 3.56E–13 3.64E–13 6.91E–15 4.99E–15 6.53E–15 1.60E–14 4.04E–14 5.50E–13 1.69E–15 4.36E–14 5.73E–15 4.53E–13Rectum W 4.44E–14 2.53E–13 3.82E–13 3.35E–13 1.23E–15 9.96E–16 1.01E–15 2.67E–15 6.94E–15 3.80E–13 3.08E–16 7.11E–15 1.09E–15 4.87E–14Heart W 8.07E–13 2.36E–13 3.49E–13 4.02E–13 1.17E–13 1.80E–13 1.93E–13 1.76E–12 6.52E–12 1.29E–12 4.17E–14 1.61E–12 8.50E–14 6.98E–13Kidney (left) 4.89E–12 2.34E–13 3.44E–13 3.86E–13 1.85E–14 2.11E–14 2.43E–14 8.56E–14 2.80E–13 6.61E–13 6.78E–15 2.01E–13 1.49E–14 1.80E–12Kidney (right) 7.55E–12 2.51E–13 3.76E–13 4.14E–13 1.90E–14 2.01E–14 2.39E–14 7.76E–14 1.95E–13 4.88E–13 6.34E–15 1.67E–13 1.52E–14 5.24E–12Liver 3.59E–12 2.00E–13 3.02E–13 4.25E–13 4.84E–14 5.23E–14 6.34E–14 2.19E–13 6.29E–13 5.33E–13 1.56E–14 5.92E–13 3.75E–14 5.87E–12Lung (left) 5.94E–13 3.63E–13 3.90E–13 3.11E–13 1.14E–13 2.47E–13 2.29E–13 1.62E–12 6.04E–12 1.11E–12 5.87E–14 1.06E–12 8.67E–14 3.74E–13Lung (right) 6.43E–13 3.59E–13 4.08E–13 3.24E–13 1.17E–13 2.31E–13 2.22E–13 2.06E–12 5.81E–12 6.98E–13 5.52E–14 1.30E–12 8.78E–14 6.16E–13LN 1.54E–12 3.11E–13 4.08E–13 4.55E–13 1.23E–13 9.97E–13 6.52E–13 6.17E–12 2.97E–12 1.57E–12 9.35E–14 3.04E–13 8.99E–14 1.58E–12Muscle 2.81E–13 3.56E–13 3.08E–13 3.66E–13 8.74E–14 2.42E–13 2.17E–13 3.21E–13 2.44E–13 3.37E–13 6.13E–14 1.45E–13 7.45E–14 2.15E–13ESO 8.88E–13 5.18E–13 5.77E–13 4.99E–13 2.17E–13 2.66E–12 8.51E–13 1.79E–11 7.51E–12 2.97E–12 1.30E–13 6.08E–13 1.44E–13 6.27E–13Ovaries 5.50E–14 3.12E–13 5.08E–13 4.38E–13 1.37E–15 1.30E–15 1.25E–15 3.29E–15 8.63E–15 6.00E–13 2.61E–16 8.33E–15 1.07E–15 6.17E–14Pancreas 3.10E–12 2.15E–13 3.42E–13 4.53E–13 2.53E–14 2.19E–14 2.91E–14 8.02E–14 2.30E–13 1.16E–12 6.76E–15 2.46E–13 2.09E–14 7.36E–12PG 1.24E–14 1.07E–12 6.33E–13 1.15E–13 1.97E–12 7.80E–12 3.28E–12 4.47E–13 8.94E–14 1.06E–13 7.57E–12 9.16E–14 1.90E–12 1.20E–14Uterus 5.51E–14 2.90E–13 4.66E–13 4.27E–13 1.55E–15 1.04E–15 1.31E–15 3.13E–15 8.29E–15 4.69E–13 4.54E–16 8.39E–15 1.33E–15 6.01E–14RT 2.52E–13 2.15E–13 2.23E–13 2.49E–13 2.91E–13 2.51E–13 1.93E–13 2.61E–13 2.10E–13 3.37E–13 8.71E–14 1.46E–13 1.56E–13 2.10E–13SG 3.10E–14 5.98E–13 3.97E–13 3.14E–13 1.35E–12 6.63E–12 7.61E–12 1.33E–12 2.14E–13 4.33E–13 1.31E–12 1.73E–13 1.12E–12 3.05E–14Skin 1.35E–13 1.78E–13 1.65E–13 1.76E–13 2.04E–13 1.44E–13 1.58E–13 1.61E–13 1.49E–13 1.90E–13 1.23E–13 2.15E–13 2.23E–13 1.28E–13Spinal cord 2.59E–12 8.25E–13 8.51E–13 5.91E–13 2.91E–13 2.39E–12 1.15E–12 2.40E–12 1.63E–12 7.31E–13 3.85E–13 2.97E–13 2.22E–13 1.19E–12Spleen 2.36E–12 2.06E–13 3.06E–13 2.89E–13 3.39E–14 4.85E–14 5.01E–14 1.87E–13 6.59E–13 4.93E–13 1.54E–14 3.68E–13 2.71E–14 9.65E–13Teeth 4.64E–14 8.26E–12 5.06E–13 2.86E–13 8.88E–12 5.79E–12 2.75E–11 9.84E–13 2.19E–13 1.70E–13 9.78E–13 2.46E–13 3.13E–12 5.06E–14Thymus 1.92E–13 3.81E–13 5.31E–13 4.06E–13 2.84E–13 7.41E–13 6.51E–13 1.07E–11 3.11E–12 2.75E–12 1.11E–13 8.09E–13 1.76E–13 1.84E–13Thyroid 9.31E–14 3.93E–13 3.92E–13 5.31E–13 4.34E–13 2.94E–12 1.73E–12 2.41E–11 1.09E–12 1.39E–12 2.53E–13 3.21E–13 2.73E–13 9.05E–14Tongue (inner) 3.71E–14 7.81E–13 4.38E–13 4.46E–13 4.54E–12 1.45E–11 4.92E–11 1.64E–12 2.33E–13 2.35E–13 1.06E–12 2.27E–13 2.11E–12 4.20E–14Tonsils 2.70E–14 7.90E–13 4.57E–13 3.32E–13 3.34E–12 1.74E–11 2.93E–11 1.09E–12 1.90E–13 2.18E–13 1.56E–12 1.73E–13 2.25E–12 3.20E–14Ureter 1.28E–12 3.92E–13 7.46E–13 9.16E–13 8.75E–15 7.87E–15 9.58E–15 2.77E–14 7.89E–14 1.27E–12 2.60E–15 7.50E–14 7.20E–15 2.03E–12UB W 5.17E–14 3.08E–13 4.56E–13 4.38E–13 2.09E–15 1.21E–15 1.44E–15 3.30E–15 7.86E–15 7.19E–13 5.06E–16 8.66E–15 1.54E–15 6.19E–14AM 1.15E–12 1.19E–12 7.23E–12 8.22E–13 2.15E–13 6.07E–13 4.89E–13 8.94E–13 8.15E–13 6.66E–13 2.83E–13 2.99E–13 1.89E–13 8.38E–13SM 5.12E–13 3.26E–12 1.98E–11 7.51E–13 3.10E–13 6.00E–13 4.86E–13 4.81E–13 3.89E–13 4.08E–13 5.59E–13 1.55E–13 3.13E–13 3.86E–13

S.L

AM

AR

TE

TA

L.

106

Dow




Target regions GB C STO W STO C SI W SI C Colon W Colon C Rectum W Heart W Heart C Kidneys Liver Lungs LN-ET


Continued

SVA

LU

ES

FOR

131I

107

Dow




Target regions LN-thorax LN-head LN-trunk LN-arms LN-legs Muscle ESO Pancreas PG RT SG Skin Spinal cord Spleen


Table A2. Continued

S.L

AM

AR

TE

TA

L.

108

Dow




Target regions Teeth Thymus Thyroid Tongue Tonsils Ureter UB W UB C Ovaries Uterus AM Breast A Adipose þ RT

Adrenal 3.86E–14 1.91E–13 9.15E–14 3.88E–14 2.95E–14 1.27E–12 5.07E–14 5.75E–14 5.40E–14 5.44E–14 3.05E–13 2.55E–13 1.00E–12ET1 8.68E–12 2.71E–13 4.31E–13 4.51E–12 3.33E–12 7.36E–15 2.01E–15 1.67E–15 1.11E–15 1.39E–15 2.48E–13 2.93E–13 1.81E–13ET2 5.46E–12 7.38E–13 2.92E–12 1.44E–11 1.74E–11 6.89E–15 1.35E–15 1.39E–15 9.05E–16 1.09E–15 2.48E–13 2.52E–13 5.31E–13Oral mucosa 1.28E–09 6.53E–13 1.72E–12 4.93E–11 2.93E–11 9.39E–15 1.37E–15 1.53E–15 1.18E–15 1.42E–15 3.21E–13 1.94E–13 4.33E–13Trachea 8.83E–13 1.07E–11 2.40E–11 1.64E–12 1.08E–12 2.80E–14 3.19E–15 3.52E–15 2.59E–15 3.13E–15 6.32E–13 2.63E–13 7.82E–13Bronchi 1.86E–13 3.12E–12 1.08E–12 2.33E–13 1.93E–13 7.89E–14 7.40E–15 8.29E–15 7.68E–15 7.53E–15 8.96E–13 2.24E–13 7.06E–13Blood vessels 1.50E–13 2.75E–12 1.39E–12 2.39E–13 2.19E–13 1.27E–12 7.16E–13 5.83E–13 5.94E–13 4.68E–13 2.96E–13 3.38E–13 5.82E–13Brain 8.67E–13 1.10E–13 2.50E–13 1.06E–12 1.55E–12 2.28E–15 4.05E–16 4.18E–16 3.65E–16 3.66E–16 6.75E–14 8.81E–14 2.53E–13Breast 2.19E–13 8.01E–13 3.14E–13 2.23E–13 1.72E–13 7.13E–14 7.86E–15 8.24E–15 7.12E–15 7.53E–15 6.51E–12 2.27E–13 2.55E–13Eye lens 2.88E–12 1.85E–13 2.60E–13 2.07E–12 2.27E–12 3.80E–15 1.32E–15 1.02E–15 8.88E–16 7.86E–16 1.99E–13 1.54E–13 1.76E–13GB W 4.27E–14 1.89E–13 9.15E–14 4.69E–14 3.27E–14 2.05E–12 6.21E–14 6.90E–14 6.07E–14 6.07E–14 3.70E–13 2.18E–13 7.34E–13STO W 4.11E–14 1.76E–13 8.62E–14 4.20E–14 3.27E–14 8.07E–13 5.80E–14 6.42E–14 5.31E–14 5.63E–14 3.96E–13 2.59E–13 3.85E–13SI W 1.06E–14 3.86E–14 1.96E–14 1.03E–14 8.07E–15 3.51E–12 1.63E–12 1.86E–12 1.78E–12 1.65E–12 7.81E–14 3.71E–13 7.63E–13Colon W 6.46E–15 2.16E–14 1.16E–14 6.32E–15 4.98E–15 2.09E–12 1.31E–12 1.28E–12 1.55E–12 1.73E–12 4.09E–14 3.51E–13 6.45E–13Rectum W 1.07E–15 3.36E–15 2.00E–15 1.14E–15 8.23E–16 1.01E–12 4.76E–12 4.06E–12 1.26E–11 1.65E–11 6.25E–15 4.55E–13 6.58E–13Heart W 1.76E–13 3.04E–12 6.76E–13 1.94E–13 1.47E–13 1.31E–13 1.18E–14 1.27E–14 1.13E–14 1.17E–14 1.55E–12 2.05E–13 5.76E–13Kidney (left) 2.34E–14 1.06E–13 5.44E–14 2.36E–14 1.87E–14 1.70E–12 8.51E–14 9.26E–14 8.69E–14 9.32E–14 1.87E–13 3.11E–13 5.78E–13Kidney (right) 2.37E–14 9.97E–14 5.23E–14 2.36E–14 1.77E–14 2.63E–12 1.07E–13 1.18E–13 1.16E–13 1.10E–13 1.54E–13 2.66E–13 6.39E–13Liver 6.09E–14 3.09E–13 1.46E–13 6.27E–14 4.78E–14 5.79E–13 4.02E–14 4.41E–14 3.99E–14 3.97E–14 5.54E–13 2.08E–13 4.86E–13Lung (left) 1.92E–13 2.05E–12 9.96E–13 2.39E–13 1.96E–13 9.40E–14 9.38E–15 1.00E–14 9.60E–15 9.84E–15 9.32E–13 2.29E–13 6.18E–13Lung (right) 1.93E–13 2.45E–12 1.00E–12 2.28E–13 1.79E–13 1.04E–13 9.82E–15 1.08E–14 1.03E–14 9.96E–15 1.19E–12 2.19E–13 6.62E–13LN 2.81E–13 2.02E–12 2.25E–12 5.87E–13 4.06E–13 1.82E–12 9.03E–13 7.97E–13 1.17E–12 1.18E–12 3.43E–13 3.87E–13 6.63E–13Muscle 1.47E–13 2.64E–13 3.56E–13 1.94E–13 2.65E–13 4.07E–13 3.76E–13 3.46E–13 4.62E–13 4.25E–13 1.56E–13 2.85E–13 4.04E–13ESO 5.06E–13 4.10E–12 8.72E–12 9.49E–13 6.62E–13 1.03E–13 8.26E–15 9.01E–15 8.10E–15 8.18E–15 6.56E–13 2.09E–13 9.48E–13Ovaries 1.32E–15 4.26E–15 2.46E–15 1.35E–15 1.15E–15 1.47E–12 4.81E–12 3.99E–12 2.87E–09 1.61E–11 6.85E–15 4.62E–13 8.75E–13Pancreas 2.81E–14 1.13E–13 5.45E–14 2.86E–14 2.20E–14 2.97E–12 9.91E–14 1.10E–13 9.21E–14 9.57E–14 2.37E–13 2.57E–13 5.94E–13PG 2.29E–12 2.31E–13 5.57E–13 3.46E–12 5.52E–12 4.88E–15 8.67E–16 3.08E–16 1.70E–16 5.35E–16 1.25E–13 1.44E–13 3.81E–13Uterus 1.34E–15 4.11E–15 2.24E–15 1.29E–15 9.83E–16 1.66E–12 1.24E–11 7.67E–12 1.60E–11 4.20E–10 7.57E–15 4.01E–13 8.09E–13RT 1.68E–13 2.32E–13 2.24E–13 1.75E–13 2.30E–13 4.09E–13 3.54E–13 3.14E–13 4.60E–13 3.98E–13 1.63E–13 1.62E–12 1.61E–12SG 3.74E–12 5.33E–13 1.70E–12 7.29E–12 7.47E–12 7.08E–15 1.03E–15 1.15E–15 1.02E–15 1.05E–15 2.55E–13 1.93E–13 3.94E–13Skin 1.60E–13 1.66E–13 1.85E–13 1.51E–13 1.44E–13 1.20E–13 1.55E–13 1.47E–13 1.28E–13 1.30E–13 3.44E–13 2.95E–13 1.45E–13Spinal cord 6.39E–13 1.16E–12 2.21E–12 1.37E–12 1.32E–12 3.05E–13 1.44E–14 1.59E–14 1.64E–14 1.65E–14 3.20E–13 1.90E–13 1.39E–12Spleen 4.65E–14 2.15E–13 1.22E–13 5.03E–14 4.25E–14 3.62E–13 3.10E–14 3.36E–14 3.22E–14 3.42E–14 3.26E–13 2.86E–13 4.65E–13Teeth 8.63E–10 6.19E–13 1.21E–12 2.25E–11 1.20E–11 1.15E–14 1.86E–15 2.06E–15 1.75E–15 1.67E–15 3.33E–13 1.82E–13 4.52E–13Thymus 5.45E–13 1.59E–09 7.67E–12 6.64E–13 4.60E–13 3.65E–14 3.92E–15 4.44E–15 3.98E–15 4.22E–15 1.14E–12 2.44E–13 8.55E–13Thyroid 1.10E–12 7.71E–12 1.87E–09 1.87E–12 1.33E–12 1.88E–14 2.46E–15 2.45E–15 2.28E–15 2.12E–15 4.90E–13 2.31E–13 5.93E–13Tongue (inner) 2.19E–11 6.69E–13 1.87E–12 8.09E–10 2.42E–11 9.01E–15 1.28E–15 1.40E–15 1.20E–15 1.10E–15 3.25E–13 1.79E–13 4.42E–13Tonsils 1.15E–11 4.58E–13 1.32E–12 2.42E–11 1.01E–08 7.10E–15 7.66E–16 7.42E–16 6.92E–16 8.97E–16 2.46E–13 2.19E–13 4.49E–13Ureter 9.58E–15 3.60E–14 1.86E–14 1.00E–14 8.02E–15 1.99E–09 2.44E–12 1.78E–12 1.46E–12 1.65E–12 7.17E–14 4.11E–13 1.35E–12UB W 1.54E–15 4.11E–15 2.26E–15 1.44E–15 1.06E–15 2.42E–12 7.52E–10 1.95E–11 4.78E–12 1.24E–11 8.09E–15 3.56E–13 7.95E–13AM 4.59E–13 9.56E–13 6.77E–13 5.10E–13 5.00E–13 1.55E–12 8.91E–13 8.08E–13 9.93E–13 9.30E–13 2.04E–11 3.06E–13 2.18E–12SM 4.67E–13 4.87E–13 4.12E–13 4.80E–13 5.33E–13 8.62E–13 6.48E–13 5.82E–13 7.21E–13 6.66E–13 9.43E–12 2.67E–13 1.35E–12

Acronyms are defined in Appendix 2.

SVA

LU

ES

FOR

131I

109

Dow



APPENDIX 2

ACRONYMS USED IN TABLES A1 AND A2(ALPHABETISED).

AM, active marrow; Breast A, breast adipose tissue;Breast G, breast glandular tissue; C, contents; CB,

cortical bone; ESO, esophagus; ET1, extrathoracicregion 1; ET2, extrathoracic region 2; GB, gallbladder; LN, lymphatic node; PG, pituitary gland;RT, residual tissue; SG, salivary gland; SI, small intes-tine; SM, shallow marrow; STO, stomach; TB, tra-becular bone; UB, urinary bladder; W, wall.

S. LAMART ETAL.

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