Aleksander KrawczukAleksander KrawczukClassical ScholarClassical Scholar

Popular AuthorPopular Author on Classical Antiquity on Classical AntiquityTV PersonalityTV Personality

Minister for Culture and ArtsMinister for Culture and ArtsMember of ParliamentMember of Parliament

A PreviewA PreviewClassics & Communism, Collegium Classics & Communism, Collegium

BudapestBudapest24-26 June, 201024-26 June, 2010

Popular AuthorPopular Author

„„I wrote books that were not I wrote books that were not ground-breaking, perhaps my only ground-breaking, perhaps my only merit was that I managed to merit was that I managed to interest people in antiquity, as well interest people in antiquity, as well as increase awareness, that Greek as increase awareness, that Greek and Roman culture is also our and Roman culture is also our legacy...”legacy...”

Popular AuthorPopular Author1.1. Gajusz Juliusz Cezar Gajusz Juliusz Cezar 1962 1962 2.2. Cesarz August Cesarz August 1964 1964 3.3. NeronNeron, 1965 , 1965 4.4. Herod, król Judei Herod, król Judei 1965 1965 5.5. Perykles i AspazjaPerykles i Aspazja 1967 1967 6.6. Siedmiu przeciw TebomSiedmiu przeciw Tebom 1968 1968 7.7. Sprawa AlkibiadesaSprawa Alkibiadesa 1968 1968 8.8. KleopatraKleopatra 1969 1969 9.9. Wojna Trojańska: Mit i historiaWojna Trojańska: Mit i historia

1969 1969 10.10. Konstantyn WielkiKonstantyn Wielki 1970 1970 11.11. Pan i jego filozof. Rzecz o Pan i jego filozof. Rzecz o

PlatoniePlatonie 1970 1970 12.12. Ród KonstantynaRód Konstantyna 1972 1972 13.13. Sennik ArtemidoraSennik Artemidora 1972 1972 14.14. Tytus i Berenika Tytus i Berenika 1972 1972 15.15. Julian ApostataJulian Apostata 1974 1974 16.16. Rzym i Jerozolima Rzym i Jerozolima 1974 1974 17.17. Mity, mędrcy, politykaMity, mędrcy, polityka 1975 1975 18.18. MaratonMaraton 1976 1976

19.19. Ostatnia OlimpiadaOstatnia Olimpiada 1976 1976 20.20. Upadek Rzymu. Księga wojen Upadek Rzymu. Księga wojen

1978 1978 21.21. Starożytność odległa i bliska Starożytność odległa i bliska

1980 1980 22.22. Mitologia starożytnej ItaliiMitologia starożytnej Italii 1982 1982 23.23. Ród ArgeadówRód Argeadów 1982 1982 24.24. Stąd do starożytnościStąd do starożytności 1985 1985 25.25. Poczet Cesarzy Rzymskich Poczet Cesarzy Rzymskich 1986 1986 26.26. Groby CheroneiGroby Cheronei 1988 1988 27.27. Alfabet Krawczuka Mitologiczny Alfabet Krawczuka Mitologiczny

1991 1991 28.28. Rzymianki Rzymianki 1992 1992 29.29. Poczet cesarzy bizantyjskichPoczet cesarzy bizantyjskich

1992 1992 30.30. Kronika starożytnego RzymuKronika starożytnego Rzymu

1994 1994 31.31. Kronika Rzymu i Cesarstwa Kronika Rzymu i Cesarstwa

Rzymskiego Rzymskiego 1997 1997 32.32. Poczet cesarzowych Rzymu Poczet cesarzowych Rzymu 1998 1998 33.33. Rzym, Kościół, cesarzeRzym, Kościół, cesarze 2000 2000 34.34. Polska za NeronaPolska za Nerona 2002 2002 35.35. Spotkania z PetroniuszemSpotkania z Petroniuszem 2005 2005 36.36. Z Odyseuszem w zaświatachZ Odyseuszem w zaświatach

2010 2010

Popular AuthorPopular Author

„„Today, I look at my books with a critical Today, I look at my books with a critical eye, but someone had to eye, but someone had to actact. I quickly . I quickly arrived at the conclusion thatarrived at the conclusion that,, as things as things were getting desperate – Latin was were getting desperate – Latin was practically abolished at school, the access practically abolished at school, the access to foreign literature was very limited, to foreign literature was very limited, travels abroad quite complicated – making travels abroad quite complicated – making ancient history better known in a popular ancient history better known in a popular way was most important for the future of way was most important for the future of the societythe society;; as toas to our relations with Europe, our relations with Europe, it was simply an obligation.”it was simply an obligation.”

Popular AuthorPopular Author „„Pure scholarship could not fulfill this mission- Pure scholarship could not fulfill this mission-

let’s be candid, a good academic book will be let’s be candid, a good academic book will be read by a few, or a few dozens people. But a read by a few, or a few dozens people. But a book written accessiblybook written accessibly,, although filled with although filled with knowledge and informationknowledge and information,, is read by thousands is read by thousands and dozens of thousands. and dozens of thousands. As to tAs to television elevision programsprograms, they, they reach practically millions reach practically millions..

My efforts were designed to show people that My efforts were designed to show people that antiquity is around us, we only have to look. It is antiquity is around us, we only have to look. It is in the languages, in the customs, in laws, in in the languages, in the customs, in laws, in myths, in literature, we only don’t notice it.” myths, in literature, we only don’t notice it.”

Popular AuthorPopular Author „„I have no favourites, a few I consider good. I I have no favourites, a few I consider good. I

value „Juliusz Cezar” because that’s how it value „Juliusz Cezar” because that’s how it all started. „Cesarz August”, „Neron” are not all started. „Cesarz August”, „Neron” are not bad, although, today, I would have bad, although, today, I would have used aused a sharpersharper pen pen. The cycle „Rome, Church, . The cycle „Rome, Church, emperors” is also rather emperors” is also rather well donewell done, i.e. , i.e. „Konstantyn Wielki”, Ród Konstantyna” and „Konstantyn Wielki”, Ród Konstantyna” and „Julian Apostata”. Especially in this last ca„Julian Apostata”. Especially in this last casse, e, I tried to show I tried to show the characterthe character in an authentic in an authentic light. He was, after all, no apostate, he light. He was, after all, no apostate, he defended the faith of his fathers (...) He defended the faith of his fathers (...) He understood what was happening, knew that understood what was happening, knew that you cannnot just get rid of ancient you cannnot just get rid of ancient waysways of of life, religion and ideals, because, if you do, life, religion and ideals, because, if you do, youryour country must suffer.” country must suffer.”

Boski JuliuszBoski Juliusz by Jacek Bocheński by Jacek Bocheński

Censors were small officials who had Censors were small officials who had to to deal with deal with constantly changing constantly changing and note and note entirely clear entirely clear regulations. They knew regulations. They knew that they cannot publish a specific that they cannot publish a specific author, or that a certain word cannot author, or that a certain word cannot appear in print, but they did not have to appear in print, but they did not have to know why. know why. Is this word harmful for the Is this word harmful for the fraternal Polish –Soviet relations? Is it fraternal Polish –Soviet relations? Is it associated with an obscure scandal within associated with an obscure scandal within the Party Presidium? Or with something the Party Presidium? Or with something unpleasant for the wife of an important unpleasant for the wife of an important party official? They were scared stiff to be party official? They were scared stiff to be fired for committing a political error. fired for committing a political error.

Boski JuliuszBoski Juliusz by Jacek Bocheński by Jacek Bocheński People at the office of censorship People at the office of censorship

had a minimal knowledge of had a minimal knowledge of antiquity but the initial censorship, antiquity but the initial censorship, or the stage when the decision was or the stage when the decision was taken as to what could be shown to taken as to what could be shown to the officialthe official, , and what had to be and what had to be promptly eliminated, happened still promptly eliminated, happened still at the publishing house. There, there at the publishing house. There, there were experts who had this were experts who had this knowledge. knowledge.

Boski JuliuszBoski Juliusz by Jacek Bocheński by Jacek Bocheński Usually they were friendly to Usually they were friendly to

authors, but had to be cautious authors, but had to be cautious towards the towards the authoritiesauthorities. . The worst The worst was when professional cautiousness was when professional cautiousness combined with envy. I still remember combined with envy. I still remember the voice of a hostile classical the voice of a hostile classical philologist 50 years agophilologist 50 years ago,who told me,who told me when I wrote “Boski Juliusz”: when I wrote “Boski Juliusz”: „„Don’t Don’t imagine for a moment, that I would imagine for a moment, that I would risk my job for you”. Fortunately his risk my job for you”. Fortunately his boss was more boss was more reasonable.reasonable.

Boski Juliusz by Jacek BocheńskiBoski Juliusz by Jacek Bocheński

Readers treated the book as a Readers treated the book as a political metaphor, full of political metaphor, full of allusions to the Władysław allusions to the Władysław Gomułka’s circle. And yet there Gomułka’s circle. And yet there is no code, all codes were is no code, all codes were invented by the readers. invented by the readers.

Boski Juliusz by Jacek BocheńskiBoski Juliusz by Jacek Bocheński

At a meeting of the Writers At a meeting of the Writers Union, Zenon Kliszko said that Union, Zenon Kliszko said that there was a difference of opinion there was a difference of opinion within the party – was the book a within the party – was the book a political metaphoer written from political metaphoer written from a hostile position, or was it just a hostile position, or was it just an innocent historical story. an innocent historical story. Comarades were reading the Comarades were reading the book and opinions were divided. book and opinions were divided.

Boski Juliusz by Jacek BocheńskiBoski Juliusz by Jacek Bocheński This unresolved difference of opinion This unresolved difference of opinion

remained and the book continued to remained and the book continued to be published, only in limited number be published, only in limited number of copies. There were also some of copies. There were also some repressions: the weekly „Nowa repressions: the weekly „Nowa Kultura” tried to give me a literary Kultura” tried to give me a literary prize for „Boski Juliusz” but the prize for „Boski Juliusz” but the Department of Culture of the Central Department of Culture of the Central Committee stopped this at the last Committee stopped this at the last moment. moment.

Boski Juliusz by Jacek BocheńskiBoski Juliusz by Jacek Bocheński When „NK” defiantly printed an When „NK” defiantly printed an

enthusiastic review on the first page, enthusiastic review on the first page, in fact using the text already in fact using the text already prepared for the award, the editor-prepared for the award, the editor-in-chief, profesor Stefan in-chief, profesor Stefan Żółkiewski ,was fired. Mieczysława Żółkiewski ,was fired. Mieczysława Rakowskiego, writes about it in his Rakowskiego, writes about it in his „Diaries” and says that the real „Diaries” and says that the real censor of the book in the CC, was censor of the book in the CC, was Andrzej Werblan, the main party Andrzej Werblan, the main party ideologue of that time.ideologue of that time.

Naso PoetaNaso Poeta I needed a model for the aging Augustus. I I needed a model for the aging Augustus. I

will confess something I never said until will confess something I never said until now. I modeled Augustus on Gomułka! Not now. I modeled Augustus on Gomułka! Not exclusively, but he was one of the models. exclusively, but he was one of the models. Mutatis mutandis, Mutatis mutandis, Gomułka had also a farly Gomułka had also a farly good reputation, was also a saviour „good good reputation, was also a saviour „good as the nature”, when he came after as the nature”, when he came after stalinism, he also brought to people the stalinism, he also brought to people the desired bread and butter, and even ham! desired bread and butter, and even ham! He let people play jazz, and Beckett, but He let people play jazz, and Beckett, but was „false” and also arrested people, had was „false” and also arrested people, had tantrums, threatened, illegal sales of meat tantrums, threatened, illegal sales of meat punished by death, had attacks of fury and punished by death, had attacks of fury and was becoming senile. was becoming senile.

Naso PoetaNaso Poeta

And I listened to him, and especially And I listened to him, and especially to how he was explaining his to how he was explaining his behaviour, how he defended himself behaviour, how he defended himself against criticism, I followed his against criticism, I followed his speeches, enquired about his speeches, enquired about his conversations and avidly sought conversations and avidly sought rumours about him. Writing „Naso rumours about him. Writing „Naso Poeta”, I put into Augustus’ head Poeta”, I put into Augustus’ head Gomułka’s train of thought, in a Gomułka’s train of thought, in a somewhat reworked language.somewhat reworked language.

TV PersonalityTV Personality

„„The Ancient World of The Ancient World of Professor Krawczuk” - a Professor Krawczuk” - a widely popular and excellent widely popular and excellent monthly educative program monthly educative program broadcast for many years broadcast for many years starting in the mid-seventies.starting in the mid-seventies.

TV PersonalityTV Personality

„„I was very surprised I was very surprised at at how much how much antiquity interested people. It antiquity interested people. It transpired that these broadcasts for transpired that these broadcasts for many revealed many revealed a newa new world. They world. They heard about Ceasar, Cleopatra, Nero, heard about Ceasar, Cleopatra, Nero, Marathon, and suddenly all became Marathon, and suddenly all became famililar. Without false modesty, famililar. Without false modesty, because that because that borders withborders with hypocrisy, I hypocrisy, I can say that I did a fair job. I could can say that I did a fair job. I could have certainly done more and better... have certainly done more and better... I confess I confess I made someI made some errors, errors, both, both, factual and in interpretation.” factual and in interpretation.”

Minister for Arts & CultureMinister for Arts & Culture1.1. Wincenty RzymowskiWincenty Rzymowski

(SD)(SD)21.VII.1944 - 2.V.1945 21.VII.1944 - 2.V.1945

2.2. Edmund ZalewskiEdmund Zalewski (SL) (SL)2.V.1945 - 28.VI.1945 2.V.1945 - 28.VI.1945

3.3. Władysław KowalskiWładysław Kowalski (SL) (SL)28.VI.1945 - 5.II.1947 28.VI.1945 - 5.II.1947

4.4. Stefan DybowskiStefan Dybowski (SL/ZSL)(SL/ZSL)6.II.1947 - 20.XI.1952 6.II.1947 - 20.XI.1952

5.5. Włodzimierz SokorskiWłodzimierz Sokorski (PZPR)(PZPR)21.XI.1952 - 19.IV.1956 21.XI.1952 - 19.IV.1956

6.6. Karol KurylukKarol Kuryluk (PZPR) (PZPR)19. IV.1956 - 29.IV.1958 19. IV.1956 - 29.IV.1958

7.7. Kazimierz RusinekKazimierz Rusinek - - kierownik Ministerstwa kierownik Ministerstwa (PZPR)(PZPR)3.V.1958 - 2.VII.1958 3.V.1958 - 2.VII.1958

8.8. Tadeusz GalińskiTadeusz Galiński (PZPR) (PZPR)2.VII.1958 - 12.XII.1964 2.VII.1958 - 12.XII.1964

9.9. Lucjan MotykaLucjan Motyka (PZPR) (PZPR) 12.XII.1964 - 26.X.197112.XII.1964 - 26.X.1971

10.10. Czesław WiśniewskiCzesław Wiśniewski - - kierownik Ministerstwa kierownik Ministerstwa (PZPR)(PZPR)26.X.1971 - 22.XII.1971 26.X.1971 - 22.XII.1971

11.11. Stanisław WrońskiStanisław Wroński (PZPR) (PZPR)22.XII.1971 - 16.II.1974 22.XII.1971 - 16.II.1974

12.12. Józef TejchmaJózef Tejchma (PZPR) (PZPR)16.II.1974 - 26.I.1978 16.II.1974 - 26.I.1978

13.13. Janusz WilhelmiJanusz Wilhelmi - kierownik - kierownik Ministerstwa (PZPR)Ministerstwa (PZPR)26.I.1978 - 16.III.1978 26.I.1978 - 16.III.1978

14.14. Jan MietkowskiJan Mietkowski (PZPR) (PZPR)29.III.1978 - 4.VII.1978 29.III.1978 - 4.VII.1978

15.15. Zygmunt NajdowskiZygmunt Najdowski (PZPR) (PZPR)20.VII.1978 - 8.X.1980 20.VII.1978 - 8.X.1980

16.16. Józef TejchmaJózef Tejchma (PZPR) (PZPR)8.X.1980 - 9.X.1982 8.X.1980 - 9.X.1982

17.17. Kazimierz ŻygulskiKazimierz Żygulski 9.X.1982 - 29.IX.1986 9.X.1982 - 29.IX.1986

Minister for Arts & Culture Minister for Arts & Culture

18.18. Aleksander KrawczukAleksander Krawczuk

29.09.1986 - 1.08.198929.09.1986 - 1.08.1989 ““When I received the proposition to become When I received the proposition to become

the minister for arts & culture in 1986, I the minister for arts & culture in 1986, I knew that a historic change was in the air. knew that a historic change was in the air.

Every historian carries within himself an Every historian carries within himself an unfulfilled politician. But I’m no politician! unfulfilled politician. But I’m no politician! Still, when I got this opportunity to try to Still, when I got this opportunity to try to implement some of my visions, I didn’t panic implement some of my visions, I didn’t panic and I took the risk; I played a certain and I took the risk; I played a certain “softening” role in taking the evolutionary “softening” role in taking the evolutionary road to transformation, and later to prepare road to transformation, and later to prepare the “round table”. the “round table”.

Minister for Arts & CultureMinister for Arts & Culture „„When you were to the left during When you were to the left during

PRL, you were in opposition. It was of PRL, you were in opposition. It was of course, not a leftist regime. An now, it course, not a leftist regime. An now, it is, of course, not democracy. Which is, of course, not democracy. Which does not mean that my generation does not mean that my generation must all the time exclusively confess must all the time exclusively confess and repent. Although historians are and repent. Although historians are eager to comply, and there are many eager to comply, and there are many who who present the period of PRL who who present the period of PRL only as a black whole. But every now only as a black whole. But every now and then from this black whole and then from this black whole emerge Iwaszkiewicz’s, Wajdas, emerge Iwaszkiewicz’s, Wajdas, reconstructed cities, universities, reconstructed cities, universities, huge social progress of the huge social progress of the countryside, and so on, and so on. countryside, and so on, and so on.

Minister for Arts & CultureMinister for Arts & Culture And who laid the foundations for the And who laid the foundations for the

present political reforms? As minister for present political reforms? As minister for arts & culture in 1986-1989, I was part of arts & culture in 1986-1989, I was part of the last PRL government, the one which the last PRL government, the one which made room for Tadeusz Mazowiecki’s made room for Tadeusz Mazowiecki’s team. Mieczysław Rakowski may be team. Mieczysław Rakowski may be unhappy today, that the fruit of his unhappy today, that the fruit of his reforms were consumed by someone else. reforms were consumed by someone else. And what reforms were they? Does And what reforms were they? Does anybody remember? The law on anybody remember? The law on entrepreneurship, exchangeability of the entrepreneurship, exchangeability of the Polish currency, law on associations, i.e. Polish currency, law on associations, i.e. full freedom of expression and convictions, full freedom of expression and convictions, as well as the liberty to travel, the as well as the liberty to travel, the passport in your drawer! As PM passport in your drawer! As PM Mazowiecki said, it was literally enough to Mazowiecki said, it was literally enough to open the lid, to launch everything. open the lid, to launch everything.

Minister for Arts & CultureMinister for Arts & Culture Rakowski, Czyrek, Barcikowski, Messner, and Rakowski, Czyrek, Barcikowski, Messner, and

Jaruzelski hinted that they expect a suggestion, Jaruzelski hinted that they expect a suggestion, a politician will never speak openly... a politician will never speak openly...

Once, I told Jaruzelski, that the care of the Once, I told Jaruzelski, that the care of the Kościuszko’s Mound in Kraków should be Kościuszko’s Mound in Kraków should be entrusted to local scouts. He answered that the entrusted to local scouts. He answered that the idea was good but that we should still wait a idea was good but that we should still wait a bit. bit.

I was telling him about the alternative I was telling him about the alternative distribution of literature, that Poland needs it. distribution of literature, that Poland needs it.

I fought for release of movies blocked by I fought for release of movies blocked by censorship. In case of „Wierna rzeka” by censorship. In case of „Wierna rzeka” by Kużmiński, I even succeeded. Kużmiński, I even succeeded.

Minister for Arts & CultureMinister for Arts & Culture I was the last minister for culture who had I was the last minister for culture who had

any money – 2 % of the budget! Now it is any money – 2 % of the budget! Now it is hardly a fraction of one percent. hardly a fraction of one percent.

Renovation of the church in Rudki in Ukraine, Renovation of the church in Rudki in Ukraine, where Aleksander Fredro is buriedwhere Aleksander Fredro is buried

The beginning of work at the renovation of The beginning of work at the renovation of the Polish Cemetiery in Lvivthe Polish Cemetiery in Lviv

The completion of the new building o the The completion of the new building o the Natonal Museum in Krakow. Natonal Museum in Krakow.

I was worried about how they would receive I was worried about how they would receive me in Warsaw. I knew nobody. But when I me in Warsaw. I knew nobody. But when I came, I realized that there is an excellent came, I realized that there is an excellent budget expert at the ministry, a very good budget expert at the ministry, a very good chief of staff who had contacts – why to chief of staff who had contacts – why to change them? Today we would speak about change them? Today we would speak about the party key. the party key.

An 1986 appeal to ChurchAn 1986 appeal to Church The Church is divided today and we have to The Church is divided today and we have to

realize that. There is no unity of views in realize that. There is no unity of views in the Church. I’d even say that there is a the Church. I’d even say that there is a certain confusion. certain confusion.

If I were a man of the Church, I would call If I were a man of the Church, I would call with a great voice, that the real danger to with a great voice, that the real danger to the Church was approaching from the West. the Church was approaching from the West.

In the West the Church become only part of In the West the Church become only part of the tradition. An easy life style is prevailing, the tradition. An easy life style is prevailing, an untoward style, in the eyes of the an untoward style, in the eyes of the Church. Christian traditions become as Church. Christian traditions become as unimportant, as in the traditional pagan unimportant, as in the traditional pagan mythology. mythology.

An 1986 appeal to ChurchAn 1986 appeal to Church

In Poland it is still different, because of In Poland it is still different, because of our poverty and material backwardness. our poverty and material backwardness. But it will not last forever. The But it will not last forever. The forthcoming wave of western videos may forthcoming wave of western videos may cause the Church to fail. cause the Church to fail.

I’m not saying that to suggest that the I’m not saying that to suggest that the Church should speak against video Church should speak against video recorders, but make it aware what the recorders, but make it aware what the video craze carries...video craze carries...

An 1986 Appeal to ChurchAn 1986 Appeal to Church

It should be in the interest of the Church It should be in the interest of the Church to honestly support, with all its authority, to honestly support, with all its authority, this state, who is the only representative this state, who is the only representative of Poland. And that is also why the of Poland. And that is also why the Church should assist the authorities Church should assist the authorities struggling with horrific difficulties. struggling with horrific difficulties.

They are not always able to reach society They are not always able to reach society with words of reason. It is crucial, with words of reason. It is crucial, because our society is frustrated, hurried because our society is frustrated, hurried and confused. and confused.

An 1986 Appeal to ChurchAn 1986 Appeal to Church

Let’s say this honestly. Nowhere in the Let’s say this honestly. Nowhere in the world – and all of those who ever were world – and all of those who ever were abroad are aware of this – the Church abroad are aware of this – the Church does not fare better than in Poland. In the does not fare better than in Poland. In the material sense, as well as in the sense of material sense, as well as in the sense of religious freedom. religious freedom.

An 1986 Appeal to ChurchAn 1986 Appeal to Church

When I speak to certain clergymen, they When I speak to certain clergymen, they let me understand that they know that let me understand that they know that the state would need their support. But the state would need their support. But thay cannot afford it because part of the thay cannot afford it because part of the society, especially the youth which society, especially the youth which demonstrate in churches its rebellion demonstrate in churches its rebellion against what is hapenning in the country, against what is hapenning in the country, would leave the Church. But this fear of would leave the Church. But this fear of the clergy is also largely illusory.the clergy is also largely illusory.

An 1986 Appeal to ChurchAn 1986 Appeal to Church I may deny everything I said. This would be I may deny everything I said. This would be

consistent with the mentality of ancient man. consistent with the mentality of ancient man. Gods also may be wrong. Gods also may be wrong. For us, the ancients For us, the ancients there is no absolute truth. The heart of the there is no absolute truth. The heart of the matter is the socratic attitude.matter is the socratic attitude. God forbid God forbid that I should compare myself to Socrates. Man that I should compare myself to Socrates. Man should seek truth with his own mind. I know, should seek truth with his own mind. I know, that I know nothing – this is our motto. It is not that I know nothing – this is our motto. It is not that we give up, it is tru humility. Man received that we give up, it is tru humility. Man received no revelation. Nothing fell from the sky. I have no revelation. Nothing fell from the sky. I have only my scant reason which allows me to go only my scant reason which allows me to go towards truth, a step at a time. I risk slipping towards truth, a step at a time. I risk slipping into an abyss, but I must continue forward. into an abyss, but I must continue forward.

Member of ParliamentMember of Parliament MPs of the 1st Parliament 1991-1993 and 2nd Parliament MPs of the 1st Parliament 1991-1993 and 2nd Parliament 1993 - 1993 -

1997 1997 Aleksander KrawczukAleksander Krawczuk Date and place of birth: 1922-06-07 KrakówDate and place of birth: 1922-06-07 Kraków

Knowledge of foreign languages: niemiecki, włoski, francuski, Knowledge of foreign languages: niemiecki, włoski, francuski, angielskiangielski

Sojusz Lewicy DemokratycznejSojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej Parliamentary CommitteesParliamentary Committees (1 Parliament)(1 Parliament): : Culture & Mass Media Culture & Mass Media JusticeJustice SubcommitteesSubcommittees: : separation and adoptiionseparation and adoptiion Books and publicationsBooks and publications 2nd Parliament2nd Parliament Constitutional ResponsibilityConstitutional Responsibility Culture & Mass MediaCulture & Mass Media SubcommitteesSubcommittees: : Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich Project of Law on LibrariesProject of Law on Libraries

Parliamentary activityParliamentary activity Aleksander Krawczuk spoke 8 times Aleksander Krawczuk spoke 8 times

during the 1st Parliament (1992-1993) during the 1st Parliament (1992-1993) – – the same number of times as the same number of times as Donald TuskDonald Tusk, , the current PMthe current PM

In comparison: In comparison: • Juliusz Braun Juliusz Braun spoke spoke 118, 118, B. KomorowskiB. Komorowski, the current President , the current President

spoke spoke 44 times times, , J. Korwin-MikkeJ. Korwin-Mikke, a presidential candidate, a presidential candidate

358, 358, J. SzmajdzinskiJ. Szmajdzinski, the presidential candidate , the presidential candidate

of the left (who perished at Smolensk) of the left (who perished at Smolensk) 50, 50,

TopicsTopics

He spoke on the question of He spoke on the question of obudsmanobudsman

Restitution of IndependenceRestitution of Independence ConstitutionConstitution Intellectual PropertyIntellectual Property

Member of 2nd ParliamentMember of 2nd Parliament

Aleksander Krawczuk spoke 13 Aleksander Krawczuk spoke 13 times during this 2nd Parliament times during this 2nd Parliament (1994-1997) - B. Komorowski 53, (1994-1997) - B. Komorowski 53, Jerzy Wiatr 53, Henryk Wujec Jerzy Wiatr 53, Henryk Wujec 115115

TopicsTopics

The Concordate with the VaticanThe Concordate with the Vatican The Report of the OmbudsmanThe Report of the Ombudsman The Report of the National Council The Report of the National Council

for Radio & TVfor Radio & TV New directions in the Foreign PolicyNew directions in the Foreign Policy Higher Education Policy