11

Concluding remarksConcluding remarks２００３／１２／１１，１２研究会　２００３／１２／１１，１２研究会　 T.Kifune(shiT.Kifune(shi

nshu)nshu) 「物理学の「物理学の多様性多様性とと普遍性普遍性の探求」の探求」　　多くの天体の観測による　　　　多くの天体の観測による　　ＴｅＶガンマ線源から抽ＴｅＶガンマ線源から抽

出される出される　　　　　　　　　　　多様な現象　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　多様な現象　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　法則性？法則性？

　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　ＴｅＶガンマ線天ＴｅＶガンマ線天文学の役割？文学の役割？

現象の発見に徹するか、解釈に重点を置くか現象の発見に徹するか、解釈に重点を置くかＴｅＶ γ

ＴｅＶ γ

22

Concluding remarksConcluding remarks２００３／１２／１１，１２研究会　２００３／１２／１１，１２研究会　 T.Kifune(shiT.Kifune(shi

nshu)nshu)

ＣＡＮＧＡＲＯＯ望遠鏡によるＣＡＮＧＡＲＯＯ望遠鏡による　　ガンマ線天文学の　　ガンマ線天文学の新展開新展開 研究内容・成果にどのような質的変化が研究内容・成果にどのような質的変化が　　　　　起きたのか？起きようとしているのか？　　　　　起きたのか？起きようとしているのか？

33

目次目次 // 内容内容 ＴｅＶＴｅＶ γγ-ray astronomy -ray astronomy の現状の現状　　　観測結果　　　観測結果　　　　　　 ImplicationImplication 観測手段： ＩＡＣＴ（観測手段： ＩＡＣＴ（ Imaging Air Cerenkov TelescoImaging Air Cerenkov Telesco

pepe ）） ＴｅＶＴｅＶ γγ-ray astronomy -ray astronomy の意義・目的の意義・目的 諸外国の現状諸外国の現状 Ultimate IACTUltimate IACT

44A telescope at sunset. Once a telescope is equipped with mirrors, it has to be stowed facing south during daytime, since sunlight focused by the large mirror will generate enormous heat at the focus. Only after sunset the telescopes can be pointed safely towards the sky.

筑波 ICRC MAGICHESS

Heidelberg

55

TeV TeV γγ-ray sources-ray sources TypeType

Pulsar nebulaePulsar nebulae 22 1 1 11

SNRSNR 33 more to join…..more to join…..

X-ray binariesX-ray binaries 1?1?

UnIDUnID 11

OthersOthers 2 (2 (GC…GC…))

BlazarsBlazars 4 14 1 22

galaxiesgalaxies 11(NGC253)(NGC253) 1(M87)1(M87)

GRBGRB 11

TotalTotal 6 76 7 About 10About 10

１８ sources (8 egrets;8A+5B+5C) according to TCW

66

多様性 多様性 so far obtained & some inferred so far obtained & some inferred 普遍性普遍性are summarized as :are summarized as :

six blazarssix blazars • How peculiar/standard they are?How peculiar/standard they are?

in comparison with GeV blazars in comparison with GeV blazars

three SNRs (+ PSRs)three SNRs (+ PSRs) : : against 100 ≈ 10against 100 ≈ 104~54~5yrs/50yrsyrs/50yrs• How peculiar/standard they are?How peculiar/standard they are?

EEaccacc up to 10 up to 101515eV? eV?

two galaxiestwo galaxies

• How peculiar/standard the Galactic CRs are?How peculiar/standard the Galactic CRs are? Disk emission?Disk emission? Normal galaxies by deeper observationNormal galaxies by deeper observation

• γγ -ray observation extends CR physics to extragalactic space-ray observation extends CR physics to extragalactic space

other types: unID, x-ray binary?, GC, …other types: unID, x-ray binary?, GC, …

77

Nearby molecular clouds, Nearby molecular clouds, EGRET EGRET sourcesource and so on…… and so on……

O.Reimer & M.Pohl A&A, 390, L43, 2002O.Reimer & M.Pohl A&A, 390, L43, 2002

M.Butt et al., Nature 418, 489, 2002M.Butt et al., Nature 418, 489, 2002

=0o.24

0.8o

Discussions a lotDiscussions a lot

88

Morphology, stereo Morphology, stereo Chandra X-ray imageChandra X-ray image

Galactic diskGalactic disk

TeV TeV γγ-ray image?-ray image?

acceleration

radiation

99

I heard from Trevor, TrI heard from Trevor, Trümperümper said said

““The total energy of The total energy of all the all the X-rayX-ray photons photons so far observed by ROSAT so far observed by ROSAT corresponds to corresponds to one one TeVTeV photon”. photon”. To be energetic is something valuable….To be energetic is something valuable…. “ “erg/Joule is a jewel !”erg/Joule is a jewel !”

1010

Thoughts coming up, Thoughts coming up, about the value of being energetic?about the value of being energetic?

TeV TeV γγ-rays are, as a fact, very energetic events. -rays are, as a fact, very energetic events. X-ray photons are numerous: Statistics of TeV X-ray photons are numerous: Statistics of TeV γγ-r-r

ays is poor.ays is poor.

10101212 eV eV = 10 = 1099 X X 10103 3 eVeV

similarly,similarly,

10102020 eV eV = 10 = 1088 X X 101012 12 eVeV

Do we have to collect 10Do we have to collect 1088 photons at TeV to keep up with 10 photons at TeV to keep up with 102020eV coseV cosmic raysmic rays??

1111

Radio, x-rays --------------------- NS, BH, 2.7K…… Radio, x-rays --------------------- NS, BH, 2.7K……

Energetic. enigmatic phenomena Energetic. enigmatic phenomena thatthat γγ- ray observation looked for- ray observation looked forare not successful in retrospectare not successful in retrospect

No No γγ -rays from matter-antimatter annihilation-rays from matter-antimatter annihilation No microsec burst No microsec burst γγ -rays from primordial black holes-rays from primordial black holes GRB: but not yet in TeV region, and GRB: but not yet in TeV region, and no essencial contribution beyond GeV no essencial contribution beyond GeV Cyg X-3 (anomalous interaction?) dissapeared……Cyg X-3 (anomalous interaction?) dissapeared……

Origin of cosmic rays ?Origin of cosmic rays ? Dark matter ?Dark matter ? vacuum modification due to quantum gravity ??vacuum modification due to quantum gravity ?? Top down scenerio of 10Top down scenerio of 102020eV cosmic rays ??eV cosmic rays ??

1212

Statistics: number of photons Statistics: number of photons so far detected in TeV energyso far detected in TeV energy

NNxx ≈≈ 10 1099 = 10 = 105 5 · · 10104 4 :: X-raysX-rays NNTeV TeV ≈≈ 10 1044 = 10 = 103 3 ·· 10 10 : TeV : TeV γγss

N (>E) ~ EN (>E) ~ E-1-1 · S · SΩΩT : T : EE22dN/dE=constantdN/dE=constant

NN/Nx/Nx = = (Ex/(Ex/EE))··((101044mm22/1m/1m22) = 10) = 10-9-9 10 1044 = 10 = 10-5-5

Roughly explainedRoughly explained

Number of sources

1313

Crab nebula(unpulsed) is the standard source for calibratioCrab nebula(unpulsed) is the standard source for calibration,n,

but not the standard to represent the other TeV sourcesbut not the standard to represent the other TeV sources

SSC Model OK!

Max. acceleration energy ?~20 TeV or >100 TeV

the sole SNR/plerion : the sole SNR/plerion : ““complete” multi wavelength Spectrcomplete” multi wavelength Spectrum um With definite flux in any band. With definite flux in any band.

1414

　 keV MeV GeV TeV PeV EeV ZeV

100

104

108

1012 1000km

10km

100m

Glast

109photons

103

1 photons

106 sources

~1 sources

Area

S (m2)

IACT

Rosat

Statistics, number of sources

Scientific Impact??

Not to be optimistic!

Consideration in a broad band

1515

　　１０３ eV 1012eV 1020eV

E2dN/dE

X-raysources To collect more samples of known sources,

to improve accuracy/resolution,

and to discover new kinds of objects

TeV sourcesOur counter part

Eacc, collision with IR photons

“temporal conclusion” with a claim for “jewel of enigma”

1616

感度が上がれば違ったものが見えてくる感度が上がれば違ったものが見えてくる

豊かな想像力が隠されたものを見せてく豊かな想像力が隠されたものを見せてくれるれる

（サンテグジュペリ：”星の王子さま”（サンテグジュペリ：”星の王子さま” ))

What we see?What we see?

1717

Ｓ ＝ 1m2 　• （ E / 1keV)

Ω: 1 msr to 1 sr

(100m)2 =104 m2

10GeV 1TeV 100TeV

109

107

energyE

detection area S (m2)

104

IACT

larger dish

Detection area , energy and dish size

GLAST

(300m)2 =105 m2

(3km)2

Wider FOV

1818

directions that HE and VHE directions that HE and VHE γγ-ray astro-ray astronomy will take in futurenomy will take in future

Variety of possibilities,Variety of possibilities, corresponding to various kinds of TeV sources and corresponding to various kinds of TeV sources and depending on their phenomena in interest. depending on their phenomena in interest.

It seems natural to go to lower energy region It seems natural to go to lower energy region with larger disheswith larger dishes

Sub 100GeV ~ 1 TeV region Sub 100GeV ~ 1 TeV region 10~100 sources for systematic study of10~100 sources for systematic study of SNRs, blazars ,…. SNRs, blazars ,…. discovery ofdiscovery of more, new types of more, new types of γγray sourcesray sources

However, the current efforts satisfying?---stereo & big dish:However, the current efforts satisfying?---stereo & big dish:

Let us not give up 10TeV ~ 100TeV regionLet us not give up 10TeV ~ 100TeV region origin of cosmic raysorigin of cosmic rays : maximum acceleration energy? : maximum acceleration energy? blazarsblazars : absorption by IR background radiation : absorption by IR background radiation

1919

direction (1) towards sub-100 GeV ?direction (1) towards sub-100 GeV ?

more (weak) sourcesmore (weak) sources:: NNγγ increases with decreasing energy increases with decreasing energy with a constant detection area S = 10with a constant detection area S = 1044mm22, , providing a good sensitivity.providing a good sensitivity. FFor further drastic improvement,or further drastic improvement, ΩΩ! (! (like GLASTlike GLAST)) or multiple telescopes > 10 ?or multiple telescopes > 10 ? comparison with GeV phenomena(Glast)?comparison with GeV phenomena(Glast)? --- for sharp difference, electrons? --- for sharp difference, electrons? (proton spectrum is featureless)(proton spectrum is featureless) anti-counter and “MAGIC technique”anti-counter and “MAGIC technique”

2020

direction (2) towards 10-100 TeV ?direction (2) towards 10-100 TeV ?

SNRs, blazarsSNRs, blazars:: to find SNRs with Eto find SNRs with Eaccacc ≈knee energy 10 ≈knee energy 101515eVeV distant blazars, “pair halos”, distant blazars, “pair halos”, “ “extreme blazars” of acceleration energy extreme blazars” of acceleration energy beyond TeV etc. beyond TeV etc. Unkown sources?Unkown sources? not very likelynot very likely Regeneration of absorbed gamma raysRegeneration of absorbed gamma rays

S = const. = 10S = const. = 1044mm2 2 is small and fatal. is small and fatal.

Interesting possibilities but like a Interesting possibilities but like a betbet..

2121

10GeV 1TeV 100TeV

100 m

30 m

energy

10 m

aperture

3 m

Byproduct of larger A: S = 1km2 to (10km)2 possible for 100 TeV γ-rays

Fluorescence lights

Čerenkov lights

2222

EuroYen

Dollar

Scientificoutcome

?

Good telescope is generally very expensive, and would be too unrealistic, ……, however,

Gedanken experiment is free, and “ultimate case” of “complete calorimeter” is useful to get a broad vision.

e,.g. collection area = detection area (20m)2X 30 = (100m)2 : not ridiculous

Not care

2323

Ultimate extension of MAGIC concept: “complete IACT” of A2=S

FOV

A to S

2424

summarysummary

Expected are 3 views for 3 energy regions, Expected are 3 views for 3 energy regions, which are not separated but quite interrelated.which are not separated but quite interrelated.

Going down to EGoing down to Ethth ≤ 100 GeV is ≤ 100 GeV is 　 　 the “first way” to take ; the “first way” to take ; with additional efforts forwith additional efforts for increasing solid angle increasing solid angle ΩΩ of FOV of FOV

Dish size A > 20m for 1 TeV Dish size A > 20m for 1 TeV (though no justification presented)(though no justification presented) (Or packed multiple telescope)(Or packed multiple telescope)

Even larger dish size, will pave the way towards10~100TeV,Even larger dish size, will pave the way towards10~100TeV, where a big “jewel” might be hidden. where a big “jewel” might be hidden.

2525

　　１０３ eV 1012eV 1020eV

E2dN/dE

X-raysources

???

Toward ~100TeV

More sources at lower energies

Bigger dish !

Larger FOV

1TeV region with good accuracy

2626

CONCLUDING QUESTIONSCONCLUDING QUESTIONS

「宇宙線の「宇宙線の SNRSNR 起源パラダイム」の改訂・精密化？起源パラダイム」の改訂・精密化？ 「「 Extreme BL LacExtreme BL Lac 」」 : : 暗い、近い；暗い、近い； ｎｅｖｅｒｔｈｅｌｅｓｓ，…………ｎｅｖｅｒｔｈｅｌｅｓｓ，………… ??

To detect GRBs by TeVTo detect GRBs by TeVγγ-rays?-rays?

TeVTeVγγ-rays and Evolution of Universe?-rays and Evolution of Universe? Dark Matter produces TeVDark Matter produces TeVγγ-rays?-rays? Structure formation and TeVStructure formation and TeVγγ-rays?-rays?

Ultimate IACT to improve sensitivity?Ultimate IACT to improve sensitivity? 　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

2727

Final REMARKsFinal REMARKs

多波長；　近接分野；　理論のサポート・協力多波長；　近接分野；　理論のサポート・協力　　は　　は CANGAROOCANGAROO にとって重要・不可欠：にとって重要・不可欠：感謝感謝

願わくは願わくは deeper commitmentdeeper commitment ：：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 for for 情報収集と情報収集と選択・選択・

解釈解釈

「国際社会の一員として、、、、」：「国際社会の一員として、、、、」：　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　国際協力と国際協力と

競争競争

2828

Concluding remarksConcluding remarks Wide variety of phenomena discussed Wide variety of phenomena discussed pulsar; blazar; molecular cloud;pulsar; blazar; molecular cloud; diffuse gamma rays (disc emission);diffuse gamma rays (disc emission); shock acc. in SNR; Rel.shock in blazar/GRBsshock acc. in SNR; Rel.shock in blazar/GRBs gamma rays from structure formation gamma rays from structure formation dark matterdark matter

standard shock acceleration for origin of cosmic rays ??standard shock acceleration for origin of cosmic rays ?? raison d’etre of TeV gamma ray astronomy? raison d’etre of TeV gamma ray astronomy? (e.g. vs X-rays or highest energy cosmic rays )(e.g. vs X-rays or highest energy cosmic rays )

What else? ----- and my personal likings What else? ----- and my personal likings micro-quasar/x-ray binariesmicro-quasar/x-ray binaries IR background radiation;IR background radiation; quantum gravity;quantum gravity; exotics and enigmaexotics and enigma

Views and prospectsViews and prospects

ultimate IACT and stereo techniques ?ultimate IACT and stereo techniques ?

2929

A decade of years,A decade of years,since TeV window was opened.since TeV window was opened.

TeV attemptTeV attemptChudakov,Chudakov,Porter,Porter, 。。。。。。

Break Break throughthroughby imagingby imaging

ΥΥray astronomy propray astronomy proposedosedBy Hayakawa, MorrisBy Hayakawa, Morrison..on..

3030

Cosmological gamma-ray horizonCosmological gamma-ray horizon

CMB at z=100

Cutoff due to

+ CMB 　 e+ + e-

Fazio & Stecker 1970 Nature 226, 135

z max

10 GeV gamma-rays can explore the Universe up to z=100!

10GeV

3131

MAGIC concept : big dish: a role ofMAGIC concept : big dish: a role of the key the key

(1) Lower threshold energy (1) Lower threshold energy (2) good accuracy(2) good accuracy

MAGIC : 17mMAGIC : 17m H.E.S.S. & VERITAS 12mH.E.S.S. & VERITAS 12m CANGAROO :10mCANGAROO :10m AA22 is about 10 is about 10-2-2 of detection area S. of detection area S.

(5m)(5m)22 X 10 = (16m) X 10 = (16m)22 　　 (7m)(7m)22 X 10 = (22m) X 10 = (22m)22

How big the dish size, A, will be?How big the dish size, A, will be?

3232

A vision of the future of HE, VHE Gamma Ray Astronomy

tadashi kifune (shinshu/cangaroo)

Ｃｏｎｇｒａｔｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ Ｃｏｎｇｒａｔｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓ forfor the inauguration the inauguration of of

the MAGIC telescope !the MAGIC telescope ! fun and pleasure to dream about a magical world.fun and pleasure to dream about a magical world.

““Vision” needs to be presented in a logical way Vision” needs to be presented in a logical way based on :based on :

the present status,the present status,

instrumentation instrumentation and and science in the futurescience in the future

MAGIC inauguration October 10, 2003, La Palma

3333

VHEVHEγγ 線天文学、線天文学、Next Generation IACTs, and CANGAROONext Generation IACTs, and CANGAROO

天の時、地の利、人の和天の時、地の利、人の和

TideTide and and 態度態度

What we What we CAN DOCAN DO and and 感度感度

2 X 17m; 25m; 7 x 12m;……………