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Department of Laboratory Medicine Division of Pathology D04HPT Final Exam in Pathology 2008-12-12 09.00-14.00 Name: ___________________________ (Don’t forget to write your name on every page) Credits individual exam ……………… Max 110 p Bonus pre exam ……………… Max 3 p TOTALLY ……………… You need 71 credit points for passing GOOD LUCK! Retake of the exam 6/2 2009 9.00-14.00, sem.rm.2

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Department of Laboratory Medicine Division of Pathology

D04HPT Final Exam

in Pathology

2008-12-12 09.00-14.00

Name: ___________________________

(Don’t forget to write your name on every page) Credits individual exam ……………… Max 110 p Bonus pre exam ……………… Max 3 p TOTALLY ……………… You need 71 credit points for passing

GOOD LUCK! Retake of the exam 6/2 2009 9.00-14.00, sem.rm.2

Page 2: D04HPT Final Exam in Pathology - pingpong.ki.sepingpong.ki.se/public/pp/public_courses/course05703/published... · Otherwise, he is healthy, he has no fever or sore throat, he has

D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Göran Andersson 1. Which leukocyte subtypes are characteristic for an exudate in a/an

a) bacterial inflammation b) allergic inflammation c) viral infection

Vilka leukocyter förekommer typiskt i exsudatet vid en

a) bakteriell inflammation b) allergisk inflammation c) viral infektion

1,5p

2. What is the medical term for the primary repair tissue in fracture healing? Vad kallas den primära läkningsvävnaden vid frakturläkning?

1p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Göran Andersson 3. Which adaptive changes can be observed in the adipocytes of adipose tissue during

overwheight and obesity? Vilka adaptiva förändringar ses i fettvävnadens adipocyter vid övervikt och fetma?

2p

4. Which is the most likely explanation for the increased incidence of skin cancer during the last decades? Vilken är den troligaste förklaringen till den ökade incidensen av hudcancer under de senaste decennierna?

1p

5. Which of the following genetic diseases provide examples of aneuploidy? Vilken/vilka av följande genetiska sjukdomar är exempel på aneuploidier? Down’s syndrom Gaucher disease/sjukdom Osteogenesis imperfekta Turner’s syndrom Tay-Sachs disease/sjukdom Neurofibromatos

2p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Mikael Björnstedt 6. List three aquired capabilities of cancer.

Nämn tre förvärvade egenskaper/förmågor i cancer.

3p

7. How is cell growth regulated. Give three different examples. Hur regleras celltillväxt? Ge tre olika exempel.

3p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Mikael Björnstedt 8. What is the lowest possible differentiated cancer called?

Hur benämns den lägsta tänkbara differentierade cancern?

1p

9. Give four different examples of tumors with identified prestages. Nämn fyra olika tumörformer med identifierade förstadier.

4p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Jenny Flygare 10. Write P for proto-oncogene and/or T for tumor suppressor to the left of the below

statements. Can be overexpressed in a cancer cell.

The retinoblastoma gene (RB) belongs to this category.

Can encode gene that inhibits apoptosis.

Mutation can affect the expression of such a gene.

Hypermethylation of such a gene can contribute to cancer development.

Ras belongs to this category.

Skriv P för proto-onkogen och/eller T för tumör suppressor-gen till vänster om nedanstående påståenden. Kan vara överuttryckt i cancercell.

Retinoblastom-genen (RB) tillhör denna kategori.

Kan koda för gen som förhindrar apoptos.

Mutation kan påverka uttrycket av en sådan genen.

Hypermetylering av en sådan gen kan bidraga till cancerutveckling.

Ras tillhör den kategorin.

3p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Jenny Flygare 11. What does ”angiogenic switch” mean, what importance does it have for tumor

development, and what is it caused by? Vad innebär ”angiogenes-påslag”, vad har det för betydelse vid tumörutveckling och vad orsakas det av?

3p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Birger Christensson 12. Hypertension is characteristically associated with vascular changes of two different

sorts affecting different types of vessels. Describe these two types of vascular changes. Hypertoni är ofta associerat med två olika typer av kärlförändringar, vilka drabbar olika sorters kärl. Beskriv dessa kärlförändringar.

3p

13. What is the main effect of hypertension on the heart? Vilken är den huvudsakliga effekten på hjärtat av hypertension?

1p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Birger Christensson 14. Which are the three main causes of death in patients with hypertension?

Vilka är de tre främsta dödsorsakerna bland patienter med hypertension?

1,5p

15. In the table below basic categories of non-Hodgkin lymphomas are described. Put the relevant %-figures in the approprate boxes to indicate the relative frequencies of these categories in western Europe. I tabellen nedan anges några sätt att grovt indela non-Hodgkin lymfom. Placera de angivna %-satserna i rutorna för att ange den relativa frekvensen av dessa kategorier i Västeuropa. 10%, 10%, 30%, 50% Cell derivation B lymphocyte derived T lymphocyte derived Indolent

Aggressive

4p

16. Check the appropriate boxes in the table below. Kryssa i de relevanta rutorna i tabellen nedan. pre-B-ALL Myeloma Hodgkin

lymphoma Affects mostly children Affects frequently young adults

Gives osteolytic lesions

Is EBV-associated in 50% of the cases

Is often associated with B- symptoms

Neoplastic cells are infrequent in the tumor

3p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Birgitta Sander 17. Many diseases may cause insufficient function of the bone marrow; bone marrow

failure a) Name three diseases that can cause bone marrow failure b) Why do this diseases result in insufficient function of the bone marrow? c) What are the symptoms of bone marrow failure?

Många sjukdomar kan orsaka nedsatt benmärgsfunktion, s.k. benmärgssvikt

a) Nämn tre sjukdomar som kan orsaka benmärgssvikt b) Varför leder dessa sjukdomar till nedsatt benmärgsfunktion c) Vilka symtom har patienter med benmärgssvikt?

9p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Mikael Björnstedt 18. Which phases are observed in DAD/ARDS?

Vilka faser observeras i DAD/ARDS?

2p

19. Which is the most common tumor in the lungs? Vilken är den vanligaste tumören i lungorna?

1p

20. Why is the prognosis often bad in central lung cancer? Varför är prognosen ofta dålig vid central lungcancer?

1p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Olle Danielsson 21. a) Which are the 4 histologic main types of thyroid carcinoma?

b) Which one is associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia? c) Which one has the worst prognosis? a) Vilka fyra huvudtyper av thyroidea carcinom finns? b) Vilken är associerad med multipel endokrin neoplasi (MEN)? c) Vilken har sämst prognos?

4p

22. Mention the two most common causes of primary hyperparathyroidism. Nämn de två vanligaste orsakerna till primär parahyperthyroidism.

2p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Inma Ribera 23. What does the term CIN III mean?

Vad betyder termen CIN III?

1p

24. What are the main differences between a leiomyoma and a leiomyosarcoma of the uterus? Vad är de viktigaste skillnaderna mellan ett leiomyom och ett leiomyosarkom från uterus? leiomyoma/leiomyom leiomyosarcoma/leiomyosarkom

1p

25. Which is the most common malignant tumor in the uterus? Vilken är den vanligaste maligna tumören i uterus?

1p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Inma Ribera 26. Which is the most common malignant ovarian tumor?

Vilken är den vanligaste maligna tumören i ovarium?

1p

27. What does the term fibroadenoma mean? Vad betyder termen fibroadenom?

1p

28. Which is the morphological characteristic of an invasive lobular breast cancer? Vad karakteriserar morfologiskt invasiv lobulär bröstcancer?

1p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Inma Ribera 29. Which is the main difference between ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive ductal

carcinoma of the breast? Vad är huvudsakliga skillnaden mellan ductal carcinoma in situ och invasiv ductal cancer i bröst? ductal carcinoma in situ invasive ductal carcinoma /

invasiv ductal cancer

1p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Katalin Dobra 30. a) An infection is strongly associated with peptic ulcers in stomach and

duodenum. What is the role of these bacteria in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcers? b) Which other factors are essential for the development of ulcers? a) Vilket infektiöst agens är starkt förknippat med ulcus i magsäck och duodenum. Vad är dess roll i sjukdomens patogenes? b) Vilka andra faktorer är av vikt för utveckling av ulcus?

4p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Katalin Dobra 31. Describe the most characteristic macroscopic and microscopic changes in

ulcerative colitis. Make a comparison with Mb Crohn. Beskriv de mest karakteristiska makroskopiska och mikroskopiska förändringarna i ulcerös colit. Jämför med Mb Crohn.

4p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Nikos Papadogiannakis 32. Which is the most common reason for liver transplantation in children?

Vilken är den vanligaste orsaken till levertransplantation hos barn?

1p

33. What is steatohepatitis? Vad är steatohepatit?

2p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Nikos Papadogiannakis 34. Describe the pathogenetic mechanism underlying placenta infarction and name a

disease where placenta infarctions are common. Hur uppstår en placentainfarkt? Diskutera patogenes och nämn en sjukdom där infarkter i placenta förekommer ofta.

3p

35. Name some important maternal indications for histopathologic examination of the placenta. Nämn några viktiga maternella indikationer för histopatologisk undersökning av placenta.

3p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Anna Tolf 36. Why are urinary tract infections more common in women than in men and which

micro organism is the commonest cause? Varför är urinvägsinfektioner vanligare hos kvinnor än hos män och vilken mikroorganism är vanligaste orsaken?

2p

37. Why is it so important to put an undescended testis in its right position (scrotum) at an early age? Varför är det så viktigt att placera en retenerad testikel i sitt rätta läge (scrotum) vid tidig ålder?

2p

38. Which are the three zones of the prostate? Where does hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma occur, respectively? Vilka är prostatans tre zoner och i vilka av dem uppstår cancer respektive hyperplasi?

2p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Inger Nennesmo 39. Mention one characteristic microscopic change in Glioblastom (necessary for

making a WHO Grade IV tumor diagnosis)! Ange en mikroskopisk förändring i Glioblastom (som krävs för att göra en WHO Grad IV diagnos)!

1p

40. Which is the main location in the brain for hemorrhages due to hypertension? Vilken är den huvudsakliga lokalisationen i hjärnan för blödningar orsakade av högt blodtryck?

1p

41. Mention two characteristics of metastases to the brain. Ange två kännetecken på metastaser till hjärnan.

2p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Inger Nennesmo 42. Describe the microscopical feature of the typical lesion in multiple sclerosis.

Beskriv den mikroskopiska bilden av den typiska förändringen vid multipel skleros.

2p

43. Mention two causes to atrophy of type 2-fibers in the skeletal muscle. Ange två orsaker till atrofi av typ-2-fibrer i skelettmuskulaturen.

2p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Annika Wernerson 44. Johan 6 years old comes to the emergency ward together with his parents. Since a

couple of days they have observed that Johan´s legs has become increasingly swollen. He is now severely swollen in the legs, and also in his hands and face. Otherwise, he is healthy, he has no fever or sore throat, he has never been admitted to the hospital before. As a new doctor at the paediatric department you can establish that he has severe oedema. The heart and lung function seems normal. Blood pressure is normal. Urine sample shows proteinuria, no hematuria or leucocytes. Acute blood samples shows low albumin, normal creatinine. a) Which is your preliminary diagnosis? c) What clinical syndrome does Johan have? Johan 6 år söker akut på Karolinska tillsammans med sina föräldrar. Sedan ett par dagar har de sett att Johan har tilltagande svullnad i benen. Nu är han rejält svullen, även om händerna och i ansiktet. Han är frisk för övrigt, har ej haft någon feber eller halsont, han har aldrig sökt sjukhuset tidigare Du kan som ny underläkare på barnkliniken konstatera att han har rejäla ödem. Hjärta och lungor är utan anmärkning. Blodtrycket är normalt. Urinstickan visar proteinuri, ingen hematuri eller förekomst av leukocyter. Blodproverna visar lågt albumin, normalt kreatitinin. a) Vilken är din förstahandsdiagnos? b) Vilket kliniskt syndrom har Johan?

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Annika Wernerson 45. Pyelonephritis means that the patient has an infection in the renal pelvis and in the

kidney. a) Which bacteria do most commonly cause this disease? b) Some people have recurrent pyelonephritis and develop a chronic form. In these persons an underlying cause often could be found. Give some examples! c) What is the long-term risk in these patients with chronic pyelonephritis? Pyelonefrit innebär att patienten har en infektion i njurbäcken och njure. a) Vilka mikroorganismer orsakar oftast detta tillstånd. b) En del människor får upprepade pyelonefriter och utvecklar en kronisk form. Hos dessa finns ofta en bakomliggande orsak. Ge några exempel. c) Vad är risken, på lång sikt, för dessa patienter med kronisk pyelonefrit?

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Magnus Söderberg 46. A patient with diabetes mellitus may have normal or even elevated levels of

endogenously produced insulin in their blood. Explain why. En patient med diabetes mellitus kan ha normala eller till och med förhöjda nivåer av egenproducerat insulin i blodet. Förklara varför.

2p

47. a) Which are the five main components that are found in all known forms of amyloid? b) Which of these components is considered critical for the initiation of amyloid formation? a) Vilka fem huvudkomponenter kan påträffas i alla kända former av amyloid? b) Vilken av dessa komponenter anses mest kritisk för att amyloidbildning ska initieras?

3p

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D04HPT, H07, Final Exam 12/12 2008 Name:

Barbro Lundh Rozell 48. The ABCD criteria are used to clinically assess melanocytic skin lesions.

What do the letters stand for? ABCD kriterierna används för att kliniskt bedöma melanocytära hudförändringar. Vad står bokstäverna för – ange de engelska termerna, som används även hos oss!

A

B

C

D

2p

49. Which factors influence the aggressiveness of infiltrative squamous cell carcinoma of the skin? Give at least four! Vilka faktorer påverkar aggressiviteten hos en infiltrativt växande skivepitelcancer i hud? Ge åtminstone fyra!

3p

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