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8/10/2019 Psyc311 Ch 11-12 Adolescence
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Adolescence
Psyc311 Developmental
Dr. Wright
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defnition o puberty
Pubertas atin !ord or "adult#
Narrow defnition$ %he processby !hich an individual becomes
capable o reproduction.%he activation o the &P'(&PA a)is
Broad defnition$ %hephysical*psychological* and cultural
changes that occur as thegro!ing child transitions intoadulthood.
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dhss.mo.gov/AdolescentHealth/adolescents.jpg&imgrefurl=http://ethiopiaencyclopedia.blogspot.com/2006/10/why-we-should-avoid-eagerly-encouraging.html&usg=__MInqZKzYt-8potdSckFEL_ONL4k=&h=1097&w=1664&sz=373&hl=en&start=1&um=1&tbnid=LryICRUFV8vleM:&tbnh=99&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dimages%2Bof%2Badolescents%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS308US308%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.dhss.mo.gov/Nutrition_Adolescents/Nutrition_Adolescents.png&imgrefurl=http://www.dhss.mo.gov/Nutrition_Adolescents/&usg=__ULullEUhaKzFy115SM1BonhTs6E=&h=244&w=225&sz=270&hl=en&start=4&um=1&tbnid=a5Umzs75GYCbIM:&tbnh=110&tbnw=101&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dimages%2Bof%2Badolescents%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS308US308%26sa%3DX%26um%3D1http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.efanet.org/images/visuals/adolescents.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.efanet.org/asthma/asthmalifestages.html&usg=__cCpG2NEu6JERCw2eDvmOVh8fjGw=&h=400&w=346&sz=24&hl=en&start=2&um=1&tbnid=zMNjM6MWMMg9LM:&tbnh=124&tbnw=107&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dimages%2Bof%2Badolescents%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4DMUS_enUS308US308%26sa%3DX%26um%3D18/10/2019 Psyc311 Ch 11-12 Adolescence
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time periods o adolescent
Adolescence is a uniquedevelopmentalperiod
it +eeps changing,
Earlyadolescence 11 to 13 years old -ontinues to be pushed earlier /012
Middleadolescence 14 to 15 years old
Lateadolescence early adulthood 16to 7 years old
-ontinues to be pushed later 710742
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physical changes2
Primaryse) characteristics
%he body organs and reproductive structures andunctions that di8er bet!een !omen and men.
'onads testes and ovariesSecondaryse) characteristics
-haracteristics o the body that are caused byhormones* develop during puberty* and last
through adult lie. -hanges in genitals(breasts(voice
Pubic(body(acial hair
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%anner 9tages
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%anner 9tages
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changes2
:apid acceleration o physical gro!th Adolescent growth spurt
3.; girls to 4. boys inches(year
< adult !eight gained during adolescence
-hanges in body composition 3$1 muscle to body at ratio or boys
;$4 or girls
=mergence o se) di8erences in physical
perormance-hanges in circulatoryand respiratory
systems >ncrease in si?e(capacity o heart and lungs
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t!o roles o hormones
Organizationalrolelie0long$
@odifcation o the organism early in lie primarily inuencing its anatomy
Brgani?ation(structure o -C9 "eminine# vs. "masculan0ized# brain and body
Activationalrolespecifc to puberty$
9tructural "remodeling# o brain
>ncrease in salience o se)ual stimuli* se)ualmotivation
Development o secondary se) characteristics
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hormone regulatorysystems
=ndocrine system HPA axis
&ypothalamus Pituitary gland
Adrenals -orticosteroids
:egulates bodyEs response to stress
HPG axis &ypothalamus Pituitary gland Gonads
%estes(Bvaries
9e) &ormones Androgens(=strogens
:egulates se)ual maturation
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The hormonal changes brought on bypuberty can afect the adolescents
behavior in at least three ways.
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impacts o puberty
Sleep patterns
Delayed phase preerence
/ hours$ 1 am to 1 am
a!ily relations
%ransormation o parent0child bond
Peer relations%ransormation o riendships* romantic
relationships
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impacts o puberty
Sel"#estee!
-hanging body image
-hanging sense o sel
Moods
>ncreased stress F >ncreased sensitivity
luctuation o moods
Due to hormonesor environmentG
"9torm and stress#$ mythor factG
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moods
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timing 0 individual actors
Genetic"actors
%iming and tempo
Environ!ental"actors Cutrition Hody !eight
=)posure to hormones(chemicals
amily conict
9tepathers
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timing 0 group actors
-omparisons
Across socioecono!ic gro$ps
>mpact o poverty Dietary inta+e* health care* e)posure to
disease
Across co$ntries
>mpact o industriali?ation Across ti!e periods
9ecular trend
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early maturation
Hoys
=arly maturationpositives Popularity* higher sel0esteem
=arly maturation negatives Deviant* ris+ behaviorsI more rigidity later
'irls
=arly maturationpositives Popularity cultural dependence
=arly maturation negatives o!er sel0esteem* eating disorders* emotions*
deviant behaviors
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late maturation
Hoys
ate maturationpositives &igher levels o creativity* inventiveness
ate maturation negatives o! sel0esteem* lo! social competence
'irls
ate maturationpositives
%hinner build
ate maturation negatives 9ocial !ithdra!al
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the second !ave2.
ongitudinal @:> studies reveal$
Period o rapid synaptogenesisandpr$ning
>ncreased !yelinationbac+ toront
Bpportunity or massive cognitivegro!th and learning 9hit into PiagetEsformal operations
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pre rontal development
inal develop!ent o" exec$tive"$nction
Planning(problem0solving
>mpulse control 9eat o "sober 7ndthought#
$ll !at$ration sometime bet!een
adolescence and early adulthood )oincides wit% c%ild#onset
sc%izop%renia
ailure in e)ecutive unctioning
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heightened arousal
>ncreased %or!one activity estrogen J testosterone
9e)ual stimulation
9ocial status conict >ncreased ne$rotrans!itter activity
heightened emotional sensitivity(reactivity imbic system norepinephrine
increased ris+* stimulation0see+ing behaviors Punishment(re!ard system dopamine
increased uctuations in mood 9erotonin
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timing o brain maturation
imbic system matures early in puberty Prerontal corte) matures several years
later
&eightened need or re!ard(stimulation leads to increased ris+0ta+ing* stimulation0see+ing
behaviors
&igher level o emotional volatility
Knderdeveloped "sober# assessment o ris+s >ncreased cognitive(social demands
-reates cognitive overload DiLculty !ith impulse control
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timing o brain maturation
Time gap may explain whyadolescence is a period ofheightened experimentation with
risky behaviors. >ncreased ris+ o
violence(criminal activity
+ids under 16 account or 7; o violent crime inK9
drug J alcohol e)perimentation
unsae se)ual activities
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conduct problems
Adolescents w%osepre"rontal corticaldevelop!ent is less!at$re t%an nor!alare even !ore li&elyto %ave conduct
problems(
Pop$lations !ost at
ris&*
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teen pregnancy
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teen pregnancy in K9
5;06;* teens bet!een 1;01/ years oldbecome pregnant every year. 7(3rds bet!een 1601/ years old.
7;* under 1; years old.
Arican American teens have highest rate
134(1* vs. 46(1*1 -aucasian teenagers
;5M end in birth 11M o all births in K9 14M end in miscarriage
7/M end in abortion
67M o those pregnancies !ere unintended
6NM o teen mothers remain unmarried
3;M have a 7ndchild !ithin t!o years
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ris+ actors
Physical
9e)ual maturation
40; years beforepsychological(emotionalmaturation
Hecoming longer as puberty starts earlier
Hrain development
&eightened activation o limbic system >ncreased attraction to ris+y behaviors
Pre0rontal development incomplete
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Why is teenage pregnancy higher in the US?
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conseOuences
9=9 actors
;M o pregnancies occur in most impoverishedpopulations
ess opportunity or education ess access to birth control
:educed internal locus o control
=)posure to other ris+ actors
drugs* alcohol* abuse* lac+ o parental monitoring
Desire or amily(stability
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conseOuences
Should we be concerned about this?
or teenage parents
mother in particular
or baby
or amilies
or communityMethods of prevention?
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adolescent substance useadolescent substance use
Have tried+ 'y gradeHave tried+ 'y grade,-.,-. cigarettes 4Mcigarettes 4M
alcohol N3Malcohol N3M illegal drugs 36Millegal drugs 36M
By end o" %ig% sc%ool.By end o" %ig% sc%ool. 15M smo+e regularly15M smo+e regularly
76M recent heavy drin+ing76M recent heavy drin+ing
4MF tried illegal drugs4MF tried illegal drugs
Figure 11.7
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impact o substance abuse
Alcohol(drug abuse
'reater potential impairment in learning
@ore !idespread brain damage
:epeated e)posure may e8ect path andOuality o development
Due to reduction in plasticity* this damage
cannot be corrected later! 9o* does this mean all e)perimentation
!ith drugs(alcohol badG
d l b
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adolescent substanceadolescent substance
abusersabusers
-ompared to e)perimenters$-ompared to e)perimenters$ more antisocial* impulsive actsmore antisocial* impulsive acts
start earlierstart earlier
more li+ely to be a8ected bymore li+ely to be a8ected by
genetic and environmental actorsgenetic and environmental actors
lo! 9=9lo! 9=9
amily drug useamily drug use
amily diLcultiesamily diLculties physical* se)ual abusephysical* se)ual abuse
poor school perormancepoor school perormance
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9hould !e be !orried about e)posureto graphic violence through mediaG
Why or !hy notG
What reasons might !e have orthin+ing adolescents are particularlyvulnerable to aggression(violenceG
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social implications
What should the social attitudesbe about adolescent eposure toand involvement inhigh0
stimulation(high0ris+ activitiesG
9e)ual Activity
Drugs J Alcohol iolence
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identity development
Adolescence =ric+son stage oidentity crisis
>dentity
9ense o individual sel
9election o commitments* belies* values
>nterpersonal process
%a+ing their place in the adult community
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cognitive changes
>mportance o conceptual structureothin+ing
Propositional logic$ thin+ing constrained by logical
relations =mphasis on rationalityand scientic methodology
>mportance o conceptual resources
employed in thin+ing ive process$ Attention* !or+ing memory*
processing speed* organization" meta#cognition
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cognitive changes
Piaget/s 0 or!al Operational1%o$g%t$ogical" abstract thin%ing
1%in&ing a'o$t possi'ilities ">0then# thin+ing -onnection bet!een ho! things areand
ho! they might have been or could be.
1%in&ing a'o$t t%in&ing Knderstanding +no!ledge ho!(!hen
gained @onitoring oneEs o!n mental states
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relativism
Cot everything is "blac+ and !hite# :ecognition o importance o perspective
Death o childish "realism(absolutism#
-an result in e)treme skepticism :eQection o authority
:eQection o cultural(social norms
=verything is "o+# no right(!rong
%olerance or di8erent belies%hough less tolerance or actual
interaction(helping
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adolescent egocentrism
>ncreased introspection* sel0consciousness* rationali?ation
:esponsible or adolescent version oegocentrism&
>maginary audience
Personal able >mportance opersonal individuality
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-risis never begins$ diusion
-risis begins R ends !ith foreclosure
-risis begins R ends !ith achievement Psychosocial moratorium Period o e)ploration
>mportance in contemporary societyG
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What are some o the groundsoidentityG
'ender =thnicity(culture
Age group
ocation Political ideology
:eligious(moral values
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What is gender identityG
unction o gender roles
Adolescence adulthood
'ender intensifcation
9ocial(cultural pressures
Peer pressures
Parental pressures Hiological pressures
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What is ethnic identityG
>dentifcation Physical(psychological characteristics
-ultural practices(belies
:acial sociali?ation @aQority vs. minority status
Dislocation rom native lands
-ultural heritage
Positive vs. negative identity Assimilation vs. marginality
Hi0culturalism
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ocational identity Aspect o identity associated !ith career. Heing a la!yer Heing a Qanitor
:eligious identity Aspect o identity associated !ith religious
belie system. Heing a -hristian or Huddhist Heing an atheist
Age identity Aspects o identity associated !ith age group.
Heing a teenager Heing an elderly person
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>dentity and stereotypes
>dentities commonly incorporate(activatestereotypes
-ommon characteristics associated !ith Heing emale
Heing Cative American
Heing a plumber
Heing a liberal
9ome characteristicspositive* others negative.
9tereotype activation ma+es thesecharacteristics salient.
%his can have incredibly po!erul e8ects onbehavior.
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'ender and ethnicity stereotypes
>nuence on academic perormance
When gender made salient
emales under0perorm on math e)ams When ethnicity made salient
Hlac+s under0perorm on academic tests
Whites over0perorm on academic tests
-an be activated by something as simple asas+ing ethnicity on demographic orm,
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-lash o multiple identities
Asian emales
Haseline math perormance
When gender made salient* perorm lesswell
When ethnicity made salient* perorm
better
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Bther e8ects
When primed !ith racial stereotypes people !eremore li+ely to perceive a po!er tool as a gun.
People primed !ith elderly stereotype !ill
perceive hills to be steeper and distances longer. People primed !ith stereotype o obesity
perceived people to be less intelligent* more la?y.
Priming !ith gender inuences perception o
artistic pieces and !riting.
Priming o identity stereotypes acilitate specifcinterpretations o behavior.
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Positive identity stereotypes create "uplit#
Cegative identity stereotypes create"threat#
A person can have a mi)ture o both intheir identity.
Subtleandpowerfulinuence o ouridentity on our perception* attitudes* andbehaviors.