Martin Luther

• Born 1483

• Priest & Professor in Wittenberg, Germany

Church Corruption

• Pope Leo X started practice of selling Indulgences– certificates issued by Church to reduce or

cancel punishment of sins

• Luther didn’t agree with sale of Indulgences –

Papal Schism

• In 1301 the king tried to tax the French clergy.• The pope threatened to excommunicate the king and so

was arrested. He was later released.• The next pope, Clement V, moved the headquarters of the

Church from Rome to Avignon in southern France.• Many people felt that the French kings controlled the

Church.

Rome Avignon

Three Popes!• The next six popes lived in Avignon. Pope

Gregory then moved the papacy back to Rome in 1377.

• When Gregory died, the French cardinals did not like the new pope in Rome, so they elected a different pope in Avignon.

• Later, a Church council elected a third pope.

Calls for Reform

• John Wycliffe (1330-1384)– Questioned the authority of the

pope

• Jan Hus (1370-1415)– Criticized the vast wealth of the

Church

• Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536)– Attacked corruption in the

Church

Luther Posts The 95 Theses

• 1517 Luther nailed 95 Theses to door of Church

• Criticized Indulgences & church corruption

Reformation Spreads

• Gutenberg’s printing press spreads ideas

• Indulgences sales drop

• Luther continued attacks

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

The Holy Roman Empire in the 16c

Response From Rome

• Pope Leo X sent envoys to end uprising

• Luther refused to stop his criticism

• In 1521 the Pope excommunicated Luther

Diet of Worms• Council of German princes

• Luther declared a heretic & outlaw

                                                                                                              

Peasant Revolt in 1525

• Luther backed princes

• Princes support Luther against Pope

Catholic Lutheran

• Faith and Good Works

• Ritual and Tradition

• Pope

• Language – Latin

• Faith alone

• literal interpretation of bible

• Did not recognize authority of Pope

• Language – German

The Spread of LutheranismThe Spread of Lutheranism

Calvin

• Wrote The Institutes of the Christian Religion

• Predestination – God determines the fate of every person

• Popular in Netherlands & Scotland

Calvin’s World in the 16cCalvin’s World in the 16c

The Anabaptists

• Baptized adults• No participation in

government• Pacifists• Persecuted went to

America in 1600’s• Quakers, Baptists,

Mennonites, Amish

The AnabaptistsThe Anabaptists

Dutch persecution of Anabaptists (Mennonites)

The Catholic Reformation

• Pope Paul III • Council of Trent

1545-1563

ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

ProtestantChurchesinFrance(Late 16c)

Religious Persecution

• Jesuits – religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola

• missionaries• Inquisition

tortured unfaithful

                            

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Slaughter of Huguenots (French Protestants)

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Slaughter of Huguenots (French Protestants)

Henri of Navarre defeated Catholic League & becomes Henry IV of France.

In 1598: Granted religious rights to Huguenots

Edict of NantesEdict of Nantes

Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 (over Religion)

Thirty Years War: 1618-1648 (over Religion)

Loss of German Lives in 30 Years’ War

Peace of Westphalia (1648)

Peace of Westphalia (1648) Ruler of each state could determine its

official religion, BUT must permit freedom of private worship.

ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

ReformationEurope(Late 16c)

Effects of ReformationEffects of Reformation

• Division within Christian faith

• Religious Wars—30 Years War

• Religious Persecution--Inquisition

• Began Separation of Church & State