The Cold War

How Ready Are You? Explain the essence of the cold war.

The Cold War• The ideological struggle between the two

new superpowers in the bi-polar world after WW II

• The US (capitalist/ democratic) and the Soviet Union (communist/ dictatorship).

• the two countries never actually fought each other. Instead they used espionage, propaganda, economic and political pressures. Also they supported other countries on their side in wars (ex. North vs. South Vietnam).

Containment in the Cold War• The US worried about worldwide communist revolution

while the USSR worried about encirclement by capitalist countries leading to its collapse.

• The US believed in the domino theory (if one country in a region falls to communism the others will too) and used containment to prevent communism from spreading.

• right after WW II the USSR established Soviet style communist governments in Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, Poland, Czechoslovakia and East Germany. These countries were considered Soviet Satellite States and said to be behind the iron curtain.

Containment

• The US practiced containment by promising to support democratic countries, especially those threatened by communism. They also gave billions of dollars in the Marshall Plan to rebuild Europe to prevent communism from advancing.

How Ready Are You? Explain the essence of the cold war. Explain the US policy of containment.

How Ready Are You Explain how the UN works.

The United Nations

The United Nations

• UN created in 1945 by 50 countries to keep world peace, encourage cooperation among nations, defend human rights and help promote equality, to improve the standard of living for all nations.

Structure of the UN

General Assembly – Deals with all UN business. Includes all member countries (192 today) and requires a 2/3 majority for important decisions.

UN Security Council

Security Council – focused on world peace and has the power to force the members of the UN to carry out its decisions. Includes 5 permanent members (France, Britain, Russian Federation, China, United States) and 10 non-permanent members elected to two year terms.

• The permanent members have veto power (if one disagrees with something it doesn’t happen).

How Ready Are You Explain how the UN works.

How Ready Are You? What was the Gouzenko affair and why

was it significant?

Canada Early in the Cold War

The Gouzenko Affair – In 1945 a clerk at the Soviet embassy in Ottawa provided the Canadian gov’t clear evidence that two Soviet spy rings were operating in Canada. This lead to the Red Scare, a massive fear of communism. Lots of people were paranoid of the ‘Reds’ or ‘Commis’ or ‘Bolsheviks’.

How Ready Are You?

• What was the Gouzenko affair and why was it significant?

How Ready Are You? What was the Gouzenko affair and why

was it significant?

How Ready Are You? What is NATO and why was it created?

NATO (1948) and the Warsaw Pact (1955)

• The Berlin situation led the Allies to form NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization). This was a defensive alliance in case of attack on any member. In response the Russians formed the Warsaw Pact with all of its Satellite States.

How Ready Are You? What is NATO and why was it created?

The Arms Race

• USA uses A-bomb in WWII. GAME ON• Both sides were racing to develop more and

better weapons and to keep up with the other. Some believe that as long as both sides had roughly equal power, MAD (mutually assured destruction) would prevent war from breaking out since it didn’t make sense for anyone.

KOREAN WAR

What was Canada’s role in the Korean War?

The Korean War (1950-1953)

- The communist North invaded the democratic South of Korea in 1950 supported by Soviet weapons.

- The UN sent a force to defend South Korea and 32 countries led by the US and including Canada fought to push the North Koreans back. This showed that the UN was willing to act to support world peace (unlike its predecessor, the League of Nations which idly stood by as Germany and Japan took over places).

KOREAN WAR

What was Canada’s role in the Korean War?

DEW Line (1954)

• In 1954, Canada and the US agreed to build a line of radar stations in the arctic to provide early warning of a possible Soviet attack. The US paid for the line and for the most part Canada administered it.

Map showing Distant Early Warning (DEW) line;DEW station, Point Lay, AK

DEW LINE

What is the DEW line?

SUEZ CRISIS

What was Canada’s role in the Suez Crisis?

The Suez Crisis 1956- In 1956, Egyptian President Nasser seized the

Suez canal (a vital trade route) from Britain and France.

- Britain and France joined with Israel to attack Egypt. The Soviet Union sided with Egypt and it started looking scary.

- Lester B. Pearson (ROCKSTAR), suggested the UN send a United Nations Emergency Force to act as peacekeepers while the two sides worked out a deal.

SUEZ CRISIS

What was Canada’s role in the Suez Crisis?

NORAD

What is Norad?

NORAD

NORAD The North American

Aerospace Defense System

• Created between Canada and the US in 1957

• Fighter forces, missile bases and air defense radar all controlled by a central command station built deep inside a mountain in Colorado. Always a nuclear armed plane in the air.

• Significance: Shows the level of fear of the nuclear war and Canadian US cooperation.

NORAD

What is NORAD?

AVRO ARROW

What was the AVRO ARROW and what impact did it have on Canada US relations?

AVRO Arrow (1953-1959)• A supersonic long range jet to defend the

Northern Hemisphere developed by a Canadian company from 1953-1959.

• Six planes were completed and they were the fastest plane in the world at the time but because of cost overruns and American pressure, the Canadian gov’t (DIEFENBAKER) cancelled the contract and destroyed the existing planes. This was a huge controversy as it dealt a huge blow to the Canadian aerospace industry and felt to many like a sell-out.

AVRO ARROW

What was the AVRO ARROW and what impact did it have on Canada US relations?

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

What was Canada’s role in the Cuban Missile crisis?

CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS

What was Canada’s role in the Cuban Missile crisis?

BOMARC MISSILES

Why were the Bomarc Missiles controversial and how was the controversy resolved?

Bomarc Missiles 1963• Instead of the Avro Arrow, Canadians

bought American Bomarc missiles for defense.

• In 1963 PM John Diefenbaker campaigned in the Federal election not to allow the American’s to arm these missiles with nuclear warheads. Lester B. Pearson, the Liberal leader campaigned for the opposite and narrowly won the election meaning that Canada became a nuclear power.

BOMARC MISSILES

Why were the Bomarc Missiles controversial and how was the controversy resolved?

VIETNAM WAR

What was Canada’s role in the Vietnam war?

Vietnam War (1954-1975)

• A civil war between North Vietnam (communist) and South Vietnam (anti-communist and partially democratic).

• The US fought on behalf of the South to contain communism. The Russians and Chinese supplied the North but didn’t send troops. The US was not doing well because of the North’s effective guerrilla tactics.

Vietnam War and Canada

• Many “draft dodgers” escaped conscription to move to Canada which accepted them.

• Canada did not participate in this war. In 1965 Canadian PM Pearson actually criticized the US war in Vietnam and was seriously berated by US president Johnson

VIETNAM WAR

What was Canada’s role in the Vietnam war?

Politics: The End of the Cold WarDétente

In the 1970’s the Cold War seemed to “cool down” & the USA and USSR showed willingness to cooperate with each other

They signed a series of nuclear weapons treaties

The USA pulled out of Vietnam 1973

The USA even restored diplomatic relations with Communist China during a period called “Ping Pong Diplomacy” (no joke)

Politics: The End of the Cold WarThe Cold War “Heats Up” AgainRonald Reagan was elected in

1981 and immediately began to re-start the arms race

The key to defeating the Soviet Union, he thought, was to bankrupt them

Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI, aka. “Star Wars”): A missile defence program that would essentially weaponize space

Soviet Union invades Afghanistan 1979-89, increasing tensions b/w USA and USSR

Politics: The End of the Cold WarMikhail Gorbachev

By the mid-1980’s, Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power and begins to institute reform in the USSR

GLASNOST: “Openness”. Soviet citizens could now criticize the government and express alternate political views. Essentially, they allow freedom of the press and freedom of speech

PERESTROIKA: “Restructuring”. This was Gorbachev’s economic reform, which allowed for some private property and more small private businesses

Politics: The End of the Cold WarThe Collapse of the USSR

While some hardliners still existed in the Soviet government, the Party essentially collapsed in on itself from the economic and political pressures.

On Christmas day 1991, the Soviet Union effectively broke up, separating Russia with the other republics

Ultimately, Communism could not provide the basic necessities that people needed and people wanted the goods that capitalism provided.

PERSIAN GULF (IRAQ) WAR

What was the UN’s and Canada’s role in the Persian Gulf War (I).

The Persian Gulf War (1990-1991)

• Iraqi president Sadam Hussein took over Kuwait in 1990. The UN imposed sanctions which failed. So, a multinational force, led by the US, and including Canada was sent by the UN and they drove Saddam from Kuwait by early 1991.

• Saddam forced out of Kuwait, but not removed from power!

PERSIAN GULF (IRAQ) WAR

What was the UN’s and Canada’s role in the Persian Gulf War (I).

YUGOSLAVIA (BOSNIA/ KOSOVO)

What was Canada’s role in Bosnia (1992-1995) and Kosovo (1995)?

Yugoslavia 1991-1999

UN in Bosnia

• From 1992-1995 a civil war broke out over Bosnia and the UN sent peacekeepers including Canadians. They succeeded in getting Croatians to leave but not before committing murder, rape and destruction.

NATO Bombing of Kosovo 1995• In 1989, Serbian President Slobodan Milosevic

abolished the Kosovo as an independent province within Serbia. Over 90% of Kosovo were Kosovars and only 8% were Serbian.

• By 1999 they massacred an entire town and were set to continue with their ethnic cleansing. NATO (including Canada using our own CF -18’s) bombed Serbia (a UN member) into submission and freed Kosovo and then handed the situation over to the UN.

YUGOSLAVIA (BOSNIA/ KOSOVO)

What was Canada’s role in Bosnia (1992-1995) and Kosovo (1995)?

SOMALIA

What happened in Somolia involving Canadians in 1992?

Somalia (1992)

900 soldiers from the Canadian Airborne Regiment were sent to Somalia to keep peace during a civil war. Some of these soldiers beat and tortured a Somali teenager to death and tried to cover it up only to be caught. In the end the whole regiment was disbanded and the event brought shame on Canada

SOMALIA

What happened in Somolia involving Canadians in 1992?

RWANDA

What happened in Rwanda in 1994 and what was Canada’s role?

Rwanda 1994

• Historically, the Tutsi ethnic group ruled brutally over the Hutu ethnic group (the Belgian colonizers set it up so they had all the power even though they made up only 15% of the population).

Rwandan Genocide

• When Rwanda gained independence in 1960, Hutus won the election and turned the tables leading to civil war. Ultimately, a small group of Hutus used propaganda (mostly through radio) and machetes to systematically murder 1,000,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus..

The UN in Rwanda• The UN sent 3000 peacekeepers under

Canadian general Romeo Dallaire. He could see the genocide coming and asked for 2000 more men telling the UN what would happen if he didn’t have a stronger force. Instead after 10 Belgian peacekeepers were killed, the force was cut to 500

• This was an extreme failure of the international community to protect innocent people.

RWANDA

What happened in Rwanda in 1994 and what was Canada’s role?

Land Mines When wars end, often the terror continues because Anti-

personal land mines are left in the ground. They’re hard to remove and over 100,000,000 are buried in former war zones.

• In 1996, Canada hosted an international conference which lead to the 1997 Anti-Personnel Land Mines Treaty. 120 countries signed on to ban the use, production, transfer and stockpiling of land mines. The world’s biggest producers of land mines, the US, China and Russia didn’t sign the treaty.

1945-2000

How Ready Are You?

1. Evaluate Canada’s contributions to the UN and its record on Human rights.

2. To what extent was Canada’s relationship with the US positive from 1945-2000?

Canada-US Relations1. To what extent was Canada’s

relationship with the US positive from 1945-2000?

How Ready Are You? What steps has Canada taken foster a distinct Canadian culture and protect itself from American cultural influence?

Canadian Culture1951 – Massey Commission – found that

Canadian culture needed to be protected from the US

This led to….

- The strengthening of the National Film Board (NFB which produces Canadian documentaries)

- The creation of the Canada Council for the Arts which funded writers, artists and theatres

- The creation of CBC TV

- And later (1968) the creation of the CRTC (Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission which regulates the amount of foreign content on TV and radio.

How Ready Are You? Describe Canada’s economic relationship with the USA in the post-war era.

Outline how Canada has tried to establish global economic partnerships and reduce its reliance on the USA

Canada/US Economic Ties: “The 49th State”?- Canada needs a market for our resources, and in the 50’s-80’s

we relied very heavily on the USA- ***Remember the causes of the Great Depression in

Canada? Hmmm…- American companies invest in CDN resources = American

companies own much of Canadian industry

- US investment grows exponentially under “Uncle Louis”, Louis St. Laurent

“Auto Pact” = Free Trade (1965)- Free Trade = no taxes paid

on foreign goods- Increases business, but

doesn’t protect local industry (b/c of competition)

- US Companies own 90% of Canadian Auto Industry

- Canadians have jobs (always good!) but profits go to American companies (meh)

Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA), 1973- Concern over American influence in Canadian industry

(foreign companies)- FIRA reviews all major foreign investments to determine

whether they serve Canada’s national interest- = is it of net benefit to Canada?

Trudeau once famously compared living next to the USA with “sleeping with an elephant… one can feel every twitch and grunt”

What do you think he meant by this?

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

- Mainly Middle Eastern countries (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Iraq, Iran, etc.,) but also includes others (ex., Venezuela)

- B/c they control the oil, they can control the price- Limit the amount of it, price goes up- Overproduce, price goes down

- ME countries become aggravated w/ US foreign policy, so they exact punishment by economy

- If oil prices go up, so does EVERYTHING else (transportation, production)

- Lead to significant inflation in the 70’s (value of currency goes down)

How Ready Are You? Explain how Trudeau’s reaction to the OPEC Crisis in the 70’s contributed to Western Alienation

But what about Alberta?- Oil prices go up for all Canadians, so Albertan companies benefit- But Trudeau controls the price of Albertan oil by creating the National

Energy Program- Prices are forced to stay low- Oil exports are taxed (= fewer people would buy it, b/c now they

need to pay an extra tax)

- Regionalism: Some regions are favoured more than others, which leads to alienation (not feeling part of the group/nation- Western Alienation: Inflation hit the West hard, but Trudeau’s

policies were aimed at benefiting central Canada (Ontario, Quebec) at the expense of the West

- Many people in the West did not like Trudy for this

The Economy: Steps Toward Globalization1980’s Canada: The Mulroney

Era Like Reagan, Brian Mulroney was a neo-conservative and believed in low corporate taxes and market deregulation

1985 – Mulroney scraps FIRA. It is renamed and its scope drastically reduced

1989 – Free Trade Agreement with the USA (FTA)

1992 – expands the FTA to Mexico to create the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Canada is still a part of this trade agreement today.

For Against No Tariffs = Canada attracts more

US investment and our economy grows

No Tariffs = branch plants would move back to USA = many jobs would be lost

Free trade = access to the huge American market, meaning more demand

Canadian companies can’t compete with giant US companies that would flood the market with cheaper priced goods

FTA would attract large American companies to Canada to take advantage of our natural resources, employing many skilled workers

Free trade threatened Canadian economic independence. America would have increasing economic and political control over Canada

Concept: Free TradeWhich argument do you find the most believable and

compelling?

The Economy: Steps Toward Globalization1990’s Canada: Looking Beyond the

USA Jean Chretien (Liberal) elected in 1993

Sends “Team Canada” trade missions to Asia and Latin America to sign trade deals and sell Canadian business. Promotes “Pacific Rim” partnerships

While our economic fortune is closely tied to the economy of the USA, Canada has diversified its trade relationships, particularly with Asian countries.

29. What is the purpose of the United Nations Security Council?A. to offer disaster relief to all regions of the world

B. to maintain peace and safety throughout the worldC. to provide interest-free loans to countries that have been affected by warD. to ensure the health and well-being of countries during the outbreak of disease

30. What resulted from the creation of NATO?

A. the creation of the United NationsB. the establishment of the Warsaw PactC. a decrease in global military spendingD. a reduction of tension during the Cold

War

4. Which Prime Minister’s most significant contribution to the economy was the implementation of Free Trade Agreements with the United States (and eventually Mexico)?

a) Mulroney

b) Trudeau

c) Campbell

d) Chretien

5. What was not one of the purposes of the Team Canada trade missions?

a) Help create jobs and growth in Canada

b) Decrease Canada’s reliance on trade with the USA

c) Implement tariffs on Canada’s Asia-Pacific trading

partners

d) Network and create business relationships with

delegates from foreign countries

The Foreign Investment Review Agency (FIRA) was designed to

a) Provide aid to developing countries

b) Protect Canadian industry by limiting foreign investment

in Canadian business

c) Promote a North American free-trade agreement

d) Limit commitments to NATO and NORAD

31. Which of the following reflects Canada’s attempt to establish independence from the United States

during the post-war period?A. establishing NORADB. joining the United NationsC. becoming a member of NATOD. creating the Massey Commission

32. What was Canada’s solution to the Suez Crisis?

A. It suggested sending foreign aid to preserve the peace.

B. It proposed the creation of an international peacekeeping force.

C. It encouraged the combatants to take their disagreements to the United Nations.

D. It recommended that international sanctions be placed on the countries involved.

36. To which conflict did Canada refuse to send its military forces?

A. Gulf WarB. YugoslaviaC. Korean WarD. Vietnam War

30. Why was Canada viewed as a “middle power” after World War Two?

A. It was a member of the Commonwealth.B. Its nuclear weapon program was

developing.C. Its economy was based on primary

resources.D. It was becoming influential in

international affairs.

What two ideologies were in conflict during the Cold War?

A. anarchy and socialismB. democracy and fascismC. communism and democracyD. communism and totalitarianism

“Most Canadians favour American shows.” Massey Commission, 1951 32. How did the Canadian government

respond to the commission’s findings?A. Canada decreased the mandate of the

CRTCB. CBC became the national television

station.C. Tariffs were imposed on foreign

broadcasts.D. Hockey Night in Canada was broadcast

live on radio.

“Our trip is called off…they’re only sending ‘peacekeeping units.’” 1956

36. To what conflict is the cartoon referring?A. Korean WarB. Vietnam WarC. Suez Canal CrisisD. Cuban Missile Crisis

“Living next to you is in some ways like sleeping with an elephant. No matter how friendly and even-tempered the beast…one is affected by every twitch and grunt.”Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau40. To what is this quotation referring?A. American domination of NORADB. American economic influence in CanadaC. the elimination of the Avro Arrow projectD. the United States taking a lead role in NATO

There are two battlefields today, one of war and one of ideology. We do not convert people to think our way by pouring bombs upon them, day after day and week after week. John Diefenbaker

37. Of which country’s wartime policy is Diefenbaker critical?A. EgyptB. United StatesC. East GermanyD. United Kingdom

Percentage of Military spending in 2003

Relative Manpower in Armed Forces During WWII