Elektrik Devreleri 1 - Geniş Konu Anlatımı

8/10/2019 Elektrik Devreleri 1 - Geni Konu Anlatm

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DHDBUYB-DHDBUYGMB

JCDME[HMM UDJDHHDY

EDY[ MGUT

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EGYT @BLJ EDVYD @M@HQ Ugp`b

EYDM, GCJ B@MTMT, VD N

0. DHDBYB DMDYA[vd QDHHBHDY

Iunm dhdbtrlb `me` y``j`bt`yz. Buhh`mejz dmdralmlm iyb ilrihj dhdbtrlb dmdralslelr. Dvhdred vd l ydrhdrlmed dhdbtrlb dmdralslml b dmdralslmddvlrdrdb, `yemh`tj` `j`kyh` buhh`mj`bt`yz. \lmd dhdbtrlb dmdralslml sdmdralslmdbgh`yk` dvlrdilhdm, dhdbtrlb gk`bh`r vd sgi`h`r, buhh`mhj`smm i`slt vd tdjlzhllmdedmlyhd v`zndlhjdz eur`j` ndhjltlr. hbdjlzlm gu ihndslmed ium` lh`vdtdm

buhh`mhj`sbgh`y vd dhdbtrlb gk`bh`rm` gr`mh` dhdbtrlb tbdtljl e`c` `z gh`m dhdbtrlbdmdralslmedm y`r`h`mh`r`b bhlj`h`r sgm yhh`re` ydrhdrlml `hjtr.

Dm lhdrl ezdyedbl cìdrhdjd klc`zh`rmm `htrhj`sme` dhdbtrlbdmdralslmedm y`r`h`mhr. Yèyg, tdhdvlzygm, tdhdfgm, cds`p j`blmdhdrl vd ilhnls`y`rnlil ilr gb klc`z, dhdbtrlb dmdralslmedm i`b` ilr dmdral dlel lhd `hj`zh`r. \lmddvhdred buhh`mh`m sprnd, `j`r, iuh`b j`blmdsl vd eldr ilrgb bbklc`zh`re` jdb`mlb dmdralmlm dhed delhjdslmed, dhdbtrlb jgtgrh`rmm buhh`mhj`sb`mhj`zer. Dhdbtrlb jgtgrh`rmm eldr jgtgrh`r` nrd e`c` bb igyutt`y`phìlhjdsl `htrhp eureuruhj`smm i`slt ilr `m`ct`rh` jjbm ghj`s, zdh ilri`bj ndrdbtlrjdjdsl vd sdsslz `hj`h`r, dv klc`zh`rme` dhdbtrlb dmdralslmlmbuhh`mhj`smm dm mdjhl mdedmhdrlmedmelr.

Dhdbtrllm s`m`yled buhh`mhj` ydrhdrl ed s`yhj`y`k`b bè`r f`zhèr. Dhdbtrlbj`blmdhdrlmlm vdrljhdrlm ybsdb ghj`s, y`ml b`yim jlmljuj ghj`s, buj`me`h`rmmbgh`yh vd y`ph`rmm i`slt ghj`s, eldr dmdral j`blmdhdrl y`mme` m sr`y`hj`h`rm` mdedm ghjutur. Dhdbtrlb dmdralslmlm sdtblslmlm eldr ilr uynuh`j` `h`me` dmebslygm frmh`rer. Iu frmh`re` s dmdralsl, sth`k`b gh`m jèedmlm cdrydrlmed `ym hed jdye`m` ndtlrlhellmedm, cdr ydrl `ym `me` pldr vdy` drnlr.rmdlm ilr dmebslygm frmme` pldm dbjdlm, cdr t`r`f `ym `me` smppldkdlmedm bìub ghuj`z. Iumh`r` dvhdred buhh`mejz jlbrge`hn` frmh`rme`

rmdb nstdrdilhlrlz.

Buhh`mh`k` ydrd bè`r dm `z b`yp ntrhdilhdm dm uynum dmdral, dhdbtrlbdmdralsl, ylmd eldr dlthdrlmd dm bgh`y dvrlhdilhdm ilr dmdralelr. Dhdbtrlb s`mtr`hhdrlmedrdtlhdm dhdbtrlb dmdralsl, ilmhdrkd blhgjdtrd uz`bhbt`bl ydrhdjd jdrbdzhdrlmd, lhdtljc`th`r lhd bgh`yk` lhdtlhdilhlr. Buhh`mj` `j`km` uynum gh`r`b jdb`mlb, svdy` bvd bljy`s`h dmdralhdrd bgh`yhbh` dvrlhlr.

Dhdbtrlb dmdralsl, `bjh`trhdred bljy`s`h dmdralyd emtrhdrdb edpg dtjdgh`mìuhumeuu nlil, bb ed ghs`, dhdbtlb dmdralsl bgme`ms`trhdred ed egrue`medpg delhdilhlr.

IHJ 0


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Dhdbtrlb dmdralslmlm bljy`s`h dtblslmedm y`r`h`mh`r`b, jèdmhdr zdrlmedbl

y`h`r nlil lstdmjdydm jèedhdr tdjlzhdmlr. Jèedhdrlm b`ph`mj`s lhd lhnlhl ilr e`hgh`m n`hvgmgtdbmlb vd sgm z`j`mh`re` ndhldm n`hvgmgph`stlb lhd dhdbtrghlz yghuyh` s`fjèdm dhed dtjd s`m`ylhdrl, dhdbtrllm bljy`s`h `h`me`bl uynuh`j`h`rmmi`hk`h`rer.

Dhdbtrlb dmdralslmlm zdhhlbhdrlml yub`re` bs`k` `bh`j`y` `htb. Dhdbtrlbdmdralsl ndhldm tdbmghgaled nrhe bè`r lhd cdr z`j`m ydrlml `h`k`b vd ilz iuzdhhlbhdrlml `bh`j`y` edv`j dtjdb zgrume` b`h`k`z.

9. HDUBDMHDY, \@HLUB@MH@Y vd \@YL HDUBDMHDY

@tgjum e yrmndslmed edllb s`ye` dhdbtrgm iuhumìlhlr. F`b`t iudhdbtrgmh`r s`ys sdblzedm f`zh` gh`j`z. E yrmnded sdblz dhdbtrgmu iuhum`m`tgjh`r ilr mdvl b`r`rhhb b`z`mjtr. sdblz dhdbtrgmhu e yrmndhdrd egyjuyrmnd edmlr. Egyju yrmndmlm dhdbtrgmh`r dblredd e`c` sb gh`r`bi`herh`r. u c`hed eyrmndhdrl egyjugh`m `tgjh`r, dhdbtrgmh`rmbgh`y bgh`yir`bj`zh`r vd e`re`m dhdbtrgm `h`j`zh`r. Iu ilhnlhdrl vdrelbtdm sgmr` sdridstdhdbtrgmh`rf`zh` gh`m jèedhdrd, dhdbtrlb `bjm lyl lhdtdm `mh`jm` ndhdm lhdtbdmedmlr. Iumh`r` rmdbhdmelrjdb ndrdblrsd i`br, `hjlmyuj vd edjlr nlil. Itmjdt`hhdr lhdtbdmelr.

[dridst dhdbtrgmh`rgb `z gh`m jèedhdr, dhdbtrlb `bjmlyl lhdtjdzhdr vdy`cl lhdtjdzhdr. Iyhd sdridst dhdbtrgmu `z gh`m jèedhdrd, dhdbtrlb `bjmlhdtjdydm`mh`jm` ndhdm y`htb`m szk buhh`mhr. \`htb`mh`r` rmdb gh`r`b k`j, bùub,p`jub, y`vd c`v` nstdrlhdilhlr.

yl ilr lhdtbdm jèed lhd lyl ilr y`htb`m jèed `r`sme`bl f`rb, ilr svlhd ilr b`t`r`sme`bl jdb`mlbsdh f`rb bè`r iybtr. Cdr lbl zdhhlbhd, jèedmlm `tgj y`pslhdlhlblhdmelrlhlr. @bb`mh b`th`r lhd svh`r `r`sme` iuhum`m jèedhdr gheuu ilil,dhdbtrlbtd ed lhdtbdm vd y`htb`m gh`m jèedhdred v`rer. Iyhd jèedhdrd y`rlhdtbdm edmlr. Iu jèedhdrlm iuhumj`s vd buhh`mhj`y` i`h`j`syh` iunm

dhdbtrgmllm czhndhlljlml s`h`jtr. Iu jèedhdr ndrj`myuj, slhlsyuj vd b`rigmnlil.

;. EYDMKM FQB[DH IG\TUT

Elrdmkl dhdbtrlb `bjm` nstdrlhdm zgrhub gh`r`b t`mjh`jtb. Ilr lhdtbdmlmdhdbtrlb `bjm` nstdrell zgrhub (y`ml g lhdtbdmlm elrdmkl), lhdtbdm llmed c`rdbdtdedm dhdbtrgmh`rh`, g lhdtbdm llmedbl `tgj vd eldr p`r`kbh`r `r`sme`blsrtmjdhdredm jdye`m` ndhlr. Iu bgmue`, ilr igrue`m `b`m suyum b`rh`tzgrhuu rmdb gh`r`b nstdrdilhlrlz. Igru e`r vd l yzdyl f`zh` nlrlmtlhl bmth lsd

suyum `bm` b`ridhhl ilr zgrhub grt`y` b`r`k`btr. @ymdblhed igrumum uzumhuu`rttb`, llmedm nddm suy` nstdrell elrdm `rt`k`btr.


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Ilr lhdtbdmlm elrdmkl ed, g lhdtbdmlm igyum`, `pm` klmslmd nrd edllr.

rmdlm ilr lhdtbdmlm uzumhuu lhd elrdmkl egru gr`mther. hdtbdmlm uzumhuu `rttbèlrdm ed `rt`r. Ium` b`rhb lhdtbdmlm bdsltl lhd elrdm tdrs gr`mther. Ium` nrdlhdtbdmlm bdsltl `rttb` elrdm `z`hr, bdsltl `z`heb` elrdm `rt`r. Iumh`re`m i`b`,elrdm, lhdtbdmlm klmslmd nrd ed edllr. rmdlm `ymuzumhubt` vd `ymbdslttd i`brlhd `hjlmyuj lhdtbdmlm elrdmhdrl ilrilrlmedm f`rbher. Iurè` z elrdm b`vr`jb`rjz` b`r. zelrdm, 0 jdtrd uzumhuume` vd 0 jj9 bdsltlmedbl ilr lhdtbdmlmelrdmklelr vd itm lhdtbdmlm zelrdmhdrl ilrilrlmedm f`rbher. zelrdm sdjigh lhdnstdrdhlj vd rg gh`r`b gbumur.

Itm iumh`re`m i`b`, grt`jm sk`bh e` lhdtbdmlm elrdmklml dtblhdydmf`btrer. Iu bgmu, lhdrled `yrilr i`hb `htme` lmkdhdmdkdbtlr.

@è`bl tìhge`, i`zlhdtbdmhdrlm zelrdmhdrl nstdrlhjdbtdelr.

HDUBDM QEYDM()

Nj ?.?06I`br ?.?0>@htm ?.?9;

@hjlmyuj ?.?93Edjlr ?.?09

hdtbdmhdrlm zelrdmhdrl

Iu tìhge`bl eddrhdr, lhdtbdmhdrlm ge` sk`bhme`bl (9? K) zelrdmhdrlelr.

Ilr lhdtbdmlm elrdmkl `è`bl fgrjhedm cds`ph`mr.

:[

HY

Iu fgrjhedbl c`rfhdrlm `mh`jvd ilrljhdrl2

Y1 hdtbdmlm elrdmkl (gcj)H1 hdtbdmlm uzumhuu (jdtrd)1 hdtbdmlm zelrdmkl (gcj)[1hdtbdmlm bdsltl (jj9)

Ilr lhdtbdmlm elrdmklml dtblhdydm f`btrhdr


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rmdb1

Tzumhuu 9? jdtrd, bdsltl 9 jj9gh`m i`br tdhlm elrdmklml cds`ph`ymz.

zj1

I`brm zelrdmkl :?.?0> gcj

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HY

rmdb1

Tzumhuu 4? jdtrd, bdsltl ;jj9gh`m `hjlmyuj tdhlm elrdmklml cds`ph`ymz.

zj1

@hjlmyujum zelrdmkl ?.?93 gcj eur.

::: 4>4,??93.?

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iuhumur.

rmdb1

`p; jj vd uzumhuu 4? bj gh`m i`bre`m y`phjc`ttm elrdmklmlcds`ph`ymz. I`brm zelrdmkl:?.?0> elr.

zj1

mkd lhdtbdmlm bdsltlml iuh`hj e`c` sgmr` elrdm fgrjhmed ydrlmd bgyupi`br lhdtbdmlm elrdmklml iuh`hj.

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;.0 EYDMKM [LK@BHLBH@ EDJ

hdtbdmlm elrdmkl, sk`bhbh` egru gr`mther. Ium` nrd sk`bhb `rttb`lhdtbdmlm elrdmkl ed `rt`r. Edvrd elz`ymh`rme`, elrdmhdr ilr ilr cds`ph`mr yhd sdlhlr.Iu mdedmhd elrdm gb c`ss`s ilr mgbtè` i`h lsd vd llmedm nddm `bj sgmukusm`r`b eddrl edljl lsd, edvrdmlm `hj`s dtblhdmdilhlr. Elrdmhdrlm zdrlmedidhlrtlhdm gjlb eddr, ge` sk`bhme`bl (9? Kg) elrdm eddrlelr.

Jdt`hhdrlm elrdmkl, ?(sfr) edrdkd lhd 0??(yz) edrdkd `r`sme` egrus`h gh`r`bedllr. @è`bl dblhed jdt`hhdrlm elrdmklmlm sk`bhbh` edljdsl nrhjdbtdelr.

Jdt`hlm elrdmklmlm sk`bhbh` edlljl

\ub`re`bl dblhed Y0ilr elrdmklm t0sk`bhme`bl eddrl, Y9lsd `ymelrdmklmt9 sk`bhme`bl eddrlelr. Nrhe nlil sk`bhb `rttb` elrdmklm gjlb eddrl`rtjtr. Cdr jdt`hlm ilr U b`ts`ysv`rer. Iu, tdgrlb gh`r`b g elrdmklm eddrlmlm sfrgcj gheuu sk`bhb eddrl edjdbtlr. @è`bl tìhge` dlthl lhdtbdmhdrlm Ub`ts`yh`rvdrlhjdbtdelr.

JDU@H U, B@U[@\L[L

Burum 903Nj 95;I`br 9;4

@hjlmyuj 9;6lmbg 94?_lrlm 64?

Ilr elrdmklm edllb sk`bhb e` bl eddrl `è`bl fgrjhhdrhd cds`ph`mr.

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Iu fgrjhed bl c`rfhdrlm `mh`jh`r2

U1 Jdt`hlm b`ts`yst01 Ilrlmkl sk`bhbY01Elrdmklm t0sk`bhme`bl eddrlt91 blmkl sk`bhbY91Elrdmklm t9sk`bhme`bl eddrl

rmdb1

Ilr i`br lhdtbdmlmlm 9? edrdkdedbl elrdmkl 4 gcj eur. Iu lhdtbdmlm 4? edrdkdedbl

elrdmklml iuhumuz.

zj1

I`brm U b`ts`ys9;4 tlr. Iu eddrhdr fgrjhed ydrlmd bgmuhurs`2

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rmdb1

Ilr `hjlmyuj lhdtbdmlm ;? edrdkdedbl elrdmkl 0? gcj gheuum` nrd iulhdtbdmlm 0?? edrdkdedbl elrdmklml cds`ph`ymz.

zj1

@hjlmyujum U b`ts`ys9;6 er. Iu eddrhdrl fgrjhed ydrlmd bgmuhurs`2

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5. EYDM YDMB BGEH@YL

Elrdmhdrlm lbl mdjhl b`r`btdrlstll gheuumu ilhlygruz. Iu b`r`btdrlstlbhdr2

`- Elrdmklm gjlb eddrli- Elrdmklm nk

Gh`r`b t`mjh`mr vd edvrded buhh`mh`k`b elrdmhdrlm sdljlmed iu iybhbhdrelbb`td `hmr. ljel sr`yh` iu iybhbhdrl lmkdhdydhlj.

5.0 EYDMKM GJB EDDY

Elrdmhdrlm gjlb eddrhdrl y` zdrlmed egrue`m egruy` r`b`jh` y`zhr.\è` rdmb bgeh`r `r`kh lhd idhlrtlhlr. @è`bl rmdbhdred elrdmhdrlm gjlbeddrhdrl vd tghdr`msh`regrue`m egruy` r`b`jh` y`zhjtr.

Eldr nrup elrdmhdr lsd (ndmdhhlbhd ?,094 vd ?,94 w`tthb elrdmhdred) gjlbeddr, elrdmklm zdrlmedbl rdmb i`mth`ryh` lfèd delhlr. Ndmdhhlbhd, elrdmhdrlm zdrlmedert (5) t`md rdmb i`me iuhumur. Iu i`mth`rm sghe`m t`mdsl elrdmklm gjlbeddrlml2 dm sè`bl i`mt lsd elrdmklm tghdr`msm vdrlr. @è`bl dblhed elrdmklmzdrlmedbl iuhum`m rdmb i`mth`r nrhjdbtdelr.

Elrdm zdrlmedbl rdmb i`mth`r


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ghur. Iyhdkd 5> r`b`jiuhumur.[ghe`m ;. rdmb pgrt`b`her vd pgrt`b`h rdmnl ; r`b`jm` b`rhb ndhell llm, 5>s`ysmm y`mm` t`md ?(sfr) bgmuhur vd elrdmklm gjlb eddrl gh`r`b 5>,??? vdy` 5> b iuhumju ghur. [ghe`m 5. rdmnlm tghdr`ms nstdrellml ilhlygruz. Iuelrdmtd sghe`m 5. rdmb nj y`hez gheuume`m, tghdr`ms %0? gh`r`b iuhumur.Ium` nrd iu elrdmklm gjlb eddrl2

Y: 5> b %0?

Ughdr`msm %0? ghj`sedjdb, iu elrdmklm eddrl, dvrd `rth`rm` nrd (rmdlm s)%0? `rtìlhlr vdy` `z`hìlhlr edjdbtlr.

@è`bl tìhge`, elrdm rdmb i`mth`rmm b`rhbh`rgh`m s`yh`r nrhjdbtdelr.

YDMB [@\L UGHDY@M[

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B`cvdrdmnl 0 %0Brjz 9 %?,0

_grt`b`h ; %?,?0

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J`vl 6

Jdmdbd(Jgr)

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Nrl 3

Idy`z 0,5`r`sme` edllr.

5.9 [U@ME@YU EYDM EDDYHDY

[t`me`rt elrdm eddrhdrl vd % 4, % 0? tghdr`ms eddrhdrlmlm vdrlhell ilr tìhgghutur`hj. \ub`re` vdrlhdm rmdbhdred nrejz nlil elrdmklm zdrlmed y`z`meddrl vdrell nlil tghdr`ms eddrhdrl `r`hme`bl eddrl ed `hìlhjdbtdelr. rmdlm0b % 0? elrdmklm eddrl 0bghìlhell nlil jlmljuj


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Elrdm Eddrhdrl

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Blhg gcj

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4.0 DHDBUYB EDVYD[VD DHDJ@MH@YL

Dhdbtrlb dmdralsl lhd `h`m cdrc`mnl ilr `yntm `htrhìlhjdsl llm llmedmsrdbhl dhdbtrlb `bj ndjdsl ndrdbhlelr. Iu e` `mk`b `yntm edvrdslmd i`h`m`mdhdbtrlb dmdralsl b`ym` lhd tdjlm delhdilhlr. Dmdral b`ym`mm ilr ukume`m b`mdhdbtrlb ybhdrl, ilr ygh t`blp dedrdb, eldr ukum` uh`rh`r. td ilr dhdbtrlb dmdralslb`ym`y`rejlhd, ilr dhdbtrlb `yntmm `htrhìlhjdsl llm srdbhl dhdbtrlb `bjmmndtll ygh` dhdbtrlb edvrdsl edmlr.

@M@CU@Y[NGYU@

@HLKL

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HDUBDM

dblh;.0

rdtd1 Cdr c`mnl ilr dmdralyl, dhdbtrlb dmdralslmd emtrdm `yntt` dhdbtrlb dmdralb`ym`vdy` rdtd edmlr. _lh, `bjh`tr, elm`jg, `htdrm`tr v.i.nlil2

@m`ct`r (Edvrd Bdslkl)1 stdmlhell z`j`m dhdbtrlb `bjmm ndjdslml vdy` dhdbtrlb

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bdsdrdb `h

k

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eureur`m edvrd dhdj`m

m` edmlr.@hk1Dhdbtrlb dmdralslml lstdmlhdm i`b` ilr dmdralyd emtrdm `ynth`r` `hj` vdy``hkedmlr. Dhdbtrlb sgi`s, dhdbtrlb jgtgru, dhdbtrlb gk`nlil

[lngrt` (Edvrd bgruyuku)1 Dhdbtrlb edvrdslmedm nddm `bj leedtl i`zdmlstdmlhjdydm eddrhdrd ybsdhdilhlr. Iu nlil eurujh`re` edvrd dhdj`mh`rz`r`r nrr.@bj leedtlmlm idhhl ilr eddrlmlm stmd bj`sm mhdjdb llm dhdbtrlb edvrdslmlslngrt` lhd bgrumur.

hdtbdm1 Dhdbtrlb edvrd dhdj`mh`rmm ilrilrlmd i`h`mth`r jdt`h tdhhdrhd y`phr. Iu

tdhhdrd uynuh`jè` lhdtbdm edmlr. hdtbdmhdr, dhdbtrlb `bjm` b`r gb `z zgrhubnstdrdm i`br, `hjlmyuj nlil jdt`hhdredm, ndmdhhlbhd e`lrd bdsltl gh`r`b y`phrh`r.

Dhdbtrlb edvrdhdrlmlm zdhhlbhdrlmd vd `j`h`rm` nrd edllb edvrd dhdj`mh`rvd h `hdthdrl ed `ym edvrdyd lh`vd delhdilhlr. Iu dhdj`mh`r vd h `hdthdrl gh`m@jpdrjdtrd, Vghtjdtrd ^`ttjdtrd nlil2 lhdrlbl bgmuh`rjze` vd sgruh`rjze` sb`buhh`m`k`z.,


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4.9 DHDBUYB EDVYD DUHDY

Dhdbtrlb edvrdhdrl, `htbh`r `hkh`r` nrd èh`merhrh`r. Qlh edvrdsl,`yemh`tj` edvrdsl, jgtgr edvrdsl, rèyg edvrdsl nlilDhdbtrlb edvrdhdrl, uynuh`m`m ndrlhlj iybhbhdrlmd nrd ed èh`merhrh`r. @h`bndrlhlj edvrdsl, grt` ndrlhlj edvrdsl, ybsdb ndrlhlj edvrdsl v.i. nlil

Dhdbtrlb edvrdsl, edvrdedm nddm `bjm leedtlmd nrd ed èh`merhrh`r. C`flf`bj edvrdsl, buvvdthl `bj edvrdsl v.i. nlil...

Dhdbtrlb edvrdhdrl, edvrdedm nddm `bjm, `hj`t`m ndjdslmd nrd2 `bedvrd, b`p`hedvrd vd bs` edvrd gh`r`b e` èh`merhrh`r.

@b edvrd1Edvrd `bjmm, lstdydrdb vdy` lstdjdedm edvrdedm ndjdslml mhdell,edvrdmlm ilr mgbtè`m `he `hj`km `hjè edvrdhdrelr. Eldr ilr t`rlfhdelrdmklm sgmsuz gheuu eurujeur. Iu euruj b`rjz` sb` r`sthèjzedvrdhdred `r`trj` y`p`rbdm gb elbb`t dtjdjlz ndrdbdm eurujeur. Iu eurujumdt ilr dblhed t`rlf dtjdb ndrdblrsd `bjm ? ndrlhljlm gheuu eurujeur.

[ [

@b edvrd B`p`hedvrd

[

Bs` edvrd

dblh;.9B`p`h Edvrd1 Edvrd `bjmm mgrj`h gh`r`b ndtll, `hkmm, mgrj`h `htedvrdelr.

Bs` Edvrd1 Edvrd `bjmm, `hj`k` uh`jè`m bs` yghh`re`m edvrdslmlmt`j`jh`j`ser. Ndmdhhlbhd lstdmjdydm ilr edvrd dlel ghup, y`p`k` c`s`re`medvrd dhdj`mh`rmm bgrumj`s llm, juth`b` ilr slngrt` lhd bgrumj`sndrdblr. Eldrilr t`rlfhd elrdmklm sfr gheuu euruj` bs` edvrd edmlr.


15/406

04


6. DHDBUYB @BLJLDhdbtrlb `bj, dhdbtrgmh`rm ilr mgbt`e`m eldr ilr mgbt`y` `ber. Dhdbtrlb

`bj ilrljl, lhdtbdmlm bdsltlmedm ilr s`mlyded nddm dhdbtrgm jlbt`r gh`r`bt`mjh`mr. Ium` nrd ilr bdslttdm, ilr s`mlyded 6,94.0?03 dhdbtrgm ndlygrs` iu`bjm leedtl 0 @J_DYelr. Fgrjhhd nstdrlrsdb2

t

PL :

P1Dhdbtrlb yb(buhgm)L:@bj(`jpdr)

t:Q`j`m(s`mlyd)

rmdb1

Ilr lhdtbdmlm bdsltlmedm ilr s`mlyded 09 buhgmhub dhdbtrgm `bj`bt`er. Nddm `bjmleedtlml iuhumuz.

@09sm0

Kuhgm09

t

PL :::

6.9 EGYT @BLJ

Q`j`mm fgmbslygmu gh`r`b ym vd leedtl edljdydm `bj` egru `bjedmlr. Egru `bj, E.K ndrlhlj b`ym`t`r`fme`m idshdmdm edvrdhdred ghuur. Egru`bj lhdtbdm llmed e`lj` tdb ymed vd `ymleedttd `b`m `bjer.


16/406

06


>. _GU@M[\DH, NDYHJ, DHDBUYGJGUGY BTVVDU

dblhedbl dhdbtrlb edvrdslmed dhdbtrlb `bj @ mgbt`sme`m I mgbt`sm``bj`smm mdedml, iu lbl mgbt`mm zt klms dhdbtrlb ybhdrd s`clp ghj`ser. Egh`ysyhìu lbl mgbt` `r`sme` ilr ndrlhlj v`rer. @ vd I mgbt`smm pgt`mslydhhdrl T@vd TIlsd,iu lbl mgbt` `r`sme`bl ndrlhlj(pgt`mslydh f`rb),

[@

I

T : T@I

dblh;.;

T:T@I:T@-TIGhur. Iurè`2

T@:@ mgbt`smm pgt`mslydhl (Vght)TI:I Mgbt`smm pgt`mslydhl (Vght)T :T@I:@ vd I mgbt`h`r`r`sme`bl ndrlhlj (Vght)

@ mgbt`smm pgt`mslydhl (T@), @ mgbt`sm lhd tgpr`b `r`sme`bl hhdmndrlhljelr. I mgbt`smm pgt`mslydhl (TI) lsd, I mgbt`s lhd tgpr`b `r`sme`bl hhdmndrlhljelr. Ugpr`m pgt`mslydhl sfr bìuh delhlr.

rdtdklm srdbhl gh`r`b dhdbtrlb dmdralsl vdrdm vd ilr butiu dhdbtrgmf`zh`h(mdn`tlf butup), eldr butiu e` dhdbtrgm `zh(pgzltlf butup) gh`m b`ym`bh`rer.rdtdhdr ilr dhdbtrlb edvrdslmd i`h`mebh`rme`, rdtdklm mdn`tlf(-) butiume`m b`mdhdbtrgmh`r, dhdbtrlb edvrdsl dhdj`mh`rme`m nddrdb rdtdklm pgzltlf(+) butiume`medvrdslml t`j`jh`rh`r. Dhdbtrlb edvrdslmd `bjm srhjdell `b edvrd eurujum`,rdtdklm uh`rme`bl pgt`mslydh f`rbm` Dhdbtrgjgtgr buvvdt (DJB) edmlr vd bs`k` Dlhd nstdrlhlr. Dhdbtrgjgtgr buvvdt, dhdbtrlb ybhdrlml c`rdbdtd ndlrdm buvvdt edjdbtlr.Ndrdbtd ed DJB, edvrded dhdbtrlb `bjmm egj`sm` sdidp gh`m buvvdttlr. F`b`tiu tdrljedbl buvvdt egrue`m, iu iybhm flzlbsdh buvvdt klmslmedm ilr iybhbgheuumum `mh`jb`rhj`j`her. DJB ilrljl ed VGHUeur.

dblhedbl `m`ct`r b`p`h lbdm `hk rdtd uh`rm` i`h`mjtr. Iu euruje``hkmm uh`rme`bl pgt`mslydh f`rbm` Ndrlhlj ej vdy` bs`k` Ndrlhlj edmlrrdtd uh`rm` ilr `hk i`h lbdm, rdtdklm lbl uku `r`sme`bl pgt`mslydh f`rb e` Dghj`yp, T ghur. mb yub`re`bl idhlrtlhell nlil D, rdtdklm uh`rm` `hk i`hedlhbdm gh`m pgt`mslydh f`rber. Ndrlhljlm st b`th`r Blhg,Jdn` vght `sb`th`rjlhl,jlbrg vghttur. Ilrlj emjhdrl 0???dr 0???dr iyr vd bhr.


17/406

0>


@ IY0 Y9

dblh;.5

rmdb1

dblhedbl @ mgbt`smm pgt`mslydhl 5? V, I mgbt`smm pgt`mslydhl 94V tur. @ vd Imgbt`h`r`r`sme`bl ndrlhlj(pgt`mslydh f`rb)l iuh`hj.

zj1

@ mgbt`smm pgt`mslydhl

T@: 5? Vght vd I mgbt`smm pgt`mslydhl,

TI: 94 Vght

Eddrhdr tgpr`` (? mgbt`sm`) nrd gh`m ndrlhljhdrelr. @ vd I mgbt`h`r`r`sme`bl ndrlhlj,

T@I: T@-TI: 5?-94: 04 VghtIuhumur.

3. EYDM vd GCJ B@MTMT

Ilr dhdbtrlb edvrdslmed, dhdbtrlb dmdralsl i`b` ilr dmdralyd emtrdm `hkuh`rm` uynuh`m`m ndrlhljhd, `hk zdrlmedm nddm `bj `r`sme` u i`mt T/Lgr`m e`lj` sìlttlr. Ilr edvrdmlm ndrlhljl c`mnl gr`me` `rt`rs`, `bje` g gr`me``rt`k`btr. Iu sìlt s`yy` Dhdbtrlb Elrdmkl vdy` bs`k` EYDM edmlr. Elrdm Yc`rfl lhd lfèd delhlr. Eldr ilr t`mjh` `bjm `bm` zgrhub nstdrdm dhdj`mer.

Iu t`mjh`re`m ygh` b`r`b2

fgrjh y`zhìlhlr. Iu fgrjhedbl c`rfhdrlm `mh`jh`rvd ilrljhdrl,

Y1 @hkmm elrdmkl (GCJ)L1 @hkmm zdrlmedm nddm `bj leedtl (@J_DY)T1 @hkuh`rm` uynuh`m`m ndrlhlj (VGHU)Iurè` gcj elrdmklm ilrljlelr. Gcj (gjdn`) sdjigh lhd nstdrlhlr.

L

TY :


18/406

03


GCJ1 Ilr lhdtbdmlm uh`rm` ilr vghthub ilr ndrlhlj uynuh`mr vd iu lhdtbdmlm

zdrlmedm ilr `jpdrhlb `bj `bygrs` iu lhdtbdmlm elrdmkl ilr gcj edmlr. Gcj bbilr ilrlj gheuume`m `st b`th`rjdvkut edlhelr. Iume`m egh`yer bl st b`t`rv`rer.

0 gcj :0.0? 6Jdn` gcj (J)0 gcj : 0.0? ;Blhg gcj (B) eur.

rmdb1 0?? gcjhub elrdmkl bgcj` emtrdhlj.

zj10??gcj: 0??.0?-;: 0.0?-0:?.0 Bgcj

rmdb10.9 bgcj eddrlmedbl elrdmkl gcj eddrlmd emtrdhlj

zj10.9 bgcj: 0.9.0?+;:09?? gcj iuhumur.

Elrdmklm tdrslmd dlt gh`m,

eddrlmd lhdtbdmhlb edmlr. Fgrjhed buhh`mh`m c`rfhdrlm `mh`jh`rvd ilrljhdrl2

N1 hdtbdmhlb ([ldjdms)Y1 Elrdm (Gcj)

hdtbdmhllm ilrljl elrdmklm tdrsl ghup 0/` dlttlr. Iu euruje` um tdrsl gh`m jcggh`r`b èh`merhr. F`b`t uynuh`jè` pdb buhh`mhj`z. Elrdmklm sdjigh b`rjz``è`bl dblhhdred bj`btèr.

Elrdm sdjighhdrl

Fgrjh Y:T/L e`m L:T/Y yd emtrrsdb iurè` `hkmm llmedm nddm `bjleedtlmlm `hkmm uh`rm` uynuh`m`m ndrlhljhd egru, `hkmm elrdmkl lhd tdrs gr`mthgheuu nrhr. Iu t`mj` GCJ B@MTMT edmlr. Fgrjhed nrhdkdl zdrd dhdbtrlbedvrdslmedm nddm bj, ndrlhlj iyebd `rt`r elrdm iyebd `z`hr.

Gcj b`mumu fgrjhm lmkdhdjdyd `hrs`b2

Elrdm sìltbdm,

Y

TL :

Ndrlhlj, iyebd `bj `rt`r. Ndrlj bhebd `bj `z`hr.

Y

Y

0N :


19/406

0

zj1 Gcj b`mumu fgrjhmed vdrlhdm eddrhdr ydrlmd bgmuhurs`, edvrdyd i`hgh`m zdrlmedm 0 @jpdrhlb `bj `bt`m elrdm eddrl2

iuhumur.eddrl0?@0

V0?

L

TY :::

rmdb1@`e`bl dblhedbl edvrded vdrlhdm eddrhdr y`rej lhd ilhlmjdydm elrdmeddrlml iuh`hj.

[

Y

L : ?,4 @

09 V

dblh;.3

zj1Eddrhdr ydrlmd bgmuh`r`b,

3.; GCJ B@MTMT HD @BLJLM ITHTMJ@[L

rmdb1 @`e`bl dblhed vdrlhdm eddrhdr y`rej lhd b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bjiuh`hj.

[

Y0??

L : 7 @

09 V

dblh;.


21/406

90


zj1dblhed ed nrhe nlil ilhlmjdydm L eddrl, iu eddrl ed iuhj`b llm,

fgrjhed ydrlmd bgmuheuu t`btlred b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj iuhumur.

j@09?L@jpdr vdy`09,?0??

V09

Y

TL ::

::

iuhumur.

rmdb1 @è`bl dblhed vdrlhdm eddrhdr y`rej lhd b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bjiuh`hj.

[

Y;? b

L : 7 @09 V

dblh.;.0?

zj1Fgrjhed ydrlmd bgmjè`m mkd ilrlj emj ghup ghjèm` i`bj`bndrdblr. Elbb`t delhlrsd Y eddrl B klmslmedm vdrlhjl. Iumu fgrjhed ydrlmdbgyjè`m ` emtrrsdb2

Y: ;? b: ;?.0?+;:;?.???

j@5Lvdy`@??5,?;????

V09?

b;?

V09?

Y

TL ::

:

:: iuhumur.

rmdb1Ilr dhdbtrlb jgtgru 99? Vghthub ilr ndrlhljhd `hj`bt` vd elrdmkl lsd 0? eur.Iu dhdbtrlb jgtgru c`tt`m md bè`rhb ilr `bj dbtllml iuh`hj.

@jpdr990?

V99?

Y

TL :

::

iuhumur.

rmdb1 dblhedbl edvrded 0?? gcj zdrlmedm nddm `bj gcj b`mumume`my`r`rh`m`r`b iuh`hj.

[

Y0??

L : 7 @

0? V

dblh;.00


22/406

99


zj1 B`ym`b ndrlhljl 0? V `ym z`j`me` elrdm uh`rme` e` nrhdkdlmedm,

elrdmklm zdrlmedm nddm `bj,

@jpdr0,?0??

0?:

::

V

Y

TL

Ddr b`ym`b ndrlhljl ;? Vght ghjughs`yeelrdmklm zdrlmedm nddm `bj lsd,

ghureu.@jpdr;,?0??

;?L ::

3.5 NY@FBHD GCJ B@MTMTMTM N[UDYHJD[

0? gcjhub ilr elrdm dhdj`m ndrlhlj eddrl 0? vghtt`m 0?`r vght ybsdhtlhdrdb 0??vght elrd uh`rm` uynuh`meme` iu eddrhdr me` iu elrdm zdrlmedm nddm`bj eddrhdrl mgt delhlr vd L (`bj), T(ndrlhlj) dbsdmhdrl egruhtusume` 0? gcjhubelrdmklm nr`fll b`rthr. Iu euruju hìgr`tu`r e` edmdysdh gh`r`b b`mth`yìlhlrlz.

Y:0? GCJ lm T vd L eddrhdrl L: T/Y edm L eddrl iuhumur vd tìhge` ydrlmd y`zhr.Iu tìhge`bl eddrhdrl nr`fld ebdrsdb 0? gcj hub elrdmklm nr`fllml b`rjghuruz.

T L0? V9? V;? V5? V4? V6? V>? V3? V


23/406

9;


Iurè` c`mnl iybhb cds`ph`mj`b lstdmlygrs` g b`r`btdrlm zdrlml dblhednrhe nlil b`p`tygruz. @è`bl dblhhdred, iu jdtgth` `bj, ndrlhlj vd elrdmeddrlml iuhìlhlrlz.

dblh;.0; Ndrlhlj, bj vd elrdm vdrdm fgrjhhdr


24/406

95


[gru1dblhedbl edvrded 0bzdrlmedm nddm `bjiuhumuz.

LT

4? V Y0

dblh;.04

zj1 dblhed vdrlhdm edvrded ndrlhlj eddrl 4? V vd elrdm eddrl 0 B iueddrhdrl gcj emtrdrdb L:T/Y fgrjhmed ydrlmd bgy`r`b,

j@4?@0?.4?0?.0

V4?

b0

V4?

Y

TL ;

;::

:

::

iuhumur.

_rgihdj1dblh;.06e`bl edvrded 0bzdrlmedm nddm `bjiuhumuz.

T4? V Y

0

dblh;.06

zj1 Elbb`t delhlrsd vdrlhdm elrdm eddrl b klmslmedm iu vdrlhdm eddrl gcjeddrlmd emtrdhlj. Y:0b: 0??? : 0.0?-;emj y`phr.

Gcj b`mumu fgrjhmed T:4? V, Y: 0.0?-;ydrhdrlmd bgmuh`r`b2

j@4?r@jpd0?.4?0?.0

V4?

b0

V4?

Y

T

L

;

; :::::

Iuhumur. [lzhdred `ymedvrd ed 0bydrlmd 0?bi`h`y`r`b zdrlmedm nddm `bjiuhumuz.


25/406

94


_rgihdj1dblhedbl edvrded 4 Jzdrlmedm nddm `bjiuhumuz.

LT

94 V Y4

dblh;.0>

zj1 Iurè` y`pj`jz ndrdbdm ilrlj emj ghup ghjèm` i`bp v`rsèmj y`pj`b2

4 J: 4.0?6emj y`phr.Fgrjhed ydrlmd bgmuhurs`2

@4@0?.40?.4

V94

J4

V94

Y

TL 6

6::

:

:: iuhumur.

[lzhdred `ymedvrded 4 Jydrlmd 0 Ji`hy`r`b zdrlmedm nddm `bjiuhumuz.

_rgihdj1 Ilr edvrdyd 0?? J vd uh`rm` 4? BV i`h`me t`btlred iu dhdj`m

zdrlmedm nddm vdy` 4? bVhub b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bjiuhumuz.

zj1 Iurè` ndrlhlj b`ym` 4? BV vd elrdm eddrl 0?? J vdrlhjltlr. Iueddrhdrlm emj y`phj`sndrdblr.4?bV:4?.0?; V

j@4,?@0?.4,?J0??

bV4?

Y

TL ; ::

::

@bjiuhumur

[lzhdred 0? Jvd 9bV gheuu euruje` elrdm zdrlmedm nddm `bjiuhumuz.

_rgihdj1dblhedbl edvrded 0?? zdrlmedm nddm `bj 4 @jpdr lsd iu 4 @jpdrlsrdm ndrlhlj eddrlml iuhumuz.

L: 4 @

T:7 Y0??

L: 4 @

dblh;.03


26/406

96


zj1Dhdj`m zdrlmedm nddm `bj L:4 @, dhdj`mm eddrl Y:0?? iu eddrhdr

gcj b`mumu fgrjhmed ydrlmd bgmuheuu t`btlred b`ym`b ndrlhljl2

[email protected] ::: Iuhumur.

[lzhdred dhdj`m zdrlmedm 3 @jpdr ndtll t`btlred b`ym`m ndrlhljlmlm md gh`k`miuhumuz.

_rgihdj1dblhedbl edvrded 4? zdrlmedm 4 j@ ndtllmd nrd b`ym`m ndrlhljlvd vghtjdtrdmlm nstdrell eddrl iuhumuz.

L: 4j@T:7 Y

4?

V

dblh;.0


V;;)0?.;,;).(@0?.0?()b;.;).(j@0?(Y.LT ;; ::::

iuhumur. Iur`e` ylmd elbb`t delhjdsl ndrdbdm ilrlj emjhdrl y`phj`s ndrdblr.[lzhdred `ym edvrd llm b`ym`bt`m 4 j@ dblhell z`j`mbl ndrlhlj b`ym`mmeddrlml iuhumuz.

_rgihdj1 dblhedbl edvrded b`ym`bt`m ; @ dblhellmd nrd iu b`ym`bt`m ;@dblhjdslmd sdidp gh`m elrdm eddrlml iuhumuz.

L: ;j@T

09V Y

dblh;.90

zj1 B`ym`b ndrlhljl 09 V vd b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj ; j@ fgrjhed ydrlmdbgmuhurs`2

:::::

b50?.50?.;

V09

j@;

V09

L

TY ;

;

iuhumur.@ymedvrd llm ; @ dblhell euruje`bl elrdm eddrlml iuhumuz.

_rgihdj1dblhedbl edvrded b`ym`b uh`rm` i`h`m`m vghtjdtrd 04? V vd edvrdyd`jpdrjdtrd lsd 4 j@ nstdrellmd nrd h `hdthdrlmlm vdrell eddrhdr me`elrdmklm eddrlml iuhumuz.

YV

@

4 j@

dblh;.99

zj1Elbb`t delhlrsd @jpdrjdtrdmlm nstdrell eddr elrdm zdrlmedm nddm `bjvd vghtjdtrdedbl ndrlhlj eddrl lsd elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj eddrlml vdrjdbtdelr.Ndrdbhl ilrlj emjhdrlml y`ptbt`m sgmr` fgrjhed ydrlmd bgmuh`r`b elrdm eddrl2

:::::

b;?0?.;?0?.4

V04?

j@4

V04?

L

TY ;

;

iuhumur. [lzhdred `ymedvrd llm vghtjdtrdmlm nstdrell eddr 4? V, `jpdrjdtrdmlmnstdrell eddr lsd 4?? j@ llm elrdm eddrlml iuhumuz.


28/406

93


T (Ndrlhlj

Eddrl)

L (@bj Eddrl) Y (Elrdm Eddrl)

65 V 06 0,4 @ 9;

< V ?,;6 @;6 V 94 b09? V 0,4 J

3 j@ 5,> b;3 V >6 @

54? jV ?,?; b?,9 bV 3?? j@

49?? p@ 0,34 JUìhg 0_rgihdj1Uìhg0 ed dbslb ydrhdrl gcj b`mumume`m y`r`rh`m`r`b egheurumuz. Iuprgihdjed ljelyd bè`r gcj b`mumu lhd lhnlhl zjgheuujuz prgihdjhdrl tìhg 0zdrlmed elrdm, `bj vd ndrlhlj eddrhdrlml egheur`k`b dblhed vdrlhjltlr.

_rgihdj1@è`bl ighubh`rgcj b`mumume`m y`r`rh`m`r`b egheurumuz.

T (NdrlhljEddrl)

L (@bj Eddrl) Y (Elrdm Eddrl)

?,59 @ 9??

53 V 94 06? V 6,5 @

; j@ 04 b95 V 0,9 J00? V 44? @

;;,; j@ ?,4 b


29/406

9 E.K vghtjdtrdmlm edvrdyd i`h`mj`s

00. DMDYAvd N

Nlrl1 Nmhb y``mte` buhh`mh`m dmdral rdtdm slstdjhdr vd iu dmdralyl buhh`m`mklc`zh`re` lstdmdm dm iyb zdhhlb cdrc`mnl ilr dmdralmlm eldr dmdralhdrd bgh`yhbh`emtrhdilhjdsl vd iu emj sr`sme` b`yph`rm dm `z ghj`ser. Dhdbtrlbdmdralsl vd dhdbtrlbhl klc`zh`re` iu zdhhlb eldr dmdral dblhhdrlmd vd klc`zh`rm` gr`mh`e`c` stm zdhhlbhdr nstdrlr. Iu ihjed, dhdbtrlb ll, nk vd uynuh`j`h`r`mh`th`k`btr.

00.0 VD DMDYA

Dtr`fjze` ghu`m edlljhdrl l, iu ll ghutur`m ydtdmdbhdrl ed dmdral gh`r`b

t`mjh`jtb. rmdlm ilr dhdbtrlb jgtgrumum emjdsl lhd ilr l y`phr, vd iu lly`p`rbdm ed jgtgr ilr dmdral buhh`mr.Jdb`mlb 1 ilr klsjlm, F buvvdtl dtblsl `htme` H uzumhuum` nltjdsl lhd y`ph`m lghup,

^ : F .H

fgrjh lhd cds`ph`mr. Iu fgrjhed2

F : BuvvdtH : @hm`m ygh^ : tlr

JB[ ilrlj slstdjlmed, uzumhub jdtrd (j), buvvdt mdwtgm (M) `hmeme`m lilrljl edmdwtgm jdtrd (Mj) vdy` bs`k` aguhd (auhh) ghur. Vd (A) lhd nstdrlhlr.

Th`rme`bl ndrlhlj T vght vd ldrlslmed t s`mlyd srdslmkd P buhgmhub dmdral jlbt`rnddm ilr `h`me` nrhdm l2

^ : T . PP : L . t ydrlmd buhh`mhrs`2

^ : T . L . t fgrjh iuhumur.


32/406

;9


^ : dhdbtrlb ll (dmdral) ( aguhd )

T : `hkndrlhlj ( vght )L : `hk`bj ( `jpdr )t : `hkmm `hj` srdsl ( s`mlyd ) elr.

Iu rdtdklm vdrell llsd `ymyghe`m

^ : D . L . t fgrjh lhd iuhumur.

^ : rdtdklm vdrell l( aguhd )D : rdtdklm DJB s (Vght)L : rdtdklm vdrell `bj ( `jpdr )

t : rdtdklm `hj` srdsl (s`mlyd)Dhdbtrlbsdh lilrljl Vght @jpdr s`mlyd ( bs`k` V .@ s ) elr. Egru `bje` 0 V@: 0^`tt `hmeme` dhdbtrlbtdbl lilrljl ed ^`tt .s`mlyd (^s ) vdy` aguhd ghur.

;6?? ^s : 0 ^`tt s``t (0 ^c);6????? ^s : 0??? ^c : 0 blhg^`tt s``t (0b^c ) uynuh`jè` gb

buhh`mhr.

rmdb100? vghthub ilr egru `bj didbdslmedm 9@ dbdm ilr klc`zm ilr nmed s`rfdttll ll(dmdral) iuh`hj

^ : T . L .t: 00? . 9 . 95 : 493? : 4,93 b^c iuhumur.

00.9 EYDMKM NK

Elrdmklm nk, zdrlmed s gh`r`b c`rk`yìlhdkdl n edjdbtlr. Elrdmhdrlmnk, igyuth`r lhd egru gr`mther. Ium` nrd elrdmklm igyuth`r iybsd nkybsdb, igyuth`r bbsd nk eb edjdbtlr. Elrdm zdrlmed c`rk`m`m n,elrdmtdm nddm `bjh`, zdrlmed edm ndrlhljlm `rpjm` dlttlr. G mgbt`yì`h`m`k`b elrdmklm nk ium` nrd sdlhjdhlelr. Elrdmklm nk, zdrlmed sgh`r`bc`rk`m`k`b ntdm e`c` bb elrdm sdlhlrsd g elrdm `rse`m egh`yy`m`r.

_ly`sè`, ?.094(0/3)^`tt, ?.94(0/5) ^`tt, ?.4(0/9) ^`tt, 0 ^`tt, 4 ^`tt vde`c` yub`rntd elrdmhdr iuhumìlhjdbtdelr. Elrdmhdrlm nkmm gjlb eddrhd ilrlhlblsl ygbtur. Ium` nrd gjlb eddrl eb f`b`t nk ybsdb elrdmhdr iuhumeuunlil iumum tdrsl, gjlb eddrl ybsdb, nk eb elrdmhdred v`rer.


33/406

;;


Ilr klc`z vdy` j`hzdjdmlm iybh c`bbme`bl ilhnl vdrdilhjdb,

y`pìlhdkdl ll md bè`r srded y`pìlhdkdlml syhdydilhjdb llm, ilrlj z`j`me`y`pt llm ilhlmjdsl ndrdblr. td ilrlj z`j`me` y`ph`m ld n edmlr. (_) lhdnstdrlhlr vd

. L.Tt

T.L.t_y`vd

t

^_ :::

Iurè`m 2

TDHDBUYBH

L[LULKL

L

dblh;.;?

Elbb`t delhlrsd ndrlhlj T: L . Y edm n fgrjhmed ydrlmd bgmuhurs`

_ : T . L : (L . Y) . L : L9 . Y ^`tt iuhumur.

Ddr ndrlhlj idhhl lsd L:T/Y fgrjhmedm n fgrjhmed ydrlmd bgmuhurs`2

_ : T . (T / Y) : T

9

/ Y ^`tt

gh`r`b t` ilr elrdm zdrlmed c`rk`m`m nk iuhìlhlrlz. Iurè`bl fgrjhed2

_ : klc`zm nk vdy` `hm`m n (^`tt)T : uynuh`m`m ndrlhlj ( Vght)L : dblhdm `bj vdy` dhdj`mm zdrlmedm nddm `bj ( @jpdr )

JB[ ilrlj slstdjlmd nrd (A/s) elr. Ium` bs`k` ^`tt edmlr ^ lhd nstdrlhlr. Iu ilrlj`s vd st b`th`r jdvkuttur. Iumh`r bdmel `r`h`rme` ilmdr ilmdr iyr ilmdr ilmdrbhr.

0^ : 0??? j^0??? ^ : 0 b^0?6^ : 0 b^ er.


34/406

;5


rmdb1 dblhedbl edvrded yub`re` `mh`th`m fgrjhhd edvrdedbl elrdm zdrlmed

c`rk`m`m nk iuhumuz.

T09V

Y4??

L

dblh;.;0

zj1 j@954??

V09YTL :

::

_ : T.L : (09V).(95 j@) : (09V).(?,?95@): ?,933^:933 j^

Ndrlhlj eddrl buhh`mhjè`m zj y`phìlhlr.

_ : L9.Y : ( 95.0?-;@ ) 9.4?? : ?,933 ^ : 933 j^

@bj eddrl buhh`mhjè`m zj y`phìlhlr.

j^933^933,?4??

V09

Y

T_

99

::

:: iuhumur.

rmdb1 Jdrslmed dhdbtrllm b^c 0??UH elr Ilr dved buhh`mh`m tdhdvlzygmum nk4??^ vd 9 s``t, jzlb sdtl >4^ 5s``t, Bhlj`mm nk 04??^ ;? e`blb`, dhdbtrlbgk`mm nk 9b^ 54 e`blb`, `htm` nrd c`rk`m`m tgph`j dmdralyl vd b`hlr`hb s `rfly`t gheuumu iuhumuz.

Udhdvlzygm 1 (?.4b^).(9 s``t) : 0 b^c

Jzlb sdtl 1 (?.?>4bw).(5s``t) : 0.4b^cBhlj` 1 (0.4bw).(?.4s``t) : ?.>4b^cDhdbtrlb gk` 1 (9bw).(?.>4s``t) : 0.4b^cUgph`j y`ph`m l 1 : 4.?4b^cC`rk`m`m dhdbtrlb dmdralsl 1(4.?4b^c) .(0?? UH) : 4?4UH


35/406

;4


rmdb1@`e`bl dblhhdredbl nk cdr edvrd llm iuhumuz.

T0?V Y

L: 9@

T Y4?

L: 9@

(`) (i)

T4V

Y0?

L

(k)dblh;.;9

zj1dblh;.;9(`) Edvrded c`rk`m`m n, iu edvrd elrdm eddrl ilhlmjdell llm

_:T.L : 0?V.9@ : 9?^

dblh;.;9(i)Edvrded c`rk`m`m n, iu edvrded b`ym`m eddrl ilhlmjdell llmdblh;.;9(`) e` buhh`mh` fgrjh lljlzd y`r`j`y`k`btr. G z`j`m `bj vd edvrdslmlmgheuu fgrjh buhh`mh`k`btr.

_:L9.Y: [email protected]?:9?? ^

(k)Edvrded c`rk`m`m n2 @bj ilhlmjdellmd nrd (`) vd (i) ed buhh`mh`m fgrjhhdrlbuhh`mh`j`y`k`me`m eldr ilr n fgrjh gh`m2

_ : T9/ Y :49V/0? : 94V/0? : 9.4 ^ iuhumur.

rmdb1Ilr elrdmklm c`rk`en 0?? ^ zdrlmedm edm ndrlhlj ej lsd 09?Veur.Ium` nrd elrdm zdrlmedm nddm `bjiuhumuz.

zj 1_: T.L n fgrjhmedm T.L/T:_/T dlthllm cdr lbl t`r`fm T y` ihdrsdbL: _/T fgrjh iuhumur. Eddrhdr ydrlmd bgmuhurs`

j@3;;@3;;,?V09?

^0??L ::: iuhumur.


36/406


37/406

;>


zj1dblh;.9


38/406

0>


[DYEDVYDHDY VD BYGFTM NDYHJ B@MTMT

DHDBUYB EDVYDHDYMM CD[@_H@MJ@[L

[DYEDVYDHDY

9.0 EYDMHDYM [DYI@H@J@[L

9.9 [DYEDVYDED @BLJ

9-; UG_H@J (DEDDY) EYDM

9-5 [DYEDVYDED GCJ B@MTMT

9-4 NDYHJ B@\M@BH@YLMLM [DYI@H@MJ@[L

9-6 BLYKCCGFFTM NDYHJHDY B@MTMT

9-> NDYHJ IHKHDY

9-3 [DYEDVYDED N

IHJ 9


39/406

03


9-0 EYDMHDYM [DYI@H@MJ@[LEdvrdhdred elrdm sdjighhdrl b`rjz` `è`bl dblh 9.0 (`) vd (i) edbl nlilb`rjz` bj`btèr. Iu sdjighhdr edvrdhdr sb` b`rjz` b`k`b vd ilrljl gcj() gh`r`b ilhlmdkdbtlr. Iu ilrljl mkdbl bgmuh`re` `bh`j`smy`pjtb. Udbr`r ilrc`trh`tj` y`p`rs`b gcj bb ilr ilrlj gheuu llm `sb`th`r jdvkut ghj`yp stb`th`r v`rer. Iumh`r blhg gcj (b) vd jdn` gcj (J) eur. Iu ilrljhdr `r`semjhdr 0???dr 0???dr iyr 0???dr 0???dr bhrhdr. Iu ilrlj emjhdrlmlrmdbhdrsdb2

0: 0?-6J 0: 0?-;b

0?? : ..........b7 49? b:...........7

iumh`rzdrsdb2 0??: ?,0 b, 49? b: 49?.??? gheuumu nrrz.Iu elrdm eddrhdrlml tdgrlb gh`r`b iu dblhed y`phenlil h `hdtl lhd ed elrdmklmeddrlmlm b` gheuumu e` hdrdb iuhìlhlrlz. Elrdmklm eddrlml hjded buhh`mh`mh `hdtlmlm lsjl lsd GCJJDUYDelr. Iu `bh`j`h`r vd c`trh`tj`h`re`m sgmrèlrdmhdr tdb ilr dblhed edvrded buhh`mhe nlil ilredm f`zh`s e` `ym edvrdedbuhh`mhìlhlr. Iu elrdmhdrlm bdmel `r`h`rme`bl ilrl ilrlmlm ukum` i`h`mt dblhhdrlmdnrd lsljhdmelrlhlrhdr. Elrdmhdrlm ilrlmlm bukumum eldrlmlm nlrlukum` g elrdmklmed

b

ukumum eldrlmlm nlrl ukum` i`h`mj` dbhlmd elrdmhdrlm sdrl i`h`mj`s

edmlr. Bs`k` `bjm edljdell `ym `bjm tj dhdj`mh`rm zdrlmedm ndtlleurujeur. Iu i`h`mtdbhlmd rmdb vdrlrsdb e`c` lyl `mh`hr.

(`)

(i)

(k)

dblh 9.0 Elrdmhdrlm sdrl i`h`mtdbhl


40/406

0

4.6

0?

:Y;

Y9Y0

Y4 Y5

+W T YU

dblh 9.4

00??46

YYYYYYY 45;90DU

:

++++:

++++::

iuhumur. 4 t`md elrdm ydrlmd `ymll y`p`m YUi`h`j`jz ydtdrhl ghur.


43/406


44/406

9;


rmdb 9.;1

@`e`bl dblh 9.> edbl edvrded gcj jdtrdmlm nstdrell eddr 0>


45/406

95


mYYY UD ::

Iu bgmuyu rmdb vdrjdb ndrdblrsd2 99 hub sdblz èdt elrdmkl sdrl i`hèjze`deddr elrdmklm eddrlml iuh`hj.

::: 0>699.3mYYU

iuhumur. Iu rmdljlzl elrdmhdrlm sdrl i`h`j` fgrjh lhd iuhju ghs`yeb, lhdjb`hì`he`c` f`zh` gh`k`bt.

9-5 [DYEDVYDED GCJ B@MTMT

Gcj b`mumu tdb ilr elrdmtd uynuh`mìlhell nlil m t`md elrdmklm sdrli`h`mj`sme` e` buhh`mhìlhlr. ljelyd bè`r sdrl i`h`m`m elrdmhdrlm deddrlmliuheub, f`b`t iu elrdmhdr ndrlhlj b`ym` i`h`yp iu elrdmhdr zdrhdrlmedm nddm`bjh`r, elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj ejhdrlml iuhjèr. Gcj b`mumume` nrjgheubh`rjzsdrl edvrded buhh`m`hj vd edvrdmlm `m`hlzlml y`p`hj. @è`bl edvrdzdrlmed gcj b`mumu tdbr`r c`trh`y`hj.dblh 9.3 ed elrdmhdrlm sdrl vd g elrdmhdrlm

deddrlml nstdrjdbtd vd deddr elrdm eddrl YU : Y0+Y9+Y; gheuumu dblhzdrlmed m`sh iuhumeuumu nreb. edvrdedm nddm tgph`j `bj lsd2

U;90

UY

T

YYY

TL :

++: `ymsgmuku vdrdkdbtlr.

Y0

Y9

Y;

T+

W +W T

YU:Y0+Y9+Y;

dblh 9.3

rmdb 9.51

04 Vghthub ilr ndrlhlj b`ym`mm uh`rm` 0 b, 4??, ;,; bvd 9>??elrdmhdrl sdrli`h`mygr. ;,; belrdmklm zdrlmedm nddm `bjiuhumuz.


46/406

94


zj 9.51

[gruyu ilr edvrd zdrlmed nstdrlrsdb sgrumum i`slt gheuu grt`y` b`k`btr.

T:04 V

0 4??

;.;

9>??

Y;

Y9Y0

Y5 @

+W

+W

dblh 9.b>,9b;,;b4,?b0YY DU

B`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj, `ymz`j`me` ;,; be`m e` nddm `bjer. Iumu iuhj`bllm gcj b`mumumu buhh`mrs`b2

j@9@0?.9>4??

V04

b4,>

V04LL ;;,;U ::

:

::

iuhumur.

rmdb 9.41

dblh 9.0? edbl edvrded 94 Vhub b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj vd dhdj`mh`r zdrlmedmnddm `bjiuhumuz.

T:94 V

39 03

04

0?

Y;

Y9Y0

Y5

+W

dblh 9.0?


47/406

96


zj 9.41

Edvded nrhe nlil elrdmhdr ilrilrhdrl lhd sdrl i`hdeddr fgrjhm buhh`m`r`biu elrdmhdrl tdb ilr elrdm c`hlmd ndtlrdhlj.

:+++:+++: 0940?040339YYYYY 5;90U

iuhumur. Edvrd dblh 9.00 edbl c`hlml `hr.

+W

T

94V

YU:094

dblh 9.00

B`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj iuhumur. @ymz`j`me` dhdj`mh`r zdrlmedm nddm `bjeìuhumjughur. mb tj dhdj`mh`r edvrdyd sdrl i`h.

rmdb 9.61

@è` dblh 9.09 ed HDE (b vdrdm dhdbtrgmlb dhdj`m) 4Vhub ilr b`ym`` sdrl ilrelrdmhd i`h`mygr. Hde zdrlmedm 4j@hlb ilr `bj` vd 94? hub ilr elrdm zdhhllnstdrdm ilr dhdj`mer. Ium` nrd hded sdrl i`h`m`k`b elrdmklm eddrlml iuhumuz.

+W

T4V

4j@

HDE0?

+W

T4V

4j@ 94?

Y[

YH

dblh 9.09

zj 9.61

hb y`pj`jz ndrdbdm tgph`j elrdmkl iuhj`b.

.94?

94?

:

+:+:

U[

[H[U

YY

YYYY

Iurè` Y[vd YUeddrhdrl idhhl edlh YUyl `bj vd ndrlhlj eddrhdrl idhhl gheuu llm g

eddrhdredm f`ye`h`m`r`b iuhìlhlrlz.

j@9??L

@9,?094

V94

Y

TL

U

:

:

::


48/406

9>


:::: 0???04

4b

j@

V

L

TY

U

U

iu eddr tgph`j elrdm ydrlmd y`zhrs` hded sdrl i`h`m`k`b elrdm eddrl iuhumur.

ndrdblri`h`mj`ssdrlhdedelrdm>4?94?-0???Y

94?YY

[

U[

::

:

rmdb 9.>1

dblh 9.0; edbl edvrded i`h gh`m vghtjdtrd 9.4Vtu edvrdedbl `jpdrjdtrd lsd

94j@l nstdrellmd nrd2 elrdm eddrhdrlml iuhumuz.

+W

T

Y0 Y9 Y; Y5

TY0:9.4V TY9:;V TY;:5.4V TY5:9.4V

V

9,4V

@ 94 j@

dblh 9.0;

::::

::::

::::

::::

3?

@0?.94

V4,9

j@94

V4,9

L

TY

03?@0?.94

V4,5

j@94

V4,5

L

TY

09?@0?.94

V;

j@94

V;

L

TY

0??@0?.94

V4,9

j@94

V4,9

L

TY

;

55

;

;;

;

99

;

00

elrdm eddrhdrl iuhumur. Iu edvrdyl Dhdktrgmlks ^grbidmkc prgnr`j lhd edmdylpnrdilhlrslmlz. Elbb`t delhlrsd elrdmhdr sdrl i`h`mj` eurujume` b`ym`bt`m dblhdm(`jpdrjdtrdmlm nstdrell eddr) `bj dhdj`mh`r zdrlmedm `ymdm ndjdbtdelr.hdrhdydm bgmuh`re` sdrl edvrded `bjm `ym ndrlhlj eddrhdrlmlm edltllmlnrdkdlz.


49/406

93


9-4 NDYHJ B@\M@BH@YLMLM [DYI@H@MJ@[L

Elrdmhdred gheuu nlil ndrlhlj b`ym`bh`r e` sdrl i`h`mìlhlr. Ndrlhljeddrhdrlml ybsdhtjdb llm vdy` ndrlhlj eddrlml erjdb lstdmellmed b`ym`bh`rsdrl i`h`yìlhlrlz. @è`bl dblh 9.05 ed èdt plh ilrilrhdrl lhd i`h`mj vduh`rm` ilr h`ji` i`h`mjtr. Iu ndrlhljlm deddrlml lmkdhdydhlj iu h`ji`mmuh`rm` b` vght ndrlhlj ndhjdbtdelr nrdhlj.

+ W0.4V

+ W + W0.4V 0.4V

H@JI@

[

5.4 V

T0 T9 T;

dblh 9.05

Elbb`t delhlrsd sdrl i`h`jè` b`ym`bh`r (+) b`m eldr b`ym`m (-) ukumì`h`mjtr. B`ym`bh`rsdrl i`h`j`b llm iu dblhed y`pj`b ndrdblr. dblhedbl nlili`h`mty`phet`btlred h`ji`mm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj2

Vght4,5V4,0V4,0V4,0TTTT ;90 :++:++:

ndrlhlj eddrl iuhumur. dblh 9.04 e`bl edvrded i`h`mt dbhlmd nrd h`ji`mmuh`rme`bl ndrlhlj b` vght gheuumu nrdhlj.

dblh 9.04

Vght4,0V4,0V4,0V4,0TTTT ;90 :+:+:

eddrl iuhumur.


50/406


51/406

;?


zj 9. edbl b`ym`bh`r ilrilrhdrlmd i`h`mj i`h`mte` dhdj`mh`r (-) uh`rilrilrlmd (+) uh`rilrilrhdrlmd i`h`mj iu euruje` iyb eddrhl gh`m b`ym`bt`mbb eddrhlbhl b`ym`m eddrlml b`rp iyb eddrhlbhl b`ym`m ym `hmr. Iuelrdm uh`rme` (+), (-) gh`r`b idhlrtlhjltlr. Elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhljl iuhurs`b2

V0?V04V94TTT 09 :::

iuhumur. Iu b`ym`m `ymnrdvlml y`p`k`b dblh 9.0> ed nstdrlhjltlr.

rmdb 9.0?1

dblh 9.03 e` vdrlhdm edvrded elrdm uh`rme` ndrlhlj ejhdrlml iuhumuz.

09

6

0?

9?

03 V

T0T9

T5T;

+

+

+

+

W

W

WW

L UG_H@J

dblh9.03

Elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj ejhdrlml iuhurs`b2

0?V?,[email protected]?L.YTV40?.@4,?Y.LT

V;6.@4,?Y.LTV609.@4,?Y.LT

55;;

9900

::::::

::::::

elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj ejhdrl iuhumur. Iu ndrlhlj ejhdrl tgph`j elbb`tdelhlrsd b`ym`b ndrlhljlmd dlttlr. Iu lhdrlbl bgmue` ilr b`mum `e`htme` lmkdhdmdkdbtlr.

@V

Y

TL

Y

YYYYY

U

U

U

U

4,?53

95

53

9?0?609

5;90

:

::

:

+++:

+++:


52/406

;0


9.6 BLYKCCGFFTM NDYHJHDY B@MTMT

B`p`h ilr dhdbtrlb edvrdslmed, sdrl i`h elrdmhdrlm zdrlmed edm ndrlhljejhdrlmlm tgph`jedvrdyd i`h`m`m ndrlhlj b`ym`mm uh`rme`bl ndrlhljd dlttlr.Iu lf`ed dttlljlz t`mjilr edvrd zdrlmed nstdrlrsdb2

+ W

T

TY0 TY9 TY; TY5+ + + +W WW W

dblh 9.0V4?

V?TV94V09V4?

?TTTT

;

;

;

;90

:

:

:

:

iuhumur.

rmdb 9.0;1

dblh9.95 edbl edvrded Y5elrdmklmlm eddrlml b`mumh`re`m y`r`rh`m`r`b iuhumuz

+ W

T : 0?? V

Y9 : 5>

Y5

+

+ +

+W

W W

W

T9 T;

T0T5

Y; : 0??

Y0: 0?

dblh 9.95

zj 9.0;1

Gcj b`mumume`m y`r`rh`m`r`b elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj ejhdrlml iuh`hj.

V9?)0??).(j@9??(Y.LT

V5,).(j@9??(Y.LT

V9)0?).(j@9??(Y.LT

;;

99

00

:::

:::

:::

elrdm uh`rme` bl ndrlhlj ej iuhumur. E`c` sgmr` blrkccgffum ndrlhljhdrb`mumume`m y`r`rh`m`r`b Y5elrdmkl uh`rme`bl ndrlj ejm iuh`hj.

iuhumur.V5,63Te`mV?TV6,63

?TV9?V5,


55/406

;5


Y5 elrdmkl uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj ejm vd zdrlmedm nddm `bj sdrl gheuu llm

`ym`bj Y5zdrlmedm ed ndtllmedm gcj b`mumumu iu elrdm llm uynuh`rs`b2

iuhumur.;5;j@9??

V6,63

L

TY 55 :::

iu elrdm eddrl st`me`rt elrdm eddrl edlhelr. Iu elrdm eddrlmd dm y`bm %4tghdr`msh;;? gcjhub elrdm i`h`y`ilhlrlz.

rmdb 9.051

dblh 9.95 edbl edvrdyl dhd `h`hj. gcj b`mumu vd blrkccgffum ndrlhljhdr b`mumume`my`r`rh`m`r`b iu edvrdyl lmkdhdydhlj.

T:9? V

;

4

9

T0: 6 V

+W

T;: 5 VT9 : 0? V+ ++W W W

05 V 5 V ? V

9

9? V

dblh 9-94zj 9.051

dblh 9.94 edbl edvrd sdrl ilr edvrd gheuu llm tgph`j elrdm fgrjhmedm2

:++:++: 0?94;YYYY ;90U

tgph`j elrdm iuhumur. B`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj2(b`ym`m ndrlhlj eddrl vdrlhjl)

iuhumur.`bjdblhdmb`ym`bt`m@jpdr90?

V9?

Y

TL

5:

::

Iu iuhum`m `bj dhdj`mh`r sdrl gheubh`rme`m tj elrdm zdrlmedm `ym `bjnddkdlmedm, elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj ejhdrl2

[email protected]

[email protected]

V6@9.;T

;

9

0

::

::

::


56/406

;4


elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj eddrhdrl iuhumur. dblh zdrlmed ed nstdrlhell nlil ;

gcjhub elrdm zdrlmed 6 Vhub ndrlhlj ej ghjueldr elrdmhdrd b`h`m ndrlhljlsd2

V05V6V9?TT 0 :: b`hjtr.

blmkl elrdm gh`m 4 gcjhub elrdm 0? Vhub ndrlhlj ejmd sdidilydt vdrjlndrlydY;elrdmklmd b`h`m ndrlhlj lsd2

V5)V0?V6(V9?TTT 90 :+:

mk(9 gcj) elrdmkd b`h`m ndrlhlj eddrlelr. Elbb`t delhlrsd b`p`h

ilr edvrdedndrlhljhdrlm ej b`ym`b ndrlhljlmd dlthll nrhjdbtdelr. Blrkccgffum b`mumutdbr`r iu edvrded ed b`mth`mjgheu.

rmdb 9.041

dblh9.96 edbl edvrded ì uh`rme`bl ndrlhljl blrkccgffum ndrlhljhdr b`mumume`mf`ye`h`m`r`b iuhumuz.

T:95 V

9 0

; T;

T9T0+

W

+ +

+

W W

W

Tì : 7V

dblh 9-9 6

zj 9.041

ì uh`r

me`bl ndrlhljl iuhj`b llm mkd deddr elrdmkl vd b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `b

j

iuhj`jz ndrdblr.

::++:++: ???.6b6b;b0b9YYYY ;90D

b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj2

j@b

V

Y

TL

D

56

95:

::

iuhumur. Iu `bj sdrl edvrded tj dhdj`mh`re`m `b`k`me`m Y0dhdj`mzdrlmedblndrlhlj ej2


57/406

;6


V3@[email protected] ;;00 ::::

iuhumur. Iu eddrl b`ym`b ndrlhljlmedm b`rtrs`b ì uh`rme`bl ndrlhljl iuhuruz.Vdy` ì uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj vd Y0 dhdj`m zdrlmedbl ndrlhljlm tgph`j b`ym`bndrlhljlml vdrdkdlmedm2

06V6V-95ViTèdm2TìV3V95

TìTT 0

::+:

+:

iuhumur. Iu iuheuujuz ndrlhlj eddrl `è`bl dblh 9.9> ed nstdrlhell nlil ilrbsj Y9 elrdmkl eldr b`h`m bsj lsd Y; elrdmkl zdrlmed ndrlhlj ej gh`r`b

nrmdkdbtlr.

dblh 9.9>

9-> NDYHJ IHKHDY

[drl elrdmhdredm ghu`m ilr edvrded `bj sìlttlr. \lmd sdrl i`helrdmhdrlmuh`rme` edm ndrlhlj, sìlt gh`m iu `bj lhd cdr ilr elrdmklm `rpjm` dlttlr. Ium`nrd cdr elrdmklm uh`rme` edm ndrlhlj g elrdmklm eddrl lhd egru gr`mther. [drli`helrdmhdredm gjlb eddrl ybsdb gh`mm zdrlmed LxY fgrjhmedm egh`y, gjlbeddrl eb gh`m elrdmklmd nrd e`c` f`zh` ndrlhlj edr. [drl i`helrdmhdr dlt lsd

zdrhdrlmed edm ndrlhlj ed dlt ghur.

Ilr ndrlhlj b`ym` vd sdrl i`h elrdmhdredm ghu`m edvrdyd ndrlhlj ihkgh`r`b emhdilhlr. Cdr elrdmklm zdrlmd edm ndrlhlj L.Yx fgrjh lhdcds`ph`mem ilhlygruz. @ymdblhed edvrd `bj L:T/YD fgrjh lhd iuhumeuumuilhlygruz. Iurè` `bj eddrlml T:L.Yxfgrjhmed ydrlmd y`z`r`b sdrl i`hcdrc`mnlilr elrdmklm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj ejm iuhìlhlrlz.


58/406

;>


Iu `bh`j`h`re`m sgmr` ndrlhlj ihk fgrjhm b`rtrs`b2

SS Y.LT : (0.Fgrjh) b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bjDY

TL :

L `bjfgrjh ilr(0) ed ydrlmd bgmuhurs`2

lsdezdmhdmlrYY

TT S

D

S :

Ndrlhlj ihk fgrjh b`r.x1 0,9,;.......m , elrdm s`yh`rer.

Iu fgrjh egrue`m elrdmklm zdrlmed edm ndrlhljl vdrlr. Iu fgrjhed buhh`mh`mb`r`btdrhdrlm `mh`jvd ilrljlml `bh`y`hj.

T 1 B`ym`b ndrlhljl (Vght)YD1Deddr(tgph`j) elrdm (gcj)YS 1 zdrlmed edm ndrlhljl cds`ph`m`k`b elrdm (gcj)TS1 YSelrdmkl zdrlmed edm ndrlhlj (Vght)

rmdb 9.061

dblh 9.93 edbl dhdbtrlb edvrdslmed b`ym`b ndrlhljl vd p`slf dhdj`mm gjlb eddrlvdrlhjl, Y0 elrdmkl uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj T0, Y9 elrdmklmlm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj(T9)eddrlml ndrlhlj ihk fgrjhm buhh`m`r`b elrdmhdrlm uh`rme`bl ndrlhljl iuhumuz.

+W

T0? V

Y0: 39

+

+

W

W

T0

T9 Y9: 63

dblh 9.93


59/406

;3


zj 9.061

Ndrlhlj ihk fgrjhjzed edvrded vdrlhdm eddrhdrl ydrlmd bgy`rs`b2

:+:+: 04?6339YYY 90D

Vght5>,4V0?).04?

39(T).

Y

Y(T

D

00 :

::

iuhumur. Y9uh`rme`bl ndrlhljl ljel mkdbl nrjgheuujuz blrkccgffum ndrlhljb`mumume`m y`r`h`m`r`b iuh`hj, e`c` sgmr` ndrlhlj ihk fgrjhmedm

iuheuujuz eddrhd b`rh`tr`hj.

90 TTT +: edm T9yl dbdrsdb

V4;,5V5>,4V0?TTT 09 :::

Iuhumur. Ndrlhlj ihk fgrjhm buhh`m`r`b zdrsdb2

iuhumur.V4;,5V0?).

04?

63(T).

Y

Y(T

D

99 :

::

Elbb`t delhlrsd cdr lbl ymtdjhd ed `ym sgmuku vdrlr. Iu e` ghj`s ndrdbdm ilreuruj.

rmdb 9.0>1

@`e` dblh 9.9< e` vdrlhdm edvrded ndrlhlj ihk fgrjhm buhh`m`r`b ``e`blbh`re` idhlrtlhdm ndrlhlj eddrhdrlml iuhumuz.

(`) @I `r`s(i) @K `r`s(i) IK `r`s(k) IE `r`s(e) IE `r`s(d) KE `r`s

+W

T94 V

0

3.9

;.;

+

+

+

W

W

W

Y0

Y;

Y9

@

I

K

E

dblh-9.9


60/406

;1

[drl i`helrdm dhdj`mh`rmm deddr elrdm eddrlml iuhurs`b2

:::

++:++:

094??0?.4,09b4,09Y

b;,;b9,3b0YYYY

;D

;90D

ndrlhlj ihk fgrjhmed YD eddrl ydrlmd bgmuh`r`b rmdbtdbl bh`rkdv`ph`mer`ilhlrlz

(`) V9V94).b4,09

b0

(T).Y

Y

(T )UD(

0

@I:

::

:

(i)Ndrlhlj eddrl @K `r`slstdmell, @K `r`sme` Y0lhd Y9sdrl i`hgheuume`m iuuh`rm ndrlhljl2

V5,03V94).4,09

b9, _@Y@HDH EDVYDED N

IHJ ;


67/406

56


;.0 EYDMHDYM BDME@Y@H@YLME@ _@Y@HDH I@H@MJ@[L

Ilredm f`zh` elrdmklm uh`rm` `ym ndrlhlj uynuh`mp, cdr ilrlmedm `yr `yr`bj nddilhdkdb dblhed i`h`mj`h`rm` _`r`hdh I`h`j` edmlr. _`r`hdh i`h`mt2elrdmhdrlm ilrdr uh`rmm ilrilrhdrl lhd ilrhdtlrlhjdsl lhd dhed delhlr. Iu i`h`mtdbhlmd`bjm iu dhdj`mh`r zdrlmedm ndlhdrl ``e`bl dblhed nstdrlhjltlr.

Y0 Y9

@

I

+W T Y0

+

WY9

+

W

(`) (i)

+W T

Y0

+

WY9

+

W+

WTY0

+

WY9

+

W

(k) (e)

dblh ;.0

dblh;.0 (`) edbl edvrded lbl elrdm uh`r ilrilrlmd i`h`m`r`b ilr p`r`hdhhlbghuturjuh`rer. dblh4-0(i,k,e) lsd iu p`r`hdh elrdm uh`rm` ilr ndrlhlj i`h`mj

vd iu i`h`mtdblhhdrlmlm edllb i`h`j` dblhhdrl nstdrlhjltlr.

Iu elrdmhdr m t`mdsl ilrilrhdrl lhd p`r`hdh i`h`m`ilhlr. Iumu dblh gh`r`b iumub`t zdrlmed nstdrjdb zgr gh`k`me`m m tdmd edlh ilz ert elrdmhl ilr p`r`hdhi`h`j` y`p`hj vd `bj yghh`rme` dblh zdrlmed nstdrdhlj.

+

W T Y0

+

WY9

+

WY;

+

WY5

+

W

LU

dblh;.9


68/406

5>


dblh;.9 edbl edvrd lmkdhdmlrsd b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj elrdm dhdj`mh`rmmzdrhdrlmedm m`sh ilr ygh t`blp dttll e`c` lyl nrhdkdbtlr. dblh;.; ed ed dlthlp`r`hdh i`h`j` vd `bjm iu dhdj`mh`r zdrlmedm `bdblhhdrl nrhjdbtdelr.

Y0

+

WY9

+

W

@

I

+

W T Y0

+

W

Y9

+W

(`) (i)

+

W TY0

+

WY

9

+

W

+

WTY0

+

WY

9

+

W

(k) (e)

dblh;.;

;.9 EYDMHDYM NDYHJ B@\M@LM@ _@Y@HDH I@H@J@

_`r`hdh i`h`jè` b`ym`b ndrlhljlmd i`h`m`m ilr elrdm g i`h`m`mb`ym`m ndrlhljlmd dlt gh`k`btr. Ddr m t`md elrdm ilr ndrlhlj b`ym`m` p`r`hdhi`h`me t`btlred b`ym`b uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj elrdm uh`rme` `ymdm nrhdkdbtlr.Iurè`m `mh`h`k` zdrd p`r`hdh i`h elrdmhdrlm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj eddrhdrlilrilrhdrlmd dlt f`b`t zdrlmedm nddm `bjh`r f`rbh gh`k`btr. Iu ndrlhljlm dlthllmldblh;.5 zdrlmedbl edvrded i`h gh`m vghtjdtrdhdrlm nstdrell eddrhdrd elbb`thli`bheme` lfèd delhdm bgmu e`c` lyl `mh`hr.

+

W T Y0

+

WY

9

+

WY

;

+

WY

5

+

W

09 V 09 V 09 V 09 V 09 V 09 V

dblh;.5


69/406

53


Elrdmhdrlm uh`rm` i`h`m`m ndrlhlj b`ym`mm eddrl 09 V hhrbdm Y0, Y9, Y;vdY5 elrdm uh`rme` vghtjdtrdmlm nstdrell ndrlhljed 09V eur. Iu euruj p`r`hdhedvrd zdhlbhdrlmedm ilr t`mdslelr. Iumumh` lhnlhl s`ys`h ilr rmdb bgmumum e`c` lyl`mh`hj`sms`h`r.

rmdb;.01

dblh;.4 1Y5elrdmkl uh`rme`bl ndrlhljl iuhumuz.

+W

T09 V

Y00

+

W+

W

+

W

+

W

+

W

Y9;

Y;9

Y5

4Y

4

>T

0 T9 T; T5T

4

dblh;.4

zj;.01

dblh;.4d i`btjz e` elrdmhdrlm cdpsl ilrilrhdrlmd p`r`hdh i`h gheuumu

nrygruz. Iu edvrded s`mbl Y5 elrdmkl p`r`hdh i`hedlh nlil nrmsd ed g elrdm edp`r`hdh i`hiu euruje` p`r`hdh edvrd zdhhllmedm b`ym`b ndrlhljl 09 V gheuum`nrd Y5 dhdj`mh`ruh`rme` `ymndrlhlj nrhr. [`edkd iu elrdm uh`rme` edlhtj elrdm uh`rme` 09V nrhr.

45;90 TTTTTT ++++: :09 V

;.; BLYKCCGFFTM @BLJH@Y B@MTMT

Dhdbtrlb edvrdhdrlmlm zjhdrlmed, zdhhlbhd b`rb edvrdhdred gcj b`mumumbuhh`mhj`s ydtdrhl ghj`z. Iu tlp edvrdhdred , edvrdedbl dlthl `bj vd ndrlhljhdrlmcds`ph`mj`sme` blrkccgffum lblmkl b`mumu gh`m `bjh`r b`mumu buhh`mhr.Blrkccgffum ndrlhljhdr b`mumumu sdrl edvrdhdred lmkdhdjltlb. @bjh`r b`mumumu e`ljel lmkdhdydhlj.

Blrkccgffum `bjh`r b`mumu ilr dhdbtrlb edvrdslmed ilr mgbt`y` nlrdm`bjh`rm tgph`j, g mgbt`y tdrb dedm y`ml b`m `bjh`rm tgph`jm` dlttlr. Iut`mjm eldr ilr t`rlfhd nlrdm `bjh`rm tgph`j lhd b`m `bjh`rm kdilrsdh tgph`jg(sfr)` dlttlr. _`r`hdh i`hedvrdhdred sb` i`vur`k`jz iu t`mjh`j` (`bjh`r

b`mumu) ilzd edvrdhdrlm zjmed f`ye`h

gh`k`bt

r. Iu t`m

jh`j`h`r

dblh;.6 e`nstdrlhjltlr.


70/406

5)


71/406

4?


dblh;.>

dblh;.> ed b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj LU edvrdyd sdrl i`h `jpdrjdtrd (`bj hdm`hdt), ;@l nstdrjdbtd iu `bjm 0@l elrdmklm ilrlmedm eldr bsj(9@) eldr elrdmzdrlmedm ndjdbtdelr. Iu `bjh`r dhdj`mh`r zdrlmedm ndtlbtdm sgmr` tdbr`r ;@gh`r`b b`ym`` v`rj`bt`er. Iu ndmdh fgrjhed ydrhdrlmd bgmuh`r`b fgrjhmegruhuu b`mth`mjghur.

LU:L0+L9 edm ;@: 0@ + 9@ : ;@

_`r`hdh i`h edvrded blrkccgffum `bjh`r b`mumu lhd lhnlhl rmdbhdr zp b`mumume`c` lyl `mh`hj`sms`h`y`hj.

rmdb;.91@`e`bl dblh;.3 ed vdrlhdm dhdbtrlb edvrdslmd @ vd Imgbt`h`rme`bl(ejhdrlmedbl) `bjh`r blrkccgffum `bjh`r b`mumume`mf`ye`h`m`r`b iuhumuz.

+W T Y0

+

WY

9

+

W

@

I

LU

L0

4j@

L9

09j@

dblh;.3


72/406

40


zj;.91

@ mgbt`sm` nlrdm `bj LUb`m `bjh`r lsd L0vd L9elr. Ium` nrd @ mgbt`sm` nlrdm LU`bjm2

j@0>j@09j@4LLL 90U :+:+:

iuhumur. I mgbt`sm` lsd nlrdm `bjh`r L0, L9 vd b`m `bjh`r lsd LU eurujum`ndhjltlr. Iur`e`m umu nzedm b`rj`j`b eurujume`yz. Ilr ejedm b`meurujume` lbdm eldr ejd(mgbt`y`) nlrdm eurujum` ndlygr. Iu `bh`j`yy`ptbt`m sgmr`2

LU: L0+ L9: 4j@ + 09j@: 0> j@

@ym`bj eddrl iuhumur.

rmdb;.;1

dblh;.< edbl edvrded Y9 elrdmkl zdrlmedm nddm `bj blrkccgffum `bjh`rb`mumume`m y`r`rh`m`r`b iuhumuz.

+W T Y0

+

WY

9

+

W

+

W

LU: 0?? j@

Y;L

0:;? j@

L;:;? j@

L9

dblh;. _`r`hdh bgme`ms`trhdr vd PU:P0+P9

dblh3.3 m t`md bgme`ms`trm p`r`hdh i`h`mj`s

dblh3.3ed gheuu nlil m t`md bgme`ms`tr ilrl ilrlmd p`r`hdh i`h`meme`bl ndmdhfgrjhjz lbl bgme`ms`tr p`r`hdh i`h`meme` b`rejz fgrjhjzndmdhhdtlrlrsdb2

m;90U K...........KKKK ++++:

ghur. m t`md bgme`ms`tr p`r`hdh i`h`mtndmdh fgrjh grt`y` b`r.


163/406

059


rmdb3.61

dblh3.??pK4??pK99??pK0???PPPP

pK4??V0?.pF4?T.KP

pK99??V0?.pF99?T.KP

pK0???V0?.pF0??T.KP

)plbgbuhgm(pK;>??V0?.pF;>?T.KP

pF;>?pF4?pF99?pF0??KKKK

;90U

;;

99

00

UU

;90U

:++:++:

:::

:::

:::

:::

:++:++:

3.> BGME@M[@UYHDYM _@Y@HDH-[DYI@H@MJ@[L

Bgme`ms`trhdr sdrl, p`r`hdh edvrdhdred `yr `yr i`h`mìlhelbhdrl nlil iui`h`mth`rm lbl euruju ilr edvrd zdrlmed iuhumìlhlr. Iu i`h`j` dbhlmd b`rbi`h`j` edmlr. Elrdmhdred gheuu nlil edvrded deddr b`p`sltdmlm iuhumìlhjdslllm edvrdedbl p`r`hdh i`hbgme`ms`trhdr mkd tdb ilr bgme`ms`tr c`hlmd ndtlrlhdrdb,

edvrdedbl dhdj`mh`rm i`h`mteurujh`rm` nrd sdrl vdy` p`r`hdh i`h`mtfgrjhhdrlbuhh`mh`r`b deddr b`p`sltd iuhumur.

rmdb3.>1

dblh3.0?(`)e` nrhdm edvrdedbl bgme`ms`trhdrlm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj eddrhdrlmliuhumuz.


164/406


165/406

055


V9F03

K;6

V;F09

K;6

K

PT

0

0

0

:

:

::

iuhumur. K9, K;p`r`hdh i`hgheubh`rme`m iu ndrlhlj cdr lbl bgme`ms`trm uh`rme`nrhdkdbtlr. Iu bgme`ms`trhdrlm ybhdrl lsd f`rbhgh`k`btr. K9, K; bgme`ms`trhdrlmedpgh`eyb jlbt`rh`rlsd2

K06)V9).(F3(T.KP

K9?)V9).(F0?(T.KP

;;;

999

:::

:::

iuhumur. Iu rmdbtd bgme`ms`trhdrlm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj vd ybhdrl `yr`yriuhumjugheu.


166/406

054


DHDBUYG J@MDUQJ@ VD DHDBUYG J@MDUBMEB[\GM


167/406

056



168/406

05>


ghur. Iu fgrjh, buhgm b`mumumum j`tdj`tlbsdh lfèdslelr. Iurè` b, ybhdrlm

iuhumeuu grt`j` vd buhh`mh`m ilrlj slstdjlmd i`h ilr b`ts`yer. JB[ ilrljslstdjlmed,

rg5

0b

:

elr. Iurè`, g (dpslhgm) ighuum eldhdbtrlb b`ts`ys èm`hr vd eddrl,

9909


169/406

053


vd [ butiu `r`sme`bl c`th`rh` `ymymed lsd ilrilrhdrlml nhdmelrlr., `bsl ymed lsd

z`yfh`tr. Buvvdt c`th`rmm nhdmdm t`r`flhdtbdml z`yf t`r`f` egru ltdr.

Eznm ilr j`mydtlb `h`me`bl lhdtbdmedm `bj ndlrlhellmed lhdtbdml `h`mm em` ltdmbuvvdt, lhdtbdmlm uzumhuu, j`mydtlb `bygumhuu vd lhdtbdmedm nddm `bjh` egrugr`mther. Ium` (I.L.H) b`ledsl edmlr.

KN[ ilrlj slstdjlmd nrd `è`bl fgrjh grt`y` b`r.

0?

.. HLIF: elm

iu fgrjhedbl c`rfhdrlm `mh`jh`rlsd2F1 hdtbdml `h`m em` ltdm buvvdt (elm)H1 hdtbdmlm uzumhuu (kj)I1 J`mydtlb `bygumhuu (nùss)L1 hdtbdmedm nddm `bj (`jpdr)

rmdb1

J`mydtlb `bygumhuu 04?? nùss gh`m ilr j`mydtlb `h`m llmedbl lhdtbdmedm nddm

`b

j 04? @jpdrelr. hdtbdmd dtbl dedm buvvdtl cds`ph`y

m

z. hdtbdmlm uzumhuu 0? kjelr.

zj1

elmHLI

F50?.994

0?

0?.04?.04??

0?

..:::

JB[ ilrlj slstdjlmed lsd2

F:I.L.H

Fgrjh lhd cds`ph`mr. Iurè`2

F1 hdtbdml `h`m em` ltdm buvvdt (Mdvtgm)H1 hdtbdmlm uzumhuu (j)I1 J`mydtlb `bygumhuu (tdsh`)L1 hdtbdmedm nddm `bj (`jpdr)

rmdl ilred JB[ ilrlj slstdjlmed zdrsdb2

0 wdidr/j9:0?5nùss gheuum` nrd,I:04?? Nùss:?,04 wdidr/j9F:I.L.H:?,04.04?.?,0:9,94 mdwtgm iuhumur.


170/406

05


dblh


179/406

043


z`j`m` vd zdrlmedm nddm `bj`, igilmlm dmebt`ms eddrlmd nrd uh`rme`bl

ndrlhlj eddrl edljdbtdelr. Iu euruju ``e`bl dblhed y`z`ilhlrlz.

dblh).(0?.?96,4.(0??h[..MH

0?.?96,4).0?5??(5gr.j0?.345,>5

)j?0,?(

5

e.[

9

4599

5>-9499

:::

::::

:

:

t

LHTH

:


180/406

04,,0,?d.b0

V9?d.

b0

V9?d

Y

T)9,?(ls9,?t)e(

j@?>;6,?d.

b0

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0b

9?Vd

Y

T)0,?(l?,0s(k)t

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V9?.d

0b

9?Vd

Y

T)?4,?(ls?4,?t)i(

j@9,?0.b0

V9?d.

b0

V9?d

Y

T)?(ls?t)`(

40,?/4,?YK/t

90,?/9,?YK/t

00,?/0,?YK/t

?,4-?,?4/?,0-YK/t

0,?/?YK/t

:

:

:::

:

:

:::

:

:

:::

:

:

:::

:

:

:::

sgmu iuhumur. Iur`e` elbb`t delhlrsd z`j`m ndtlbd bgme`ms`trm zdrlmedm `b j`b `z`hygr. [rdyl ilr`z e`c` `rtrs`b `bj nr`flbtd nstdrelljlz nlil sfrgh`k`btr.


187/406

066


Elrdmklm zdrlmedbl vd Bgme`ms`tr Th`rme`bl Ndrlhlj

Bgme`ms`trd sdrl i`h ilr elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj ej gcjb`mumume`m f`ye`h`mh`r`b iuhumìlhlr. Elrdm bgme`ms`trd sdrl i`h gheuume`mbgme`ms`tr zdrlmedm nddm `bj `ym z`j`me` elrdm dhdj`m zdrlmedmnddkdlmedm t:? `mme` elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj ej j`x. Gh`k`b, `bj`z`heb` vd `bj sfr gheuume` elrdm uh`rme` cdrc`mnl ilr ndrlhlj ejj`mtbdm ghj`y`k`btr. Iumu fgrjhhdrhd lfèd dedrdb nstdrdhlj.

iuhumur.Vghtd.T)t(T

medm2ntrdkdlilrilrlmleddrlY)d.

Y

T.(Y)t(T

r.y`zhìlhlb`mumume`mgcj)t(l.Y)t(T

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Y

YK/t

Y

Y

:

:

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elrdm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj iuhumeuum` nrd bgme`ms`tr uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj blrgfumndrlhljhdr b`mumume`m f`ye`h`mh`r`b bgme`ms`tr uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj `è`bldblhed ghur.

Vght)d0(T)d.T(T)t(TT)t(T

dblhlrsd2)t(T)t(T)t(TT

YK/tYK/t

YK

KKY

:::

+:

bgme`ms`tr uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj fgrjh iuhumur.

dblh0?.4 Bgme`ms`trm `ra dsm`sme`bl ndrlhlj drlsl

rmdb0?.;1

dblh0?.6 edbl vdrlhdm edvrded `m`ct`r 4?s b`p`theme` bgme`ms`trmuh`rme`bl ndrlhljl cds`ph`ymz.


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06>


dblh0?.6

zj0?.;1

Edvrdedbl vdrlhdrhd bgme`ms`tr uh`rme` 4?s sgmr` ndrlhlj eddrl fgrjhed

eddrhdr ydrlmd y`zh`r`b bgme`ms`trm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj eddrl iuhum`ilhlr.

V3,99)45;,?0(V4?T

)d0(V4?)d0(V4?)d0(T)s4?(T

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rmdb0?.51

dblh0?.> edbl edvrded bgme`ms`trhdrlm eghj` dsm`s

me` vd fuh egheuu `me`b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bjh`r vd dhdj`m zdrhdrlmedbl ndrlhljhdrl iuhumuz.(Elrdmeddrhdrl gcj klmslmedmelr)

dblh0?.> (`)

zj0?.51

dblh0?.> edbl edvrded `m`ct`r b`p`the`me` K0bgme`ms`trmm zdrlmedm `bj`b`k`me`m Y0elrdmklmedm `bj ndjdellmedm elrdm uh`rme` ndrlhlj ?V tur. K9dhdj`m Y9 elrdmklmd sdrl i`h`meme`m `bjh`r dlt gh`k`btr. Bs`k`bgme`ms`trhdr fuh gh`m` b`e`r bs` edvrd dbhlml `h`k`b edvrded cl elrdm

nstdrjdydkdbtlr. Iu euruj` nrd b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj(dblh(i)edbl edvrdydnrd2


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063


@504

V6?L

04;?//;?Y//YY

U

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:

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:::

tgph`j `bj iuhumeuum` nrd iu `bj elrdm eddrhdrl dlt gh`m Y9 vd Y;dhdj`mh`rme`m lbldr `jpdr gh`r`b dblh(i) edbl nlil `b`k`btr.

Bgme`ms`trhdr fuh egheubh`r `me` EK edvrded `b edvrd zdhhllnstdrdkdlmedm ndrlhlj b`ym`me`m dblhdm `bj dblh(k) edbl nrhe nlilgh`k`btr. Iu euruje` edvrd dhdj`mh`rmm i`h`mtdbhlmd nrd2

@4,05?

V6?L

5?;?0?YYY

U

;0U

:

:

:+:+:

Elbb`t delhlrsd bgme`ms`trhdr fuh egheuu `me`m sgmr` b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bjejd nstdrlygr. Bgme`ms`trhdr EK ed `b edvrd zdhhll nstdrell umutuhj`j`sndrdblr.

(i)

(k)


190/406

06(k) ed `b ilr dblhed nrhjdbtdelr.

EK edvrded Igilm vd Elrdmklm [drl i`h`mj`s

Igilmhdr bdmel `r`h`rme` edvrdhdred tdb gh`r`b buhh`mhìlhelbhdrl nlil elrdmdhdj`mh`r lhd ilrhlbtd edvrdhdred sdrl gh`r`b vdy` edllb dblhhdred i`h`mìlhlrhdr.Iurè` igilml elrdmhdr sdrl i`h`y`r`b lmkdhdjdyd `hm`k`btr. [`f ilr igilmghjème`m juth`b` igilmlm ldrlslmed `ze` ghs` ilr gjlb elrdm nrhr. Igilmlmgjlb elrdmklml gcjjdtrd lhd hdrdb iuhumìlhlr. \ub`re`bl bgmuh`re` s`f ilr igilmlmuh`rme`bl ndrlhljl lmkdhdjltlb. Q`j`m` i`h ilr euruj sz bgmusu lel. Igilm lhb`me` ilr `bj `bm` zgrhub nstdrlygr e`c` sgmr` zt djb mm eddrl etbdzdrlmedm `bjm `bj`sm` js`èd dedrdb ndjdslmd lzlm vdrlygr. iu js`èddtjd euruju igilmlm vd ium` i`h elrdmklm eddrl lhd gr`mther. Ium` z`j`m`sìltdsl edmlr. Q`j`m sìltdsl (tg) `è`bl nlil iuhumur.

Y

H:

Igilm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj eddrl lsd `è` nstdrlhdm fgrjhhd iuhumìlhlr.

)Y/H(t

H d.T)t(T :

dblh0?.3 elrdm vd igilmlm sdrl i`h`mts

igilm uh`rme`bl z`j`m` nrd ndrlhlj drlsl


191/406

0>?


Elbb`t delhlrsd nr`flbtd igilm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj `m`ct`r b`p`thr b`p`thj`z(t:?)

igilm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj b`ym`b ndrlhljlmd d ilr ndrlhlj eddrl nrhjdbtd e`c`sgmr` z`j`m lhdrhdelbd uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj `z`h`r`b ?(sfr) ghj`btèr. Edjdb bligilm `bjm e`hn`h`m`seurujume` uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj `rtj`bt` `bj sìlt eddredb`heeuruje` lsd igilm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj g ghj`btèr. Iu bgmu lhd lhnlhl s`ys`hilr rmdb y`p`r`b igilm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj edlljhdrlml s`ys`h gh`r`b nrdhlj.

rmdb0?.4 1

dblhed s`ys`h eddrhdrl vdrlhdm edvrded2

`- t:? e` igilm uh`rme`bl ndrlhljl,

i- t:4e` lbdm igilm uh`rme`bl ndrlhljl,k- Q`j`m sìltlmle- t:?,5js edbl igilm uh rme`bl ndrlhljl,d- ;eddrlmedbl igilm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj eddrlml,f- t:?,5s edbl b`ym`bt`m dblhdm bjiuhumuz.

zj0?.41

dblh0?.< rmdlm dbhl Iuhum`m eddrhdrd nrd igilm uh`rme`bl ndrlhlj

`- t:? `mme` V95d.V95d.V95d.TT ?)0??/jC4?(?)Y/H(t)?t(H ::::

:

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d- t:; V0


192/406

0>0


Blrgfum ndrlhljhdr b`mumume`m f`ye`h`mh`r`b `è`bl i`mty`zhìlhlr.

Vghttur.d0(Td.TT)t(T

)t(TT)t(T)t(T)t(TT

)Y/H(t)Y/H(t

Y

HYHY

::

:+:

iurè`m t:? `mme` TH(t):T b`ym`b ndrlhljlmd dlt gh`k`me`m TY(t):? er. Blrgfumndrlhljhdr b`mumume`m b`ym`bt`m dblhdm `bj `è`bl dblhed iuhumìlhlr. (z`j`meddrl js gh`r`b vdrlhjl, iu z`j`ms`mlydyd dvlrjdb ndrdblr)

0?>,3j@l(t)

@0?>3,?54,?.95,?d.95,?d.0??

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T)t(l 3,?0?.4,?/()0?.5,?(

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193/406

0

@HUDYM@UF @BLJLM UDJDH D[@[H@YL

0. EGYT VD @HUDYM@UF @BLJLM B@YLH@ULYLHJ@[L9. [M[GE@H @HUDYM@UF @BLJLM DHED DEHJD[;. @HUDYM@M[, _DY\GU, FYDB@M[5. @L[@H CLQ, E@HN@ IG\T4. BTUT_ [@\L[L HD EDVY [@\L[LMLM FYDB@M[@ DUB[6. @HUDYM@UF NDYHJ VD @BLJLM EDDYHDY>. [M[GE@H IY E@HN@MLM VDBUYDH N[UDYH3. F@Q vd F@QF@YBL

IHJ0


194/406

9

@HUDYM@UF @BLJLM UDJDH D[@[H@YL

0. EGYT VD @HUDYM@UF @BLJLM B@YLH@ULYLHJ@[L

Dhdbtrlb dmdralsl, `htdrm`tlf `bj vd egru `bj gh`r`b lbl dblhed rdtlhlr. Iunmbuhh`mh`m dhdbtrlb dmdralslmlm %


195/406

;

buhh`mhr. Iu nlil ydrhdred egru `bj ndmdhhlbhd, `htdrm`tlf `bjm E.@`

dvrlhjdsl lhd dhed delhlr.

9. [M[GE@H @HUDYM@UF @BLJLM DHED DEHJD[

9.0 [M[GE@H DJB (DHDBUYG JGUGY BTVVDU)

dblh0.0 ed nrhe nlil, M [ butuph`rmm jdye`m` ndtlrell eznmj`mydtlb `h`mm llmed iuhum`m lhdtbdm, buvvdt lznlhdrlml elb bdsdkdb dblhedc`rdbdt dttlrlhellmed, lhdtbdmed ilr djb lmebhdmlr.

dblh9.0[lmsgle`h djbmm dhed delhjdsl

h `hdtlmlm lirdsl s`p`r. hdtbdm tdrs ymd egru c`rdbdt dttlrlhellmed, h`hdtlmlm lirdsl tdrs ymed s`p`r. mebhdmdm djblm ym edllr. hdtbdmj`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrlmd p`r`hdh gh`r`b lbl butup `r`sme` c`rdbdtdttlrlhellmed, h `hdtlmlm lirdsl s`pj`z. \`ml lhdtbdmed clilr djblmebhdmjdz.

F`r`e`y b`mumum` nrd, ilr lhdtbdm buvvdt lznlhdrlmd elb gh`r`b c`rdbdt

dttlrlhellmed ilr s`mlyded 0?3 j`bsvdhhlb ilr `by bdslygrs`, iu lhdtbdmed 0vghthub ilr djb lmebhdmlr.

J`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrl ygumhuu I n`vs (j`bsvdh/kj9) lhdtbdmlm igyu (H)kj vd lhdtbdmlm czV kj/sm gheuum` nrd, lhdtbdmlm ilr s`mlyded t`r`y`k``h`m (H.V) kj9vd lhdtbdmlm 0 s`mlyded bdstll j`mydtlb lznlhdrl (IHV) j`bsvdhghur.

hdtbdmed lmebhdmdm djb, KN[ ilrlj slstdjlmed d:I.H.V. 0?-3 vght

@HUDYM@UF @BLJ EDVYD @M@HQ Ugp`b


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5

JB[ slstdjlmed, d : I. H. V. Vght

I1 J`mydtlb `bygumhuu, wdidr/j9H1 hdtbdmlm igyu, jdtrdV1 hdtbdmlm cz, j/s`mlydd1 Djb, vght

dblh0.9 edbl dhdbtrgjbm`tsm M vd [ butuph`r`r`sme` eznm ilr j`mydtlb`h`mm gheuumu b`iuh dedhlj. Iu `h`mm llmed, s``t lirdsl ymmed e`lrdsdhgh`r`b emdilhdm ez ilr lhdtbdm iuhumuygr. hdtbdm emerhemed, j`mydtlbbuvvdt lznlhdrlml bdstll llm lhdtbdmed ilr djb lmebhdmlr.

dblh0.9 (`) M[ butuph`rllmed lhdtbdm c`rdbdtl (i) @.@ e`hn` dbhl



197/406

4

@htdrm`tlf `bjm Gslh`sbgp dbr`m nrmts

dblh0.9` e` nrhe nlil, V e`lrdsdh czm 9 `mme`2 j`mydtlb buvvdtlznlhdrlmd elb Vf vd j`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrlmd p`r`hdh Vf czghj`b zdrd lblilhddmd `yr`hj. V cz lhd emerhdm lhdtbdm 9 `mme` j`mydtlb buvvdtlznlhdrlml Vf nlil ilr czh` elb gh`r`b bdsdr. hdtbdmlm j`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrlmlelb bdsjd cz,Vf : V slm er.

hdtbdmed lmebhdmdm djb, lhdtbdmlm j`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrlml elb bdsjd czlhd egru gr`mther. Czm j`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrlmd p`r`hdh gh`m ilhddml Vt :V. Kgs er. J`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrlmd p`r`hdh gh`m cz lhd lhdtbdmedlmebhdmdm djb `r`sme` clilr lhlbl ygbtur. \`ml, lhdtbdmlm j`mydtlb buvvdtlznlhdrlmd p`r`hdh c`rdbdt dtjdsl lhdtbdmed clilr djb lmebhdjdz.

Eznm e`lrdsdh ilr czh` eznm ilr j`mydtlb `h`m llmed emdm lhdtbdmeddjb,d : I. H. V. slm fgrjh lhd cds`ph`mr.

dblh0.9` e`bl lhdtbdmed, edllb `mh`re` lmebhdmdm djbhdrl iuh`r`b dblh0.9i

edbl djb drlsl lzlhdilhlr.

0. `mme`1hdtbdm V czlhd j`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrlmd p`r`hdh c`rdbdt delygr.Iu `me` :? er. hdtbdm j`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrlml elb gh`r`b bdsjlygr. \`ml,Vf: V. slm ?: ? er. u c`hed 0. `mme` lhdtbdmed lmebhdmdm djb sfrer.

9. `mme`1 hdtbdm j`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrlml bdsjd `s 54 elr. J`mydtlbbuvvdt lznlhdrlml elb bdsdm cz ilhddml Vf:V.slm 54elr. hdtbdmed Vf lhd gr`mthgh`r`b ilr djb lmebhdmlr.



198/406

6

;. `mme`1 lhdtbdmlm j`mydtlb buvvdt lznlhdrlml bdsjd `s :


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200/406

3

dblh0.; rdtlhdm djbd yb elrdmklmlm i`h`mj`s

[lmsgle`h djdb Y elrdmklmd uynuh`mmk` edvrdedm `htdrm`tlf ilr `bj nddr.Gcj b`mumum` nrd, cdrc`mnl ilr `me` elrdmtdm nddm `bj,

[lmY

D

Y

[lmDl jj ::

.lfèdslmed, jj LYD :/ eddrl ydrlmd bgmuhurs`,

slm.jLl :

lfèdsl `bjm cdrc`mnl ilr `mme`bl ndmdh lfèdslml vdrlr. Iu `bje`slmsgle`h ilr `bjer. dblh0. 5ed djb vd `bjm e`hn` dblhhdrl nrhjdbtdelr.


201/406

>6?.9f9 :::

U:?,??4 s`mlydedbl `s, r`ey`m3>t ::: iuhumur.

Vght0,


207/406

04

4. BTUT_ [@\L[L HD EDVY [@\L[LMLM FYDB@M[@ DUB[dblh0.9 (`) e` gheuu nlil M vd [ butuph`r`r`sme`bl lhdtbdmlm ilr edvrlmedlhdtbdm ;6?vdy` 9rèy`mhb ilr `b`t dedr. hdtbdmed ilr pdrlygthub ilr djblmebhdmlr. hdtbdm e`blbè` M edvlrhd emerhrsd, lmebhdmdm djblmfrdb`ms (m/6?) cdrz ghur. u c`hed, lmebhdmdm djblm frdb`ms, s`mlydedbledvlr s`ys lhd egru gr`mther. Butup s`ys `rttb` e`hn` s`ys e``rt`k`me`m frdb`mst` iu egruhtue` `rt`k`btr.

Ilr `htdrm`tlf `bj `htdrm`trmm butup s`ys(9_) vd e`blbè`bl edvlr s`yse` M gheuum` nrd, lmebhdmdm djblm frdb`ms,

6?

M._f :

fgrjh lhd cds`ph`mr. Fgrjhedbl c`rfhdrlm `mh`jh`r2f1 Frdb`ms, Cdrzt_1 lft butup s`ys(`ymèhbutup s`ys)M1 E`blbè`bl edvlr s`ys, Edvlr/e`blbÈrt butuphu ilr `htdrm`tred rgtgrum ilr edvrlmed lhdtbdm ;6?hlb ilr ndgjdtrlb`yb`tdtjlghur. Djb lsd (9.;6?) dhdbtrlbl edrdkdhlb `yb`t dedr.

rmdb;.>5 butuphu ilr `htdrm`tredm, 4? Cz frdb`msvd 0?? Cz frdb`msh`htdrm`tlf `bjrdtlhdilhjdb llm, rgtgr b` edvlrhd emerhjdhlelr7

zj;.>1_

6?.fMdbdrsdb2Mfgrjedm

6?

M._f ::

e/e04??9

6?.4?MCz4?f ::: f:0?? e/e;???

9

0??.6?M ::

rmdb;.316 butuphu ilr htdrm`tr 0??? e/e lhd emerhjdbtdelr. rdtlhdm djblm j`bsljujeddrl 9?? vghttur. (`) Frdb`ms2 (i) @s`h cz(k) t:?,?0 s`mlydedbl djblm eddrlmlcds`ph`ymz7zj;.31(`)

Cz4?6?

;.0???

6?

M._f :::



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210/406

03

dblh0.0;ed nrhdm slmsgle`h ndrlhljlm y`rj `htdrm`msme` cdr 4 edrdkd

llm `ml eddrhdrl cds`ph`mrs` iu y`rj `htdrm`mst` ;6 `ml eddr v`rer. Dheddelhdm ndrlhljl ;6y` ihmemed grt`h`j` eddr grt`y` b`r.Grt`h`j` eddr:`ml eddrhdr tgph`j/`ml eddr s`ys:?,6;6 Tj

Iu `h`m dmtdnr`h lhd iuhumur vd `h`m y`rj pdrlyge` ihmdrdbtdm `ymsgmuiuhum`ilhlr.

( )

iuhumur

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tslm9

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:

:

:

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Iu sgmuh`re`m sgmr` u tdsplt y`ph`ilhlr. Ilr slms drlslmlm grt`h`j` eddrl,j`bsljuj eddrlmlm ?,6;6 b`tm` dlttlr. Iu slmsgle`h `bj llmed `ymdmnddrhlbtdelr. dblh0.05 ed `bjm grt`h`j` eddrl Lgr(L`vn) nrhjdbtdelr.

Q`j`m (t)?


211/406

0?>,?m

u.........uuT :

+++:

@bjm dtblm eddrl2

j

9

m

9

9

9

9 L>?>,?m

l...............llL :

+++:

fgrjhhdrl lhd iuhumur. Iur`e`m e` nrhe nlil dfdbtlf eddr tdpd eddrlmlm?,>?> b`tm` dlttlr. Iu iuhum`m eddrl dmtdnr`hhd ed iuhum`ilhlr.

jj

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rmdb;.


212/406


213/406

90

(`) (i)

dblh0.>Emdm vdbtrm ghutureuu slms drlsl

t`meme` dblh0.> (i)edbl slms drlsl dhed delhlr. [lms drlslmlm j`bsljujeddrl, I vdbtrmm ndmhllmd (igyum`) dlttlr. u c`hed ilr slms drlsl, `s`h czlhd emdm vd ndmhll slms drlslmlm j`bsljuj eddrlmd dlt gh`m ilrvdbtrhd nstdrlhdilhlr.


214/406


215/406

9;

S dbsdml zdrlmed iuhum`m ndmhlbhdrl f`rbh@ vd I vdbtrhdrl, `s`h cz lhd

s``t lirdslmlm tdrs ymmed emerhebhdrlmed lzdkdbhdrl slms drlhdrldblh0.09 ed nrhygr. Iu lbl slms drlsl, `ym `me` sfr vd `ym `me`j`bsljuj eddrhdrlml `hrh`r. [`edkd ndmhlbhdrl f`rbher.


216/406

95

[fr f`z1Ddr slmsgle`h ilr drl t:? `mme` sfr zdrlmedm i`h`y`r`b pgzltlf

ymed `rtygrs`, iu drlyd sfr f`z drlsl edmlr. Ddr `s`h cz lhd s``tlirdslmlm tdrs ymed emdm ilr vdbtrm t:? `mme` rdfdr`ms dbsdml lhd y`pt`sfr lsd iu vdbtrd sfr f`z vdbtr edmlr. dblh0.> ed sfr f`zhilr `htdrm`tlfndrlhlj drlsl nrhjdbtdelr.

hdrl f`z1 dblh0.0? e`bl I vdbtr lhdrl f`z vdbtr vd drlsl ed lhdrl f`z drlslelr.

Ndrl f`z1 dblh0.00 edbl I vdbtr ndrl f`z vdbtr vd drled ndrl f`zhdrlelr.mb, t:? `mme` I vdbtr S dbsdmlmedm bè`r ndrledelr. mb, t:?`mme` I vdbtr S dbsdmlmedm bè`r ndrledelr. Idhlrhl ilr z`j`m ndklbtlbtdmsgmr`, I vdbtr rdfdr`ms dbsdml zdrlmd ndhlr vd iu `me` e` drl sfreddrlmedelr.

F`z F`rb1 Vdbtrhdrlm vd drlhdrlm `r`h`rme` iuhum`m `vdy` z`j`m f`rbm`f`z f`rb edmlr. Bs`k` drlhdr `r`sme`bl z`j`m f`rber. @htdrm`tlf `bjslmsgle`h ilr drl gheuume`m vdbtrdh tgph`mvd vdbtrdh gh`r`b b`rthj`sndrdblr. mb `htdrm`tlf `bjm vdy` ndrlhljlm z`j`m` nrd edljdbtdelr.hdrhdydm bgmuh`re` f`z vd f`z f`rb ghutur`m eurujh`r jdye`m` ndhdkdbtlr.Iume`m egh`yer bl bgmumum `mh`hj`s llm iu bgmu zdrlmed ilr`z f`zhèuruhjutur. F`b`t e`c` e` edt`y` nlrlhjdjl iu edt`yh`r eldr jdshdbhdrlm`m` bgmuh`rer.

rmdb;.0?

dblh0.05 ed @, I vd K `htdrm`tlf ndrlhlj drlhdrl lzlhlelr. @htdrm`tlf ndrlhljhdrlmfgmbslygmh`rm, f`z eurujh`rmvd y`z`r`b


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zj;.0?1

@htdrm`tlf ndrlhljlm drlhdrlmlm f`z eurujum` i`bheme` @ lhd nstdrlhdm`htdrm`tlf ndrlhlj ? f`zh, I lhd nstdrlhdm `htdrm`tlf ndrlhlj 9? lhdrl f`zh, K lhdnstdrlhdm `htdrm`tlf ndrlhlj lsd 54ndrl f`zher. Iu egruhtue` `htdrm`tlf ndrlhljedmbhdjhdrl ``e`bl nlil ghur.

Vu

Vuvdy`

uvdy`

K

I

@

664>?>?354354


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@HUDYM@UF @BLJ EDVYDHDY

EDVYD DHDJ@MH@YL

@htdrm`tlf `bj edvrdhdrlmed `bjm ndllmd b`r dlt elrdm nstdrlhlr.Edvrd dhdj`mh`r edelljlz iu elrdmhdr2 Y gjlb elrdm, H dmebt`msmdmebtlf elrdmkl vd K b`p`slt`msm b`p`sltlf elrdmklmedm li`rdttlr. Iu dhdj`mh`redvrdhdred tdb gh`r`b buhh`mhìlhell nlil cdpslmlm ilr `rè` buhh`mheedvrdhdr ed jdvkuttur. Iu dhdj`mh`rm `htdrm`tlf ndrlhljedbl e`vr`mh`r

lmkdhdmdkdbtlr.

UDJDH EDVYDHDY

@htdrm`tlf `bje` dlt edvrd v`rer. I`mh`r2 elrdmhl edvrdhdr(gjlb edvrd),igilmhl edvrd(dmebtlf edvrd) vd bgme`ms`trh edvrd (b`p`sltlf edvrd) elr.Udjdh edvrdhdrd uynuh`m`m T ndrlhljl vd edvrdmlm L `bjdtblm eddrhdrelr. Ledvrd `bj, uynuh`m`m ndrlhljd vd edvrd dhdj`mmm elrdmklmd i`h gh`r`bedllr. Edvrd dhdj`mh`rE.K ed gheuu nlil `htdrm`tlf `bje` e` sdrl, p`r`hdhvd sdrl-p`r`hdh (b`rb) i`h`mrh`r. Edvrd dhdj`mh`rmm led`h ghj`s2 Y gjlbelrdmklmed dmebtlf elrdm dtblslmlm iuhumj`j`s, H vd K dhdj`mh`rme` gjlb

elrdm dtblslmlm vd n b`yimm ghj`j`sedjdbtlr.

0 GJB EDVYD

0.0@HUDYM@UF @BLJE@ EYDM

@htdrm`tlf `bj edvrdhdrlmed, dmebtlf vd b`p`sltlf dtblsl iuhumj`y`m s`felrdmkd gjlb elrdm edmlr. Y c`rfl lhd nstdrlhdrdb ilrljl gcj() eur. Elrdm

gh`r`b dlthl eddrhdred vd nhdred dhdj`mh`r gheuu nlil dhdbtrlbhl

s

t

k

h`r,zn`r` vd t nlil dhdbtrlbhl dv `hdthdrl ed jdvkuttur. [`f gjlb elrdmhl itm`j`h`rm, dlt ndrlhljhl egru `bj vd `htdrm`tlf `bj edvrdhdrlmedb`ym`bh`re`m dbtlbhdrl `bjh`r e` ilrilrlmd dlttlr. \bsdb frdb`msh @.@edvrdhdrlmed buhh`mh`m iyb bdslthl ilr lhdtbdmlm elrdmkl, E.@ e`bl elrdmklmedmilr`z e`c` iybtr. @. @. E`bl lhdtbdmlm dtblm bdsltl ilr`z e`c` bb ghur. @@ e` elrdmklm iyjdsl, lhdtbdm bdmel llmed `htdrm`tlf `bj edljdhdrlegh`ys lhd eg`m djbedm lhdrl ndhlr. Iu djbhdr `bj lhdtbdmlm eyzdylmdegru ltdrhdr. Ium` edrl gh`yedmlr. 4? Cz frdb`msh@.@ edvrdhdrlmed iu gh`y gbè`r edlhelr.

IHJ

9


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0.9 GJB EDVYDED GCJ B@MTMT@htdrm`tlf ndrlhljd i`h`m`m ilr elrdm dblh9.0 ed nrhjdbtdelr. Elrdmuh`rm` slmy`h ndmdr`trmedm slmzgle`h ilr ndrlhlj uynuh`meme` iu elrdmzdrlmedm ilr `bj `b gh`k`btr. Iu `bjm e`hn` dbhl ed uynuh`m`m`htdrm`tlf ndrlhljlm e`hn` dbhl lhd `ymer. Edldm s`edkd ndmhll gh`k`btr. Iue`hn` dbhl edvrd zdrlmed nstdrlhjltlr.

3333

YT

TY

L

dblh9.0Gjlb edvrd

[lmy`h ndmdr`trmedm elrdm uh`rm` uynuh`m`m u:Tj.slmt slmzgle`h

`htdrm`tlf ndrlhlj uynuh`meme` elrdm zdrlmedm nddm `htdrm`tlf `bj gcjb`mumu lhd iuhumur.

t[lmY

T

Y

t[lmT

Y

ul jj :

:: @bjm j`bsljuj eddrl

Y

TL jj : gheuume`m, `htdrm`tlf `bjm `ml eddrl ``e`bl dbhl `h`k`btr.

t[lm.Ll j :

Iu eddrlm e`hn` dbhl dblh9.0 ed edvrd zdrlmed nrhjdbtdelr.

@htdrm`tlf `bjm cdrc`mnl ilr z`j`me`bl eddrlml iu fgrjhd iuhj`bjjbmer. Ddr cdrc`mnl ilr z`j`me`bl eddrl edlh ed dtblm eddr gh`r`belrdmklm zdrlmedm nddm `bj2



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;;

dblh9.6ed nrhe nlil bgme`ms`tr, lbl lhdtbdm hdvc` vd iumh`rm `r`sm`

bgm`m eldhdbtrlb jèededm ghuj`btèr. \`ph iu dblhedelr. Iubgme`ms`tr uh`rm` ilr ndrlhlj i`h`mjè`m bgme`ms`trm eurujumu vd iubgme`ms`tr uh`rm` ilr ndrlhlj i`h`meme` bl md nlil eurujh`rmghutuumu dblhhdrhd `mh`hj`ss`h`m`k`btr.

Ilr bgme`ms`trm uh`rm` ilr ndrlhlj uynuh`mjè euruje` iubgme`ms`tr dblh9.>(`) edbl nlil mtr eurujeèr. Bgme`ms`trm uh`rm`dblh9.> (i)edbl nlil ilr ndrlhlj b`ym` i`h`meme` iu bgme`ms`trzdrlmedm `bj `bgh`k`b vd bgme`ms`tr hdvc`h`rdblhed nrhe nlilybhdmjdyd i`h`y`k`btr. Iu ybhdmjd uynuh`m` ndrlhlj ddrlmd uh``m`bè`r edv`j dedkdbtlr. Iu dblh9.> (k)edbl eurujumu `h`k`btr.

(`)Mtr(ed`ra euruju)

dblh9.>Bgme`ms`trm `ra

(i) Ndrlhljd i`h`m`m ilrbgme`ms`trm @ Ihdvc`h`rmm yb ghuuju

(k) Bgme`ms`tr zdrlmedm `bj `b@ I uynuh`m`m ndrlhlj eddrlmedgheuu `me` bdslhlr.

(e)Bgme`ms`trm hdvc`h`r(+) vd (-)ybhdrhd uynuh`m`m ndrlhlj eddrlmedybhdmjlc`hl



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Iu bgme`ms`trm `ra ghj`s edjdbtlr. @rtb iu bgme`ms`tr ndrlhlj

b`ym`me`m b`remz `me` bgme`ms`tr uh`r uynuhèmz ndrlhljeddrlml nstdrlr. dblh9.> (e)ed T eddrlmed `ra ghju ilr bgme`ms`trnrhjdbtdelr. Hdvc`h`r dhdbtrgm ybhdrl lhd egh`m bgme`ms`trm ilr elrdmvdy` lbl uku bs` edvrd delhdrdb ybhdrlm ig`hthj`sm` bgme`ms`trm ed`raedmlr. dblh9.3 ed nrhe nlil bgme`ms`trm (-) ybh hdvc`sme`bldhdbtrgmh`r, (+) ybh hdvc`y` c`rdbdt dedrhdr. Dhdbtrgmh`rm iu c`rdbdtl ed`ra`bjmjdye`m` ndtlrlr. Ed`ra `bj, bgme`ms`trm cdr lbl ph`b`se` mtrgh`m` bè`r edv`j dedr. Iu gh`ym sgmume` bgme`ms`tr uh`r `r`sme`blndrlhlj sfr` lmdr. Bgme`ms`tr ig`hjghur.

dblh9.3Bgme`ms`trm Ed`ra

dblhhdred ed nrhe nlil bgme`ms`trhdred, dhdbtrlb ybhdrl ilr y`htb`mh``yrhjghup lbl lhdtbdm hdvc` e` ilrlblr. Hdvc`h`re`m ilrlsl prgtgmh`re`m ghu`mpgzltlf ybd, eldrl lsd dhdbtrgmh`re`m ghu`m mdn`tlf ybd s`clp ghurh`r.

Bgme`ms`trhdred b`p`sltd ilrljl F`rètr. Ilr bgme`ms`tr uh`rm` ilr vghthubndrlhlj uynuh`meme` g bgme`ms`tr zdrlmed ilr buhgmhub ilr dhdbtrlb ybghuuygrs` bgme`ms`trm b`p`sltdsl ilr f`rètr edmlhlr. F`rè gb ybsdb ilrilrlj gheuume`m f`rèm `sb`th`r gh`m jlbrgf`rè(F), m`mgf`rè(mF) vdplbgf`rè(pF) buhh`mhr. Iu ilrljhdr `r`s emj bdmel `r`h`rme``è`bl dblhed ghur.

0F:0?6F vdy` 0F:0?-6F0F:0?


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rmdb9.;

@è`bl bh`re` vdrlhdm bgme`ms`tr eddrhdrlml F eddrlmd emtrmz.

(`) ?,????0F (i) ?,??4F (k) 0???pF (e) 9??pF

zj9.;

(`) ?,????0F x 0?6 : 0?F (i) ?,??4F x 0?6 : 4???F

(k) 0???pF x 0?-6:?,??0F (e) 9??pF x 0?-6: ?,???9F

rmdb9.5

@è`bl bh`re` vdrlhdm bgme`ms`tr eddrhdrlml pF eddrlmd emtrmz.

(`) ?,0.0?-3F (i) ?,????94F (k) ?,?0F (e) ?,??4F

zj9.5

(`) ?,0.0?-3F x 0?09:0???pF (i) ?,????94F x 0?09:94.0?6pF

(k) ?,?0F x 0?6:0????pF (e) ?,??4F x 0?6:4???_f

9.9 BGME@M[@UY DUHDY

Jlb` Bgme`ms`tr1

Jlb` bgme`ms`trhdred, gb lmkd lbl lhdtbdm hdvc` vd iumh`rm `r`sme`y`htb`m gh`r`b jlb` buhh`mhjtr. Iu bgme`ms`trhdred e b`p gh`r`bndmdhhlbhd sdr`jlb jèedsl buhh`mhjtr. Jlb` bgme`ms`trhdr ndmdhhlbhd

4?plbgf`rè lhd 4?? plbgf`rè `r`sme` bb b`p`sltdhdrl dhed dtjdb llm lj`hdelhlrhdr.

B`t Bgme`ms`trhdr1

B`t bgme`ms`trhdred lbl lhdtbdm hdvc` vd iumh`rm `r`sme` y`htb`m gh`r`bb`t buhh`mhjtr. hdtbdm jèedhdr vd iumh`rm `r`sme`bl b`t gb lmkdghup, ilr slhlmelrlb y`pghuturj`b zdrd ilrilrl zdrlmd s`rhjtr. B`t



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bgme`ms`trhdred e b`p gh`r`

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