INDIGENOUS PLANTS IN NORTHEAST INDIA: REVIEW ON ANTI-ULCER ACTIVITY CONTAINING PLANTS

Sunirmal Bhattacharjee1*, Dr. Mrinmoy Basak2

1 Assistant Professor, Bharat Pharmaceutical Technology. Agartala, Tripura.2 HOD, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Assam downtown university, Assam

Corresponding author E-mail: sunirmalbpt@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

Nowadays Ulcer is a common and serious gastrointestinal disorder seen in many people. Ulceration occurs due to disturbance of the normal equilibrium of the gastrointestinal tract. Those disturbances can be caused by regular drug usage, irregular food habit, stress, improper livelihood. Basically Peptic ulcer is a broad term including ulcers of digestive tract in the stomach or the duodenum. The formation of peptic ulcer depends on the presence of acid and peptic activity in gastric juice plus a breakdown in mucosal defenses. Number of drugs are introduced for the treatment of the peptic ulcer including Proton pump inhibitor, H2 receptor antagonist etc. But these drugs are prone to relapses, side effects, drug interactions and they are a bit costly too. So there is a need to produce a novel molecule for the treatment. In this search herbal drug can play an important role which offer a better protection and decreased relapses. So in this review we are going to discuss about several medicinal plants having antiulcer activity.

Key Words: Peptic Ulcer, Herbal Drugs, Medicinal Plants, Mucosal Defense, Relapse

INTRODUCTION:

Peptic ulcer is basically an inflamed break in the skin or the mucous membrane lining in the alimentary tract. Ulcers are lesions on the surface of the skin or mucous membrane characterized by a superficial loss of tissue. Ulcers are most common in the skin of the lower extremities and in the gastrointestinal tract but they can be occurred in any site. There are so many types of ulcers such as mouth ulcer, peptic ulcer, genital ulcers,and esophagus ulcers. Peptic ulcers are caused by the erosion of the lining of the stomach and duodenum [1, 2,3,4]. Both stomach and duodenum ulcers are named according to the site of ulceration. Gastric ulcers mainly occurred in the older age group and the site of ulceration is stomach characterized by pain. Symptoms are nausea, vomiting,weight loss and eating may increase the pain. Duodenal ulcers mainly occurred in younger age groups especially in males. It is characterized by severe pain with burning sensation in the upper abdomen. Paining increases when the stomach is empty after having food pain reduces gradually. In some cases peptic ulcers can be life threatening with symptoms like bloody stools, severe abdominal pain, cramps along with blood vomiting. The pathophysiology of peptic ulcer can be described as imbalance between offensive (acid, pepsin, Helicobacterpylori) and defensive factors (mucin, prostaglandin, growth factors, nitric oxide). Peptic ulcers can be caused secondarily by spicy food and stress but the main or real cause is bacterial infection of Helicobacter pylori and reaction to various medications especially in NSAIDs. Peptic ulcer is world’s one of the most major gastrointestinal disorders which affect

10% of the world’s total population. Out of 20; 19 cases of ulcers are the duodenal ulcer. Approx. 15000 people’s death occurred every year due to gastric ulcer. Annual incidence estimates of peptic ulcer hemorrhage and perforation when 19.4-57 and 3.8- 14 per 100000 individuals respectively. The average 7 day recurrence of hemorrhage was 13.9% and the average long-term recurrence of perforation was 12.2%. In Indian pharmaceutical industry antacids and antiulcer drugs share 6.2 billion rupees and occupy 4.3% of the market share. Nowadays there are so many medicines to treat the ulcer but in the whole world so many people approximately 75 to 80% of the people use herbal medicine. So in this review we are going to discuss about the medicinal plants having antiulcer activities, their mechanism of actions, and their origins as well [5-14].

MEDICINAL PLANTS HAVING ANTIULCER ACTIVITIES:

1. Allium sativum[14,15]

Family : Liliaceae Commonname :Garlic Cultivation :All over the India Chemicalconstituents : Acrid volatile oil , starch , mucilage , albumin and sugar. Seeds

havearomatic oil. Juice rich insulphur , iodine and salicylic acid combinations , vitamins and some other nutrients.

Activeconstituents: Volatile oil , Alliin and Allicin.

Antiulceractivity: For maggots infesting ulcers, garlic can be applied by frying it in coconut or mustard oil. For washing wound and ulcers garlic can be used with three to four parts of distilled water.

Recentstudy: To decrease the development of cystamine induced gastric and duodenal ulcers in rats, juice of garlic can be administered in the dose of 250 to 500 mg/kg.

2. Aloe barbadensis[16,17]

Family :Liliaceae Commonname :Aloe vera Cultivation :All over the India Chemical constituents :Aloin, Isobarbaloin, And Emodin Active constituents: Barbalin, Isobarbolin, And Saponins

Antiulcer activity:To heal the chronic ulcers , leaves of aloe vera can be used. Recent study :To treat the indomethacin induced ulcers , aloe vera can be used by

mixing it with gum acacia in the dose of 200mg/kg.

3. Azadirachta indica[18-20]

Family: Meliaceae Common name : Neem Cultivation : All over the India and in West Bengal Chemical constituents: Nimbidin, phenolic compounds, saponin, and flavonoids.

Containing bitter alkaloid named Margosine. Seeds contains about 10–31% of yellow bitter fixed oil. The oil contains free and volatile fatty acids. The volatile fatty acids consistofamixtureofstearic andoleic acids with a small amount of lauric acid.

Active constituents: Stearic and palmitic acid isolated from the neembidin.

Antiulcer activity :For unhealthy ulcerations , neem leaves mixed with sesamum seeds. Recent study: For pylorus ligation and cold restraint stress induced gastric ulcer in rats

neem extracts are very effective.

4. Balsamodendron mukul[21]

Family :Burseraceae Common name : Gum guggul Cultivation : Sind,Rajputana, Eastern Bengal, Assam, Mysore. Chemical constituents : Volatile oil, gum-resin, and bitter principles Antiulcer activity:As the treatment of indolent ulcers gum guggul can be used with lime

juice.5. Beta vulgaris[22]

Family:Chenopodiaceae Common name : Beetroot

Cultivation : Sea coasts of Meditarian sea , Europe America , in gardens in many parts of India

Chemical constituentsBetin

Betin Antiulcer activity:For all kinds of ulcersmdecoction of the root with the little vinegar

can be very useful.

6. Carica papaya[23-25]

Family:Caricaceae Common name : Papaya Cultivation :All tropical countries and many subtropical regions. Chemical constituents : Papain, Chymopapain, Pectin, Carposide, Carpaine,

Carotenoids, and Antheraxanthin

Antiulcer activity :For indolent ulcers , ripe and unripe fruit can be used efficiently. Recent study : Against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer the extract of papaya can be

administered at the doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. It protected the gastric mucosa against ethanol effect. Reduction of the gastric juice volume and gastric acidity can be done via papaya juice effectively.

7. Hibiscus rosa sinensis[26,27]

Family: Malvaceae Common name : China rose Cultivation : China and throughout India Chemical constituents :Flavonoids, Anthocyanins, Quercetin, Cyanidin, Kaempferol,

And Hydrocitric Acid Antiulcer activity:For the ulcer treatment many tribes of south India uses the root of this

plant. Recent study :For the pylorus ligated rats , aqueous and ethanol extracts of the plant can

be used at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg

8. Lawsonia alba[28]

Family: Lythraceae Common name : Henna Cultivation :All Over in India Chemical constituents :Leaves having colouringmatter Henna dye 12 to 15% Hanno ,

tannic acid and olive green raisins soluble in ether and alcohol . Seeds contain oil and also glucoside.

Antiulcer activities :To cure wounds and ulcers the leaves of the plant is very useful.

9. Mangifera indica[29,30]

Family :Anacardiaceae Common name :Mango Cultivation :Throughout the India Chemical constituents : Alkaloids, Sterols, Saponins, Tannins, And Flavonoids Activeconstituents :Mangiferin.

Antiulcer activity:To treat ulcer the leaf extract can be applied with rice bran oil. Recent study: For gastric acid lesions , flower decoction can be used at the doses of 250,

500, and 1000mg/kg

10. Momordica charantia[31,32]

Family: Cucurbitaceae Common name :Bitter gourd Cultivation : Throughout in India

Chemical constituents :Bitter glucoside soluble in water and insoluble in ether, a yellow acid, resin, and ash 6%. Fresh vegetable contains 88.75% moisture, albuminoids 1.62%, soluble carbohydrates 85.41%, woody fiber 1.51%, and ash 8.53%

Active constituents :Flavonoids, saponins, and sterols Antiulcer activities :For leprous , dust of the plant is used. When mixed with cinnamon,

long pepper, rice, and chaulmugra oil it forms a good ointment in malignant ulcers. Recent study :For pylorus ligation, aspirin, and stress induced ulcer in rats aqueous and

ethanol extract of the plant is very beneicial.

11. Ocimum sanctum[33-35]

Family: Lamiaceae Common name :Holy Basil or Tulsi Cultivation : Throughout the India Chemical constituents :Alkaloids, Tannins, Saponins, Flavonoids, And Sterols Active constituent: Fixed oileugenol

Antiulcer activity :Commonly used for the intestinal disorders Recent study :Aspirin , indomethacin induced ulceration can be reduced via

administering the fixed oil of the plant at the doses of 1,2,3 mL/kg

12. Oryza sativa[36,37]

Family: Gramineae Common name :Rice paddy Cultivation : Throughout India, China, Burma, Japan Chemical constituents :Starchy grain , fat , protein , mineral matter Antiulcer activity :For the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcer , rice water would be

very beneficial with a pinch of salt and lemon. Recent study :For swimming stress induced and pylorus ligation induced ulcer in rats

extract of the plant can be administered at the dose of 1mL/day for 4 days.

13. Plantago ispagula[38]

Family: Plantaginaceae Common name :Spogel seeds. Cultivation : North West India ; Punjab Sindh and Bengal , Mysore Chemical constituents :Mucilage, fixed fatty oil, and albuminousmatter Antiulcer activity :For gastritis, gastric, and duodenal ulcers decoction of the plant is

used.

14. Shorea robusta[39,40]

Family: Dipterocarpaceae Common name : Saltree Cultivation :Sab Himalayan region and the forests of West Bengal Chemical constituents :Ursolic acid, tri and tetrehydroxyursenoic acid, Asiatic acid

alpha and beta amyrin, and mangiferonic acid uvaol Active constituents :Ursolic acid and amyrin

Antiulcer activities:For foetid ulcers S. robusta with Cinnabar , Mastiche , Calamusdracoand Ghee is beneficial.

Recent study :For ethanoland pylorus ligation induced gastric ulcer extract of the plant can be administered at the doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg.

15. Tamarindus indica[41,42]

Family :Caesalpiniaceae Common name :Tarmarind Cultivation : Throughout India and Burma Chemical constituents: Tartaric acid 5%, citric acid 4%, malic and acetic acids, tartaric

of potassium 8%, invert sugar 25–40%, gum, and pectin. Seeds containingalbuminoids,

fat, carbohydrates 63.22%, fibre, and ash contains phosphorus and nitrogen. Fruit having traces of oxalic acid

Active constituents :Tannins Antiulcer activity: For indolent ulcers decoction of the leaves are used. Recent study: To reduce thetotal volume of gastricjuice andtotalacidity of gastric

secretion in pylorus ligation induced ulcer the methanolic extract of the seed coat can be used at the doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg .

CONCLUSION:From this study we can say that the medicinal plants have a very vital role against various diseases. They can play an important role in any kind of diseases especially in antiulcer activity. It has so many effects on the antiulcer activity in animal models. It can reduces the gastric volume of the animals and reduce the pain as well due to ulceration. Various experiments has proved that it has effects on rats. So this study has a huge scope in future to treat the ulcer with the medicinal plants. These plants are very easily available, less toxic and the cost of these plants are very low so that we can use it very easily for any drug delivery system to treat ulcer.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The author Acknowledge the support of Bharat Pharmaceutical Technology, Amtali, Agartala, West Tripura-799130 for providing infrastructural and technological facilities to carry out this review work

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