Cold War - White Plains Middle School · Origins of the Cold War United States Soviet Union Type of...

Cold War

Origins of the Cold War

SWBAT

• Explain the relationship & differences between the US & Soviet Union post-WWII

Do Now:

• Why do you think the Cold War was given its name?

Cold War

• Lasted from 1946-1991

• Began because of tensions & competition between the US & Soviet Union for power & influence in the world

• Consisted of political & economic conflict & military tensions around the world

www.punchcartoons.com/images/M/1945.02.07.119.jpg

Origins of the Cold War

• After WWII, relations between the US and Soviet Union worsened b/c of several factors:

Origins of the Cold War

- The Soviet Union refused to withdraw from Latvia, Lithuania, & Estonia

Origins of the Cold War

- The Soviet Union established Communist governments throughout Eastern Europe

- Where?

Origins of the Cold War United States Soviet Union

Type of Gov Representative Democracy

Dictatorship by Communist Party

Pol Parties 2 major parties- many smaller parties

Communist Party- only legal party

Economic Sys Capitalism- private ownership of business

Communism- industry, and economic activity controlled by gov

Individual Liberty

Freedom to speak, write, travel as they wish

Activities considered harmful to the nation are prohibited

Religion Separation between church & state; religious freedom

Atheism is encouraged Religion is discouraged

Origins of the Cold War • “Weapons” Used: 1. Propaganda- use of

media, demonstrations

Origins of the Cold War

2. Diplomatic Moves- international conferences & defense alliances

- NATO- “an attack on one is an attack on all” collective security

NATO Warsaw Pact

Members US & Western Europe

Soviet Union & Eastern Europe

Origins of the Cold War

3. Scientific Competition- arms race, nuclear weapons, space race

- 1949- Soviets explode an atomic bomb

- 1957- Soviets launch Sputnik (first man-made object to orbit Earth)

Origins of the Cold War 4. Economic Competition- US & Soviet

union gave $ to nations to support their governments

- Cuba received Soviet financial support

- why does this

threaten the US? *proximity to our border!

Origins of the Cold War

5.Espionage- Spy rings

• By the late 40s, the Soviet Union had hung the “Iron Curtain” around Eastern Europe

Origins of the Cold War

• “Iron Curtain”

• Who’s “Joe”?

• Who’s trying to peek under the curtain?

Wrap Up

• Was the Cold War inevitable? Explain.

• How did United States support for “self-determination” conflict with the Soviet Union’s desire for security in Eastern Europe at the end of the war?

Your Task

• Read “From One Korea to Two” & answer questions that follow on your own

Cold War: US Foreign Policy

SWBAT:

Explain policies US used to practice containment

Do Now

• What point is the cartoonist trying to make?

US Foreign Policy • Goal of US Foreign Policy:

- CONTAINMENT- keep the Soviet Union from gaining any territory or influence in the world; control communism

US Foreign Policy • Ways the US practiced

Containment in Europe: 1. Truman Doctrine, 1948- US

gave $ to Greece & Turkey to strengthen their forces so they could defend themselves against Communist influences

**Review “Truman Doctrine” & complete questions with a partner

US Foreign Policy

2. Marshall Plan, 1947- The US provided $, supplies, & machinery to help European nations rebuild their economies & stop communism from spreading

• Marshall Plan = 13 Billion over 4 years

US Foreign Policy

3. Berlin Airlift, 1949- Soviet Union enforces a blockade around Berlin to pressure allies to stop them from setting up W. Germany as a democracy

• GB, France, & US join in dropping supplies into Berlin

US Foreign Policy 4. Point Four Program, 1950- US policy of

economic aid to underdeveloped nations (in Latin America, Africa, & Asia) in areas such as public health, agriculture, & education

- Explain why the US would aid in these parts of the world, and in the specific fields $ was allocated to

US Foreign Policy 5. NSC-68, 1950- National Security Council, after hearing the Soviets detonated an a-bomb, recommended the following in a report:

- Quadruple US gov. defense spending - Form alliances with non-communist

countries - Convince the public that arms buildup

is vital for nation’s defense

Evaluating Policy • After this report surfaced & reviewing

Truman’s actions post-WWII, what might a critic of this foreign policy say?

US Foreign Policy • Containment in Asia:

- China becomes Communist in 1949 US breaks diplomatic ties

- US forms separate peace treaty with Japan, 1951

- Korea is divided at the 38th parallel (during WWII Korea was occupied by Japan)

• North Korea = Communist

• South Korea = Republic of Korea

• N. Korea invades S. Korea in 1950

• GOAL: unify the country

US Foreign Policy • Truman sends in troops Korean War (1950-1953) • No one won; Cost = 15 billion • 34,000 Americans were killed • RESULT: No boundary change & nations

are still separated today • Truman forced to fire MacArthur who

wanted to invade China

Wrap Up • How did the United States respond to

the expansion of communism in Europe? in Asia?

• How might the situation in Europe be different today if the United States had not applied the Truman Doctrine? extended Marshall Plan aid? conducted the Berlin airlift? Formed NATO?

Cold War: 1950s Life in America

SWBAT

• Explain characteristics of society in America during the 1950’s

Do Now:

• How did McCarthy contribute to the suppression of free speech and open honest debate?

Domestic Economy

• Post WWII foreign policy was concerned with containment & fighting communism, while domestic policy was concerned with improving the economy

Domestic Economy • 1953- Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes

President - cuts back on government spending

(foreign aid & defense) but keeps popular programs like Social Security

Domestic Economy • 1950’s- Americans were prosperous earned $ during WWII but had been unable to spend it (lack of luxuries to buy) now they could spend what they had saved

1950s Life in America

• 1950s Video

• While watching the short clip, write down 5 things that were going on in America in the 1950s…

1950s Life in America • Examine the advertisement then

answer the questions: 1. What product is the ad for? 2. Who is the ad targeting? What clues led

you to this conclusion? 3. What does this ad suggest about the US

economy? 4. How is the ad similar and different to

those you see today?

1950s Life in America

• What did Americans spend $ on?

1. New Homes- many were in the suburbs

- suburbanization- new trend; by 1960, 1/3 of pop. lived in suburbs

1950s Life in America

• Levittown, Long Island

1950s Life in America

- Growth in family size as there was a delay in marriage during WWII

baby boom

1950s Life in America

2. Cars- made growth of suburbs possible

- increase in demand for cars benefitted the auto industry

need for highways

- Eisenhower passes the Highway Act of 1956- provides $ for 44,000 miles of interstate highways

1950s Life in America

• 1954 Chevrolet Bel Air sold for $1,100

1950s Life in America 3. Television- dramatically grew

popular

- Between what two years did # of homes with televisions increase the most?

1950s Life in America

4. Moving- Americans moved to new places in the country

- people leave the Northeast and Midwest Florida, Texas, Arizona, California (Sun Belt)

1950s Life in America

• Don’t forget the panic still going on…___________

• What’s the meaning of this cartoon?

Duck and Cover (10 min)

Wrap Up • Which development following World War

II caused the urban-suburban growth in the 1950s?

• How did the United States respond to the communist threat at home?

• What has “McCarthyism” come to mean as a more present day term?

- unfair accusation or investigation of people

Cold War DBQ

Your Task • Do Now: What significant

demographic changes became evident in the 1950s?

• Examine Cold War DBQ Documents

- Answer DBQs individually

- Complete the DBQ outline with a partner

- Hand in when you are finished

Cold War DBQ Outline 3 Ways the Threat of

Communism Affected the US

During the Cold War:

What Documents will Support Your

3 Ways:

Key Ideas/Summary of the Documents

You Chose:

Relevant Outside Information:

1.

2.

3.

Kennedy: The New Frontier

SWBAT

• Explain the significance of the Bay of Pigs invasion & the Cuban Missile Crisis

Do Now • . . . My fellow citizens of the world: ask

not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. . . .”

-John F. Kennedy, Inaugural Address, 1961 • What is the meaning of this statement?

Domestic Policy

• John F. Kennedy, 1960-1963

- Democrat- MA

- Problems passing legislation in Congress

Domestic Policy • Aid & attention to education, health

care, urban renewal, & civil rights

• Peace Corps:

- college grads volunteer in developing nations to train people in technical, educational, & health programs

Domestic Policy

• The Space Program:

- race to the moon

- Soviet cosmonaut in space 1st

Kennedy vowed to have a man on the moon by the end of the 60s

1969- Neil Armstrong walks on the moon

Foreign Policy November

1960 •Kennedy Elected President

April 1961

•Bay of Pigs Invasion

August 1961

•Berlin Wall is Built

October 1962

•Cuban Missile Crisis

November 1963

•Kennedy Assassinated

Foreign Policy • Domino Theory- if one nation falls to

communism in Asia, others will follow

- 1963- 17,000 “advisors” in Vietnam

• President Diem- dictator of S. Vietnam

- US urged him to adopt reforms, he refused overthrown with US help

Foreign Policy • Bay of Pigs: (CIA plan in place pre-JFK)

- Background:

- Batista- Dictator of Cuba

(1934-1959), unpopular with people, but supported by US & protected US interests in Cuba

- Castro leads revolt against Batista in the Cuban Revolution, 1959

Foreign Policy

- Castro limited civil liberties, imprisoned political opponents, & turned to Soviet Union for aid Soviet’s gain influence on Cuba

- US imposed a trade embargo on Cuba still in effect today

Foreign Policy - Kennedy approved plan to overthrow

Cuba’s leader, Castro - trained Cuban exiles were to set off an

uprising against Castro with US help Castro’s troops crushed the invasion

- Kennedy & US gov. embarrassed - Soviets give more aid to Cuba

Foreign Policy

Foreign Policy • US appeared weak after

Bay of Pigs • Soviet’s supported East

German gov. to build a wall between East & West Berlin Berlin Wall

- meant to stop East Germans from escaping to freedom in West Germany

Foreign Policy

• Cuban Missile Crisis:

- July 1962- Soviet’s began to build 42 missile sites in Cuba

- October 1962- US spy plane discovered the sites

Foreign Policy - Full scale nuclear war between the US

& SU seemed likely - Cuban Missile Crisis

Foreign Policy - Outcome: - Naval blockade of Soviet shipments - Demanded Khruschev (Soviet Premier)

remove missiles from Cuba - Victory for Kennedy avoided war &

got Soviets to back down tensions temporarily eased between

the 2 nations

Foreign Policy

• Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- signed in 1963 by US, Soviet Union, & UK

- agreed NOT to test nuclear weapons in the air, outer space, or undersea

Kennedy

• JFK assassinated November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas

Wrap Up

• Is the “New Frontier” label for the Kennedy administration justified in terms of both foreign and domestic policies? Explain.

Foreign Policy

• You are John F. Kennedy…

• Chose one of the 3 options you have been presented with

• Explain and justify your decision

Lyndon B. Johnson SWBAT:

Explain LBJ’s domestic & foreign policy programs

Your Task • With a partner, outline LBJ’s 10 Goals

Domestic Policy • Lyndon B. Johnson, 1963-1968 - Democrat - Very experienced in

getting legislation passed through Congress

• LBJ Campaign Commercial • Do Now: How is LBJ’s campaign

commercial different from the campaign commercials for the presidency today?

Domestic Policy

• The Great Society- LBJ’s “War on Poverty”:

- VISTA Program- a domestic Peace Corps, aiding poor citizens in rural & impoverished America

Domestic Policy • Office of Economic Opportunity-

- 2 important programs:

- Head Start- pre-school for children of poor families

- Job Corps- vocational training for high school dropouts

Domestic Policy • Elementary & Secondary School

Education Act-

- 1 billion toward education; act requires schools must be integrated to receive any funds

Domestic Policy

• Medicare/Medicaid- provided health insurance for people 65yrs+, & health care for the poor

Domestic Policy • Department of Housing & Urban

Development (HUD)- oversees federal efforts to improve housing & help the economic development of cities

Foreign Policy • Escalation in Vietnam (1964-1968): - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- because N. Vietnam attacked a US ship in the Gulf of Tonkin, Congress passed this resolution stating the President can take all measures necessary to resist an attack on the US increases our involvement

Foreign Policy

- Tet Offensive- N. Vietnam launches an offensive; 1st time Americans see we are really at war in Vietnam - Guerrilla Warfare- enemy not wearing military uniforms fighting on unclear battle lines - Vietnam

Foreign Policy • Johnson’s 3 reasons used to justify

war in Vietnam: 1. Prevent fall of Vietnam to

Communists 2. Stop rise of aggressor governments 3. Protect US as a superpower &

defender of democracy

Foreign Policy

• Read “Resistance to the War” & answer the questions on your notesheet

• Resistance-

- to fight against something you

do not believe in or agree with

Wrap Up • Who’s domestic policy program could you

compare LBJ’s to? Why?

• Based on what you know, how would you justify voting for LBJ for a second presidential term?

• What might critics of Johnson’s commitment to Vietnam claim?

Richard Nixon

SWBAT

• Explain Nixon’s domestic & foreign policy

Do Now: List prior knowledge you have about Nixon.

Domestic Policy • Richard Nixon, 1968-1974 - Republican - New Federalism- reduce

role of the federal gov give $ to state governments to spend

Domestic Policy • Programs Established:

- Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA)

- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

- Clean Air Act

- Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA)

- Food stamps

Domestic Policy • Inflation:

- caused by Vietnam War

- prices , unemployment

90-day wage freeze

• 26th Amendment- lowered voting age from 21 18 (12 million new voters!)

*a direct result of US involvement in Vietnam

• Neil Armstrong walks on the moon

Watergate • Nixon & Watergate 1 • Nixon & Watergate 2

• Outcome: - public distrust

of government - law of US is

superior to Presidential actions Nixon resigns*

• What happened- illegal break-in to wiretap phones

• Where- Watergate Towers, DC

• When- June, 1972 • Who- Committee to

Reelect the President • Why?

Foreign Policy • Vietnam:

- Nixon promises to end war in Vietnam

- Vietnamization- S. Vietnamese take over ground fighting

Foreign Policy - While promoting

Vietnamization, Nixon bombed Cambodia (claimed it was a base for N. Vietnamese guerrillas)

Kent State protest

*4 students killed by National Guard

Kent State (1969)

Foreign Policy

- Peace with Honor- January 15, 1973, Nixon announced a cease-fire

Foreign Policy - War Powers Act, November 1973: 1. President must notify Congress within

48 hrs. of sending troops into a foreign country

2. Troops cannot stay more than 60 days overseas without approval of Congress

3. Congress has power to force President to bring troops home

executive power legislative power

Foreign Policy

- Fall of Saigon, 1975: - Saigon falls to N.

Vietnamese and nation becomes communist (Cambodia & Laos follow)

Foreign Policy EFFECTS: 1. American political system acts in

response to public pressure successful military efforts require supportive citizens

2. If opposition forces have determined nationalism, modern technology is not always powerful enough

3. US questions role of “world police officer”

Foreign Policy • New policy toward China: - 1972- Nixon accepted invitation to

visit China - no relations with China since

Communist revolution, 1949 cleared path for cultural & economic exchanges

Foreign Policy

• New policy toward Soviet Union: - Détente- ease tension between US

& SU; designed to prevent conflict - 1972- Nixon visited Soviet Union;

1st President since WWII to visit SALT- Strategic Arms Limitations

Talks

Wrap Up

• In what specific ways did Nixon depart from Johnson’s Great Society?

• Overall, was the Vietnam War a success or failure? Why?